The Machines
What are machines?
Where can we find machines?
Are computers machines? Explain.
What are some of the machines for the future?
Can we live without machines? Explain.
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3 Developments in Technology - The Industrial Revolution
Textiles
Steam Power
3 Developments
in Technology
Iron Making
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The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain
Innovation / Change
Effects
Land Distribution
• Under several Enclosure Acts (laws), land was
allocated (divided) and fenced in.
• The allocated land was converted into farms,
replacing an open field system where unorganized
strips of land were used for farming.
Land Distribution
• New interest in how to increase the output of farms.
• Farms grew larger due to wealthy landowners buying
land from less wealthy landowners.
• Creation of tenant farmer system (those who farmed
the land but did not own it).
• Those who lost their land totally found jobs on other
farms or moved to cities to find work.
Inventions
• 1701: Jethro Tull invents the Seed Drill that planted
corn seeds in straight, regular rows.
• 1703: Disney Stanyforth and Joseph Foljambe invent
the Rotherham Iron Plough, a lighter plough that
could be pulled by only 2 horses.
• 1786: Andrew Meikleto separates ears of corn from
their stalks with the invention of his Threshing
Machine.
• 1808: Robert Randsome creates the first all-iron
plow.
• 1827: Dr. Patrick Bell develops a Reaping Machine
that cut grain plants through a combination of
turning blades and a conveyor that was pushed by
two horses.
• 1850s: Steam plows using long cables and steam
power pulled plows across fields using no man power
at all.
Inventions
• Less time consuming and wasteful than scattering
seed by hand.
• It was easier to get rid of unwanted plants.
• Easier to use and turned the soil more effectively
than by hand.
• Lasted longer than wooden tools.
• One steam plow could cut several furrows at once.
Crop Rotation
• Early 1700s, Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townshend
used turnips (introduced from Holland) as part of a
four-course rotation of crops to preserve soil
fertility.
• Alfalfa, clover, and other different types of plants
in the bean/pea family used for crop rotation,
providing a variety of crops.
Crop Rotation
• Growing crops takes valuable nutrients out of the
soil. Therefore, farmers had to not plant crops
every two to three years. With crop rotation,
farmers were able to plant every year without
robbing the soil of nutrients.
Use of Fertilizers
• Beginning in the Mid-1700s, farmers began to use
different methods to store and preserve animal
manure to use in their fields.
Use of Fertilizers
• Use of manure in the fields added nutrients to the
soil which would mean better crops.
Drainage
• Digging of deep trenches in the farming fields and
eventually the use of pipe drainage.
Drainage
• The use of drainage trenches would lead to less
occurrences of flooding (waterlogging) which meant
better yields and higher profits.
Selective Breeding
• Robert Bakewell would use the process of selective
breeding in farm animals.
Selective Breeding
• Improved quality and quantity of milk, meat, and
wool.
Why did these changes in agriculture occur?
• Growing population, creating an increase in demand for food
• Increase in number of urban dwellers dependent on farmers for their food
• Improvement in transport (new roads, canals, and railways), making it easier to take food to the towns and to
deliver coal and machinery to farmers
• Increase in corn prices resulting from reduced supply of corn to Britain from Europe during the Napoleonic Wars
(1792–1815); higher prices provided an incentive to produce more
• Purchase of land by middle class who wanted to make profits from farming
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Information Adapted From: http://www.wuhsd.org/cms/lib/CA01000258/Centricity/Domain/269/Agricultural%20Revolutio%20Great%20Britain%201700%20to%201850.pdf
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Effects of The Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain
800
600
400
200
0
Cattle - Meat and Milk
1710
1795
Avg Weight of Cows (In Pounds)
80
60
40
20
0
Sheep - Meat and Wool
In 1720, Britain's grain output was about
19 bushels per acre
1710
1795
Avg Weight of Sheep (In Pounds)
By 1840, it had increased to about 30
bushels per acre
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Information Adapted From: http://www.wuhsd.org/cms/lib/CA01000258/Centricity/Domain/269/Agricultural%20Revolutio%20Great%20Britain%201700%20to%201850.pdf
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Look at their factors of production!
• Large Population of Workers - From the mid-1700s to the 1800s, Great Britain was experiencing an Agricultural
Revolution. One of the effects of the Agricultural Revolution was that wealthy landowners were buying out smaller
farms to increase their wealth. As smaller farmers were push out of the farming industry, they turned to the cities
for employment.
• Extensive Natural Resources - Great Britain had a large supplies of the ingredients for industrialization. These
resources included running rivers and coal to power the machines; iron ore to make the tools, machines, and
building materials; navigable rivers to move raw materials and finished goods; and large harbors for the export of
goods.
• Britain’s Hearty Economy - Great Britain had a stable banking system which allowed for the investment in new
industries and innovations through loans. Also, Britain had established an international system of trade leading to a
greater demand for domestically produced goods.
• Britain’s Stable Government - By the 1800s, Britain’s system of Parliamentary rule has established a stable form of
government that had not had civil troubles in some time. Also, Parliament supported and protected businesses
through laws and tariffs.
• Inventions and Innovations Gives Britain the Edge (Especially in the Textile (Cloth) Industry): (See Table)
Innovation / Change
Effects
1733 - John Kay develops the flying shuttle
Sped up the weaving process.
1764 - James Hardgreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, a
spinning wheel that converted raw materials, such as wool,
into finished threads.
Thread became less expensive to make and was able to be
produced quicker.
1769 - Richard Arkwright develops the water frame which
used paddle wheels, gears, and belts, powered by water
power from nearby rivers, to run spinning machines.
Water power allowed for faster production of thread.
1779 - Samuel Crompton combined pieces from the water
frame and pieces from the Spinning Jenny to create the
Spinning Mule. His invention created a stronger, more finer
thread in faster time.
His invention created a stronger, more finer thread in faster
time.
1787 - Edmund Cartwright invents the Power Loom which
ran on water power, like the water frame, to make finished
fabric from threads.
Finished goods such as fabric could be produced faster and
cheaper.
Did You Know?
• The British Empire was afraid of losing skilled laborers to other nations and/or to their colonies.
In order to prevent the “brain drain” of the British Island, Parliament passed a series of actions
in the 1700s, preventing the emigration of skilled laborers from the British Islands.
• When the innovations began to change the British economy, Parliament passed a series of laws
forbidding the exportation of British machinery.
• When it became obvious that both of these laws were tough to enforce and other nations were
gaining not only the technology but also money, they were repealed in 1825 and in 1842
respectively.
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Information adapted from: http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Child Labor and Working Conditions
The most common form of child labor during the British Industrial Revolution was known as “Parish
apprentice children”. Parish apprentice children were children who had been taken in by the British
government and placed into orphanages. Wealthy factory owners would go to the parish leaders and
offer housing and food for the children in exchange for the children’s work in their factories. The
children themselves were not often paid for the work they did. The factory owner’s felt the
compensation in providing the basic needs for the children was considered enough. These children
were subject to unhealthy working conditions, long hours, and harsh punishment.
A witness to the working conditions in the mills commented, “Children worked under deplorable
conditions and were being exploited by the industrialists… Children as young as five and six years old
worked for twelve to sixteen hours a day, six days a week without recess for meals in hot, stuffy,
poorly lit, overcrowded factories to earn as little as four shillings per week…” By 1819, it was
estimated that the total percentage of the entire workforce in the cotton mills/textile industry of
children under the age of 18 equaled to almost 88%. The main reason for this is that factory owners
did not have to pay children as much as they would have to pay adults.
As the Industrial Revolution developed, many reform leaders began to make public speeches and
please to pass legislation to ensure that children would not be neglected in the factories and coal
mines. Many wealthy owners of the factories and mines fought against the laws since it restricted
their ability to make a profit. However, Parliament began to pass restrictions on the age and amount
of hours women and children could work.
Labor Laws and the Industrial Revolution
•
•
•
•
•
Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819
• Set the minimum working age to 9
• Set the maximum working hours to 12 per day
Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833
• Established paid inspectors to inspect factories on child labor regulations and enforce the
law
• Set the maximum working in a week to 48 hours
• Made children to spend time in school
Mines and Collieries Act 1842
• Set a minimum age for children to work in mines at 10
• Made it that no woman or girl could work in the mines
Factories Act 1844
• Limited working hour to 12 per day for women and children
• Set maximum working hours for children of 9-13 for 9 per day
• Mill owners are more account for protection for workers
Ten Hours Bill 1847
• Limited working hours to 10 per day for women and children
• Set a maximum hours in a week to 63 for women and children
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Information adapted from: http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
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Innovations and Inventors - The Industrial Revolution in the United States
Innovation
Information
Interchangeable
Parts
In 1798, Eli Whitney developed the idea of making universal parts that could be
changed out when they break. Allowed factory owners to replace broken parts on
their equipment instead of replacing the entire mechanism
Mechanical
Gristmill
In 1785, Oliver Evens developed a process using hydro-power to create a
mechanical gristmill where workers poured grain down one chute on one side of
the building and collected flour on the other side of the building.
Cotton Gin
In 1793, Eli Whitney received the patent for the Cotton Gin, which separated
cotton seeds from the fiber. While seen as an advancement for agriculture, the
cotton gin also increased the amount of cotton fibers that were in high demand
by the factories.
Spinning Mill of
Pawtucket
Lowell
Experiment
In 1789, Sam Slater arrived to the United States from Britain. At the time, it was
illegal for skilled workers to leave Britain. Sam was a highly trained machinist and
knew how to create spinning machines. Slater pretended to be a farmer and
sailed to the United States. Upon his arrival, he met Moses Brown and Slater
constructed spinning machines from memory. Together, Brown and Slater opened
the first automated spinning factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
The first factory in the United States that combined all steps of cloth
manufacturing opened in Lowell, Massachusetts 1822. Lowell was also unique
because the factory provided an education, room, and board to those, who were
mostly women, who worked at Lowell
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