Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
Vol.12 (3), July 2013, pp 404-410
Ethnobotanical uses of Gymnosperms of Neelam valley and Muzaffarabad
of Kashmir
Muhammad Ishtiaq1*, Pazeer Iqbal2 & Tanveer Hussain1
1
Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST),
Bhimber Campus, Bhimber Azad Kashmir, Pakistan;
2
Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarbad, Pakistan
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 29.11.12; revised 01.04.13
Present Ethnobotanical study was carried out during summer 2008 in spatial and temporal areas of Neelum valley and
Muzaffarabad of Kashmir. Research revealed Ethnobotanical data that twelve Gymnosperm species are being employed in
different ethnomedicines, food, fodder, shelter and other domestic purposes. A total of 65 people of both gender (age: 45-80
yrs) were interviewed using qustioaniaree, direct participant observation and demonstration technique method. A
comprehensive Ethnobotanical profile of the plants comprised of: botanic names, vernacular names, family, distribution,
occurrence, economic benefits, ethnomedicinal uses, preparation and administration modes. All information was compared
with previous literature concurrently eliminating irrational reports and culminating this knowledge into plausible and
applicable format. The inhabitants of the area used the plants for multi-purpose and have for a long time been dependent on
surrounding plant resources for life subsistence. Pinus roxburgii Sarg., P. wallichiana A. B. Jacks., Cedrus deodara [(Roxb.
ex Lamb.)G.Don], Abies pindrow [(Royle. Ex D.Don) Royle] and Taxus wallichiana Zucc. are prominent gymnosperms of
Neelum valley and Muzaffarabad which are not only source of timber but also utilized as fuel wood and for medicinal
purposes. Due to biotic an abiotic pressure different threats to the flora have been highlighted and suggestions for
conservation of Gymnosperm taxa are formulated for implementations by relevant departments.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Gymnosperm, Neelum valley, Pinus roxburrgii, Plant conservation, Kashmir
IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00, A47G 19/26, A47J 39/02, A23K, E04H 9/04, A01F 25/10, E04H 1/12
Since the beginning of civilization, human being
has used plants for different aspects of life. Plants
provide people with food, medicines, as well as
materials for construction and the manufacture of
crafts and tools and many other products like fuel,
paints and poisons. In some cultures, plants have a
ritual character and/ or are used because their
hallucinogenic character1. Nowadays, many drugs are
being discovered by extracting their chemical
constituents for human benefit. The term Ethnobotany
was coined by John Harshberger (1896) to delimit a
specific field of botany and described plant uses2.
Ethnobotany was defined as “the use of plants by
aboriginal peoples of an area”3,4.
Ethnobotanical studies are generally based on
qualitative methods, but now quantitative parameters
are also incorporated in ethnobotanical study, with the
results of benefiting neither local people nor
——————
*Corresponding author
conservation1,5. The application of analytical
parameters has been incorporated in recent
ethnobotanical studies by different researchers which
make the results more reliable and authentic6.
Geographically surveyed part of Kashmir is located
on 73–75°N and 32–35°E and it is a part of the great
Himalayas that branches-off from Nanga Parbat7,8,9.
Neelum is located at North of Muzaffarabad. It
constitutes on crescent shaped valley and it called
Neelum valley which has two divisions, viz. lower
part of (part of district Muzaffarabad) which lies
within the lower Himalayan ranges while middle and
upper Neelum valley (part of district Neelum) exists
in inner Himalayas. The altitude of Neelum valley
varies from 600 m at the valley entrance to 6218 m at
the highest Basil peak of Shounther valley8. Neelum
valley is a mountainous area divided into two parts by
the Neelum river that enters into the Jammu and
Kashmir from Tawbutt and flows down to
Muzaffarabad city to join river Jhelum. The area is
ISHTIAQ et al.: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF GYMNOSPERMS OF NEELUM VALLEY & MUZAFFARABAD
405
generally characterized by rugged topography, Vshaped valley, glacial out wash traces along nallahas.
Neelum valley is 260 km long, running along the
Neelum river. There are lateral valleys adjoining the
main valley, forming a spur-like surface. The
interlocking pattern of mountains presents a variety of
aspects9. The main potential area of medicinal plants
is Neelam valley which constitutes right and left
mountain chain running parallel to river Neelum
(formerly called Kishen Ganga) (Fig. 1).
The area represents mountain terrain of the high
glaciated peaks and moist temperate, dry temperate
forests, sub-alpine, high-alpine pastures, high elevated
peaks and cold desert constitutes major portion of the
area which experience long severe winter starting
from mid November to end of April and a very short
mild summer from mid-June to mid-August. The
population of Neelum valley is entirely rural and
mostly poverty stricken and under nourished due to
remoteness of the area. The economy of the area is
mostly forest-based and agro-pastoral type. Timber,
plant products and livestock raising are practiced this
mountainous area. Main ethnic groups in the valley
are Gujars, Syed, Kashmiris and Awan. Frequently
spoken traditional dialects are Kashmiri, Hindko and
Gujri languages1. The main purpose of the research
was to document the cultural and biological diversity
of Neelam and Muzaffarabad areas. Second aim was
to determine economic utilization of various
gymnosperm species. Thirdly to determine degrading
parameters which impede Gymnosperm biodiversity
of the zone and then to formulate recommendations
for different researchers, other academicians, forest
department officials and biodiversity conservationists
for protection, propagation and conservation.
community and questionnaire methodology were
employed to find occurrence density and compile
Ethnobotanical informations4,11. Before visiting the
communities prior informant consent (PIC) forms
were filled and then interviews were conducted on
due hours. The local participants from five different
villages (Shandoor, Lowat, Graiz, Ghamot and
Shounther) with 40 yrs and/or above age were
interviewed and both genders were equally
weighted12. The interviewees were carried out in local
community, to investigate local people and
knowledgeable persons (old men, women and
herdsmen) who are the main user of medicinal plants.
Frequent field trips in four seasons of the year (2008)
were arranged in order to collect informations about
the ethnomedicinal and other uses of Gymnosperm
plants. Plant specimens were photographed, collected
and identified by comparing with herbarium
specimens and through available taxonomic
literature13,14,15. Sample plants were collected,
preserved according to the standard methods proposed
by Olorode16 and placed in herbarium of Department
of Botany, Mirpur University of Science &
Technology (MUST), Bhimber Campus, Bhimber
Kashmir for future reference and exploratory
research. Secondary data about these plant species,
their families, uses, origin, availability, botanical and
vernacular names were entered into MS excel
worksheet and summarized as proposed by Cook17.
The collected data was compared with previous
research conducted on the same area or on same topic
by using research papers, books, e-books and net. The
data after critical review and comparison were
screened and only verified and reliable informations
were retained for further analysis and discussion.
Materials and methods
Direct
observation,
participatory
appraisal
technique, structured and semi-structured interview of
Enumerations
1. Cupressus sempervirens L. ; Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: Cipress, Saro
Distribution: Cultivated in plains and lower hills
Medicinal and economic uses: Fruit is anthelmintic
and astringent. Its pollens cause hayfever . The wood
is used in carpentry and for furniture making. Plants
are used ornamental tree.
2. Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pallas;
Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: Juniper, Sukpa
Distribution: Musk Deer National Park, Guraiz
Medicinal and economic uses: Its fruit is used as
diuretic. Berries, wood and oil reported to be used in
Fig. 1—Map of Neelam valley
406
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY 2013
folk remedies for cancer, indurations, polyps,
swellings, tumors and warts. It is also used in
alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage industry. The
fruit and oil are diuretic, carminative, stimulant, and is
used in dropsy, gonorrhea, gleets, leucorrhoea and
some cutaneous diseases. Ash of the bark is applied in
certain skin affections. The berries are also
recommended in infantile tuberculosis and diabetes.
3. Juniperus excelsa M.B. ; Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: Cedar, Padam
Distribution: Ghamot National Park and Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: The wood used in
pencil making. Fruit diuretic, carminative, stimulant,
used in dropsy, gonorrhoea, gleets, leucorrhoea and
some cutaneous diseases. The wood ash is mixed with
tobacco and best quality “Naswar” (Snuff) is
prepared and locally used.
4. Juniperus squamata Buch.; Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: Cedar, Bantha
Distribution: Ghamot National Park and Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: The plant fruit is used
in stomach disorders. Twigs are burnt as incense and
berries used similarly as that of Juniperus communis
and J. excelsa. The wood is used locally as fuel wood.
5. Thuja orientalis L.; Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: Thuja
Distribution: Guraiz, Ghamot National Park Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: Planted as an
ornamental tree. The fruit and wood are anthelmintic
and astringent. Fruit is grinded and 1 teaspoon taken
orally with water.
6. Ephedra gerardiana Wall.; Family: Ephedraceae
Vernacular names: Chepat, Thayon, Cheldymb, Asmani
Booti
Distribution: Ghamot National Park Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: Its stem is used in
treatment of bronchitis, asthma, and relieving
bronchial spasm. Fruit is very effective in hepatic
diseases and used as blood purifier and cleaning of
teeth. The rhizome and dry plants are used as fuel by
the inhabitant. Decoction of stem and root considered
a remedy for rheumatism and syphilis. It decoction of
root has a compound “Ephedrine” which exerts a
sympathomimetic action similar to that of adrenaline.
The drug, ephedrine obtained from the plant, used to
treat coughs, asthma and hayfever. It stimulates the
heart and constricts blood vessels. It is also used in
anaesthesia, and, because it may be taken orally, it is
prescribed frequently for treatment of cold, sinusitis,
hayfever and bronchial asthma. “Ma huang” has been
in use in China for more than 5000 yrs, for the
treatment of asthma.
7. Abies pindrow Royle. ; Family: Pinaceae
Vernacular names: Rewar, Fir
Distribution: Graiz, Ghamot National Park and
Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: The root decoction is
considered effective in cough, phthisis and bronchitis.
Fresh leaf juice is good for infants dentition ache.
Leaf powder admixture with Justicia adhotoda is nice
tonic in cough, asthma and fever. Wood is used for
construction purpose i.e. doors, windows, houses,
furniture and as fuel wood.
8. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.ex Lamb) G. Don.; Family:
Pinaceae
Vernacular names: Diar, Deodar
Distribution: Guraiz, Ghamot and Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: Its wood is very
commonly used as timber wood and in construction of
homes and furniture. Decoction of root is diaphoretic,
antirheumatism, anti-renal and antidote to snake bite.
Bark is astringent, useful in fever, diarrhoea and
dysentery. The oil obtained is used in ulcers and skin
diseases. They are valuable in horses and sore feet of
cattle. Cedar wood oil is used in microscopic work
and scientific materials.
9. Picea smithiana (Wall) Bois. ; Family: Pinaceae
Vernacular names: Spruce, Kachhal
Distribution: Lowat, Ghamot, Shounther
Medicinal and economic uses: Wood is used in match
industry. Wood pulp used for shingles, boxes and
planking. The wood is used for construction purposes
and as a fuel wood.
10. Pinus roxburgii Sarg.; Family: Pinaceae
Vernacular names: Chir
Distribution: Lowat, Guraiz, Shandoor
Medicinal and economic uses: Its wood is very useful
and mainly used in construction and house making. It
is also used in furniture and handicraft works. Its resin
is stimulant and used as stomachic and as remedy for
gonorrhea. The resin is used externally applied as
plaster to buboes, abscesses and broken ones for
suppuration and support. Leaf extraction is used in
burning of body, cough, fainting and ulceration. The
root with Calotropis procera is used in snake bite and
scorpion sting. Pine trees are used in reforestation and
soil conservation. The oil is used as antiflatulent. The
ISHTIAQ et al.: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF GYMNOSPERMS OF NEELUM VALLEY & MUZAFFARABAD
bark scales are used for colorings of the leather. The
tar is used for road metalling. Leaves are used in
construction of roofs of cattle yards. Its resin is also
used as hair remover by local inhabitants. The leaf
extract is used in quenching hotness and thirst of
summer. The resin is applied on wounds of cattle as
blood clot and antiseptic.
11. Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jack.; Family: Pinaceae
Vernacular names: Biar, Kail
Distribution: Shandoor, Guraiz, Lowat, all area
Medicinal and economic uses: It is used for furniture
and fuel purposes. Its wood is very useful and mainly
used in construction and house making. It is also used
in furniture and handicraft works. Its resin is stimulant
and used as stomachic and as remedy for gonorrhea.
The resin is used externally applied as plaster to
buboes, abscesses and broken ones for suppuration
and support. Leaf extraction is used in burning of
body, cough, fainting and ulceration. The wood is
very important in furniture making and house
constructions. It is under severe threat due over
exploitations by indigenous and commercial mafia.
12. Taxus wallichiana Zucc.; Family: Taxaceae
Vernacular names: Birmi, Yew
Distribution: Guraiz, Lowat
Medicinal and economic uses: The wood is used for
house and furniture making. Tea of leaves is useful in
high fever and asthma. Its bark and leaf extract has
compound “Taxol” used as anti-cancer. Due to its
high demand in pharmaceutical industry there is huge
biotic pressure on this species and makes it vulnerable
to be threatened or may be extinct in future. Leaves
decoction is used in bronchitis, hiccough and asthma,
for indigestion, epilepsy and as aphrodisiac. Plant is
used bio-netting to kill and catch fish from rivers and
dams. Its branches are used fodder for sheep and
cattle.
Discussion
Plants are part parcel of any mountainous
community because they solely depend on local flora.
It is centuries old practice of man to extract and
process the medicinal plants for local economic uplift,
daily human use and for animal treatment18,19. In the
lower part of Neelam valley, particularly in Kutla and
Lachrat (local names) Gymnosperms plants are so
heavily exploited in the past that new generations are
unable to see and use these Gymnosperms and
gradually may be omitted from their culture values4,20.
The majority of Gymnosperms plants are naturally
407
found in moist temperate coniferous forest, sub alpine
and high alpine pastures. These habitats are either
occupied by permanent human settlements or seasonal
grazers (local seasonal migrants, nomads (bakarwals).
In these remote areas about 60% of the local
population (children, women) other then nomads are
engaged in collection and processing of different
gymnosperm plants. These collectors are much
ignorant about the proper time of collection,
processing, storing and marketing techniques. The
use of improper collection techniques at any season
and cutting of plants causes much loss to these
natural resource and as well as to whole biodiversity
of this area21.
This research presents ethnobotanical applications
of gymnosperm plants of Neelum valley and
Muzaffarbad of Kashmir. Gymnosperm plants have
been used by man in his life as source of medicines
and botanics for years and similar findings have been
noted in survey of Neelam valley22. Pinus spp have
been part of many ethnomedicines in Kashmir and
these trees are very important because they provide
many economic recourses and uses for people of the
area4. Taxus spp have been used in treatment of colds
and other chest infections23. Most of gymnosperm
species are used for treating arthritis, rheumatism and
stomach disorders (Table 1). Some species are
reported to be quite effective remedies for different
diseases such as fever, diarrhea, diabetes, jaundice,
backache, stomachache, ulcers, cold and even cancer.
Inter alia gymnosperms are a major source of timber,
fuel wood and fodder for local communities of the
area. Many parts of plants or their products are sold to
the local markets to earn money, because the
community is totally dependent on the forests for their
needs. The prevalently used parts were roots, leaf,
wood and bark in different local appliances and
ethnomedicines (Fig. 2). As people of Neelam valley
and rural parts of Muzaffarabad mainly rely on
livestock and raising herds so these forests are under
heavy pressure of over grazing. Other anthropogenic
activities of man for fuel wood needs, herbal
medicines, construction, thatching and shading are
generating severe pressure to flora of the area.
Furthermore,
as
population
is
increasing
exponentially and ispso facto forest of area are
gradually being changed unconsciously into
agricultural patches and domestication of homes
leading silent threats for plant biodiversity. As the
area has very beautiful panoramic view so it has great
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY 2013
408
Table 1—Important ethnomedicinal uses of gymnosperms of Neelam valley & Muzaffarabad (AK)
Name of species
Local name
Parts used
Diseases to be treated
Taxus wallichiana
Pinus wallichiana
Birmi, Yew
Biar, Kail
Root
Wood, leaf, seeds
Cedrus deodara
Diar, Deodar
Root, wood, oil
Juniperus excelsa
Juniperus communis
Ephedra gerardiana
Abies pindrow
Cedar, Padam
Juniper, Sukpa
Chepat, AsmaniBooti
Rewar, Fir
Fruit, wood
Fruit, wood, root
Stem and fruit
Root and fresh leaf
Epilepsy and as aphrodisiac
Gonorrhea, burning of body, cough, fainting
and ulceration
Diaphoretic, antirheumatism, anti-renal and antidote
to snake bite
Leucorrhoea and some cutaneous diseases
Tuberculosis, diabetes. swellings, tumors and warts
Anaesthesia, coughs, asthma and hayfever.
Cough, asthma and fever and toothache
Fig. 2—Plant parts used in different ethnobotanical perspectives
in Neelam valley
potential of ecotourism in the area that may generate
income resources for the people of the area. There is a
dire need to protect this natural wealth with the
involvement of community. As one species Taxus
wallichiana is an important source of important anticancerous drug ”Taxol” and it is ruthlessly and
carelessly exploited and which has produced critical
endanger to this Gymnosperms. Other species of the
area are frequently use in fodder, construction,
furniture and thatching of homes which cause
pressure to these plants. Many times fire is set on by
natural means or by people which causes a
tremendous loss to the biodiversity. There is dare
need to educate and abound the local communities to
restrict or eradicate of deliberate fires.
In these remote areas about 60% of the local
population (children, women) other then nomads are
engaged in collection and processing of different
gymnosperms. These collectors are much ignorant
about the proper time of collection, processing,
storing and marketing techniques. Their mishandling
with plants causes much loss to these natural resource
and as well as to whole biodiversity. Due to lack of
scientific knowledge in local communities about
proper time of collection, parts used, collection of
different parts of medicinal plants, there is huge risk
to flora of the area. But proper timing of collection of
desired part of a plant generally determines the yield
percentage and quality of ingredients24. Different
factors are recognized in degradation of
Gymnosperms biodiversity in Neelam valley and
some parts of Muzaffarabad and among these the
most prevalent parameters are:
i.
Habitat degradation.
ii. Timber requirements
iii. Grass cutting for livestock fodder
iv. Collections of Morchella esculenta
v. Soil erosion
vi. Fires
vii. Overgrazing and browsing
viii. Over exploitation of GPs
ix. Poverty
x. Unawareness
xi. Smuggling
xii. Ineffective law enforcement
Significance to the society and some constructive
recommendations
The research revealed the basic information about
the potential and role of Gymnosperms in Neelam and
Muzaffarabad areas of Kashmir. As these plants
constitute the dominant layers in the communities of
forest ecosystems and hence do cascade imperative,
positive and controlling measures on the all other
species of lower canopies. These plants’ study is very
significant because they paly pivotal role in life of
local communities and the society will get benefit
from this productive research. These findings will
shed important prospective to the economy and life of
indigenous people. Hence the knowledge of this
research will increase protection and preservation of
ISHTIAQ et al.: ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF GYMNOSPERMS OF NEELUM VALLEY & MUZAFFARABAD
all Gymnosperm flora for ecosystem, fauna and
human life.
Government departments such as forest
department, environment department, tourism
department and minerals department are solely
responsible to check the extraction process of
Gymnosperms from workers to contractors, and
reduce the illegal exploitation. But the scenario is
very despicable because to protect the natural
reservoir (plant biodiversity) is their least priority to
check this illegal practice. Instead they remain involve
in timber and fuel wood collection operations whole
the year to earn black money under hand. This attitude
of forest staff often enhances the exploitation and
smuggling of Gymnosperms. Ipso facto there is dire
need of time that NGOs and educated community
should come in front to control this loss of
Gymnosperms other wise time is not far when this lush
green forest will be converted into barren mountains4,25.
It will cause not only loss of important biodiversity of
the country but also boost the global warming and
consequently flooding will arose demolishing many
lives and property in plain areas of country.
Conclusion
The research findings summaries that gymnosperm
flora is pre-dominant in Neelam valley and
Muzaffarabad areas of Kashmir. These plants are
playing pivotal role in nature habitat formulation and
human life subsistence. The plants are very frequently
used in daily life of local community if the area and
there is dare need of time to reduce biotic pressure on
these species so that plants can be protected and
conserved for future generations.
Acknowledgement
Authors specially acknowledge the cooperation and
knowledge shared by the people of villages of Neelam
valley, viz. Shandoor, Lowat, Graiz, Ghamot and
Shounther. The people intellectual property rights are
acknowledged and benefits of this research out puts
will be shared with local communities and different
departments to protect and conserve nature and
biodiversity.
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