US History
Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Davolt
Learning Target: I will use specific textual evidence to evaluate the Treaty of Versailles and why it
failed to pass in the US Senate in 1920.
Success Criteria: I will write a 3 paragraph mini essay that adheres to the passing requirements of a
portion of the state Checks and Balances CBA.
State Standards and Common Core
1.2.2 Evaluates the effectiveness of the system of checks and balances during a particular
presidential administration, Supreme Court, or congress (11th grade)
EALR 1.2 Understands the purposes, organization and function of governments, laws and
political systems)
CC
RH. 11-12.1
Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting
insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole.
RH. 11-12.9
Student Tasks
Student will Provide background and
context dealing with the Treaty of
Versailles and why the treaty failed to
pass the US Congress.
 Student will use multiple sources to
explain the event.
 Sources will include primary and
secondary sources
 Sources that have varying viewpoints
on why the treaty was not passed
Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent
understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources.
Outline for Mini CBA
I.
Background on the League of Nations
a. Brief Background (1-2 sentences on WWI)
b. What did the Treaty Say?
i. Summarize key points and state the overall goal of the treaty
ii. Cite the actual treaty with quote or paraphrase
1. Choose one point or portion that was most important
c. Who supported the League and why
i. Use a source to show who supported the league
ii. Why was it supported?
iii. Quote a supporter
II.
Why was the Treaty Rejected
a. Objections to the treaty
i. Who objected and why
ii. Use a source or quote to strengthen your case
III.
How was the treaty’s rejection an example of checks and balances?
a. Brief explanation of checks and balances (1-2 sentences)
b. Explain what happened and how treaty was ultimately rejected
c. Evaluates if the rejection of the league was a good example of checks and balances
i. Uses a source to show that it was or was not a good example
1. (may need to do some outside research for this)
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US History
Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Davolt
Due Date:
 MEETING STANDARD 
GLE (EALR)
4 - Excellent
3 - Proficient
States a position that
evaluates whether the system
of checks and balances
worked during a particular
administration, court, or
congress/legislature/local
council by:
 Evaluating whether it
prevented one branch from
exercising too much
power.
And
 Discussing the legacy of
the administration, court,
or congress/legislature for
the functioning of
government.
States a position that evaluates
whether the system of checks
and balances worked during
a particular administration,
court, or congress/legislature/
local council by:
1.2.2 Evaluates the
effectiveness of the
system of checks and
balances during a
particular presidential
administration,
Supreme Court, or
congress (11th grade)
EALR 1.2
Understands the
purposes,
organization and
function of
governments, laws
and political systems)
Provides background on the
administration, court, or
congress/legislature by:
 Describing the
administration, court, or
congress/legislature and
 Explaining how one branch
checked or could have
checked another during this
time with three or more
examples.
D- Sources
5.4.2: Creates
strategies to avoid
plagiarism and respects
intellectual property
when developing a
paper or presentation.
 Makes explicit references
within the paper or
presentation to four or
more credible sources that
provide relevant
information.
 Cites sources within the
paper, presentation or
bibliography
1.2.2 Evaluates the
effectiveness of the
system of checks and
balances during a
particular presidential
administration, Supreme
court, or Congress.
(EALR 1.2 Understands
the purposes,
organization and function
of governments, laws
and political systems.)
5.4.1 Evaluates and
interprets other points of
view on an issue within a
paper or presentation.
 NOT MEETING STANDARD 
2 - Partial
1 - Minimal
States a position that evaluates
whether the system of
checks and balances worked
during a particular
administration, court, or
congress/legislature/ local
council
WITHOUT
 evaluating whether it
prevented one branch from
exercising too much power.
Discusses the system
of checks and balances
during a particular
administration, court,
or
congress/legislature/
local council without
taking a position.
Provides background on the
administration, court, or
congress/legislature by
Provides background on the
administration, court, or
congress/legislature by:
 Describing the
administrations court, or
congress/legislature and
 Explaining how one branch
checked or could have
checked another during this
time with one example.
Provides background on
the administration,
court, or
congress/legislature by
 Describing the
administration, court,
or
congress/legislature
WITHOUT
Explaining how one
branch checked or
could have checked
another during this
time.
 Makes explicit references
within the paper or
presentation to three
credible sources that provide
relevant information.
 Cites sources within the
paper, presentation or
bibliography
 Makes explicit references
within the paper or
presentation to two sources
that provide relevant
information.

Cites sources within the
paper, presentation or
bibliography
 Makes explicit
references within the
paper or presentation
to one source that
provides relevant
information.

Cites sources
within the paper,
presentation or
bibliography
 Evaluating whether it
prevented one branch from
exercising too much power.
 Describing the administration,
court, or congress/legislature and
 Explaining how one branch
checked or could have checked
another during this time with
two examples.
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US History
Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Davolt
Suggested Teaching Steps
1.
2.
Take notes on end of WWI/Treaty of Versailles/ 14 Points
Venn Diagram on Treaty of Versailles vs. 14 Points
a.
3.
4.
5.
Be sure to summarize key ideas of each plan
Discuss pros and cons of Treaty of Versailles from American viewpoint
Complete Hypothetical Statements on League of Nations chart.
Biographical Internet research on those who supported/opposed League of Nations Treaty
a.
Focus on good quality quotes from each that can be used in essay
6.
Actively read source #3 using the prompts that follow the source. Model use of DAW with source
#3. Focus on the final section which focuses on why the treaty failed.
7.
Actively read source #3, Woodrow Wilson speech excerpt. Analyze and complete DAW.
(challenging text for students, scaffold or work together)
8.
Listen to Henry Cabot Lodge and Gilbert Hitchcock speeches, analyze complete DAW, and
compare contrast chart.
9. Complete Pre-Philosophical chairs: Use the front sides of the outlines to prep.
10.
Have a philosophical chairs discussion on Treaty of Versailles: students are senators
debating the treaty. Have them choose a side and quote from the texts while making arguments.
11.
Lecture on checks and balance (maybe another activity TBD)
12.
Begin writing essay. Use scaffolded outlines, and framed paragraphs if needed. Have
students work paragraph by paragraph in order to ensure proper progress.
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Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Davolt
14 Points vs. Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Davolt
Covenant of the League of Nations
The High Contracting Parties,
In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security:
By the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war;
By the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations;
By the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments; and
By the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one
another:
Agree to the Covenant of the League of Nations
STATES MEMBERS
Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony may become a Member of the League on a two-thirds vote of the Assembly.
THE FIFTY-FOUR MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE:
Abyssinia
Albania
Argentine
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bolivia
British Empire
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Esthonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
India
Irish Free State
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Liberia
Lithuania
Afghanistan
Brazil*
Costa Rica**
Ecuador
Egypt
Hedjaz
Luxemburg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Panama
Paraguay
Persia
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Roumania
Salvador
Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes
Siam
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Uruguay
Venezuela
NON-MEMBERS:
Mexico
U.S.S.R.
Turkey
United States of
America
*Withdrew from the League on June 12th, 1928.
**Withdrew from the League on January 1st, 1927.
1. Under what category is the United States listed in this document?
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2. Read the covenant that appears at the top of the page. In your table group rewrite the
covenant in your own words. Be creative, use modern language. Bonus points if you can
rap or rhyme.
3. Compare and contrast the covenant above to Wilson’s 14th point:
A general association of
nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
a. Similarities
b. Differences
4. Which of the principles would most likely have bothered an opponent of the League?
Why?
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Davolt
Source #1
Wilson’s 14 Points for a Lasting Peace Overview
I. Open treaties
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any
kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
II. Freedom of navigation upon the seas
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas
may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
III. Removal of economic barriers
The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among
all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
IV. Reduction of arms
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with
domestic safety.
V. Free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the
principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal
weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
VI-XIII. Deal with specific territorial changes in Europe
Specific territorial changes in Europe that we do not need to be concerned about other than to know that they were
designed to prevent future conflicts.
XIV. The League of Nations
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual
guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
1. Which, if any, would be of little benefit/great benefit to powerful nations like the U.S.?
2. Which, if any, would be of little benefit/great benefit to weaker nations?
3. Which, if any, would likely be regarded as taking away some of the power of the U.S. as a sovereign nation?
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Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
Hypothetical Position Statements on the League of Nations
Davolt
Source #2
The following statements should be used in to complete the activity of the following pages. The Debate in the
United States over the League of Nations. Most are paraphrases of statements by participants.
There is inevitably a great deal of overlap in positions. For example, Irreconcilables would agree with
many of the positions of Strong Reservationists. Mild Internationalists would agree with many of the
positions of the Strong Internationalists. Use student responses as a springboard for discussion. Ask for
support for answers.
Strong Internationalist Positions
The League of Nations has come about by no plan of our conceiving, but by the hand of God who
led us into this way. We cannot turn back. We can only go forward, with lifted eyes and freshened
spirit, to follow the vision. It was of this that we dreamed at our birth. America shall in truth show
the way. The light streams upon the path ahead, and nowhere else.
Any changes to the League Covenant are a rejection of the League.
It is my purpose to vote against the pending resolution of ratification incorporating reservations
adopted by a majority of Senators. I believe the Senate is about to vote on an alleged resolution of
ratification, a resolution that does not ratify but which, in fact and in legal effect, constitutes a
rejection of this treaty.
Limited Internationalist Positions
The combined pressure of the world’s nations will prevent the unlikely possibility that the U.S.
could be forced into a war against its will.
Mild Reservationist Positions
Nations horrified at their losses in the Great War will be careful in negotiations, and good outcomes
will result despite flaws in the League Covenant.
It is necessary to remember that the lack of such a league in 1914 threw the world into the chaos of
this war… The question of this hour therefore is not whether a beautifully phrased and perfect
document has been written, but whether it is the best hope we have.
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Strong Reservationist Positions
If the League ever adopts a plan to reduce armaments, the U.S. must reserve the right to increase its
armaments without the consent of the council whenever it is threatened with invasion or engaged in
war.
Specific and limiting changes to the Covenant must be made to protect U.S. interests.
The League would threaten U.S. sovereignty by requiring the U.S. to follow directions from an
international body, so all decisions of the League must be considered suggestions only.
Irreconcilables
We cannot send our representatives to deliberate with the representatives of the other great nations
of the world with mental reservations as to what we shall do in case their judgment shall not be
satisfactory to us.
They tell us the League of Nations will be a great brotherhood of nations assembled; and that when
those nations are assembled together they will be a body devoted to the service of God and man
without a single selfish thought or a single iniquitous motive. Yet, at the close of the war, many of
those same countries that we are now told will liberate nations and bring democracy to the people of
the world seized every foot of territory that was held by helpless people anywhere.
Shall we go to the League to help make decisions, and then if we think that decision works for
peace, join with our allies, but in case it works for war, withdraw our cooperation?
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Viewpoint
Strong Internationalists
Presented By
President Woodrow Wilson
Newton Baker
James M. Cox
William McAdoo
Positons
Limited Internationalists
William H. Taft
Former President William H. Taft
objected to putting the U.S. in a position
in which it could be forced into a war
against its will.
Nevertheless, he was in favor of the
League of Nations because he believed
the chance of such a war occurring quite
unlikely. The
League’s power to enforce a universal
boycott against a country should prevent
such a necessity. A world movement
immune to a boycott would oblige the
League’s members to unite in military
action. As the only sensible course of
action, that would be a war in which the
U.S. would willingly participate. It could
not be compelled to fight.
Mild Reservationists
Senator Gilbert M. Hitchcock
Davolt
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Strong Reservationists
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
Senator (and presidential
candidate) Warren G. Harding
Irreconcilables
Senator William Borah
Davolt
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Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
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Biographical Research: Choose 4 of the men on the previous two pages and research their lives and positions on
the League of Nations/Treaty of Versailles. Pay special attention to finding high quality quotes specific to the League
of Nations or Treaty of Versailles as these will be very valuable while writing your paper.
Search Engine Key word suggestions: Name of Person, League of Nations, Speech
Name:
Brith and Death Date:
Title and or Position of Importance:
Position on the Treaty of Versailles:
Interesting Fact or Tidbit:
Quote Specific to the Treaty of Versailles:
Name:
Brith and Death Date:
Title and or Position of Importance:
Position on the Treaty of Versailles:
Interesting Fact or Tidbit:
Quote Specific to the Treaty of Versailles:
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Treaty of Versailles Mini CBA
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Name:
Brith and Death Date:
Title and or Position of Importance:
Position on the Treaty of Versailles:
Interesting Fact or Tidbit:
Quote Specific to the Treaty of Versailles:
Name:
Brith and Death Date:
Title and or Position of Importance:
Position on the Treaty of Versailles:
Interesting Fact or Tidbit:
Quote Specific to the Treaty of Versailles:
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Source #3
The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations
Literary Digest
The "Big 4" of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 were Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France, and
Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
As the war drew to a close, Woodrow Wilson set forth his plan for a "JUST PEACE." Wilson believed that fundamental
flaws in international relations created an unhealthy climate that led inexorably to the World War. His FOURTEEN
POINTS outlined his vision for a safer world. Wilson called for an end to secret diplomacy, a reduction of armaments,
and freedom of the seas. He claimed that reductions to trade barriers, fair adjustment of colonies, and respect for
national self-determination would reduce economic and nationalist sentiments that lead to war. Finally, Wilson
proposed an international organization comprising representatives of all the world's nations that would serve as a
forum against allowing any conflict to escalate. Unfortunately, Wilson could not impose his world view on the
victorious Allied Powers. When they met in Paris to hammer out the terms of the peace, the European leaders had
other ideas.
The Paris Peace Conference
Most of the decisions made at the PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE were made by the BIG FOUR, consisting of President
Wilson, DAVID LLOYD GEORGE of Great Britain, GEORGES CLEMENCEAU of France, and VITTORIO ORLANDO of Italy. The
European leaders were not interested in a just peace. They were interested in retribution. Over Wilson's protests,
they ignored the Fourteen Points one by one. Germany was to admit guilt for the war and pay unlimited reparations.
The German military was reduced to a domestic police force and its territory was truncated to benefit the new
nations of Eastern Europe. The territories of ALSACE AND LORRAINE were restored to France. German colonies were
handed in trusteeship to the victorious Allies. No provisions were made to end secret diplomacy or preserve freedom
of the seas. Wilson did gain approval for his proposal for a LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Dismayed by the overall results, but
hopeful that a strong League could prevent future wars, he returned to present the TREATY OF VERSAILLES to the
Senate.
Defeating the League of Nations
Unfortunately for Wilson, he was met with stiff opposition. The Republican leader of the Senate, HENRY CABOT LODGE,
was very suspicious of Wilson and his treaty. ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS required the United States to
respect the territorial integrity of member states. Although there was no requirement compelling an American
declaration of war, the United States might be bound to impose an economic embargo or to sever diplomatic
relations. Lodge viewed the League as a supranational government that would limit the power of the American
government from determining its own affairs. Others believed the League was the sort of entangling alliance the
United States had avoided since GEORGE WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. Lodge sabotaged the League covenant
by declaring the United States exempt from Article X. He attached reservations, or amendments, to the treaty to this
effect. Wilson, bedridden from a debilitating stroke, was unable to accept these changes. He asked Senate Democrats
to vote against the Treaty of Versailles unless the Lodge reservations were dropped. Neither side budged, and the
treaty went down to defeat.
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Why did the United States fail to ratify the Versailles Treaty and join the League of Nations? Personal enmity between
Wilson and Lodge played a part. Wilson might have prudently invited a prominent Republican to accompany him to
Paris to help ensure its later passage. Wilson's fading health eliminated the possibility of making a strong personal
appeal on behalf of the treaty. Ethnic groups in the United States helped its defeat. German Americans felt their
fatherland was being treated too harshly. Italian Americans felt more territory should have been awarded to Italy.
Irish Americans criticized the treaty for failing to address the issue of Irish independence. Diehard American
isolationists worried about a permanent global involvement. The stubborness of President Wilson led him to ask his
own party to scuttle the treaty. The final results of all these factors had mammoth longterm consequences. Without
the involvement of the world's newest superpower, the League of Nations was doomed to failure. Over the next two
decades, the United States would sit on the sidelines as the unjust Treaty of Versailles and the ineffective League of
Nations would set the stage for an even bloodier, more devastating clash.
http://www.ushistory.org/us/45d.asp
Secondary Source
accessed 1.14.14


Paragraph 1:

Circle the portions of the paragraph that directly speak about one of the 14 points

Paragraph 2:

Circle the portions of the paragraph that directly speak about the Treaty of Versailles
Paragraph 3


Underline or Circle the arguments against the Treaty
Paragraph 4

Circle or underline the reasons the treaty did not pass
How could you use this in your essay?
Complete a DAW on this text.
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Source #4
Excerpt from President Wilson’s Speech to Congress about the League of Nations on January 8, 1918
It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they
shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is
gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some
unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man
whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose
purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in
view.
We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own
people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we
demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and
particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its
own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish
aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly
that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our
program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this.
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson%27s_Fourteen_Points
accessed: 1.28.2014
Primary Source
1.
Summarize the first paragraph.
2. Wilson is talking about the League of Nations in the paragraph. What is he suggesting that the
league will prevent? How is he suggesting that it will prevent it?
3. Summarize the second paragraph.
4. What is the tone of the second paragraph? Is Wilson more optimistic, or pessimistic? Why?
5. Highlight or underline a sentence from either paragraph that you think could be used as a quote
in your essay?
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6. Complete a DAW on this source.
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Document Analysis Worksheet
Document Letter or Number _______
Source _________________________________________________________
Author _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Date/Period of Document _______________________
Primary _____
Secondary_____
Main Idea of Document:
Important Facts
How Can I Use This in my essay?
Document Letter or Number _______
Source _________________________________________________________
Author _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Date/Period of Document _______________________
Primary _____
Secondary_____
Main Idea of Document:
Important Facts
How Can I Use This in My Essay?
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Document Analysis Worksheet
Document Letter or Number _______
Source _________________________________________________________
Author _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Date/Period of Document _______________________
Primary _____
Secondary_____
Main Idea of Document:
Important Facts
How Can I Use This in my essay?
Document Letter or Number _______
Source _________________________________________________________
Author _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Date/Period of Document _______________________
Primary _____
Secondary_____
Main Idea of Document:
Important Facts
How Can I Use This in My Essay?
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Source #5
Reproduced below is a speech given by Cabot Lodge in Washington D.C. on
12 August 1919 in which he set forth his objections to the League.
Mr. President:
The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the
world than any single possession. Look at the United States today. We have made
mistakes in the past. We have had shortcomings. We shall make mistakes in the future
and fall short of our own best hopes. But none the less is there any country today on the
face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest
freedom?
I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple
fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of
unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. But it is well to remember that we
are dealing with nations every one of which has a direct individual interest to serve, and
there is grave danger in an unshared idealism.
Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself
whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. I will go as far as
anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United
States.
I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner
created for a League.
You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh
adjective you see fit to apply, but an American I was born, an American I have remained all
my life. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United
States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am
thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of
mankind fail with it.
I have never had but one allegiance - I cannot divide it now. I have loved but one flag and
I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a
league. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries
are alike provided they can make money out of them, is to me repulsive.
National I must remain, and in that way I like all other Americans can render the amplest
service to the world. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the
interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will
destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely
through the centuries to come as in the years that have gone.
Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle
with your marvellous inheritance, this great land of ordered liberty, for if we stumble and
fall freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.
We are told that we shall 'break the heart of the world' if we do not take this league just as
it stands. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and
steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether. If it should be
effectively and beneficently changed the people who would lie awake in sorrow for a single
night could be easily gathered in one not very large room but those who would draw a long
breath of relief would reach to millions.
We hear much of visions and I trust we shall continue to have visions and dream dreams of
a fairer future for the race. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the
mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does
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not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the
steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage.
They pass with the moment of effect and are shabby and tawdry in the daylight. Let us at
least be real. Washington's entire honesty of mind and his fearless look into the face of all
facts are qualities which can never go out of fashion and which we should all do well to
imitate.
Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind
which rejects cant revolts from them. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment
upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might
have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been
compelled to carry this rider on its back? 'Post equitem sedet atra cura,' Horace tells us, but
no blacker care ever sat behind any rider than we shall find in this covenant of doubtful and
disputed interpretation as it now perches upon the treaty of peace.
No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the
words 'league for peace.' We all respect and share these aspirations and desires, but some
of us see no hope, but rather defeat, for them in this murky covenant. For we, too, have
our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism.
Our first ideal is our country, and we see her in the future, as in the past, giving service to
all her people and to the world. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to
render that service of her own free will. She has great problems of her own to solve, very
grim and perilous problems, and a right solution, if we can attain to it, would largely benefit
mankind.
We would have our country strong to resist a peril from the West, as she has flung back the
German menace from the East. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered
by the dissensions of other lands. We would not have our country's vigour exhausted or
her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and
small, which afflicts the world.
Our ideal is to make her ever stronger and better and finer, because in that way alone, as
we believe, can she be of the greatest service to the world's peace and to the welfare of
mankind.
http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/lodge_leagueofnations.htm
date accessed: 1.28.2014
Primary Source
Listen to Partial Recording: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x2TGuMdGB0
1. What are the main arguments against the League that Lodge makes?
2.
How does Lodge think the US and its citizens can best serve the world?
3.
Find a direct quote from the speech that could be used in your essay. It should be specific to why
he opposes the League of Nations
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Source #6
[The trouble with Senators who oppose the League of Nations]
Speech by Gilbert M. Hitchcock
The trouble with Senators who oppose the League of Nations is that they are thinking of the days that are gone and gone
forever. The conquering empires of the world have been wiped out. The fall of Russia and Germany and AustriaHungary removed from the world the last representatives of the conquering spirit and of autocratic power. The world is
now democratic. Senators should cease to turn their eyes to the past and should turn them to the future, and see what we
have before us.
The spirit of democracy has come into its own. We have come into a new world. We are about to organize the
democracies of the earth to establish law and order among the nations. And we can do it now for the first time in the
history of the world. We need take in no despots. We need take into consideration no conquering empire. That day has
gone, and we have come into a new era. The senators should realize it. Let them grasp the fact that the spirit of the age is
to end conquest. That the spirit of the age is to have the people rule. That the spirit of the age is that government shall be
content to serve their own people and not to despoil others. Let them see the New World as it is, and the new spirit which
inspires it. Let them appreciate the fact that humanity is not willing to sacrifice itself further, that men and women
demand of their government that as the fruit of this terrible war an agreement shall be entered into for the preservation of
world peace in the future. If senators will turn from the past towards the future, they will behold a new heaven and a new
earth, not a millennium perhaps, but a world in which the affairs of nations are to be administered in justice and reason
and humanity. A world in which the chief affair of government shall be peace and development and progress. A world in
which man shall attain its highest destiny and happiness. This was impossible in the days of tyrants and autocrats and
conquerors, but it is possible in the new age of liberty, statesmanship, and philanthropy.
The late war cost seven million lives, and millions more of cripples. It has destroyed hundreds of towns, it has widowed
millions of wives, it has brought in its train the inevitable consequences of war, pestilence, and famine. One of the war
diseases alone has cost this country over three hundred thousand lives of the civilian population. It has let loose and
inflamed the passions and lusts of man, and crushed and humiliated millions of women. Massacre, torture, and
assassinations have accompanied it. Law and order have been overthrown. Bolshevism and anarchy have been
profligated. The confidence of men in government has been shaken. It will never be restored until governments devise
some way to end war. The League of Nations is that way.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/nfor:@field(DOCID+@range(90000047+90000048))
Date Accessed 1.28.2014
Primary Source
Recording: http://www.authentichistory.com/special/nationsforum/NF_1918nn_League_of_NationsGilbert_Hitchcock.html
1. Summarize why Hitchcock believes the League of Nations is important.
2.
According to Hitchcock what is the most important job of the League of Nations?
3. Find a quote you can use in your essay.
4. Complete a DAW on this source.
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Gilbert Hitchcock
Sourcing
Davolt
Henry Cabot Lodge
Why is he giving this speech?
What do you predict he will
say in this speech?
Contextualization
What is going on at this
time? (same answer for both
sources)
Close Reading
What is one word you would
use to describe the TONE of
this speech? Find a quote to
support your answer.
What is Hitchcock’s/Lodge’s
strongest argument for why
the U.S. should/ shouldn’t
join the League of Nations?
Corroboration
Why do you think Henry
Cabot Lodge won this fight?
Use the documents to
support your answers.
Compare Speeches: Gilbert Hitchcock vs. Henry Cabot Lodge
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EXECUTIVE BRANCH
ARTICLE II
Carries out the law
PRESIDENT
Separation of Powers
&
Checks and Balances
President nominates
judges for appointment
to the Supreme Court
and other federal courts
President may veto
legislation, call special
sessions, appeal to the
people
Congress appropriates funds,
overrides vetoes, may remove
President through impeachment,
and creates agencies and
departments; the Senate approves
treaties and presidential
appointments
LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH
ARTICLE I
Makes the law
CONGRESS
Judges are appointed
for life and serve free
from executive control;
courts may declare
executive actions
unconstitutional
Courts may declare
acts of Congress
unconstitutional
Congress creates lower courts,
may remove judges through
impeachment; the Senate approves
judges’ appointments
JUDICIAL
BRANCH
ARTICLE III
Interprets the law
COURTS
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Paragraph I Outline
IV.
1.
Background on the League of Nations
a. Brief Background
b. What did the Treaty Say?
i. Summarize key points and state the overall goal of the treaty
ii. Cite the actual treaty with quote or paraphrase
1. Choose one point or portion that was most important
c. Who supported the League and why
i. Use a source to show who supported the league
ii. Why was it supported?
iii. Quote a supporter
Why was passing the Treaty of Versailles so important to Woodrow Wilson?
2. What was the goal and key points of the Treaty of Versailles?
3. How did this differ from Wilson’s 14 points?
People who supported the treaty:
1.
Quote:
2.
Quote:
3.
Quote:
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Framed Paragraph to use if needed: (if you really struggle with writing this should help) It will not get you
an “A” but it will have you pass.
1. Topic Sentence: Introduce the Treaty of Versailles/the League of Nations along with quick mention of
WWI.: After the adjective #1 describing WWI and adjective #2 that was WWI the world wanted a way
to prevent war, The Treaty of Versailles included the revolutionary idea of the League of Nations.
2. Transition and Detail: The League of Nations ___________________. (background info on the
league, who proposed it and why what that proposal was originally called)
3. Elaboration: Summarize what was in the 14 points and explain how it would prevent future wars.
4. Example: Use a source in continuing to explain an elaborate on the 14 points. Maybe choose one
point to highlight.
5. Transition and Detail: Many people supported the Treaty of Versailles includeing _________ and
___________.
6. Elaboration:_____________supported the League of Nations because _________________.
7. Example: Quote from the supporter as to why they supported the league.
8. Repeat: Elaboration and example with another supporter.
9. Concluding sentence: The League of Nations was the most important portion of the Treaty of
Versailles its goal was to ______________________________________.
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Paragraph II Outline
V.
Why was the Treaty Rejected
a. Objections to the treaty
i. Who objected and why
ii. Use a source or quote to strengthen your case
Reasons Why the Treaty was rejected:
1.
2.
3.
People who objected to the treaty:
1.
Quote:
2.
Quote:
3.
Quote:
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Framed Paragraph to use if needed: (if you really struggle with writing this should help) It will not get you
an “A” but it will have you pass.
10. Topic Sentence: There were many people who opposed the Treaty of Versailles. The biggest
arguments against the treaty were _____________, __________________, and ________________.
11. Transition and Detail: The first opposing argument was that
______________________________________.
12. Elaboration: (One more sentence explaining this argument )
13. Example: (Person who held this viewpoint) felt this was a reason to reject the treaty and said, “ quote
from research.”(cite where you got your quote).
14. Transition and Detail Another opposing argument was that
_______________________________________.
15. Elaboration: (One more sentence explaining this argument )
16. Example: (Person who held this viewpoint) felt this was a reason to reject the treaty and said, “ quote
from research.” (you’ll probably want to switch up this sentence so it is not exactly like #4) (cite where
you got your quote).
17. Repeat: You could add one more argument here for a total of 3, or if you feel two is plenty and you
have solid reasons and support you can move on to the conclusion.
18. Concluding sentence: (Put in your own words DO NOT copy word for word) Ultimately the Treaty of
Versailles could not overcome all these opposing arguments and was defeated in the US Senate.
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Paragraph III Outline
III.
How was the treaty’s rejection an example of checks and balances?
a. Brief explanation of checks and balances (1-2 sentences)
b. Explain what happened and how treaty was ultimately rejected
c. Evaluates if the rejection of the league was a good example of checks and balances
i. Uses a source to show that it was or was not a good example
1. (may need to do some outside research for this)
Checks and Balances:
1.
What branch of government was checked in the Treaty of Versailles debate?
2.
What branch of government did the checking in the Treaty of Versailles debate?
3.
What needed to happen for the Treaty of Versailles to pass the US Senate?
4. Why did this not happen?
5.
Was this a good example of checks and balances? Why?
Quote from a source specific to the checks and balance.
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Framed Paragraph to use if needed: (if you really struggle with writing this should help) It will not get you
an “A” but it will have you pass.
1. Topic Sentence: The Treaty of Versailles is a good example of checks and balances because
______________________.
2. Transition and Detail: Treaties, such as the Treaty of Versailles proposed by the President of the
United States ___________________________. (What must happen to them in order to be passed into
law?)
3. Elaboration: (Details about the Treaty of Versailles, Who proposed it and how did if fair in the
Senate. Specific dates could be a good detail to use). May take two sentences.
4. Transition and Detail: Several conditions lead to the Treaty not passing the first reason it did not
pass is _____________.
5. Elaboration: (More information as to why it did not pass)
6. Example/Quote: Use a source or quote specific to the first reason that it did not pass.
7. Transition and Detail: Another reason why the treaty did not pass is _________________.
8. Elaboration: (More information on the second reason as to why it did not pass)
9. Example/Quote: Use a source or quote specific to the second reason that it did not pass
10. Concluding sentence: (Put in your own words DO NOT copy word for word) ____________ (reason
#1 it did not pass) and ____________________(Reason #2 it did not pass) shows that the Treaty of
Versailles is a good example of checks and balances.
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Writing Workshop Steps to Complete Paper.
Instructions: You will work your way through each of the steps below, checking in with your teacher
along the way.
Name: ________________________________________________
DUE DATE: Thursday March 6, 2014
Goal Day
Tuesday
Tuesday
Wed/Thurs
Thursday
Thurs/Fri
Monday
Tuesday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Step:
¶ I
Outline
¶ I
First
Draft
¶ I
Final
Draft
¶ II
Outline
¶ II
First
Draft
¶ II
Final
Draft
¶ III
Outline
¶ III
First
Draft
¶ III
Final
Draft
Teacher
Signature
Paragraph I Notes:
Paragraph II Notes:
Paragraph III Notes:
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