CHURCH HISTORY
COURSE SYLLABUS
Northpoint Bible College
HI2331-01, 3 Credits
Fall 2016
Monday (9:00 – 9:50 a.m.) & Thursday (8:00 – 9:50 a.m.) – Hasseltine Hall 213
Dr. Patrick Gallagher, Distinguished Professor
Office: Fine Arts Center, Adjacent to Chapel; Campus Phone: (978) 478-3408
E-mail: [email protected]
Office Hours: Thursday (1:00 – 2:30 p.m.) & Tuesday (4:00 – 5:30 p.m.)
The mission of Northpoint Bible College is to teach and train students for excellent Pentecostal
ministry, in fulfillment of the Great Commission.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course includes the origin, growth and development of the Christian Church from the Book
of Acts to the present day. An emphasis is placed upon the religious, social and political aspects
of Church history. Consideration will be given to the development of theological concepts
within the Church.
COURSE OBJECTIVES: The student will:
1. Become acquainted with the different periods of Church history in the context of world
history and indicate such on a time line. (Divisional Objectives 1; Course Requirements 1)
2. Become acquainted with the treasury of Christian Church history. (DO 1; CR 1, 6)
3. Comprehend the origin and growth of the Church. (DO 3; CR 1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
4. Summarize the evangelical message as it was taught and preached in each period of Church
history. (DO 4; CR 5, 6, 7)
5. Examine the personalities responsible for the major movements throughout Church history.
(DO 3; CR 3)
6. Explain the major controversies and heresies and how they affected the Church. (DO 4; CR
5)
7. Demonstrate a knowledge of the major events of Church history. (DO 1; CR 1)
8. Discuss major European influences on early American Church history. (DO 3, 4; CR 5, 6)
9. Describe and appreciate one’s own Christian traditions. (DO 5, 6; CR 6, 7)
10. Describe and appreciate other Christian traditions. (DO 5, 6; CR 6, 7)
TEXTBOOKS:
Hurlburt, Jesse Lyman. The Story of the Christian Church. Grand Rapids: Zondervan
Publishing House, 1979.
Shelly, Bruce L. Church History in Plain Language, 4th ed. Thomas Nelson 2013.
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Gallagher, Patrick G. and Rosalie M. LoPinto. Journey of Faith: The Inspiring Story of
Northpoint Bible College, Formerly Zion Bible College. Haverhill, MA: Zion/Northpoint
Alumni Association, 2014. (Can be purchased in class.)
COURSE REQUIREMENTS (CR):
1. Examinations:
Two examinations will cover the contents of the course with the final examination being
COMPREHENSIVE in nature. The examinations will test the student in understanding and
knowledge gained. They will focus in part on: person, place, development, and theological
sequence (timeline). Dates to be announced.
2. Quizzes:
Approximately four announced quizzes will be given throughout the semester. All quizzes
will be announced prior to the date given. Quizzes are designed to assist the student’s
academic performance throughout the semester.
3. Reading:
Church History in Plain Language & The Story of the Christian Church
The following chapters out of Church History in Plain Language and The Story of the
Christian Church must be read according to the following schedule. All reading must be
documented on the Reading Verification Card, which will be collected during the last class
of each month.
Due Date
September
5
12
19
26
October
3
17
24
31
November
7
14
Church History in Plain
Language
The Story of the Christian Church
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2
5, 6, 7, 8
9, 10, 11, 12
13, 14, 15, 16
3, 4, 5
6, 7, 8
9, 10
17, 18, 19, 20
11, 12
21, 22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27, 28
13, 14, 15
16, 17, 18
29, 30, 31, 32
19, 20, 21
33,39, 40, 48
22, 23, 24, 25
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4. Book Report:
Due Date
November 14
A. Each student must read Journey of Faith, a thrilling account
of the history of Zion Bible Institute/Northpoint Bible
College, authored by Dr. Patrick Gallagher and Professor
Rosalie LoPinto. A two-page typed book report is to be
submitted.
B. We will discuss Journey of Faith and its contents. A short
quiz will be given to test your knowledge of it.
5. Textbook Questions:
In order to better facilitate student comprehension of reading materials, questions from Church
History in Plain Language are to be completed throughout the semester. Questions will be
completed by chapters and will assess content knowledge and critical thinking skills with regard
to sacred history. Each question should be answered fully and to the best of the student’s ability.
Some questions will require more extensive responses; therefore, time and care should be taken
when completing each assignment. Students are to type out each question per chapter, then
type the response. As per Turabian, students are to use Times Roman 12 font, 1” margins all
around, and double spaced.
Question
Due Date
September
12
19
26
October 3
17
24
31
November
7
14
Church History in Plain
Language
1, 2, 3, 4
5, 6, 7, 8
9, 10, 11, 12
13, 14, 15, 16
17, 18, 19, 20
21, 22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27, 28
29, 30, 31, 32
33, 39, 40, 48
6. Research Paper:
A typed seven (7) page research paper in proper Turabian (8th Edition) format will be required of
each student. The topic will be chosen from a list of subjects attached to your syllabus. The
following is a guideline of requirements for the paper. Due Date: October 24, 2016.
 Use ten (10) sources (excluding your textbooks). One (1) source must be from a
Church history journal, one (1) must be from an on-line resource; a minimum of
eight (8) must be book sources. These sources must be listed in a sources
consulted page in Turabian format.
 The paper must have a title page in Turabian format
 The paper must have a thesis sentence and outline.
 The main body is to be seven (7) pages in length.
 The body of the paper is to have proper headings, per the outline submitted with
the paper.
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7. DVD Presentations – Clips to enhance learning:
1. Trial and Testimony of the Church: Christ to Constantine, Tape 1
2. Trial and Testimony of the Church: Christ to Constantine, Tape 2
3. Christianity: The First Thousand Years, ©A&E Network, 1998
4. St. Patrick: The Irish Legend, ©Saban Entertainment, 2000
5. Francis of Assisi, ©Fox Home Entertainment, 2005
6. Reformation Overview, Wycliffe
7. John Wycliffe: The Morning Star, ©Gateway Films
8. Reformation Overview, Huss
9. John Hus, ©Faith For Today
10. Reformation Overview, Luther
11. Reformation Overview, Zwingli, Calvin
12. Reformation Overview, Anabaptist
13. Reformation Overview, Tyndale
14. Jan Amos Comenius: Father of the Modern Education, ©Gateway Films
15. John Wesley, ©CTVC
16. The Amish: A People of Preservation, ©Heritage Productions
17. Candle in the Dark: The Story of William Carey, ©Christian History Institute
18. The Story of Amy Carmichael, ©The Dohnavur Fellowship
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SUBJECTS FOR TERM PAPER: People, Events, Controversies, Heresies, etc.
ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY AD 33-476
Birth of the
Church
Ebionites
Church at
Jerusalem
Manicheans
Diocletian
Constantine
Apollinarian
Controversy
Holidays:
Christmas,
Easter, etc.
Augustine
Augustine’s
City of God
Justin Martyr,
Apologist
Montanists
Arian
Controversy
Polycarp
Gnostics
Irenaeus
Rise of
Monasticism
Origen
Pelagian
Controversy
Relics &
Images
Ambrose
Jerome
Gregory
the Great
Invading
Tribes:
Visigoths,
Vandals, etc.
The Fall of
Rome AD 476.
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY AD 476-1517
Rule of
Hilderbrand
(Gregory VII)
St. Francis &
the Franciscan
Order
Rise of Islam
Charlemagne &
the Holy
Roman Empire
Separation of
Latin & Greek
Churches
The Crusades
Medieval Art
and Literature
Scholasticism
Avingon
Papacy
Albigenses &
Waldenses
Mysticism
The Italian
Renaissance
John Wycliffe
John Huss
Bernard of
Clarivaux
Thomas
Aquinas
Jerome
Savonarola
Spanish
Inquisition
MODERN CHRISTIANITY AD 1517-Present
Martin Luther
John Calvin
& the NinetyUlrich Zwingli
& Calvinism
five theses
Henry VIII
Queen Elizabeth I
John Knox
The
The ThirtyCounterAnabaptists
Years War
Reformation
Missionary
Rise of
The Pentecostal
Explosion of
Fundamentalism
Movement
the 19th Century
The Rise of
Azusa Street
Protestant
The Methodists
Revival
Missions
The Geneva
Experience
Philip
Melancthon
Ignatius Loyola
The Puritan
Movement
Arminianism
The Separatists
Catholicism
Evangelicals
Presbyterian
Church
(History)
The Pentecostal
Church in the
21st Century
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POLICIES:
Please note that each assignment must be submitted on the due date regardless of absence to
avoid a minimum 5 point reduction for tardiness. Also note that a tardy assignment must be
submitted within five days of the due date. Please review the Late Assignment Policy below.
1. Class Attendance: Northpoint believes that the classroom is an important part of the
learning process, and therefore attendance for all class periods is not only expected but
necessary. If you are absent for any reason, it is your responsibility to obtain all notes and
handouts distributed during your absence. Class discussions are critical to the course;
therefore, missing classes will set you back tremendously and infringe upon your growth as a
critical reader and writer. This is not a correspondence course. Your active participation
during class is integral to this course. According to the Student Handbook, you are allowed
six (6) absences for illness, accident, or emergency. Also note that tardiness is a major
disturbance. Bear in mind that three lates count as ONE absence. Remember that a twoperiod course counts for TWO absences. Excessive absences will be handled as outlined in
the Student Handbook.
2. Extension Policy: Extensions will only be granted for the following four reasons: 1)
hospitalization for illness. A doctor’s note confirming such is required; 2) extended serious
illness that prevents a student from attending class. This requires a doctor’s note and
signature of verification from the student’s Resident Director; 3) funerals or family
emergencies granted as an approved absence by the Academic Dean and Dean of Students; 4)
school-approved activities. If the student meets one of these exceptions, a “Request for
Extension Form” must be filled out one week in advance of the due date. The form can be
obtained from the Registrar’s Office. The “Request for Extension” form should then be
presented by the student to the Office of the Academic Dean for the Dean’s signature. The
Dean’s office will forward the form to the professor. Once the form is forwarded to the
Office of the Registrar a copy will be sent to the student. The student is to turn in all
approved extension work to the professor by the extension due date indicated on the
extension form. Failure to turn in a paper or project by the extended due date will result in a
grade of “0” for the paper or project.
3. Late Paper Policy: When a student does not qualify for, or has been denied an Extension,
he/she may still turn in the paper or project late; however, a grade penalty will be applied. All
late papers and projects turned in after the start of the period on the due date will receive an
automatic five point (5) deduction. For each twenty-four hour period (including Saturdays,
Sundays and school breaks) that the paper/project is not turned in, another five points (5) will
be deducted. If the paper is not submitted within five twenty-four hour periods after the due
date and time, an automatic score of zero (0) will be entered for the grade with no chance of
making up the paper. If a hard copy cannot be presented in person by the specified time and
hour, an email copy may be submitted (if the professor agrees) by the deadline for
verification of completion with a hard copy following immediately. It is the responsibility
that the student verify that the professor received the e-mailed paper. This should be done
immediately.
4. Examinations: Electronic exams given in class will require the use of Respondus LockDown
Browser. The student will be required to bring a laptop or iPad to the exam in order to take
the exam or quiz. All exams taken outside the classroom will require both Respondus
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LockDown and Monitor. The student will be required to download and use
lockdown browser for their computer or iPad for these quizzes, by following the link on the
test page in canvas. The download is to be completed prior to coming to class to take the
exam. For technical support using LockDown Browser or Monitor, or search “respondus” at
support.northpoint.edu or contact [email protected]. Should a student be sick on the
day of an examination he/she can make the exam up provided he/she follows the procedure
noted below.
a. Make-Up Exam Policy: All exams must be made up within five days of the date of the
original exam (excluding weekends). For example, if the exam is given at the 8:00 a.m.
class on Monday, it must be made up before 8:00 a.m. the following Monday. Both
Respondus Lockdown and Monitor are required for all electronic exams taken outside of
class..
 Illness: In the case of illness, the student must notify the Resident Director of his/her
illness and secure from the Resident Director, or nurse, a “sick-slip.” The student
must fill out a “Make-Up Exam” form (located in the Office of the Registrar). The
form will then be forwarded to the Office of the Academic Dean for signature. The
student should attach the sick slip to the form. The student should then schedule a
time with the professor to make up the test. Students not making up the exam within
the prescribed time period will receive a “0”. If the student is unable to obtain a sick
clip in a timely fashion, the Make-up Exam form should be completed and submitted.
Once the RD’s have sent in the sick slip it will be attached to the form by the
Registrar’s Office. The student will receive a copy of the make-up exam for his/her
files. Commuting students who miss an exam due to illness should fill out the Makeup Exam form and indicate illness as the reason.
 Non-illness: Unless a student is ill, all exams must be taken as scheduled. There is no
provision for make-up exam for non-illness absences.
b. Exams Taken in the Center for Academic Development (CAD): Students approved to
take their exams in the CAD are to do so on the day the exam is scheduled in class. In
some cases this is not possible; therefore, with the approval of the CAD Director, a
student may be given up to two days in which to take the exam (if Exam given on
Monday, then the CAD student must take it by Wednesday). – Exams not taken within
this time period will be considered late and therefore, not able to be made up except due
to illness. It is the student’s responsibility to schedule all exams with the CAD Director
based on his/her syllabi schedule. Should a student be sick on the day of the exam, he/she
is to follow the Late-Exam policy above. Quizzes should be taken in the classroom, but in
consultation with the professor accommodations may be arranged. Late CAD exams will
be handled according to the make-up exam policy above. Therefore, schedule all exams
at least one week in advance of the exam with the CAD Director. For late exams - the
student must follow the above make-Up Exam policy and will be subject to the same
policy noted above.
c. Final exams are scheduled during Finals Week. The schedule is distributed one month
before Finals. Each student is responsible to check the schedule carefully and make
arrangements to be present for all finals. Finals are not necessarily given on the same day,
or even the same hour, as the regularly scheduled class. Students who have more than
three finals on one day may request that one of the finals be rescheduled. Students should
fill out a “Final Exam Reschedule” form found in the Registrar’s Office. In consultation
with the Academic Dean’s office, one of the Finals (usually an elective) will be moved. If
student is over 10 minutes late to the final exam, the professor at his or her discretion
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may choose to deduct 10 points for being late. The professor will be notified in advance
to be prepared to have the Final ready for the student. Students are NOT to arrange a
Final Exam change with the professor.
5. Cell and Smartphone Usage: Cell Phone and Smart Phone Procedure: Phones are to be kept
in “vibrate” mode per CLERY Act – “Send Now” emergency notification. In the classroom,
phones are to be kept in the student’s backpack/book bag/briefcase/purse, etc.
a. Students MAY use the Bible application on their Smartphone when the class is directed
to open their Bibles to a specific passage of Scripture. Once the Scripture passage is read,
the Smartphone is to be placed back in the backpack/book bag/briefcase/purse, etc.
b. Students may take class notes on their Smartphone provided they follow the procedures
noted below.
 By the second week of class the student must submit to the professor a Smartphone
Usage form indicating the usage of their smart phone for class notes.
 The form is to be approved by the professor; a copy will be given to the student and
the original kept by the professor.
 The professor may ask periodically that the notes be e-mailed to him/her for
verification that the student is able to keep up with the notes via Smartphone, and
that notes were taken.
o If a student is found using the phone for any other purpose than note taking,
the student will lose the privilege of taking notes via Smartphone for the
remainder of the semester.
o Unless a “Smartphone Usage” form has been filed by the student and
approved by the professor at the beginning of the semester the student may
not use his/her Smartphone for note taking.
c. Students MAY NOT use their phone, iPad, iPod, computers or other electronic device in
the classroom, chapel, or class prayers at anytime to:
 Make or receive calls
 Text or receive Texts
 Check e-mail
 Surf the Internet
 Access any social network site
 Take pictures or videos during class’
 Listen to music or watch videos during class
 Play games
d. Students found using their phone, iPad, iPod, computer, or other electronic device for any
of the above will be asked to place their device on the professor’s desk for the remainder
of the period. Continued improper usage and the student will be required to place the
device on the professor’s desk at the beginning of class for the remainder of the semester.
6. Plagiarism: NPBC subscribes to Turnitin, a service that monitors writing originality in
assignments, reports and papers and checks for plagiarism. Turnitin integrates with
Canvas so that submissions are checked for originality through a Turnitin report. This
company compares student submissions to various electronic resources as well as to other
submissions to Northpoint and other colleges through the Turnitin database. Sources that
are not cited, which are copied or paraphrased from another source without citation are
considered plagiarized. Any material, whether published or unpublished, quoted from
another writer, must be identified by use of quotation marks, block quotations, and
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documentation with specific citation of the source and paraphrased material must
likewise be attributed to the original author, for both formal papers as well as other
assignments, unless otherwise instructed by the professor. The Turnitin report highlights
content considered to be similar to other sources in the Turnitin database. Both students
and instructors can view the similar source and the student submission side by side. The
similarity index is not directly factored into a grade for an assignment. Rather, it is a tool
for the instructor to use to grade and verify sources. Cited sources will still show as
unoriginal, but the instructor will use that information to verify that each citation and
paraphrase are cited.
As a school, intent on training men and women of integrity for the ministry, Northpoint
takes plagiarism seriously. Plagiarism consists of the following categories (from Turnitin:
http://turnitin.com/assets/en_us/media/plagiarism_spectrum.php):
a. Submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own.
b. Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations.
c. Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source.
d. Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together.
e. Borrows generously from the writer’s previous work without citation.
f. Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation.
g. Mixes copied material from multiple sources.
h. Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources.
i. Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work.
j. Includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording and/or
structure.
See also the 8th Edition of Turabian for a fuller explanation of plagiarism: 4.2.2-3; 7.9.111; 15.1; 15.2; and 15.2.1
Any Student found guilty of plagiarism will be subject to, but not necessarily limited to, the
following discipline:
a. Faculty discipline on first offense;
 Reduction of grade
 Failure of assignment
 Letter of reprimand
b. Academic Affairs Committee discipline on successive offenses. Student will be subject
to, but not necessarily limited to, the following discipline:
 Receiving an “F” for the course
 Removal from any extracurricular activities (second offense)
 Dismissal for one year (three or more offenses)
Faculty are to report all cases of plagiarism to the Dean of Academics in the form of a
“Plagiarism Report.”
7. Cheating: Northpoint subscribes to Respondus Lockdown Browser and Monitor. This
software, which requires an installation on the computer that the student will use for the
course will discourage cheating by preventing students from opening other browser windows
while taking a test or quiz. Students are expected to follow all instructions outlined in the
opening sequence of Respondus Lockdown Browser and Monitor quizzes. This includes
verification that the webcam is functional, presenting a form of ID to verify identity, and
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using the camera to capture the environment around the student. The student is expected to
avoid the use of phones, tablets, or any other electronic device than the one used to take the
quiz while quizzing. The use of paper notes and texts is also prohibited. Failure to adhere to
these guidelines will result in a 0 on the quiz, without the option to retake.
Cheating is a breach of integrity and will be dealt with by the professor or higher
authorities if needed. Cheating consists of such infractions as using unauthorized notes or
material when taking an examination; copying answers to examination questions, obtaining
or helping others to obtain, unauthorized copies of examination questions, copying another
person’s class work/assignments and/or homework and submitting it as one’s own; having
another student do one’s paper, or any other assignment, in whole or in part and submitting
the assignment as one’s own work; allowing another student to copy one’s paper or
assignment, copying another student’s paper with that student’s permission, or submitting the
same paper for two or more classes, even if it is the student’s own work. The use of any
photographic device used to capture images of a quiz or exam is also considered cheating.
Any student found guilty of cheating will be subject to one or more of the following actions:
a. Receive an “F” for the assignment or course.
b. Suspension
c. Dismissal
COURSE SCHEDULE AND REQUIREMENTS: The class schedule and requirements for the
class may be adjusted by the professor if needed.
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE:
I.
The Apostolic Church
From Pentecost, AD 30
to the death of St. John, AD 100
33 Death and Resurrection of Christ
70 Destruction of 2nd Temple
100 Close of Canon, death of John the Apostle
II.
The Persecuted Church
From the death of St. John, AD 100
to the Edict of Constantine, AD 313
150-215 Clement of Alexandria
180- 254 Origen
301 Armenia becomes first Christian nation
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312 Battle of Milvian Bridge
III.
The Imperial Church
From the Edict of Constantine, AD 313
to the Fall of Rome, AD 476
313 Edict of Milan
325 Council of Nicaea
293-337 Athanasius
251-356 St. Antony
381 Council of Constantinople
405 Vulgate completed
347-407 John Chrysostom
345-420 Jerome
354-430 Augustine
431 Council of Ephesus
449 Robber Council (II Ephesus)
451 Council of Chalcedon
476 Fall of Rome
IV.
The Medieval Church
From the Fall of Rome, AD 476
to the Fall of Constantinople, AD 1453
476
Fall of Rome
506
Conversion of Clovis
529
Founding of the Benedictine Order
480-547
Benedict of Nursia
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553
Second Council of Constantinople
590- 604
Reign of Pope Gregory the Great
622
Hijra- Beginning of Islamic Calendar
638
Christianity declared a tolerated religion in
China
680
Third Council of Constantinople
732
Battle of Tours
787
Second Council of Nicaea
800
Charlemagne crowned Emperor of Holy
Roman Empire
835
Christians expelled from China
843
End of Iconoclast Controversy
988
Conversion of Kievan Rus to Orthodoxy
1022
Albigensian heresy spreads through France
1054
Great Schism
1073-1085
Reign of Hildebrand
1096-1099
First Crusade
1122
Concordant of Worms ends Investiture
Controversy
1184
Inquisition created
1189-1192
Third Crusade
1181-1226
Francis of Assisi
1210
Founding of the Franciscan Order
1215
Founding of Dominican Order
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Albigensian Crusade to wipe out heretics
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1309
1347-1351
1378
1320-1384
V.
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Thomas Aquinas
Start of Avingon Papcy
Black Death spreads across Europe
End of the Avingon Papacy, start of Western
Schism
John Wycliffe
1414
Start of the Council of Constance
1415
John Huss burned at the stake
1417
End of the Council of Constance, end of
Western Schism
1453
Fall of Constantinople
The Reformed Church
From the Fall of Constantinople, AD 1453
to the end of the Thirty Years War, AD 1648
1483 Birth of Martin Luther
1509 Birth of John Calvin
1517 Martin Luther nails 95 Theses to the door of
Wittenberg Cathedral
1521 Diet of Worms, Luther excommunicated
1524-1525 Peasants War
1534 Act of Supremacy separates English and
Roman Catholic Church
1536 John Calvin publishes Institutes of the
Christian Religion
1540 Founding of the Jesuit Order
1546 Death of Martin Luther
1550 Beginning of Congregationalism
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1555 Peace of Augsburg
1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola
1545-1563 Council of Trent
1611 Publication of the Authorized Version of the
Bible (KJV)
1618-1619 Synod of Dort
1620 Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth
1632 Trial of Galileo
1618-1648 Thirty Years War
VI.
The Missionary Church
From the end of the Thirty Years War, 1648 A.D.
to the Twentieth Century, until Jesus comes.
1726-1743 First Great Awakening
1703-1791 John Wesley
1793 William Carey arrives in India
1797-1840 Second Great Awakening
1856-1859 Third Great Awakening
1901 Agnes Ozman receives the Baptism of the
Holy Spirit in Topeka Kansas
1906-1909 Azuza Street Revival
1914 Assemblies of God formed
1924 Founding of Northpoint Bible College
1925 Scopes Monkey Trial
1962-1965 Second Vatican Council
1967 Catholic Charismatic Renewal begins
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1981 Third Wave begins at Fuller Theological
Seminary
2013 Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, election of
Pope Francis
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Altholz, Josef L. The Church in the Nineteenth Century. Manhattan: The Bobbs-Merrill
Company, 1967.
Beacham, A.D. A Brief History of the Pentecostal Holiness Church. Franklin Springs, GA:
Advocate Press, 1983.
Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel. The Assemblies of God: A Chapter in the Story of American
Pentecostalism. Springfield, MO: Gospel Pub. House, 1989.
Bray, Gerald. Creeds, Councils & Christ. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1984.
Cairns, Earle Edwin. Christianity through the Centuries, A History of the Christian Church.
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1967.
Cox, George W. The Crusades. Manhattan: John B. Alden Publications, copyright unknown.
Craig, Clarence Tucker. The Beginning of Christianity. [S.I.]: Abingdon, 1943.
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