IV.
COUNTRY NOTES
Brazil
Population and territory
●
191 million inhabitants (2007), 8.5 million km2.
Administrative structure
●
Federal country:
❖ 5 statistical regions (regiões).
❖ TL2: 27 states (Estados).
❖ TL3: 137 mesorregiões, among which 8 are predominantly urban (26.3% of total population in 2010), 27 are intermediate
(23.6%) and 102 are predominantly rural (50.1%).
❖ 557 microrregiões.
❖ 5 592 municipalities.
Share of sub-national government
in total spending/revenues
●
Spending: 55.5%.
Revenues: 58%.
Concentration and inequalities
●
●
●
●
●
Although Brazil’s concentration index is amongst the highest in the OECD, it has been gradually decreasing over the past two
decades and in particular since the 1990s during Brazil’s expansionary period. According to the geographic concentration
index, Brazil is the most concentrated economy in the OECD area (61.7), surpassing the OECD average value almost by twice
and the second most concentrated economy (Sweden) significantly. The TL2 region Sao Paolo alone is home to 21% of the
national population in 2008 and produces 34% of GDP in 2007.
Inequality in GDP per capita among Brazilian TL2 regions surpasses OECD standards. In 2007 GDP per capita in its leading
capital region Distrito Federal (USD 28 594) was more than three times higher than the national average (USD 10 038);
in contrast, in the lagging region Piauí (USD 3 199) GDP per capita was approximately one third of the national average. The
Gini index of inequality in GDP per capita – measuring inequality among Brazilian TL2 regions (Estados) – Third highest
(0.30) when compared to OECD countries in 2007.
Inequality in Brazil is driven by two main forces: its leading region outperforming the rest and lagging regions in the Nordeste
trailing behind. Brazil’s capital region Distrito Federal increased its GDP per capita from 73% above the national value in 1980
to almost three times (i.e. 285%) above the national average in 2007. In contrast, lagging regions in the Nordeste were
approximately on average 50% of the national average in 1980 and 27 years later they still remain in similar range values.
São Paolo is the TL2 region with the largest contribution to national growth over the period 1980-2007, contributing
to approximately one third of aggregate growth, followed by nine regions (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná,
Distrito Federal, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Bahia, Goiás and Espírito Santo) which contribute to almost half
of national growth (i.e. 49.3%). The remaining 17 regions (or 62% of them) contributed to 20% of aggregate growth.
Key challenges
●
Social and productive inclusion of marginal and poor areas.
Objectives of regional policy
●
Targeted support to specific regions facing major production development and social inclusion challenges.
Legal/institutional framework
for regional policy
●
National Policy for Regional Development (PNDR) adopted in 2007.
Urban policy framework
●
Various plans elaborated by the Ministry of Cities.
Rural policy framework
●
Territories of Citizenship (Territórios das Cidadanías).
Major regional policy tools
●
●
Constitutional Funds (FCO, FNE, FNO) and Federal Budget (OGU,Orçamento Geral da União).
Major financing comes from some infrastructure investments (PAC1 and 2); and major horizontal programmes
(Bolsa Familia, Minha Casa Minha Vida, etc.).
Policy co-ordination at central level
●
Ministry for National Integration (MIN).
Multi-level governance between
national and sub-national levels
●
Agreements (Convenios), not binding.
Federative pacts (“pactos federativos”), usually associated with plans and funds.
Co-ordination bodies such as the Sub-secretariat for Federal Issues (Subchefía de Asuntos Federativos) or the Federal
Co-ordination Committee (Comitê de Articulação Federativa).
●
●
Policy co-ordination at regional level
●
Re-created regional development agencies (SUDENE, SUDAM and SUDECO).
Territories of Citizenship.
Inter-municipal consortia.
Regional forums of state governors such as the Forum of the Governors of the North-East.
Evaluation and monitoring
●
Federal Audit Authority (TCU, Tribunal de Contas da União).
Future orientations of regional policy
●
Proposal to create a National Fund for Regional Development.
●
●
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OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2011: BUILDING RESILIENT REGIONS FOR STRONGER ECONOMIES © OECD 2011
IV.
Gini index of inequality of GDP per capita
across TL2 regions, 1980-2007
COUNTRY NOTES
Regional performance in GDP per capita
over time, 1980 and 2007
Brazil (TL2)
Brazil (TL2)
2007 GDP pc (100 = average of regions)
0.33
340
300
0.32
Distrito Federal
260
0.31
220
0.30
180
140
0.29
100
Espirito Santo
Mato Grosso
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Rio Grande do Sul
Amazonas
0.28
60
Pará
0.27
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
20
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
340
1980 GDP pc (average of regions)
Regional contribution (%) to national GDP growth, 1995-2007
20% - 100%
15% - 20%
10% - 15%
5% - 10%
0% - 5%
-100% - 0%
No data available
This map is for illustrative purposes and is
without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty
over any territory covered by this map.
Source of administrative boundaries: National
Statistical Offices and FAO Global Administrative
Unit Layers (GAUL).
700 km
Source: Calculations based on the OECD Regional Database (2009).
1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932521106
OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2011: BUILDING RESILIENT REGIONS FOR STRONGER ECONOMIES © OECD 2011
235