GEOLOGY ‐ CONCEPT CHECKS NAME ______________________________________ PER _____ CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY SCORE: Answer the following questions in the space provided. New vocabulary is in bold. 109
OUT OF 1.1 1. Name (2 pts) and describe (2 pts) the two broad subdivisions of geology. ____________________________ ‐ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ ‐ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List 3 different geologic hazards. (3 pts) _________________________ _________________________ __________________________ 3. Aside from geologic hazards, describe another important connection between people and geology. (1 pt) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 1. Describe Aristotle’s influence on geology. (1 pt) ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Contrast catastrophism and uniformitarianism. (2 pts) Catastrophism ‐ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Uniformitarianism ‐ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ How did each view the age of Earth? (2 pts) Catastrophism ‐ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Uniformitarianism ‐ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the age of Earth as determined by scientific methods? (1 pt) __________________________ 4. Refer to figure 1.6 and list the eon, era, period, and epoch in which we live. (2 pts) 1.3 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Why is understanding the magnitude of geologic time important for a geologist? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. How is a scientific hypothesis different from a scientific theory? (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Summarize the basic steps followed in many scientific investigations (the scientific method). (5 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What explains the fact that continental drift is considered a hypothesis but plate tectonics is considered a theory? (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.4 1. List (4 pts) and briefly describe (4 pts) Earth’s four spheres. ________________________ ‐ _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ ‐ _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ ‐ _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ ‐ _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Compare the height of the atmosphere to the thickness of the geosphere. Draw (2 pts) and label (2 pts). 3. How much of Earth’s surface do oceans cover? (1 pt) _____________________________________ What percentage of Earth’s total water supply do oceans represent? (1 pt) ____________________ 4. To which sphere does soil belong? (1 pt) ________________________________________________ 1.5 1. What is a system? (1 pt) ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ List three examples. (3 pts) __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system? (2 pts) _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 3. Predict how a change in the hydrologic cycle, such as an increased amount of rainfall in an area, might influence the biosphere (2 pts) and geosphere (2 pts) in that area. 1.6 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Name and briefly describe the theory that describes the formation of our solar system. (5 pts) Name: ____________________________________________________________________________ Description: _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List the inner planets and outer planets. Describe the basic differences in size and composition. Inner Planets: (4 pts): ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Size and Composition: (2 pts): _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Outer Planets: (4 pts): ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Size and Composition: (2 pts): _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain why density and buoyancy were important in the development of Earth’s layered structure. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.7 1. List (3 pts) and describe (3 pts) the three major layers defined by their chemical composition. _______________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _______________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _______________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ 2. Contrast the lithosphere and asthenosphere. (2 pts) _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Distinguish between the outer core and inner core. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.8 1. List two rock characteristics that are used to determine the processes that created a rock. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Sketch and label a basic rock cycle. Make sure to include alternate paths (look at page 23). (15 pts) 3. Use the rock cycle to explain the statement “one rock is the raw material for another”. (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.9 1. Compare and contrast continents and ocean basins. (2 pts) _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the general distribution of Earths’ youngest mountains. (1 pt) ________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the difference between shields and stable platforms? (2 pts) _________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. List the three major regions of the ocean floor (3 pts) and give some features associated with each (3 pts). _________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ ‐ ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________