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Photos Courtesy of Bonnie Boswell
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Leadership Lessons from Wh
A Teaching Guide to Accompany th
“The Power Broker: Leadership Lessons fr
A Joint Project of the National Association
The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work
The Whitney Young Film and Leadership D
James J. Kelly, PhD, ACSW
President, NASW
Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, ACSW
Executive Director, NASW
CO-EDITORS
Linda S. Moore, PhD, ACSW, LMSW
Professor, Department of Social Wo
Texas Christian University
Rebecca S. Myers, MSW, LSW
Special Assistant to the Executive Dir
NASW
CONTRIBUTORS
National Association of Social Work
Elizabeth Franklin, MSW
Rebecca S. Myers, MSW, LSW
Gail Woods Waller, MS
©2009 National Association of Social Workers. All Rights Reserved.
This teaching guide is copyrighted by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW).
Readers may photocopy this document in part or in whole, as long as full credit is given to NASW
and the material is not altered in any way.
The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Pr
Freddie Avant, PhD, LMSW-AP, C-SS
Linda S. Moore, PhD, ACSW, LMSW
Susan Kosche Vallem, EdD, LISW
sociation of Social Workers. All Rights Reserved.
ted by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW).
ment in part or in whole, as long as full credit is given to NASW
e material is not altered in any way.
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide to Accompany the Documentary Film
“The Power Broker: Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.”
A Joint Project of the National Association of Social Workers,
The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors and
The Whitney Young Film and Leadership Development Project
James J. Kelly, PhD, ACSW
President, NASW
Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, ACSW, MPH
Executive Director, NASW
CO-EDITORS
Linda S. Moore, PhD, ACSW, LMSW-AP
Professor, Department of Social Work,
Texas Christian University
Rebecca S. Myers, MSW, LSW
Special Assistant to the Executive Director
NASW
CONTRIBUTORS
National Association of Social Workers
Elizabeth Franklin, MSW
Rebecca S. Myers, MSW, LSW
Gail Woods Waller, MS
The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors
Freddie Avant, PhD, LMSW-AP, C-SSWS
Linda S. Moore, PhD, ACSW, LMSW-AP
Susan Kosche Vallem, EdD, LISW
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Table of Conten
Preface...............................................................................................
Acknowledgments .............................................................................
Introduction and Purpose ..................................................................
Chapter 1: Biography ........................................................................
After the War.................................................................................
Social Work Education ..................................................................
Development of a Vision ...............................................................
National Urban League .................................................................
National Association of Social Workers.........................................
Untimely Death .............................................................................
Exercises........................................................................................
Chapter 2: Social Work Philosophy ...................................................
Leadership at the National Association of Social Workers (NASW
Leadership: The “Three P’s”..........................................................
Passion ......................................................................................
Pragmatics .................................................................................
Patience .....................................................................................
Exercises........................................................................................
Chapter 3: Urban League Tactics and Philosophy..............................
Leadership at the National Urban League .....................................
Transforming the National Urban League .....................................
Domestic Marshall Plan.................................................................
The Marshall Plan for Europe ...................................................
The Need for a Domestic Marshall Plan ....................................
The Elements of the Domestic Marshall Plan.............................
Support and Opposition to the Domestic Marshall Plan............
Exercises........................................................................................
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Table of Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................ii
Introduction and Purpose ..............................................................................................................iii
Chapter 1: Biography .....................................................................................................................1
After the War..............................................................................................................................1
Social Work Education ...............................................................................................................1
Development of a Vision ............................................................................................................2
National Urban League ..............................................................................................................2
National Association of Social Workers......................................................................................2
Untimely Death ..........................................................................................................................3
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Social Work Philosophy ................................................................................................4
Leadership at the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) ...........................................5
Leadership: The “Three P’s”.......................................................................................................6
Passion ...................................................................................................................................6
Pragmatics ..............................................................................................................................6
Patience ..................................................................................................................................7
Exercises.....................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 3: Urban League Tactics and Philosophy...........................................................................8
Leadership at the National Urban League ..................................................................................8
Transforming the National Urban League ..................................................................................8
Domestic Marshall Plan..............................................................................................................9
The Marshall Plan for Europe ................................................................................................9
The Need for a Domestic Marshall Plan ...............................................................................10
The Elements of the Domestic Marshall Plan........................................................................10
Support and Opposition to the Domestic Marshall Plan.......................................................12
Exercises...................................................................................................................................13
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A Teaching Guide
Chapter 4: Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr. ........................................................15
What is Leadership? .................................................................................................................15
Whitney Young Leadership Values ...........................................................................................15
Forms of Leadership .................................................................................................................16
Preface
Along one wall of the boardroom of the National Association of Soc
there are photos of all of the Presidents since the Association’s found
is noticeable, because he was the first African-American to serve as N
his untimely death in 1971.
Soft Skills..................................................................................................................................17
Leadership Strategies ................................................................................................................18
Brokering..............................................................................................................................18
Social Entrepreneurship ....................................................................................................19
Also, in the NASW Pioneer room hangs a copy of the August 11, 19
Young on the cover. We have articles and information about him in o
for the NASW News when he was President. At NASW, we are surro
Community Development.................................................................................................19
Breaking Down Barriers .......................................................................................................20
Mediation.............................................................................................................................21
Liaison..................................................................................................................................22
Policy Influence and Change.................................................................................................23
Exercises...................................................................................................................................24
When NASW, along with The Association of Baccalaureate Social W
social work groups who form the Action Network for Social Work E
coalition, launched the Social Work Reinvestment Initiative, we decid
work icons. Whitney M. Young, Jr. and Dr. Dorothy I. Height immed
of Whitney Young’s family, as well as the enthusiastic support of Dr.
named the bill after them.
Appendix......................................................................................................................................26
Through our legislative efforts, Bonnie Boswell, Whitney Young’s nie
References ....................................................................................................................................35
documentary film and leadership project, and we thought it was imp
involved. We gathered a small group of social work colleagues to dis
Resources .....................................................................................................................................37
Training Opportunities .............................................................................................................37
Examples from You Tube .........................................................................................................37
Web Resources .........................................................................................................................37
funds to complete the documentary film, and how we could create re
practitioners for this important project.
While we had known about Whitney Young’ work and leadership ac
Bonnie has deepened our understanding of his social work practice a
Online Biographies ...............................................................................................................37
the creative tension or paradox inherent in the social worker’s practi
Organizations .......................................................................................................................38
helping people to see another vision and a new reality. He challenged
Examples of Leadership and Mediation Training..................................................................38
corporate systems to develop a new understanding and to take appro
Documents and Speeches ......................................................................................................39
prejudice and discrimination, while at the same time working alongs
He did the same at NASW. He led the organization, because while he
had fallen short of its ideals, he believed back then that the social wo
needed to address and to change the social and economic conditions
equal opportunity for all people.
His social work skills of leadership and advocacy and his philosophy
Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, ACSW, MPH
Executive Director, NASW
March 13, 2009
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A Teaching Guide
M. Young, Jr. ........................................................15
...............................................................................15
...............................................................................15
...............................................................................16
Preface
Along one wall of the boardroom of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) in Washington, DC,
there are photos of all of the Presidents since the Association’s founding in 1955. Whitney M. Young, Jr.’s photo
is noticeable, because he was the first African-American to serve as NASW President. He served from 1969, until
his untimely death in 1971.
...............................................................................17
...............................................................................18
Also, in the NASW Pioneer room hangs a copy of the August 11, 1967 issue of Time magazine with Whitney M.
...............................................................................18
Young on the cover. We have articles and information about him in our archives, including the columns he wrote
...............................................................................19
for the NASW News when he was President. At NASW, we are surrounded by Whitney Young’s work and legacy.
...............................................................................19
...............................................................................20
...............................................................................21
...............................................................................22
When NASW, along with The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors (BPD) and other
social work groups who form the Action Network for Social Work Education and Research (ANSWER)
coalition, launched the Social Work Reinvestment Initiative, we decided to name our legislation after two social
work icons. Whitney M. Young, Jr. and Dr. Dorothy I. Height immediately came to mind, and with the support
...............................................................................23
of Whitney Young’s family, as well as the enthusiastic support of Dr. Height who had worked with Young, we
...............................................................................24
named the bill after them.
...............................................................................26
...............................................................................35
...............................................................................37
...............................................................................37
...............................................................................37
...............................................................................37
Through our legislative efforts, Bonnie Boswell, Whitney Young’s niece, contacted us. She told us about her
documentary film and leadership project, and we thought it was important for NASW and for social work to be
involved. We gathered a small group of social work colleagues to discuss the project, how we could help to raise
funds to complete the documentary film, and how we could create resources for social work students and
practitioners for this important project.
While we had known about Whitney Young’ work and leadership activities, creating these resources and meeting
Bonnie has deepened our understanding of his social work practice and his gifts to the profession. He exemplified
...............................................................................37
the creative tension or paradox inherent in the social worker’s practice – working in the reality that is now, while
...............................................................................38
helping people to see another vision and a new reality. He challenged people within the government and
Training..................................................................38
corporate systems to develop a new understanding and to take appropriate action regarding eliminating racial
...............................................................................39
prejudice and discrimination, while at the same time working alongside them.
He did the same at NASW. He led the organization, because while he knew the profession and the organization
had fallen short of its ideals, he believed back then that the social work profession and NASW were desperately
needed to address and to change the social and economic conditions of the times, to ensure a nation that provided
equal opportunity for all people.
His social work skills of leadership and advocacy and his philosophy are needed just as desperately today.
Elizabeth J. Clark, PhD, ACSW, MPH
Executive Director, NASW
March 13, 2009
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Acknowledgments
A Teaching Guide
The Whitney Moore Young Film and Leadership Development Project (www.socialworkers.org/WhitneyYoung), made
Introduction and Purpose
possible in part, by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York, is an
races during the 1960s, a time of racial unrest. The fight for civil righ
opportunity to teach students about Whitney Young and his unique leadership philosophy. The project seeks to
his skills at mediation made him a leader in the effort. Young’s legacy
develop leadership skills among social work students to carry out Young’s philosophy of equality and social
teaching guide will introduce readers to the life and experiences of W
justice. NASW and the NASW Foundation are pleased to support this project. Whitney Young is a social work
work philosophy and approach to leadership. Young’s unique leader
role model whose legacy can provide a stronger understanding of the concepts of peace, justice, and equality at a
Americans are embedded in his life experiences. Understanding these
time when these are vital for societal success.
contribution to social work and to the larger society.
At the heart of the project is the film “The Power Broker: Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.”
Young’s life epitomizes leadership at the highest level. In spite of perc
produced by Bonnie Boswell, an award-winning journalist and the niece of Whitney Young. Boswell was a
driven by his commitment to making a difference in the lives of peop
student activist involved with the Black Power movement during the 1960s, often questioning Young’s strategies
purpose of leadership that reflects the social work profession. Young
of negotiation. NASW staff, in partnership with The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors
should be heard and that opportunities should be available to all peo
(BPD), have collaborated with Ms. Boswell to develop this teaching guide to help social work faculty focus on
provides resources to put some of his strategies into action, to see som
developing social work leadership. Using the guide, faculty can provide students with an understanding of
his philosophy to the issues facing society today.
Whitney M. Young, Jr. was a social worker and civil rights leader wh
Young’s philosophy of social justice and his ability to use social work strategies to achieve his goals.
We also would like to acknowledge the NASW Foundation (www.naswfoundation.org) who assisted with research and
with contributions to complete the documentary film.
Young grew up in a middle class home where he was taught that edu
gained the self-confidence to challenge inequality. His parents empha
that by working together, they could solve social problems (www.harvar
As a member of the US Army, Young developed skills as a “powerbro
blacks; this experience influenced him to become a social worker bec
solve race relations problems through negotiation and communicatio
Young’s leadership of the National Urban League from 1961-1971 b
the Civil Rights movement with its focus on economic development.
federal aid to cities, community development and leadership skills fo
“War on Poverty.” He was a mediator, pragmatist, and organizer wh
disparate groups as he focused on political and economic equality (D
Young also served as the first African American President of the Nat
bringing visibility to social workers as civil rights supporters. He pro
advocate for social change. He believed that promoting equality for a
but was social work. His belief in the basic social work principles of
social justice and equality affected his work in civil rights. Whitney Y
NASW is proud to acknowledge his legacy.
ii
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A Teaching Guide
hip Development Project (www.socialworkers.org/WhitneyYoung), made
Introduction and Purpose
er Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York, is an
races during the 1960s, a time of racial unrest. The fight for civil rights brought him to the national spotlight as
Young and his unique leadership philosophy. The project seeks to
his skills at mediation made him a leader in the effort. Young’s legacy continues to be timely and important. This
tudents to carry out Young’s philosophy of equality and social
teaching guide will introduce readers to the life and experiences of Whitney M. Young Jr. that shaped his social
e pleased to support this project. Whitney Young is a social work
work philosophy and approach to leadership. Young’s unique leadership style and his beliefs in equality for all
er understanding of the concepts of peace, justice, and equality at a
Americans are embedded in his life experiences. Understanding these will enhance the appreciation of his
Whitney M. Young, Jr. was a social worker and civil rights leader who was an effective powerbroker between the
contribution to social work and to the larger society.
wer Broker: Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.”
Young’s life epitomizes leadership at the highest level. In spite of perceived insurmountable challenges, he was
ng journalist and the niece of Whitney Young. Boswell was a
driven by his commitment to making a difference in the lives of people, and his life exemplifies the practice and
r movement during the 1960s, often questioning Young’s strategies
purpose of leadership that reflects the social work profession. Young believed that the voice of every person
ith The Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Directors
should be heard and that opportunities should be available to all people to live better lives. This teaching guide
o develop this teaching guide to help social work faculty focus on
provides resources to put some of his strategies into action, to see some of the effects of his legacy, and to modify
guide, faculty can provide students with an understanding of
his philosophy to the issues facing society today.
bility to use social work strategies to achieve his goals.
W Foundation (www.naswfoundation.org) who assisted with research and
ary film.
Young grew up in a middle class home where he was taught that education could make a difference and where he
gained the self-confidence to challenge inequality. His parents emphasized that people are inherently decent, and
that by working together, they could solve social problems (www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/young.html).
As a member of the US Army, Young developed skills as a “powerbroker” and mediator between whites and
blacks; this experience influenced him to become a social worker because he believed that there was potential to
solve race relations problems through negotiation and communication (www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/young.html).
Young’s leadership of the National Urban League from 1961-1971 brought the organization to the forefront of
the Civil Rights movement with its focus on economic development. His “Domestic Marshall Plan” emphasizing
federal aid to cities, community development and leadership skills for African American youth, was a part of the
“War on Poverty.” He was a mediator, pragmatist, and organizer who could bring consensus among many
disparate groups as he focused on political and economic equality (Dickerson, 1998).
Young also served as the first African American President of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
bringing visibility to social workers as civil rights supporters. He promoted social work as a profession that could
advocate for social change. He believed that promoting equality for all people was not just a part of social work
but was social work. His belief in the basic social work principles of acceptance, non-judgmental attitude and
social justice and equality affected his work in civil rights. Whitney Young made the world a better place and
NASW is proud to acknowledge his legacy.
ii
iii
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A Teaching Guide
Chapter 1: Biography
Young’s life epitomizes leadership at the highest level but to understa
In spite of segregation and lack of freedom, he was driven to make a
that his framework of leadership developed.
Mr. Young was born on July 31, 1921 in Lincoln Ridge, Kentucky. H
the campus of the Lincoln Institute of Kentucky, where his father tau
Lincoln Institute and his mother was the first African American post
background provides some insight into how he developed the leaders
in and influence so many different environments. His parents achieve
legalized racial inequality. They were unwilling to be disrespected by
that Whitney M. Young Sr. headed a black secondary school that reli
diplomacy offered the best means to achieve his objectives and these
who developed into a confident, courageous, and creative African Am
After the War
Although Young had intended to study medicine and become a docto
different turn. In 1941, after earning a bachelor’s degree from Kentu
States Army. Assigned to a road construction crew of African Americ
officers, he quickly was promoted, creating hostility on both sides. H
address interpersonal communication among different racial groups.
expanded his interest and need to be involved in the civil rights strug
relations. He recognized his need to work with people, thus leading h
Social Work Education
After the war, Young entered the University of Minnesota, earning a
shortly thereafter he began working as an industrial relations secreta
Minnesota. Young was appointed executive director of the Urban Le
The National Urban League (NUL) was a northern-based social welf
African American moving from the South find jobs and adjust to urb
offices at a time when the organization was focused more on housing
it left to more social activist organizations, such as the National Asso
People (NAACP).
1
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A Teaching Guide
Chapter 1: Biography
Young’s life epitomizes leadership at the highest level but to understand that, one has to start at the beginning.
In spite of segregation and lack of freedom, he was driven to make a difference. It was from his life experiences
that his framework of leadership developed.
Mr. Young was born on July 31, 1921 in Lincoln Ridge, Kentucky. He grew up in a two-story wooden house on
the campus of the Lincoln Institute of Kentucky, where his father taught. His father became president of the
Lincoln Institute and his mother was the first African American postmaster in Kentucky. Young’s personal family
background provides some insight into how he developed the leadership skills necessary to successfully navigate
in and influence so many different environments. His parents achieved unusual success despite the constraints of
legalized racial inequality. They were unwilling to be disrespected by racists they encountered despite the fact
that Whitney M. Young Sr. headed a black secondary school that relied on the favor of whites. Caution and
diplomacy offered the best means to achieve his objectives and these were passed on to his son (Dickerson, 1973)
who developed into a confident, courageous, and creative African American leader.
After the War
Although Young had intended to study medicine and become a doctor, World War II caused his life to take a
different turn. In 1941, after earning a bachelor’s degree from Kentucky State University, Young joined the United
States Army. Assigned to a road construction crew of African American soldiers supervised by Southern white
officers, he quickly was promoted, creating hostility on both sides. He learned how to manage conflict and
address interpersonal communication among different racial groups. This experience with racism in the military
expanded his interest and need to be involved in the civil rights struggle and catapulted him into a career in race
relations. He recognized his need to work with people, thus leading him to social work as a profession.
Social Work Education
After the war, Young entered the University of Minnesota, earning a Master’s of Social Work degree in 1947;
shortly thereafter he began working as an industrial relations secretary for the Urban League of St. Paul,
Minnesota. Young was appointed executive director of the Urban League of Omaha, Nebraska in 1950.
The National Urban League (NUL) was a northern-based social welfare organization focused mainly on helping
African American moving from the South find jobs and adjust to urban environments. He worked at these branch
offices at a time when the organization was focused more on housing and health issues than on civil rights, which
it left to more social activist organizations, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP).
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Development of a Vision
A Teaching Guide
collaboration to reduce barriers to healthcare, academic and intellect
Despite some hesitation about returning to the South, in 1954, at age 33, Young was named Dean of the Atlanta
University School of Social Work, the first school of social work to provide degrees for African Americans. At the
economic opportunity for all. The core social work values he espouse
leadership philosophy.
time Young was taking a strong interest in civil rights and becoming an active member of the social work
community, the School of Social Work reputation had begun to falter. This proved to be an attractive challenge
for Young who took it upon himself to change the image of social work in the university. He increased faculty
and budgets as his first step in revitalizing the school. He acquired a formidable reputation as an administrator
and fundraiser, developing relationships, building programs and expanding the academic training of future social
workers. His emphasis on training black social workers to fight for improvements in housing and sanitation,
along with working on other community improvement issues, was crucial to the success of the school and to his
developing leadership philosophy. He focused on economic issues in the community as well as the problems
resulting from the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision. He joined the Atlanta Unitarian
Church and decided to take a more direct hand in civil rights activities in Atlanta by co-chairing the Atlanta
Council on Human Relations. He also was instrumental in desegregating the public library system.
Untimely Death
Throughout his life, Young remained professionally and personally c
African Americans. The National Urban League–with Young at the h
rights struggles of the 1960s, registering voters and planning and par
1963. Additionally, Young was instrumental in obtaining funding fro
for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Co
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the National
Colored People (NAACP). He was also, notably, an advisor on race r
and Nixon and served on seven presidential commissions, including t
opportunity. For his service to the nation, President Johnson honored
Medal of Freedom.
National Urban League (NUL)
As Young became more disillusioned by conditions in the South, he sought opportunities in the North. In 1960,
Young was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant to study at Harvard University. In 1961, he became
Executive Director of the National Urban League, where he is most remembered for developing his vision and
approach to leadership. Under his direction, the organization rose to national prominence. Young expanded its
agenda, moving away from the social welfare approach and focusing on greater social change. He transformed
On March 11, 1971, Whitney M. Young, Jr. mysteriously drowned w
49 years old. President Nixon sent a plane to Nigeria to pick up You
deliver the eulogy at Young’s funeral. Young was instrumental in bre
and inequality that held back African Americans. Hundreds of schoo
Whitney M. Young, Jr.
the NUL into a major civil rights organization emphasizing better treatment for African Americans in jobs,
education, and housing. He also believed the NUL had a responsibility to work as a civil rights organization for
all Americans. He dealt with social problems by influencing white decision-makers to become part of the process
for change. His ability to manage racial relations was critical during this period. He expanded the NUL budget
and staff. He created jobs and opened new regional branches. Young initiated unique programs to combat the ills
of racism and poverty in America. His goal was to gain access for blacks to good jobs, education, housing, health
“Whitney Young was a bridge builder.” recalled Alan D. Wade, form
inestimable…” Chauncey Alexander, NASW Executive Director duri
Young had been “religious in his duties to us, participating in all impo
groups, visiting local chapters, developing young leaders, appearing b
social problem priorities such as eliminating poverty nationwide and el
care, and social services. His tactics were reason, persuasion and negotiation.
In a statement that could summarize how Whitney M. Young, Jr. app
National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
said during his career, “I haven’t lost the basic hope that right will w
Young served as the first African American President of the National Association of Social Workers helping bring
visibility to social workers as civil rights supporters and professionals that could advocate for social change. He
Exercises:
believed that promoting equality for all people was not just a part of social work but was social work. His belief
Discuss how your own personal background has shaped your beliefs
in the basic social work principles of acceptance, non-judgmental attitude and social justice and equality affected
his work in civil rights. He believed social justice could be achieved by developing leadership that could focus on
2
How does experience direct choices regarding social justice?
3
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A Teaching Guide
collaboration to reduce barriers to healthcare, academic and intellectual achievement, affordable housing and
e South, in 1954, at age 33, Young was named Dean of the Atlanta
hool of social work to provide degrees for African Americans. At the
economic opportunity for all. The core social work values he espoused are embedded and expressed in his
leadership philosophy.
vil rights and becoming an active member of the social work
tion had begun to falter. This proved to be an attractive challenge
e the image of social work in the university. He increased faculty
school. He acquired a formidable reputation as an administrator
ding programs and expanding the academic training of future social
al workers to fight for improvements in housing and sanitation,
rovement issues, was crucial to the success of the school and to his
on economic issues in the community as well as the problems
tion Supreme Court decision. He joined the Atlanta Unitarian
nd in civil rights activities in Atlanta by co-chairing the Atlanta
strumental in desegregating the public library system.
Untimely Death
Throughout his life, Young remained professionally and personally committed to the struggle for equality for
African Americans. The National Urban League–with Young at the helm–was drawn into the center of the civil
rights struggles of the 1960s, registering voters and planning and participating in the March on Washington in
1963. Additionally, Young was instrumental in obtaining funding from the Taylor Foundation and other sources
for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP). He was also, notably, an advisor on race relations to Presidents Kennedy, Johnson,
and Nixon and served on seven presidential commissions, including those for youth employment and equal
opportunity. For his service to the nation, President Johnson honored Young in 1968 with the Presidential
Medal of Freedom.
itions in the South, he sought opportunities in the North. In 1960,
n grant to study at Harvard University. In 1961, he became
ague, where he is most remembered for developing his vision and
he organization rose to national prominence. Young expanded its
approach and focusing on greater social change. He transformed
On March 11, 1971, Whitney M. Young, Jr. mysteriously drowned while swimming in Lagos, Nigeria. He was
49 years old. President Nixon sent a plane to Nigeria to pick up Young’s body and traveled to Kentucky to
deliver the eulogy at Young’s funeral. Young was instrumental in breaking down the barriers of segregation
and inequality that held back African Americans. Hundreds of schools and other sites are named for
Whitney M. Young, Jr.
n emphasizing better treatment for African Americans in jobs,
NUL had a responsibility to work as a civil rights organization for
by influencing white decision-makers to become part of the process
ions was critical during this period. He expanded the NUL budget
gional branches. Young initiated unique programs to combat the ills
as to gain access for blacks to good jobs, education, housing, health
“Whitney Young was a bridge builder.” recalled Alan D. Wade, former NASW first vice president. “His loss is
inestimable…” Chauncey Alexander, NASW Executive Director during Young’s tenure as President, stated that
Young had been “religious in his duties to us, participating in all important policy sessions, meeting with leadership
groups, visiting local chapters, developing young leaders, appearing before Congress, and directing us toward
social problem priorities such as eliminating poverty nationwide and eliminating racism both in and outside NASW.”
on, persuasion and negotiation.
In a statement that could summarize how Whitney M. Young, Jr. approached his life and his work, Young often
l Workers (NASW)
said during his career, “I haven’t lost the basic hope that right will win out.”
resident of the National Association of Social Workers helping bring
orters and professionals that could advocate for social change. He
Exercises:
e was not just a part of social work but was social work. His belief
Discuss how your own personal background has shaped your beliefs and values.
nce, non-judgmental attitude and social justice and equality affected
tice could be achieved by developing leadership that could focus on
2
How does experience direct choices regarding social justice?
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Chapter 2: Social Work Philosophy
A Teaching Guide
Leadership at the National Association of Soci
Young served as President of the National Association of Social Wor
“You can holler, protest, march, picket and demonstrate, but somebody must be able to sit in on the strategy
conferences and plot a course. There must be strategies, the researchers, the professionals to carry out the
of fiscal instability in the association and uncertainty about President
“War on Poverty” and to ending the war in Vietnam. At the 1969 N
program. That’s our role.” (Whitney Young)
First of all, I think the country is in deep trouble. We, as a co
Much of Young’s social work philosophy was honed in the military during World War II where he focused on
positive interpersonal mediation and communication. His graduate study strengthened it to the point where he
wanted to train social workers to be involved in social change, thus his willingness to become Dean at the Atlanta
School of Social Work. He remained involved in the social work profession throughout his career, serving as
technologically and industrially. We have not yet begun to pio
and social… I think that social work is uniquely equipped to
human renaissance of our society, which will, if successful, le
unsuccessful, will lead to its justifiable death (NASW News, M
President of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), the first African American to do so, until his
death in 1971. His service to NASW helped bring visibility to social workers as civil rights supporters.
Young spent his tenure as President of NASW ensuring that the profe
human challenges it was facing. NASW News articles document his c
Young promoted social work as a profession that could advocate for social change, focusing on changing
conditions rather than emphasizing adjustment to unequal ones. He believed that promoting equality for all
people was not just a part of social work but was social work. His belief in the basic social work principles
social welfare through poverty reduction, race reconciliation, and pu
NASW News, July 1970, he challenged his professional social work
national struggle for social welfare:
affected his work in civil rights. He understood that all groups must work together and communicate equally.
The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation today h
us have been stressing for a long time: inherent in the respons
Whitney Young Jr. believed that to improve access and address the social ills of our society, a philosophy of social
change should combine social philanthropy, social development and professional social work, including the
values of respect for the worth and dignity of every person, the client’s right to self-determination, empowerment,
advocacy, and social action. His approach was inclusive. His focus on social change emphasized treating the
symptoms of racism, oppression, and inequality through social protection; removing barriers to better social and
is responsibility for professional action. They are not dispara
two faces of the same coin to be spent on more and better ser
help. It is out of our belief in this broad definition of respons
is taking leadership in the efforts to reorder our nation’s prio
calling on social workers everywhere to do the same.
economic outcomes; and making social and financial investments in people.
The NASW News, May 1971, tribute to Young noted that “As usual
Young was known for his charm and wit, as much as for his vision, and he used his skills as a professional social
on the major issues and programs facing the association and the nati
worker to create sustainable social change. In Williams’ article with the American Foreign Press Service, he
aplomb–dapper, self-assured, ready to deal with the “power” people
interviews Young’s sister, Eleanor Young-Love who notes that her brother,
In his last column as President of NASW, Young wrote, “Whatever w
…may not have been a marcher, but he was a negotiator. I don’t care how much marching you do,
doing and why. They have to hear from social workers as much as th
if you didn’t have a job, you can’t buy a home or get good health benefits. So African Americans
officials.”
needed somebody in the boardroom talking to those people and telling them what they could do
and insisting that they do it. Whitney was that kind.
Young believed that improving life for the least among us enhances t
fronts is most effective. Social justice would be achieved by developin
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hilosophy
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A Teaching Guide
Leadership at the National Association of Social Workers
Young served as President of the National Association of Social Workers, from 1969-71. He took office at a time
emonstrate, but somebody must be able to sit in on the strategy
strategies, the researchers, the professionals to carry out the
of fiscal instability in the association and uncertainty about President Nixon’s continuing commitment to the
“War on Poverty” and to ending the war in Vietnam. At the 1969 NASW Delegate Assembly Young stated,
First of all, I think the country is in deep trouble. We, as a country have blazed unimagined trails
honed in the military during World War II where he focused on
nication. His graduate study strengthened it to the point where he
in social change, thus his willingness to become Dean at the Atlanta
in the social work profession throughout his career, serving as
technologically and industrially. We have not yet begun to pioneer in those things that are human
and social… I think that social work is uniquely equipped to play a major role in this social and
human renaissance of our society, which will, if successful, lead to its survival, and if it is
unsuccessful, will lead to its justifiable death (NASW News, May 1969).
al Workers (NASW), the first African American to do so, until his
ring visibility to social workers as civil rights supporters.
Young spent his tenure as President of NASW ensuring that the profession kept pace with the troubling social and
human challenges it was facing. NASW News articles document his call to action for social workers to address
that could advocate for social change, focusing on changing
nt to unequal ones. He believed that promoting equality for all
was social work. His belief in the basic social work principles
social welfare through poverty reduction, race reconciliation, and putting an end to the War in Vietnam. In the
NASW News, July 1970, he challenged his professional social work organization to take leadership in the
national struggle for social welfare:
od that all groups must work together and communicate equally.
The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation today highlights for NASW what many of
us have been stressing for a long time: inherent in the responsibility for leadership in social welfare
ccess and address the social ills of our society, a philosophy of social
ocial development and professional social work, including the
every person, the client’s right to self-determination, empowerment,
s inclusive. His focus on social change emphasized treating the
ity through social protection; removing barriers to better social and
is responsibility for professional action. They are not disparate aspects of social work but merely
two faces of the same coin to be spent on more and better services for the people who need our
help. It is out of our belief in this broad definition of responsibility for social welfare that NASW
is taking leadership in the efforts to reorder our nation’s priorities and future direction, and is
calling on social workers everywhere to do the same.
nancial investments in people.
The NASW News, May 1971, tribute to Young noted that “As usual Whitney Young was preparing to do battle
much as for his vision, and he used his skills as a professional social
Williams’ article with the American Foreign Press Service, he
on the major issues and programs facing the association and the nation. And he was doing it with his usual
aplomb–dapper, self-assured, ready to deal with the “power” people to bring about change for the powerless.”
e who notes that her brother,
In his last column as President of NASW, Young wrote, “Whatever we do we should tell the public what we are
he was a negotiator. I don’t care how much marching you do,
a home or get good health benefits. So African Americans
doing and why. They have to hear from social workers as much as they hear from reporters and government
officials.”
alking to those people and telling them what they could do
was that kind.
Young believed that improving life for the least among us enhances the quality of life for all; thus investing on all
fronts is most effective. Social justice would be achieved by developing leadership that could focus on
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
collaboration to reduce barriers to healthcare, academic and intellectual achievement, affordable housing and
economic opportunity for all. Although at the time African Americans comprised the largest disadvantaged
group, his actions focused on enhancing the quality of life for all Americans. The core values he espoused are
embedded and expressed in his leadership philosophy of the Three P’s (Passion, Pragmatics, and Patience).
A Teaching Guide
Patience
“Patience and fortitude conquer all things” according to Ralph Wald
“He that can have Patience, can have what he will.” Patience include
measuring progress toward goals, recognizing that efforts take more
Leadership: The “Three P’s”
Young possessed great patience as he struggled against great odds to
Passion
Americans, and it was because of his patience he was able to achieve
Passion can be defined as extreme, compelling emotion; intense emotional drive or excitement. It includes great
anger; rage; fury; enthusiasm or fondness; and strong love or affection. Passion includes setting specific and
attainable goals to address identified problems and working to meet those goals. Whitney Young’s passions
included his commitment to equality and his belief in building communities. He demonstrated concern and
compassion for others while helping them help themselves. Young’s passion drove his commitment to the
Domestic Marshall Plan (see page 19). He was the catalyst for the adoption and implementation of this plan.
His passion drove him to keep open the lines of communication with white America’s center of financial and
political power believing that these relationships were critical to accessing resources for African Americans.
Young’s passion set the precedent not only for African Americans to follow, but others as well. He personified
leadership and how passion sparks the effort to achieve what you believe in. Young argued that it was not enough
just to erase barriers to equal opportunity. In order to overcome centuries of deprivation, his passion led him to
begin a deliberate, positive program of uplift.
persevering in the face of delay or provocation without becoming an
longer-term difficulties. As executive director of the National Urban
for African Americans in business and politics, and advocated for im
urban poor. He appealed to corporate leaders to support job program
African Americans. He expressed his opinion that social justice was a
“Domestic Marshall Plan” to address the country’s racial issues and
B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon on race relations. He was a trans
must work within the system to change it. He believed that mobilizin
society created many voices that could be heard to promote social ch
Throughout, he advocated patience, knowing that action takes time
ability to endure under difficult circumstances and to maintain his fo
testament to his patience.
Pragmatics
Although he died before he could see his vision implemented, he stea
Benjamin Franklin said “if passion drives you, let reason hold the reins.” Another word for pragmatics is
philosophy to his life and his work was optimism and his statement,
practicality. Young’s passion for helping others and his sincerity in improving the lives of all Americans drove his
win out,” is one that can motivate all social workers.
actions to make the world a better place. Pragmatism being his guide, he was realistic, recognizing that there is no
magic solution. Young knew that simply voicing his opinion was not enough; action had to occur. He realized
Exercises:
that change would not come just because he asked for it. He needed to develop specific plans to meet goals,
How did social work’s history of legislative activity during the Progr
evaluating actions throughout to determine progress and adjust as necessary to respond to unanticipated
New Deal provide models for the Civil Rights Era?
circumstances. Young understood the political process and the informal sources of power that affected the
See www.boisestate.edu/socwork/dhuff/history/chapts/1-1.htm
process. He was realistic about the importance of each person demanding rights to also take responsibility for
achieving those rights and for using them appropriately. Young had the ability to view the world realistically
despite his desire for social change, and he could work within the reality available to him. He also helped whites
Apply Whitney Young’s philosophy to the NASW Code of Ethics, pa
www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp
view the African American community more realistically, understanding that changing negative views could lead
Develop a goal and apply the three principles of “Passion, Pragmatic
to social opportunity.
How would you implement that goal?
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
, academic and intellectual achievement, affordable housing and
e time African Americans comprised the largest disadvantaged
quality of life for all Americans. The core values he espoused are
losophy of the Three P’s (Passion, Pragmatics, and Patience).
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A Teaching Guide
Patience
“Patience and fortitude conquer all things” according to Ralph Waldo Emerson. Benjamin Franklin also said,
“He that can have Patience, can have what he will.” Patience includes developing realistic time frames for
measuring progress toward goals, recognizing that efforts take more time than expected.
Young possessed great patience as he struggled against great odds to create equality and opportunities for all
Americans, and it was because of his patience he was able to achieve many of his goals. Patience can mean
g emotion; intense emotional drive or excitement. It includes great
d strong love or affection. Passion includes setting specific and
s and working to meet those goals. Whitney Young’s passions
belief in building communities. He demonstrated concern and
p themselves. Young’s passion drove his commitment to the
s the catalyst for the adoption and implementation of this plan.
of communication with white America’s center of financial and
ips were critical to accessing resources for African Americans.
r African Americans to follow, but others as well. He personified
to achieve what you believe in. Young argued that it was not enough
order to overcome centuries of deprivation, his passion led him to
persevering in the face of delay or provocation without becoming annoyed or upset, especially when faced with
longer-term difficulties. As executive director of the National Urban League, Young focused on gaining equality
for African Americans in business and politics, and advocated for improved conditions and opportunities for the
urban poor. He appealed to corporate leaders to support job programs, low-income housing, and education for
African Americans. He expressed his opinion that social justice was a moral imperative. He proposed the
“Domestic Marshall Plan” to address the country’s racial issues and advised Presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon
B. Johnson, and Richard M. Nixon on race relations. He was a transformational leader who believed that you
must work within the system to change it. He believed that mobilizing leaders and people from all segments of
society created many voices that could be heard to promote social change for the betterment of society.
Throughout, he advocated patience, knowing that action takes time and changing attitudes takes longer. His
ability to endure under difficult circumstances and to maintain his focus on creating opportunities for all is a
testament to his patience.
Although he died before he could see his vision implemented, he steadfastly believed it would. His basic
, let reason hold the reins.” Another word for pragmatics is
rs and his sincerity in improving the lives of all Americans drove his
philosophy to his life and his work was optimism and his statement, “I haven’t lost the basic hope that right will
win out,” is one that can motivate all social workers.
gmatism being his guide, he was realistic, recognizing that there is no
ing his opinion was not enough; action had to occur. He realized
Exercises:
asked for it. He needed to develop specific plans to meet goals,
How did social work’s history of legislative activity during the Progressive Era, the Great Depression and the
rogress and adjust as necessary to respond to unanticipated
New Deal provide models for the Civil Rights Era?
l process and the informal sources of power that affected the
See www.boisestate.edu/socwork/dhuff/history/chapts/1-1.htm
e of each person demanding rights to also take responsibility for
ropriately. Young had the ability to view the world realistically
uld work within the reality available to him. He also helped whites
Apply Whitney Young’s philosophy to the NASW Code of Ethics, particularly regarding social justice.
www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp
realistically, understanding that changing negative views could lead
Develop a goal and apply the three principles of “Passion, Pragmatics, and Patience” to that goal.
How would you implement that goal?
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Chapter 3: Urban League Tactics and Philosophy
A Teaching Guide
During the sixties, white leaders turned to Young and other leaders s
the voices of more militant Black leaders. Young stayed at the front o
Leadership at the National Urban League
Whitney Young became the executive director of the National Urban League (www.nul.org) in 1961. Founded in
March on Washington. Young published Beyond Racism: Building an
the Black Power era could help the nation move toward a more dem
1910, the NUL is the nation’s oldest and largest community-based movement devoted to empowering African
a “Militant Mediator” because he was able to maintain middle groun
Americans to enter the economic and social mainstream. Before Young’s leadership, the NUL was considered a
change but aligning himself with those willing to take action to force
moderate organization in the civil rights movement of the time. Young moved the organization in a new
direction, increasing its visibility and its activism. He worked with the Kennedy administration, outlining a
Domestic Marshall Plan
different relationship with the federal government in 1962. He proposed that the NUL could provide resources
The Marshall Plan for Europe
and be of assistance to the administration in the areas of workforce training and development, youth
In 1947, just two years after the end of World War II, General Georg
employment, urban issues, housing and welfare. He urged that government officials responsible for these areas
special plan to help Europe recover from the War. In a commenceme
meet with local NUL representatives and develop a working relationship. These efforts created a new connection
gave this rationale for his suggestion that the United States provide a
between civil rights groups and the federal government.
efforts in Europe:
Transforming the National Urban League
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is ab
Young’s transformation of the NUL focusing on local solutions to racism and poverty allowed for greater
normal economic health in the world, without which there ca
community initiative and input. Weiss (1989) wrote that Young spent most of his adult life in the white world,
assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country
transcending barriers of race, wealth and social standing to advance the welfare of African Americans. His goal
poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the rev
was to gain access to good jobs, education, housing, health care and social services. Using the tactics of reason,
world so as to permit the emergence of political and social co
persuasion, and negotiation, he transformed the NUL into a major civil rights organization for all Americans.
can exist.
One of the most important things he did was obtain support from influential white business and political leaders
who were important to achieving the organization’s goals. He dealt with social problems by influencing white
decision-makers to become part of the process for change. Through Young’s leadership, African Americans
successfully secured jobs and training in areas traditionally closed to them. He helped bridge the gap between
whites and blacks and expanded the interpersonal experiences for both groups. His ability to manage racial
relations was critical during this period. Despite being viewed by some African Americans as having too many
close ties to whites, Young was able to increase the NUL’s budget from $250,000 and 34 staff in 1961 to
$3,500,000 and 200 staff by 1968. He created jobs and opened 90 new regional branches.
Young’s book, To Be Equal, documents his vision for improving the quality of life for African Americans and the
poor in the United States. He states that, “Good race relations—race harmony—is more than the absence of
conflict, tension, or even war. It is the presence of justice. Nothing is more immoral than the suggestion that
people adjust to injustice or that we make a god of ‘timing.’ The time is always ripe to do right.”
In 1963, at the NUL conference, Young proposed his “special effort”
Secretary of State George C. Marshall’s plan, Young called for $145
communities over ten years to strengthen communities, promote inte
Domestic Marshall Plan was structured to eliminate poverty and dep
Marshall Plan had been structured to rehabilitate Europe after World
considered a major inspiration for President Johnson and was partial
Administration’s “War on Poverty.”
Young’s first book, To Be Equal (1964), made the case for the Dome
progress had been made in ending unequal treatment for African-Am
“discrimination gap” which was the legacy of many years of inequity
runner A, well-equipped, wearing appropriate shoes and on a cinder
on sand. Even if runner B was suddenly given equal running conditio
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Tactics and Philosophy
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A Teaching Guide
During the sixties, white leaders turned to Young and other leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to calm
the voices of more militant Black leaders. Young stayed at the front of the struggle helping to organize the 1963
ban League
r of the National Urban League (www.nul.org) in 1961. Founded in
est community-based movement devoted to empowering African
mainstream. Before Young’s leadership, the NUL was considered a
March on Washington. Young published Beyond Racism: Building an Open Society in 1969, which explained that
the Black Power era could help the nation move toward a more democratic society. Dickerson (1998) calls Young
a “Militant Mediator” because he was able to maintain middle ground, emphasizing moderate action to obtain
change but aligning himself with those willing to take action to force that change.
ement of the time. Young moved the organization in a new
sm. He worked with the Kennedy administration, outlining a
ment in 1962. He proposed that the NUL could provide resources
Domestic Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan for Europe
he areas of workforce training and development, youth
In 1947, just two years after the end of World War II, General George Marshall, Secretary of State, proposed a
re. He urged that government officials responsible for these areas
special plan to help Europe recover from the War. In a commencement speech at Harvard University in June, he
elop a working relationship. These efforts created a new connection
gave this rationale for his suggestion that the United States provide additional support to the post-war recovery
vernment.
efforts in Europe:
rban League
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of
on local solutions to racism and poverty allowed for greater
normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no
wrote that Young spent most of his adult life in the white world,
assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger,
al standing to advance the welfare of African Americans. His goal
poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the
ousing, health care and social services. Using the tactics of reason,
world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions
he NUL into a major civil rights organization for all Americans.
can exist.
obtain support from influential white business and political leaders
ation’s goals. He dealt with social problems by influencing white
s for change. Through Young’s leadership, African Americans
s traditionally closed to them. He helped bridge the gap between
onal experiences for both groups. His ability to manage racial
ite being viewed by some African Americans as having too many
se the NUL’s budget from $250,000 and 34 staff in 1961 to
d jobs and opened 90 new regional branches.
sion for improving the quality of life for African Americans and the
od race relations—race harmony—is more than the absence of
ce of justice. Nothing is more immoral than the suggestion that
od of ‘timing.’ The time is always ripe to do right.”
In 1963, at the NUL conference, Young proposed his “special effort” to help African-Americans. Modeled after
Secretary of State George C. Marshall’s plan, Young called for $145 billion in spending in African American
communities over ten years to strengthen communities, promote integration, and fund social programs. Young’s
Domestic Marshall Plan was structured to eliminate poverty and deprivation in the same fashion that the
Marshall Plan had been structured to rehabilitate Europe after World War II (Black Collegian). The Plan was
considered a major inspiration for President Johnson and was partially incorporated into the Johnson
Administration’s “War on Poverty.”
Young’s first book, To Be Equal (1964), made the case for the Domestic Marshall Plan. He acknowledged that
progress had been made in ending unequal treatment for African-Americans; however, he argued there was still a
“discrimination gap” which was the legacy of many years of inequity. He used the image of two runners in a race,
runner A, well-equipped, wearing appropriate shoes and on a cinder track; and runner B, barefoot and running
on sand. Even if runner B was suddenly given equal running conditions, there would still be a gap because their
8
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
different starting conditions would not totally be overcome by equalizing their current race conditions
(Young, 1964). Young stated,
A Teaching Guide
2. America must recognize and assess at a higher value than ever be
citizens, and then our society must move positively to develop th
Equal opportunity, if it is to be more than a hollow mockery, must also mean the opportunity to be equal;
to be given a fair chance to achieve equality. Anything less is simply the exercise by the white majority of
a concern that all too clearly is only skin deep. For the individual it represents a shallow attempt to salve
one’s conscience and remove the symbols that disturb.
3. The best schools and the best teachers are needed to instill in Ne
disadvantaged youth a desire for excellence; to motivate them to
economic ladder with full understanding of the rewards they will
4. A conscious, planned effort must be made to bring qualified Neg
employment, to upgrade them and aid them to qualify for advan
The Need for a Domestic Marshall Plan
responsibility, including the full range of management positions.
In 1963, numerous statistics proved the “discrimination gap” including different health outcomes, higher infant
mortality rates, poor housing conditions, lower wages, and higher unemployment. Young stated that the
recently-enacted civil rights laws of 1964, which outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and
employment, would not be able to balance the over three hundred years of discrimination that African-Americans
had experienced. He said,
5. Effective, positive action must be taken to destroy the racial ghet
types on the basis of need and ability to buy or rent.
6. Health and welfare agencies, both public and private, must bring
services and most competent personnel.
In this sense, the Negro is educationally and economically malnourished and anemic. It is not
‘preferential treatment’ but simple decency to provide him for a brief period with special vitamins,
additional food, and blood transfusions (Young, 1964).
7. Qualified Negroes should be sought and named to all public and
particularly those that shape policy in the areas of employment, h
welfare services.
8. Every opportunity to acquire education and technical skills must
Young described the need for a “broad-spectrum, intensive program” to allow African-Americans to truly
compete on an equal basis. “We [Whitney Young and the NUL] urgently recommend cooperative special efforts
by private, public, and voluntary organizations in a massive ’crash’ attack on the complete range of economic and
social ills involved” (Young, 1964). He estimated such an effort would last ten years. Young argued that the
government had often provided aid and economic support to people and groups in need. He cited the GI bill,
which provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans, aid responses to victims
9. It is vital that government at all levels, philanthropic foundations
financial support of, and cooperation with, established organizat
opportunity for Negro citizens to share in the fundamental privil
10. Negro citizens must exert themselves energetically in constructive
responsibilities and to participate in a meaningful way in every p
of natural disasters, and aid to refugees. He admitted that these efforts were costly but argued that the benefits
Young noted that the program made sense from many angles and wo
outweighed the costs in the long run.
contributing more to the United States economy. He noted the plan w
moral and religious concerns.
The Elements of the Domestic Marshall Plan
Young stated his plan was for “special effort” rather than for “special privileges” (Young, 1964). The Domestic
Marshall Plan consisted of ten planks, rather than a detailed set of recommendations. The planks were:
Our country is in sharp jeopardy as long as it has within its b
economically deprived group of citizens, whether they are act
1. Our basic definition of equal opportunity must include recognition of the need for special effort to overcome
serious disabilities resulting from historic handicaps.
10
benefits of equality and freedom by an insidious economic an
(Young, 1964).
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
y be overcome by equalizing their current race conditions
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A Teaching Guide
2. America must recognize and assess at a higher value than ever before the human potential of its Negro
citizens, and then our society must move positively to develop that potential.
han a hollow mockery, must also mean the opportunity to be equal;
uality. Anything less is simply the exercise by the white majority of
kin deep. For the individual it represents a shallow attempt to salve
bols that disturb.
3. The best schools and the best teachers are needed to instill in Negro children and other educationally
disadvantaged youth a desire for excellence; to motivate them to achieve and prepare them to advance up the
economic ladder with full understanding of the rewards they will receive.
4. A conscious, planned effort must be made to bring qualified Negroes into ‘entrance jobs’ in all types of
employment, to upgrade them and aid them to qualify for advancement, and to place them in positions of
responsibility, including the full range of management positions.
rimination gap” including different health outcomes, higher infant
er wages, and higher unemployment. Young stated that the
ich outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and
e over three hundred years of discrimination that African-Americans
5. Effective, positive action must be taken to destroy the racial ghetto and to open housing opportunities of all
types on the basis of need and ability to buy or rent.
6. Health and welfare agencies, both public and private, must bring to the ghettoized population their best
services and most competent personnel.
ly and economically malnourished and anemic. It is not
cency to provide him for a brief period with special vitamins,
ns (Young, 1964).
7. Qualified Negroes should be sought and named to all public and private boards and commissions,
particularly those that shape policy in the areas of employment, housing, education, and health and
welfare services.
8. Every opportunity to acquire education and technical skills must be utilized to the fullest.
um, intensive program” to allow African-Americans to truly
ung and the NUL] urgently recommend cooperative special efforts
ns in a massive ’crash’ attack on the complete range of economic and
ated such an effort would last ten years. Young argued that the
omic support to people and groups in need. He cited the GI bill,
cation for returning World War II veterans, aid responses to victims
9. It is vital that government at all levels, philanthropic foundations, labor, business, and industry reassess their
financial support of, and cooperation with, established organizations committed to securing equal
opportunity for Negro citizens to share in the fundamental privileges and rights of American democracy.
10. Negro citizens must exert themselves energetically in constructive efforts to carry their full share of
responsibilities and to participate in a meaningful way in every phase of community life.
dmitted that these efforts were costly but argued that the benefits
Young noted that the program made sense from many angles and would create independent citizens capable of
contributing more to the United States economy. He noted the plan would address historical inequities, as well as
moral and religious concerns.
rather than for “special privileges” (Young, 1964). The Domestic
than a detailed set of recommendations. The planks were:
Our country is in sharp jeopardy as long as it has within its body politic a socially and
economically deprived group of citizens, whether they are actually enslaved or denied the full
must include recognition of the need for special effort to overcome
benefits of equality and freedom by an insidious economic and psychological slavery
handicaps.
(Young, 1964).
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Support and Opposition to the Domestic Marshall Plan
This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for
Young knew his program could face strong opposition from the majority of white citizens. Accepting such a
freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equity but hu
program would mean admitting that there had been “deliberate or unconscious discrimination” in the United
right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a resu
States and that whites were beneficiaries of a preferential system. In addition, Young acknowledged that many
people had only begun to adjust themselves to a reality of affording equal opportunity for all citizens and to then
be called upon to offer a special program would be too difficult to do at the same time. Young strongly believed
that the program was an investment in human resources and that it would pay off. He also believed it would stem
the unrest and racial conflict that were arising at the time.
For the task is to give 20 million Negroes the same chance as
grow, to work and share in society, to develop their abilities—
to pursue their individual happiness.
To this end equal opportunity is essential, but not enough, no
races are born with the same range of abilities. But ability is n
The Negro is in revolt today not to destroy the fabric of our society nor to seek an insulated
is stretched or stunted by the family that you live with, and th
compartment in it, but to enter into full partnership in that society. We have the material and
school you go to and the poverty or the richness of your surr
spiritual resources as a country to meet the challenge and to accomplish the urgent task ahead.
hundred unseen forces playing upon the little infant, the child
All we need is the will to act and the spirit of decency and sacrifice that abounds in our land
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp
(Young, 1964).
Exercises:
The plan was criticized for being “reverse discrimination” or making white people pay for the “sins of their
forefathers” (Hamilton, 1997). Others like A. Philip Randolph, Founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, supported the plan. Randolph acknowledged that all kinds of jobs were disappearing for all workers, yet
he advocated that African-Americans had the added burden of racial discrimination. The civil rights movement
had always been clear that racial discrimination created a special burden that needed to be addressed when it
How was Whitney Young able to gain the attention of President Ken
These resources may provide some basis for your discussion.
www-personal.umich.edu/~mcountry/KennedyCivilRights.htm
More about President Kennedy and civil rights – video and transcrip
came to socioeconomic development (Hamilton, 1997).
www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcivilrights.htm
In June 1965, President Lyndon Johnson acknowledged Young’s argument. In a commencement speech at
To hear General Marshall deliver his speech on the Marshall Plan an
www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html.
Howard University, Johnson said,
But freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are
General Marshall was successful in getting additional financial suppo
free to go where you want, and do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.
early 1960s the plan was viewed as having been successful. For more
Plan, see:
You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him
up to the starting line of a race and then say, ‘you are free to compete with all the others,’ and still
justly believe that you have been completely fair.
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability
to walk through those gates.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan
www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/marshall_plan/index.html
www.usaid.gov/multimedia/video/marshall/
Listen to Whitney Young’s remarks at the March on Washington, Au
with his developing ideas about special government assistance? www.h
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A Teaching Guide
shall Plan
This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just
pposition from the majority of white citizens. Accepting such a
freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equity but human ability, not just equality as a
d been “deliberate or unconscious discrimination” in the United
right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result.
preferential system. In addition, Young acknowledged that many
o a reality of affording equal opportunity for all citizens and to then
uld be too difficult to do at the same time. Young strongly believed
n resources and that it would pay off. He also believed it would stem
g at the time.
For the task is to give 20 million Negroes the same chance as every other American to learn and
grow, to work and share in society, to develop their abilities—physical, mental and spiritual, and
to pursue their individual happiness.
To this end equal opportunity is essential, but not enough, not enough. Men and women of all
races are born with the same range of abilities. But ability is not just the product of birth. Ability
stroy the fabric of our society nor to seek an insulated
is stretched or stunted by the family that you live with, and the neighborhood you live in—by the
ull partnership in that society. We have the material and
school you go to and the poverty or the richness of your surroundings. It is the product of a
et the challenge and to accomplish the urgent task ahead.
hundred unseen forces playing upon the little infant, the child, and finally the man.
pirit of decency and sacrifice that abounds in our land
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp
Exercises:
crimination” or making white people pay for the “sins of their
Philip Randolph, Founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
wledged that all kinds of jobs were disappearing for all workers, yet
added burden of racial discrimination. The civil rights movement
on created a special burden that needed to be addressed when it
on, 1997).
How was Whitney Young able to gain the attention of President Kennedy?
These resources may provide some basis for your discussion.
www-personal.umich.edu/~mcountry/KennedyCivilRights.htm
More about President Kennedy and civil rights – video and transcript of speech given June 11, 1963:
www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcivilrights.htm
nowledged Young’s argument. In a commencement speech at
To hear General Marshall deliver his speech on the Marshall Plan and see a transcript, go to
www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html.
ot wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are
you desire, and choose the leaders you please.
General Marshall was successful in getting additional financial support for rebuilding Europe and in the
early 1960s the plan was viewed as having been successful. For more information about the Marshall
Plan, see:
ars, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him
en say, ‘you are free to compete with all the others,’ and still
pletely fair.
gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_plan
www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/marshall_plan/index.html
www.usaid.gov/multimedia/video/marshall/
Listen to Whitney Young’s remarks at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963. How did his speech fit in
with his developing ideas about special government assistance? www.hpol.org/record.php?id=90
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Is there still a discrimination gap between people who are white and people of color?
A Teaching Guide
Chapter 4: Leadership Lessons from W
Here are some relevant Web sites:
www.blackamericaweb.com/?q=articles/news/the_state_of_black_ america_news/3477
www.nul.org/overview.html or www.census.gov/
“It is better to be prepared for an opportunity and not have one tha
prepared” (Whitney M. Young, Jr.).
Read the Economic Stimulus Plan of the NUL at www.nul.org/publications/NUL_Stimulus_Plan_2008.pdf
What has changed since 1963?
Do any of Whitney Young’s suggestions for a Domestic Marshall Plan still fit with what is happening today?
Find various plans for economic stimulus online. Discuss how these plans meet the suggestions of Whitney
Young or differ from those suggestions. You may want to access these documents:
Center for American Progress: Stimulative Action section of the Web site:
What is leadership?
Leadership is not accidental. It is nurtured and it is leveraged for non
sizes, shapes and styles, yet the core elements of good leadership are
commitment, empathy, humility, and confidence. The Encyclopedia o
leadership as “an ability to understand organizations as living system
in connecting humanistic intentions with effects.” Whitney Young’s l
www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/01/stimulative_action.html
compelling example of how social work skills of communication, me
Federal stimulus plans are available at www.thomas.gov. Look at H.R. 1 or search “economic recovery.”
functioning and more effective whole.
See their “Design your own stimulus” calculator: www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/01/stimulus_calculator.html
Do you think suggestions for economic development, particularly in communities of color, have changed due to
the election of President Barack Obama?
take an organization with many disparate parts and leverage the stre
Young’s extraordinary life provides important lessons for those who
organizations and on society at large. Young not only shaped a new w
movement, but also introduced major strategic change for the NUL,
in the country at the time. Like most leaders, Young did not have the
Debate whether the Federal government should fund “special efforts.”
but he nurtured and obtained the respect, admiration and backing of
What are the circumstances where you would support such efforts?
African American leaders, influential white CEOs of foundations and
officials, including three presidents.
Has the debate changed since the election of President Barack Obama?
Discuss the following:
For social workers interested in leading non-profits and governmenta
practices and consulting firms, or pursuing elected office at any level
credentials, and highly disciplined strategies offer a model worth emu
1. History of the NUL and how it ties into social work values.
2. The importance of Whitney Young’s social work training to leading the NUL and to advocating for the
Whitney Young Leadership Values
Whitney Young’s model of leadership is defined by collaboration and
Domestic Marshall Plan.
reticent white business leaders to contribute millions to civil rights or
3. Social Work elements of the 10 planks of the Domestic Marshall Plan.
and to persuade others that hiring African Americans was not only th
business decision for future growth. His philosophy of passion, pragm
the 1960s can still influence complex social movements as well as str
home in social work precisely because the large majority of people he
ranks of the NUL often held social work degrees and committed thei
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A Teaching Guide
ople who are white and people of color?
Chapter 4: Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
_black_ america_news/3477
“It is better to be prepared for an opportunity and not have one than to have an opportunity and not be
prepared” (Whitney M. Young, Jr.).
L at www.nul.org/publications/NUL_Stimulus_Plan_2008.pdf
Domestic Marshall Plan still fit with what is happening today?
ine. Discuss how these plans meet the suggestions of Whitney
may want to access these documents:
tion section of the Web site:
What is leadership?
Leadership is not accidental. It is nurtured and it is leveraged for non-personal gain. Leaders come in different
sizes, shapes and styles, yet the core elements of good leadership are consistent: talent, integrity, courage,
commitment, empathy, humility, and confidence. The Encyclopedia of Social Work (2007) defines social work
leadership as “an ability to understand organizations as living systems within an independent world and aid them
in connecting humanistic intentions with effects.” Whitney Young’s leadership of the National Urban League is a
ion.html
compelling example of how social work skills of communication, mediation, empowerment and coordination can
mas.gov. Look at H.R. 1 or search “economic recovery.”
functioning and more effective whole.
tor: www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/01/stimulus_calculator.html
opment, particularly in communities of color, have changed due to
take an organization with many disparate parts and leverage the strengths of each part to make a better
Young’s extraordinary life provides important lessons for those who seek to make lasting impacts in their
organizations and on society at large. Young not only shaped a new way to recruit benefactors for the civil rights
movement, but also introduced major strategic change for the NUL, one of the most venerable non-profit groups
in the country at the time. Like most leaders, Young did not have the support of everyone he sought to persuade,
ld fund “special efforts.”
support such efforts?
but he nurtured and obtained the respect, admiration and backing of critical national and community-based
African American leaders, influential white CEOs of foundations and corporations, and key governmental
officials, including three presidents.
President Barack Obama?
For social workers interested in leading non-profits and governmental agencies, managing their own private
practices and consulting firms, or pursuing elected office at any level, Young’s activist vision, social work
credentials, and highly disciplined strategies offer a model worth emulating.
ocial work values.
al work training to leading the NUL and to advocating for the
Whitney Young Leadership Values
Whitney Young’s model of leadership is defined by collaboration and negotiation. Young was able to convince
reticent white business leaders to contribute millions to civil rights organizations during the height of the struggle
the Domestic Marshall Plan.
and to persuade others that hiring African Americans was not only the moral thing to do, but also a prudent
business decision for future growth. His philosophy of passion, pragmatics, and patience that worked so well in
the 1960s can still influence complex social movements as well as strategic organizational change. Young found a
home in social work precisely because the large majority of people he most admired and emulated in the highest
ranks of the NUL often held social work degrees and committed their careers to the betterment of conditions for
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide
African Americans. Social work leadership does not exist in a vacuum, nor can it claim unique knowledge of
Most social work education leaders support the importance of teachi
organizations, people and change. What it can do, however, is successfully link a humanistic view of the world
levels (Rank and Hutchison, 2000). A survey of deans and directors
with practical approaches to getting things done for the benefit of others. It provides a basis for further
(CSWE) accredited programs concluded that there are nine leadershi
exploration of the strengths and innovation of Young’s style.
workers in the 21st century, and these should be provided at all levels
considered radical when used by Young in the context of his leadersh
Forms of leadership
According to Bailey and Uhly (2007), as the field of social work evolves, it becomes more diverse, market driven,
and research-oriented. It also has become more political, with social workers elected to the United States
Congress, and hundreds more serving in local and state legislatures. While some contend that leadership is not a
core component of social work education, and often leaders of social work organizations come from other
1. Community development
2. Communication or interpersonal skills
3. Analytical skills
st
disciplines, there is significant evidence demonstrating that the core social work values are aligned with key 21
century leadership attributes. In the last decade, a move to more humanistic principles has guided some of the
more successful corporations in the United States. The notion that people, performance, profits and social
4. Technological skills
5. Political skills
responsibility are linked in an important way is a significant societal shift, but was part of Young’s legacy to the
civil rights movement. His innovative efforts to advance the goals of racial equality should be recognized as
forerunners of many 21st century private-public partnerships, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and
6. Visioning skills
7. Risk-taking skills
diversity recruitment efforts. What today is called “transformational leadership” was Young’s vision to build a
sense of pride, respect and trust; to clearly communicate high expectations; to encourage problem solving; and to
explicitly value each individual.
8. Ethical reasoning
9. Cultural competency
One study (Rank and Hutchison, 2000) noted five common elements that define social work leadership:
proaction, values and ethics, empowerment, vision, and communication. These elements defined the leadership of
Soft Skills
Whitney Young more than 40 years ago. The study also found that leaders in the social work profession tend to
There is indication that “soft skills,” or competencies of the head an
distinguish their leadership from that in other professions because of five common elements:
complex challenges facing modern organizations. Organizations that
outperform those that do not. These competencies include:
•
•
•
Commitment to the NASW Code of Ethics
•
Authenticity—full awareness of one’s abilities, values and areas o
•
Humility—transcending ego to resist the lure of authority
•
Empathy—the ability to understand the perceptions and emotion
•
Courage and Compassion—making purposeful, definite and stra
•
Faith—living with uncertainty, trusting that all things that happe
Systems perspective
Participatory leadership style
•
Advocacy of altruism
•
Focus on the public image of the profession
This study reflects what Young argued for over the years, and what he determined was the purpose of social work
lessons to be learned in every pleasure and pain
in leadership during the civil rights movement.
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A Teaching Guide
oes not exist in a vacuum, nor can it claim unique knowledge of
Most social work education leaders support the importance of teaching leadership in educational programs at all
n do, however, is successfully link a humanistic view of the world
levels (Rank and Hutchison, 2000). A survey of deans and directors from the Council on Social Work Education
one for the benefit of others. It provides a basis for further
(CSWE) accredited programs concluded that there are nine leadership skills specifically necessary for social
workers in the 21st century, and these should be provided at all levels of education. These are skills that were
f Young’s style.
considered radical when used by Young in the context of his leadership:
ield of social work evolves, it becomes more diverse, market driven,
re political, with social workers elected to the United States
and state legislatures. While some contend that leadership is not a
d often leaders of social work organizations come from other
1. Community development
2. Communication or interpersonal skills
3. Analytical skills
st
nstrating that the core social work values are aligned with key 21
de, a move to more humanistic principles has guided some of the
ates. The notion that people, performance, profits and social
4. Technological skills
5. Political skills
is a significant societal shift, but was part of Young’s legacy to the
to advance the goals of racial equality should be recognized as
ic partnerships, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and
6. Visioning skills
7. Risk-taking skills
alled “transformational leadership” was Young’s vision to build a
mmunicate high expectations; to encourage problem solving; and to
8. Ethical reasoning
9. Cultural competency
d five common elements that define social work leadership:
vision, and communication. These elements defined the leadership of
Soft Skills
study also found that leaders in the social work profession tend to
There is indication that “soft skills,” or competencies of the head and heart, are also needed to address the
professions because of five common elements:
complex challenges facing modern organizations. Organizations that seek to align their goals with these skills
outperform those that do not. These competencies include:
cs
•
Authenticity—full awareness of one’s abilities, values and areas of improvement
•
Humility—transcending ego to resist the lure of authority
•
Empathy—the ability to understand the perceptions and emotions of another
•
Courage and Compassion—making purposeful, definite and strategic decisions, while respecting others
•
Faith—living with uncertainty, trusting that all things that happen serve a higher good and that there are
on
er the years, and what he determined was the purpose of social work
lessons to be learned in every pleasure and pain
t.
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
•
•
A Teaching Guide
Patience—willingness to attend to the needs and growth of all, by deep listening, acknowledging context and
Social Entrepreneurship
circumstance, working to counter destructive efforts
Peter Drucker (as recorded in The Meaning of Social Eentrepreneursh
Love—a love for people simply because they exist, regardless of their identities, actions or associations (Bailey
always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an oppo
agents who use their creativity and the resources of the community to
& Uhley, 2007).
agents frequently focus on empowerment in a focus area such as edu
safety, the arts, or any other social field. Social entrepreneurs, notes D
Leadership Strategies
pursue new opportunities. “ Where others see problems, social entrep
As Executive Director of the NUL, Whitney M. Young, Jr. was a master at working within a system to bring
and solutions can be global or as close as the local community and n
about change. Young once said, “Someone has to work within the system to change it.” He used the key
development, an important skill of Whitney Young, Jr.
leadership strategies of brokering, breaking down barriers, mediation, liaison, and policy influence and change.
In the video, “Yes We Can,” The Los Angeles Urban League identifie
Brokering
their community: safety, education, healthcare, employment, and hou
Brokers assist by connecting people to community resources. Whitney Young, developed close relationships with
advocacy as a critical element, doing something concrete to make a d
business and industry leaders and political leaders, including several presidents of the United States to promote
civil rights and to support funding to meet the needs of cities. Brokering can include social entrepreneurship and
Community Development
community development
Community development is the process by which systemic changes ar
Brokering requires knowledge of resource systems and the ability to develop working relationships with these
community development focuses on assets and capacity development
resources. A major value in developing and working with community resources is extending the concept of
activities that are based on assets and skills for community members
self-determination. Communities have the ability to recognize their own problems and the ability to develop
behalf of the community members themselves. The first step in the co
resources to meet those problems (Goode, 2001). The National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) adopted
a community assesment. “A thorough map of [community] assets wo
the following principles for community engagement (brokering):
skills, and capacities of the community’s residents” (Kretzmann & M
gifts of the whole community including persons with disabilities, the
community members are to be full contributors of the community de
•
Communities determine their own needs
•
Community members are full partners in decision making
•
Communities should economically benefit from collaboration
•
Communities should benefit from the transfer of knowledge and skills
(Brown, Perry, & Goode, 2003).
Whitney M. Young, Jr. promoted opportunity by brokering housing and community development. Young
Kretzmann and McKnight (1993) outline the entire community deve
•
Mapping assets
•
Building relationships
•
Mobilizing for economic development and information sharing
•
Convening the community to develop a vision and plan
•
Leveraging outside resources to support locally driven developme
developed organizations such as the Neighborhood Development Corporation and the Council of Social Advisers
to promote public works for employment and the development of community opportunities.
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A Teaching Guide
ds and growth of all, by deep listening, acknowledging context and
Social Entrepreneurship
tive efforts
Peter Drucker (as recorded in The Meaning of Social Eentrepreneurship. Dees, 2001) stated, “The entrepreneur
hey exist, regardless of their identities, actions or associations (Bailey
always searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity.” Social entrepreneurs are change
agents who use their creativity and the resources of the community to create systematic changes. These change
agents frequently focus on empowerment in a focus area such as education, health care, economic development,
safety, the arts, or any other social field. Social entrepreneurs, notes Dees (2001), reorganize and relentlessly
pursue new opportunities. “ Where others see problems, social entrepreneurs see opportunity.” Opportunities
M. Young, Jr. was a master at working within a system to bring
and solutions can be global or as close as the local community and neighborhood. The key is opportunity
as to work within the system to change it.” He used the key
development, an important skill of Whitney Young, Jr.
own barriers, mediation, liaison, and policy influence and change.
In the video, “Yes We Can,” The Los Angeles Urban League identifies five opportunities to make a difference in
their community: safety, education, healthcare, employment, and housing. The Urban League leaders also identify
unity resources. Whitney Young, developed close relationships with
advocacy as a critical element, doing something concrete to make a difference.
aders, including several presidents of the United States to promote
e needs of cities. Brokering can include social entrepreneurship and
Community Development
Community development is the process by which systemic changes are made. Just as with social entrepreneurship,
tems and the ability to develop working relationships with these
community development focuses on assets and capacity development. Capacity-focused development supports
orking with community resources is extending the concept of
activities that are based on assets and skills for community members to make positive and long-lasting changes on
lity to recognize their own problems and the ability to develop
behalf of the community members themselves. The first step in the community development process is to develop
01). The National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) adopted
a community assesment. “A thorough map of [community] assets would begin with an inventory of those gifts,
ement (brokering):
skills, and capacities of the community’s residents” (Kretzmann & McKnight, 1993). Asset mapping includes the
gifts of the whole community including persons with disabilities, the elderly, youth, and people who are poor. All
community members are to be full contributors of the community development process.
decision making
Kretzmann and McKnight (1993) outline the entire community development process in five key steps:
t from collaboration
•
Mapping assets
•
Building relationships
•
Mobilizing for economic development and information sharing
•
Convening the community to develop a vision and plan
•
Leveraging outside resources to support locally driven development
nsfer of knowledge and skills
y by brokering housing and community development. Young
rhood Development Corporation and the Council of Social Advisers
d the development of community opportunities.
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Included in these steps is the concept of brokering–working with all the community resources. The final step of
leveraging outside resources is another form of brokering.
Breaking Down Barriers
Whitney M. young, Jr. grew up during the time of segregation and limited opportunities for African Americans.
Young learned at an early age how to break down barriers of racism. As executive director of the National Urban
League, Young focused on gaining equality for African Americans in business and politics and advocated for
improved conditions and opportunities for the urban poor. (Whitney M. Young, Jr. Living Legacy Award,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2004).
A Teaching Guide
•
Continually evaluating your knowledge of differences and increa
•
Understanding that worldviews may be different (Hepworth et a
A third barrier identified by Hepworth et al. (2006) is dealing with o
may come from several sources, from ambivalence to fear. As in all w
anticipate and explore the reasons for the reluctance to change and i
Sensitivity to personal feelings, empathy, and acceptance are critical t
redefining opposition and concerns to opportunities for growth and
on opportunities and strengths.
Barriers to change can result from cross-racial or cross-cultural differences, an inability to trust, or opposition to
change–the “we’ve always done it this way” syndrome. Usually, the best approach to dealing with barriers is to
approach the person(s) or group directly. Hepworth et al., (2006) discuss these three areas as opportunities rather
than obstacles. Racial and cultural barriers are broken down daily. However, some still remain, and social
workers should be aware of possible barriers. The first step is using basic empathic communication in order to
understand the other person. Ignoring differences or being “color blind” or “culture blind” discounts values and
experiences. Dyche and Zayas (2001) emphasize that cultural empathy works best on the affective level rather
than on the cognitive level. In other words, we have to “feel” the other rather than just trying to understand.
Hepworth et al. (2006) suggest that the best approach is to ask about differences to learn more and focus on
strengths. Telling stories is a powerful tool for understanding. Developing positive relationships with persons
different from you is not only possible, but such relationships are the essence of positive community development
and change.
A second barrier can be establishing trust. As change agents, social workers have the responsibility to reach out
to community members first to engage them in the change process. Developing positive relationships means trust
Mediation
As a leader of the National Urban League, Young was a master of m
changing the system meant working within the system to get black le
leaders. Mediation is a process to resolve a dispute. Mediation is a “w
are heard, respected, and involved in the problem solving process. Iss
process follows the same basic pattern. Mediation “provides a neutra
to find a mutually satisfactory resolution to their problems” (Chandl
San Jose State University has developed a mediation center called Co
mediators assist participants in creating an environment where each
Mediation is voluntary and confidential and comprises the following
•
Opening statement – each participant describes his or her unders
•
Building understanding – through dialogue, participants explore
among all members of the system. The following measures can encourage relationships and trust:
•
Being comfortable with differences
•
Adopting a posture of discovery
•
Taking steps to calm vulnerabilities, anxieties, and fears about making mistakes
•
Focusing on cultural strengths including adaptive behaviors
•
Understanding that rigid, reactive behavior may not be the same for all parties
20
understanding and find common ground
•
Brainstorming – participants generate possible solutions to the di
•
Agreement – participants agree upon a fair and achievable soluti
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
ering–working with all the community resources. The final step of
of brokering.
me of segregation and limited opportunities for African Americans.
own barriers of racism. As executive director of the National Urban
r African Americans in business and politics and advocated for
e urban poor. (Whitney M. Young, Jr. Living Legacy Award,
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A Teaching Guide
•
Continually evaluating your knowledge of differences and increasing your level of cultural competence
•
Understanding that worldviews may be different (Hepworth et al., 2006).
A third barrier identified by Hepworth et al. (2006) is dealing with opposition to change. Resistance to change
may come from several sources, from ambivalence to fear. As in all work with people, social workers need to
anticipate and explore the reasons for the reluctance to change and identify strengths to build on future change.
Sensitivity to personal feelings, empathy, and acceptance are critical to understanding opposition. The final step is
redefining opposition and concerns to opportunities for growth and development. Positive change is always built
on opportunities and strengths.
l or cross-cultural differences, an inability to trust, or opposition to
syndrome. Usually, the best approach to dealing with barriers is to
pworth et al., (2006) discuss these three areas as opportunities rather
e broken down daily. However, some still remain, and social
The first step is using basic empathic communication in order to
nces or being “color blind” or “culture blind” discounts values and
size that cultural empathy works best on the affective level rather
e have to “feel” the other rather than just trying to understand.
approach is to ask about differences to learn more and focus on
r understanding. Developing positive relationships with persons
uch relationships are the essence of positive community development
change agents, social workers have the responsibility to reach out
n the change process. Developing positive relationships means trust
Mediation
As a leader of the National Urban League, Young was a master of mediation and negotiation. For Young,
changing the system meant working within the system to get black leaders noticed and involved with white
leaders. Mediation is a process to resolve a dispute. Mediation is a “win-win” option as both parties of a dispute
are heard, respected, and involved in the problem solving process. Issues in every dispute are different, but the
process follows the same basic pattern. Mediation “provides a neutral forum in which disputants are encouraged
to find a mutually satisfactory resolution to their problems” (Chandler, 1985).
San Jose State University has developed a mediation center called Conflict and Common Ground. At the Center,
mediators assist participants in creating an environment where each person feels safe, respected, and heard.
Mediation is voluntary and confidential and comprises the following four phases:
•
Opening statement – each participant describes his or her understanding of the conflict
•
Building understanding – through dialogue, participants explore each other’s needs and interests to establish
ing measures can encourage relationships and trust:
understanding and find common ground
•
Brainstorming – participants generate possible solutions to the dispute based on mutual understanding
•
Agreement – participants agree upon a fair and achievable solution
eties, and fears about making mistakes
adaptive behaviors
or may not be the same for all parties
20
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide
Liaison
involve a variety of people in the community to ensure that each area
A liaison is a “go between” between entities. A liaison uses his or her negotiation skills to bring about
“Neighborhood Liaison Code of Ethics” that includes:
cooperation and inclusion. Eleanor Young-Love, Whitney M. Young’s sister, describes Young as an expert
negotiator who played a pivotal role in convincing presidents of big companies to hire African Americans into
high positions. “Not just once, but many, up to the positions of vice president and other high positions in their
companies,” said Love. “He also had the ear of three presidents–Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.”
Young was not only a strong civil rights liaison, he was a strong economic rights liaison. “He may not have been
•
Respect your neighbors
•
Maintain a positive attitude and image
•
Maintain local privacy of collected data
a marcher, but he was a negotiator,” noted Love. “So many African Americans needed somebody in the
boardroom talking to those people and telling them what they could do and insisting that they do it. Whitney
was that kind (American Armed Forces, February 1, 2002).”
Serving as a liaison means empowering people to “negotiate” needed services and to assist in developing
community services. The following action steps can be used for serving as a liaison:
Policy Influence and Change
One of Whitney Young’s strongest and most important skills was tha
that you could change individuals and groups, but if the “system” w
was not enough. Training people to advocate for themselves and oth
empowering. Whitney Young knew that people had to work together
every man’s burden is our own. Where poverty exists, all are poorer.
•
Identify the needs in the community
•
Identify the strengths and assets in the community
•
Involve all constituents in the community
•
Set goals with community constituents
•
Strategize together possible ways to meet the goals–get people involved
•
Implement strategies including who is responsible for each identified task or event, when will the task or
that focused on the “private troubles of individuals and the larger po
event take place, and who will be involved
(Carlton-LaNey, 1999). Hepworth et al (2006) define advocacy and
Where injustice reigns, all are unequal.” Whitney Young was actively
during the Kennedy and Johnson presidential administrations. Young
successful Marshall Plan, calling it the Domestic Marshall Plan. Youn
to the national levels because he knew that effective change included
Young empowered people for change.
•
Facilitate community constituent activities
•
Evaluate results, adapt needed changes, and celebrate successes
During the civil rights movement, the African American community
•
Obtaining services or resources that would not otherwise be prov
•
Modifying or influencing policies, procedures, or practices that a
•
Promoting legislation or policies that will result in the provision
The city of Falcon Heights, Minnesota developed an excellent handbook for neighborhood liaisons
(http://archive.ci.falcon-heights.mn.us/nlhandbook/NLHandbook.pdf) . The handbook defines a neighborhood liaison as someone
who may coordinate different community-building roles for his or her neighborhood including information
Hepworth et. al (2006) also state that social action and advocacy req
liaison, social organizer liaison, communications liaison, buddy check liaison, first aid/medical liaison, and crime
following steps:
prevention liaison. The roles often overlap and they can be carried out by a number of different people. The
purpose of naming roles individually is that different interests can be taken into account and neighbors can
22
•
Define the problem
•
Systematically gather information and analyze the people, structu
23
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involve a variety of people in the community to ensure that each area is covered. The handbook also identifies a
A liaison uses his or her negotiation skills to bring about
“Neighborhood Liaison Code of Ethics” that includes:
ve, Whitney M. Young’s sister, describes Young as an expert
ncing presidents of big companies to hire African Americans into
to the positions of vice president and other high positions in their
of three presidents–Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.”
on, he was a strong economic rights liaison. “He may not have been
•
Respect your neighbors
•
Maintain a positive attitude and image
•
Maintain local privacy of collected data
ove. “So many African Americans needed somebody in the
g them what they could do and insisting that they do it. Whitney
uary 1, 2002).”
e to “negotiate” needed services and to assist in developing
ps can be used for serving as a liaison:
Policy Influence and Change
One of Whitney Young’s strongest and most important skills was that of advocate for policy change. He knew
that you could change individuals and groups, but if the “system” was unresponsive or unjust, individual change
was not enough. Training people to advocate for themselves and others to influence and change policy is
empowering. Whitney Young knew that people had to work together. He stated, ”Every man is our brother, and
every man’s burden is our own. Where poverty exists, all are poorer. Where hate flourishes, all are corrupted.
Where injustice reigns, all are unequal.” Whitney Young was actively involved in the federal Poverty Program
mmunity
during the Kennedy and Johnson presidential administrations. Young based the Poverty Program on the
successful Marshall Plan, calling it the Domestic Marshall Plan. Young emphasized policy change from the local
to the national levels because he knew that effective change included advocacy at all levels of government.
Young empowered people for change.
the goals–get people involved
During the civil rights movement, the African American community was involved in advocacy and social action
ponsible for each identified task or event, when will the task or
that focused on the “private troubles of individuals and the larger policy issues that affected them”
d
(Carlton-LaNey, 1999). Hepworth et al (2006) define advocacy and social action as:
s
nd celebrate successes
•
Obtaining services or resources that would not otherwise be provided
•
Modifying or influencing policies, procedures, or practices that adversely affect groups or communities
•
Promoting legislation or policies that will result in the provision of requisite resources or services
ped an excellent handbook for neighborhood liaisons
book.pdf) . The handbook defines a neighborhood liaison as someone
lding roles for his or her neighborhood including information
Hepworth et. al (2006) also state that social action and advocacy require a planned approach incorporating the
ons liaison, buddy check liaison, first aid/medical liaison, and crime
following steps:
d they can be carried out by a number of different people. The
ifferent interests can be taken into account and neighbors can
22
•
Define the problem
•
Systematically gather information and analyze the people, structure, or system to be changed
23
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
•
Identify specific goals, eliciting a broad range of viewpoints
•
Carefully match techniques or strategies of social action and advocacy with a model and the goal desired
•
Make a feasible schedule for implementing the plan of action
•
Incorporate in the plan a feedback process for evaluating the changes that the action stimulates
A Teaching Guide
The city of Falcon Heights, Minnesota developed an excellent handb
handbook can be found on line at http://archive.ci.falcon-heights.mn.us/nlhand
How could you use the handbook concepts to bring about change in
Address the following brokering case example:
Young based his political strategies on these steps and he was a model of effective political advocacy.
As a member of an interdisciplinary community-based health
health clinic that is located in a low-income community. You
Exercises:
and their children. In reviewing your records, you notice that
Amanda Crowell Itliong from the Leadership Challenge suggests the following exercise on “Obstacles and
“running out of food near the end of the month.” By tracking
Opportunities.”
appointments, you note that the mothers and their children a
appointments in the last week of the month.
Materials needed: 1 poster board, glue stick, markers, small paper bricks made out of red construction paper cut
into 3” x 5” rectangles, small green leaves and a vine or green ladder rungs.
What kinds of community resources might be available to assist thes
resources might be developed to assist these families? As a broker, yo
1. Ask participants to individually reflect on a current obstacle and write the obstacle on the “brick.’
2. Divide participants into groups of three to four to share what they wrote on the bricks and to brainstorm
creative opportunities to overcome each obstacle.
existing community resources, but also possibly develop new resourc
National Center for Cultural Competence (NCCC) www11.georgetown.edu
One of the best Web sites available in becoming a social work organi
3. Ask each participant to write the best opportunity his/her group brainstormed and place that opportunity on
index.asp. This Web site suggests ways to coordinate activities for comm
out, clean-up campaigns, goods and services exchanges, welcoming n
a vine leaf or ladder rung.
elderly, neighborhood beautification, and car pooling using problem
4. Bring the whole group together again. Direct participants to come up front one at a time and glue their red
develop for your local community based on this Web site?
brick (obstacle) on the poster board. Bricks form a red brick wall at the bottom of the poster board.
5. Ask each participant to the poster board and commit to creating an opportunity for his/her obstacle. The
participant glues his/her green leaf or ladder rung (opportunity) to the top of the brick wall until the vine or
ladder reaches well over the brick wall.
6. The finished picture is a red brick wall with a green ladder or vine that leads over the brick wall and up to the
sun and clouds.
7. Debrief the activity.
24
25
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
ange of viewpoints
of social action and advocacy with a model and the goal desired
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A Teaching Guide
The city of Falcon Heights, Minnesota developed an excellent handbook for neighborhood liaisons. The
handbook can be found on line at http://archive.ci.falcon-heights.mn.us/nlhandbook/contents.html.
How could you use the handbook concepts to bring about change in your neighborhood or university?
g the plan of action
Address the following brokering case example:
s for evaluating the changes that the action stimulates
teps and he was a model of effective political advocacy.
As a member of an interdisciplinary community-based health team, you work for a neighborhood
health clinic that is located in a low-income community. You work primarily with young mothers
and their children. In reviewing your records, you notice that families share a common theme of
Challenge suggests the following exercise on “Obstacles and
“running out of food near the end of the month.” By tracking the time period of missed
appointments, you note that the mothers and their children are also more likely to miss clinic
appointments in the last week of the month.
markers, small paper bricks made out of red construction paper cut
d a vine or green ladder rungs.
What kinds of community resources might be available to assist these families? What kinds of community
resources might be developed to assist these families? As a broker, you will need to become acquainted with
a current obstacle and write the obstacle on the “brick.’
o four to share what they wrote on the bricks and to brainstorm
existing community resources, but also possibly develop new resources to meet the principles noted by the
National Center for Cultural Competence (NCCC) www11.georgetown.edu/research/gucchd/nccc/ (Hepworth et al, 2006).
One of the best Web sites available in becoming a social work organizer liaison is http://dss.sd.gov/constituentliaison/
obstacle.
portunity his/her group brainstormed and place that opportunity on
index.asp. This Web site suggests ways to coordinate activities for communities such as block parties, national night
out, clean-up campaigns, goods and services exchanges, welcoming new neighbors, paint and clean-up for the
elderly, neighborhood beautification, and car pooling using problem solving methods. What projects can you
rect participants to come up front one at a time and glue their red
develop for your local community based on this Web site?
ks form a red brick wall at the bottom of the poster board.
and commit to creating an opportunity for his/her obstacle. The
der rung (opportunity) to the top of the brick wall until the vine or
th a green ladder or vine that leads over the brick wall and up to the
24
25
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A Teaching Guide
been stres
Appendix
responsib
Young’s Advice and Voice in NASW
responsib
News Columns
disparate
Young has in many texts been described as polished,
of the sam
versatile, diplomatic and assertive. During his tenure
services fo
as President of NASW he penned several columns that
underscored his overall leadership style and vision for
“As a pro
the country and his call to action for the social work
deal every
profession.
the poor,
firsthand
“Social workers and members can more effectively
medical re
support association initiatives and inform on matters
changed,
of deep concern to the social work field. In effect, we
effects as
can become our own best politicians.”
publicize
We must t
“Liberal or conservative, evolutionary or
to recogni
revolutionary—whatever the situation—someone has
of the war
to teach, to solve, to heal. Too many of us lose sight
of this in our zeal for change. We relinquish our
“The imp
responsibility as professionals because the millennium
prevailing
is not tomorrow.”
accompan
dedicated
“There is a lot more to tell the public. The important
business w
thing now is that we can begin saying something as
of us does
persistently as we can. The media and the government,
the job.”
regardless of their reasons, cannot continue to
disregard the findings of current research and the
“The prob
knowledge of thousands of social workers who know
is hunger
as much or more than the so-called experts on the
browns an
social problems draining the spirit and resources of
Appalach
our nation.”
in migran
And white
“The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation
minorities
today highlights for NASW what many of us have
came here
realize tha
26
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A Teaching Guide
been stressing for a long time: inherent in the
Appendix
responsibility for leadership in social welfare is
Young’s Advice and Voice in NASW
responsibility for professional action. They are not
News Columns
disparate aspects of social work but merely two faces
Young has in many texts been described as polished,
of the same coin to be spent on more and better
versatile, diplomatic and assertive. During his tenure
services for the people who need our help.”
as President of NASW he penned several columns that
underscored his overall leadership style and vision for
“As a profession responsible for helping people, we
the country and his call to action for the social work
deal every day with the impact of war escalation on
profession.
the poor, the sick, the aged, and children. We see
firsthand the cutbacks in health services and vital
“Social workers and members can more effectively
medical research. If these distorted priorities are to be
support association initiatives and inform on matters
changed, then we social workers must document their
of deep concern to the social work field. In effect, we
effects as we know them in our communities. We must
can become our own best politicians.”
publicize the facts and figures to the American people.
We must take on the job of educating Middle America
“Liberal or conservative, evolutionary or
to recognize that it is they who are carrying the brunt
revolutionary—whatever the situation—someone has
of the war. “
to teach, to solve, to heal. Too many of us lose sight
of this in our zeal for change. We relinquish our
“The important point is to achieve—in spite of
responsibility as professionals because the millennium
prevailing politics, in spite of the frustrations that will
is not tomorrow.”
accompany many of our tasks. In a human and
dedicated fashion, we should apply ourselves to the
“There is a lot more to tell the public. The important
business we know needs doing and can be done if each
thing now is that we can begin saying something as
of us does his share instead of waiting for others to do
persistently as we can. The media and the government,
the job.”
regardless of their reasons, cannot continue to
disregard the findings of current research and the
“The problems of poverty are not black alone. There
knowledge of thousands of social workers who know
is hunger in the tenements and shacks of whites and
as much or more than the so-called experts on the
browns and red as well. There is misery in
social problems draining the spirit and resources of
Appalachian ghost towns, in the barrios of the West,
our nation.”
in migrant labor camps, and on Indian reservations.
And white workers are hurting economically—just as
“The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation
minorities are. While it is a historic fact that we all
today highlights for NASW what many of us have
came here on different ships, it is imperative that we
realize that we are all in the same boat now.”
26
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
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Current applications of the
productivity. Without money, decent housing and even
strategists, planners and researchers, (d) celebrities
From Wan
Whitney Young leadership approach:
education become unfulfilled, unattainable dreams.
who have the attention of great numbers of people
NAACP. S
and are willing to use that power for causes of
Women’s
import.
Greatest A
1. Whitney Young Jr. Symposium sponsored by the
“We are an integral part of the fabrics of this nation.
Wharton Black MBA Association
www.whartonaambaa.com/v2/index.php?option=com_frontpage&It
Our blood, sweat and tears have gone into the wars to
emid=1.
save this country and into the business, educational
•
give up what our forefathers helped to develop. Our
(www.laul.org/whitney.htm) and Central Carolinas
(www.urbanleaguecc.org/index.asp) continue to recognize
destiny is not to identify ourselves as a bloc against
outstanding black leaders with its annual Whitney
of good will of every race, color and creed in a
M. Young Leadership Award. Leaders from the
coalition against lack of opportunity.”
anyone, but rather to ally ourselves with decent people
currently,
those you like.
and cultural life that have made it great. We cannot
2. National Urban League affiliates in Los Angeles
awarded t
Have to send your best into negotiations, not just
•
Committe
Not “either/or” proposition between civil rights
Rights, th
organizations. It’s “both/and” because we need to
United Sta
leverage all our strengths, resources and
from New
relationships.
postgradu
Work. She
civic, entertainment, business, and other industries
Social Work Leaders in the Whitney
have all been honored over the years.
Young’s advice to other black
3. New York University organizational development
Young Tradition
Delwin M
community leaders of the day:
professor, Joseph Magee, includes a module in his
•
NYU Wagner School of Public Service course
called “Social Networks.” His model for this
segment is Whitney Young. Relationships can be
•
a means to leverage power among both rivals
Every opportunity for acquiring education and
Dr. Dorothy I. Height
1939 and
technical skills must be utilized.
Dr. Height began her career as a caseworker in the
Minnesot
New York City welfare department. In 1957, Height
a field soc
was named president of the National Council of
He becam
Negro Women, a position she held until 1997. During
VA Depar
A diversified approach to civil rights programs is
the height of the civil rights movement, she organized
position h
required. Both public protest and systems policy
“Wednesday in Mississippi,” which brought together
retiremen
making is required to advance.
black and white women from the North and South to
Move beyond comfort zones to take advantage of
new opportunities.
and allies.
•
4. Whitney Young Jr. Magnet High School in
Chicago, IL (www.wyoung.org/) requires students to
identify and develop community development
•
projects and present them to the civic leadership
create a dialogue of understanding. Height also
Under An
encouraged President Eisenhower to desegregate
participat
schools and President Johnson to appoint African
patients to
American women to positions in government. Since
services in
Need to think about levels of leadership are
mid 1960s, Height has served on a number of
Services U
required to intelligently deploy forces, establish
committees, including as a consultant on African
nurses, an
roles, choose between tactics and divide the labor.
affairs to the Secretary of State, the President’s
importanc
Committee on the Employment of the Handicapped,
treatment
and the President’s Committee on the Status of
context of
Women. She has received the Presidential Medal of
environm
Freedom, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Freedom
assets rath
Greater education and sophistication about
before graduation. First Lady Michele Obama is a
society, social change, as well as the rules of
graduate of the school.
money and power.
•
In his book, To Be Equal, Whitney Young built a case
for the involvement of African Americans in urban
civic life, explaining that it will take access to power
and participation at all community levels to ensure a
•
Recognize levels of African American leadership as
smooth and productive transition of the nation’s
(a) older, successful professional or businessman,
disenfranchised ‘negroes’ to full citizenship and
(b) the confronters and the protesters, (c)
27
Delwin A
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roach:
by the
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A Teaching Guide
productivity. Without money, decent housing and even
strategists, planners and researchers, (d) celebrities
From Want Award and the Spingarn Medal from the
education become unfulfilled, unattainable dreams.
who have the attention of great numbers of people
NAACP. She has also been inducted into the National
and are willing to use that power for causes of
Women’s Hall of Fame and is on the Asante list of 100
import.
Greatest African Americans. In 2004, she was
“We are an integral part of the fabrics of this nation.
frontpage&It
8/25/11
Our blood, sweat and tears have gone into the wars to
save this country and into the business, educational
•
give up what our forefathers helped to develop. Our
nas
destiny is not to identify ourselves as a bloc against
cognize
anyone, but rather to ally ourselves with decent people
Whitney
of good will of every race, color and creed in a
m the
coalition against lack of opportunity.”
currently, at age 96, the Chairperson of the Executive
those you like.
and cultural life that have made it great. We cannot
Angeles
awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Dr. Height is
Have to send your best into negotiations, not just
•
Committee of the Leadership Conference on Civil
Not “either/or” proposition between civil rights
Rights, the largest civil rights organization in the
organizations. It’s “both/and” because we need to
United States. Dr. Height received her BA and MA
leverage all our strengths, resources and
from New York University in 1933, and did
relationships.
postgraduate studies at the New York School of Social
Work. She has received 36 Honorary Doctorate degrees.
ndustries
Social Work Leaders in the Whitney
Young’s advice to other black
lopment
Young Tradition
Delwin M. Anderson, MSW
community leaders of the day:
ule in his
Delwin Anderson received his Bachelor’s Degree in
Every opportunity for acquiring education and
Dr. Dorothy I. Height
1939 and his MSW in 1946 from the University of
technical skills must be utilized.
Dr. Height began her career as a caseworker in the
Minnesota. He joined the Veterans Administration as
New York City welfare department. In 1957, Height
a field social worker in Duluth, Minnesota in 1947.
was named president of the National Council of
He became Director of the Social Work Service in the
Negro Women, a position she held until 1997. During
VA Department of Medicine and Surgery in 1964, a
A diversified approach to civil rights programs is
the height of the civil rights movement, she organized
position he would retain for the next decade, until his
n
required. Both public protest and systems policy
“Wednesday in Mississippi,” which brought together
retirement in 1974.
ents to
making is required to advance.
black and white women from the North and South to
•
urse
this
can be
•
vals
Move beyond comfort zones to take advantage of
new opportunities.
•
ment
•
dership
create a dialogue of understanding. Height also
Under Anderson’s leadership, the Social Work Service
encouraged President Eisenhower to desegregate
participated in the development of opportunities for
schools and President Johnson to appoint African
patients to leave VA psychiatric hospitals and receive
American women to positions in government. Since
services in the community from VA Community
Need to think about levels of leadership are
mid 1960s, Height has served on a number of
Services Units staffed by social workers, public health
required to intelligently deploy forces, establish
committees, including as a consultant on African
nurses, and psychiatrists. Anderson stressed the
roles, choose between tactics and divide the labor.
affairs to the Secretary of State, the President’s
importance of social work’s commitment to the
Committee on the Employment of the Handicapped,
treatment and rehabilitation of the whole person in the
and the President’s Committee on the Status of
context of the individual’s medical and social
Women. She has received the Presidential Medal of
environment. He emphasized using an individual’s
Freedom, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Freedom
assets rather than focusing on their disability.
Greater education and sophistication about
society, social change, as well as the rules of
bama is a
money and power.
•
lt a case
urban
power
nsure a
•
Recognize levels of African American leadership as
on’s
(a) older, successful professional or businessman,
nd
(b) the confronters and the protesters, (c)
27
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
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Anderson placed social service representation within
Commissioner of New York City’s Administration of
influential roles, Dr. King has impacted mental health
Brian Gal
the Veterans Administration policy-making groups
Children’s Services, one of the nation’s largest child
policy, research, and practice on both a statewide and
One mode
where it was possible to consider new ways to preserve
protective services system. In 2006, he was hired to
a national level.
guiding a
family ties and to provide the required resources and
shepherd a new strategic direction for Casey Family
opportunities. Anderson also encouraged the
Programs, one of the most respected human service
Prior to his service in Texas, Dr. Davis was appointed
the reigns
appointment of social workers as consultants and
and philanthropic organizations serving vulnerable
Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health,
many of t
administrations in other programs of the complex
children in the severely challenged U.S. foster care
Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services for
the 1960s
Veterans Administration.
system. Since taking the helm of the organization,
the Commonwealth of Virginia by Governor L.
on commu
Bell has recruited some of the country’s most effective
Douglas Wilder. Previously, he served as its director of
through th
During this time, Anderson was responsible for 2,600
social service directors and administrators to the
community mental health services. Dr. Davis’
organizati
social workers who were employed in 171 hospitals,
organization; established Casey as an essential
academic experience has included service as the
and playe
18 domiciliaries, and 206 out-patient clinics, the
resource for local and state systems interested in
William and Camille Cosby Chair in Social Work at
direction.
largest program of organized social service in the
positive child welfare reform; expanded Casey’s
Howard University and the Libra Chair in Public
shapes his
United States. In fiscal year 1975, over 65,000
legislative presence in the nation’s capital on behalf
Policy at the University of Maine, School of Business.
technolog
veterans were in community care. Hospital beds
of America’s half million foster children; and hosted
He also has served as the John Galt Chair in Public
vision for
assigned to psychiatric in-patient care had been
international dignitaries, such as the Dalai Lama, to
Mental Health at the University of Virginia’s
organizati
reduced by one-half.
promote peace, social justice and human rights.
Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Davis has held academic
addition t
appointments at Washington University in St. Louis,
Doctor of
Virginia Commonwealth University, Eastern Virginia
(Source: M
Medical School and Norfolk State University.
NASW Pr
(Source: NASW NEWS 2008; www.casey.org)
Today, the VA is the country’s largest employer of
professional social workers with over 6,700 employed.
King Davis, PhD, MSW
The VA also is a major placement site for social work
King Davis has made exceptional contributions in the
students. The number of VA stipends to MSW students
field of health and mental health throughout his
has averaged about 600 per year. In the latest budget
professional career, spanning more than three decades.
cycle, $2.9 million was budgeted for stipends for
Since January 2000, Dr. Davis has held the Robert Lee
MSW graduate students, post-master and pre-doctoral
fellowships. www.naswfoundation.org/pioneers/a/anderson_d.htm
Sutherland Chair in Mental Health and Social Policy
at the University of Texas at Austin, School of Social
Work. His research and teaching at the university have
William C. Bell, MSW
focused on public mental health policy, the provision
Another outstanding example of leadership in the
of culturally competent mental health services, health
Whitney Young tradition is William Bell of Casey
care for the mentally ill and disparities in rates of
Family Programs in Seattle, Washington. Like Young,
illness and services for people of color. From
Bell began his college studies thinking that he wanted
2003-2008, Dr. King also served as the Executive
to become a medical doctor. His experience led him to
Director of the Hogg Foundation, which awards
obtain his MSW from Hunter College, where he is
grants and manages programs to improve mental
currently a doctoral candidate. He served as
health research and services in Texas. In these
29
Gallagher
Dr. Davis received his PhD from Brandeis University,
Bernice C
Florence Heller School for Social Policy and
Bernice H
Management, and his MSW from California State
Health Ca
University Fresno, School of Social Work. He has
DC (now
written and published numerous articles and reports
Services).
on mental health, fund raising, managed health care,
health car
and social justice. His book, The Color of Social
practiced
Policy, was published in 2004. He recently served on
and ethica
the Surgeon General’s Workgroup on Mental Health,
even in th
Culture, Race and Ethnicity, and in 2003, helped write
environm
the report on cultural competence for the President’s
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. He has
Dr. Harpe
presented his research findings at conferences and
care progr
workshops throughout the nation.
including
30
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Commissioner of New York City’s Administration of
influential roles, Dr. King has impacted mental health
Brian Gallagher, MBA, BSW
roups
Children’s Services, one of the nation’s largest child
policy, research, and practice on both a statewide and
One modern example of social work leadership
o preserve
protective services system. In 2006, he was hired to
a national level.
guiding a major organizational change is Brian
ces and
shepherd a new strategic direction for Casey Family
within
Gallagher at the United Way. In 2002, he took over
Programs, one of the most respected human service
Prior to his service in Texas, Dr. Davis was appointed
the reigns of a struggling national behemoth and used
and
and philanthropic organizations serving vulnerable
Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health,
many of the lessons learned by Young and others since
plex
children in the severely challenged U.S. foster care
Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services for
the 1960s, to strategically refocus the affiliate network
system. Since taking the helm of the organization,
the Commonwealth of Virginia by Governor L.
on community impact. Like Young, Gallagher came up
Bell has recruited some of the country’s most effective
Douglas Wilder. Previously, he served as its director of
through the local ranks of a large grassroots
or 2,600
social service directors and administrators to the
community mental health services. Dr. Davis’
organization, so he knew the organization’s culture
spitals,
organization; established Casey as an essential
academic experience has included service as the
and players long before attempting to lead it in a new
the
resource for local and state systems interested in
William and Camille Cosby Chair in Social Work at
direction. While he holds an MBA, which no doubt
the
positive child welfare reform; expanded Casey’s
Howard University and the Libra Chair in Public
shapes his thinking about finances, marketing and
0
legislative presence in the nation’s capital on behalf
Policy at the University of Maine, School of Business.
technology, his social work background guides his
eds
of America’s half million foster children; and hosted
He also has served as the John Galt Chair in Public
vision for improved constituent services,
en
international dignitaries, such as the Dalai Lama, to
Mental Health at the University of Virginia’s
organizational development and issue advocacy. In
promote peace, social justice and human rights.
Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Davis has held academic
addition to the BSW and MBA he holds an Honorary
appointments at Washington University in St. Louis,
Doctor of Humanities from Ball State University.
Virginia Commonwealth University, Eastern Virginia
(Source: Managing Non-Profit Organizations,
(Source: NASW NEWS 2008; www.casey.org)
er of
mployed.
King Davis, PhD, MSW
ial work
King Davis has made exceptional contributions in the
W students
field of health and mental health throughout his
budget
professional career, spanning more than three decades.
for
Since January 2000, Dr. Davis has held the Robert Lee
-doctoral
son_d.htm
Sutherland Chair in Mental Health and Social Policy
at the University of Texas at Austin, School of Social
Work. His research and teaching at the university have
focused on public mental health policy, the provision
n the
of culturally competent mental health services, health
asey
care for the mentally ill and disparities in rates of
Young,
illness and services for people of color. From
wanted
2003-2008, Dr. King also served as the Executive
ed him to
Director of the Hogg Foundation, which awards
he is
grants and manages programs to improve mental
health research and services in Texas. In these
29
NASW Press; www.unitedway.org)
Medical School and Norfolk State University.
Dr. Davis received his PhD from Brandeis University,
Bernice Catherine Harper, LLD, MSW, MScPH
Florence Heller School for Social Policy and
Bernice Harper was Medical Care Advisor to the
Management, and his MSW from California State
Health Care Financing Administration in Washington,
University Fresno, School of Social Work. He has
DC (now Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
written and published numerous articles and reports
Services). Her influential career focused on the areas of
on mental health, fund raising, managed health care,
health care and health care policy formulation. She
and social justice. His book, The Color of Social
practiced in varied settings and personified the values
Policy, was published in 2004. He recently served on
and ethical standards of the social work profession
the Surgeon General’s Workgroup on Mental Health,
even in the most difficult and highly charged political
Culture, Race and Ethnicity, and in 2003, helped write
environments.
the report on cultural competence for the President’s
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. He has
Dr. Harper was instrumental in developing long term
presented his research findings at conferences and
care program policies, highlighting continuity-of-care,
workshops throughout the nation.
including community and institutional care, and
30
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide
stressed the importance of psychosocial components.
elected office and to explore ways for direct service
critical needs of families in Chicago and the suburbs.
Senator B
Her insight and commitment to professionals,
workers to help clients increase their political power.
Metropolitan currently operates seven centers in
Barbara M
especially social workers, who are under both personal
Both of these goals are accomplished through
communities with underserved populations.
neighborh
and professional stress as they work with patients in
education and training programs, research and
the final phases of their lives, combined with her
knowledge building activities and service to the
Dr. Jones has led the agency in working with
heartfelt p
perspective, academic, and practice skills with their
community. Through the Institute, Dr. Humphreys has
communities to expand the services so that families
family gro
families, motivated her to produce a definitive
trained hundreds of social workers for work in
and communities are strengthened. In addition, he
buy lunch
publication on death and the special needs for
political campaigns.
partners with foundations and corporations to
professionals to cope with their related stress. The
values of
financially support services so that they are both
Determine
book, Death: The Coping Mechanism of the Health
Long a leader in a women’s issues, Dr. Humphreys was
available and affordable. With a budget of $33
Mikulski
Professional, was widely regarded as an important
appointed by President Jimmy Carter to serve on his
million, Metropolitan serves over 55,000 low income
at-risk chi
contribution to hospice care. The publication was
National Advisory Committee on Women’s Issues.
and working-poor families.
Medicare
revised in 1994.
She co-authored the Human Service chapter of the
communit
Committee’s final report “Voices for Women.” She
Previously, Dr. Jones served as President of the Center
organized
Dr. Harper has worked with multiple government
is active in many women’s organizations and has
for Families and Children in Cleveland, Ohio, and as
16-lane hi
organizations around minority services and activities
presented content and written about a number of
Executive Director of Boston Children’s Services in
neighborh
for professionals as well as other educational needs. In
social service issues from a feminist perspective.
Boston, Massachusetts.
Point and
residentia
1999, She was the first president of the Foundation for
Hospices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under her leadership,
Dr. Humphreys began her professional career in
Dr. Jones received the Leadership in Nonprofit
Mikulski
FHSSA focused on systematically building
California, where she was raised and educated. She
Management Award from Case Western University,
successful
people-to-people, program-to-program partnerships
received her MSW from the University of Southern
and the Outstanding Alumni Award from the Mandel
where she
for significant resource sharing and assistance.
California. Her DSW was awarded by the University
School of Applied Social Sciences. He has served as a
Congress
of California, Los Angeles. In 2002, she was awarded
lecturer on nonprofit management at North Park
district fo
Harper earned her MSW degree from the University of
an Honorary Doctorate in recognition of her
University and in Nicaragua and Kenya.
won, beco
Southern California in 1948 and an MScPh from
“Outstanding Scientific Achievement and Contribution
Harvard University in 1959. She received a LLD
to the University Development” from Yerevan State
Dr. Jones is a past Chair of the Board of Directors for
degree from Faith Grant College in Birmingham,
University, Republic of Armenia. She served NASW as
the Alliance for Children and Families. He currently
president from 1979 until 1981, and in 2003, she
serves as a member of the Donors Forum of the
A leader i
received the NASW “Lifetime Achievement Award.”
Chicago Board of Directors and as Chair of the Board
Women—
of Directors of NASW Assurance Services. He
Senators w
completed his master’s degree and doctorate in Social
builds coa
Work Administration from the Mandel School of
not solo a
Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.
Mikulski’
Alabama. www.naswfoundation.org/pioneers/h/harper.htm
Nancy A. Humphreys, DSW
Nancy Humphreys is the founder and current Director
Richard L. Jones, PhD, MSSA
of the Nancy A. Humphreys Institute for Political
Richard Jones is the President and CEO for
Social Work, at the University of Connecticut School
Metropolitan Family Services in Chicago, Illinois, a
of Social Work. The Institute has two goals: to
position he has held since 1998. He is responsible for
increase the number of social workers who hold
overseeing all programs and operations to meet the
31
elected in
majorities
www.metrofamily.org
provided
United Sta
32
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A Teaching Guide
onents.
elected office and to explore ways for direct service
critical needs of families in Chicago and the suburbs.
Senator Barbara A. Mikulski, MSW
,
workers to help clients increase their political power.
Metropolitan currently operates seven centers in
Barbara Mikulski grew up in the Highlandtown
h personal
Both of these goals are accomplished through
communities with underserved populations.
neighborhood of East Baltimore, where she learned the
ients in
education and training programs, research and
her
knowledge building activities and service to the
Dr. Jones has led the agency in working with
heartfelt patriotism. She often saw her father open the
h their
community. Through the Institute, Dr. Humphreys has
communities to expand the services so that families
family grocery store early so local steelworkers could
e
trained hundreds of social workers for work in
and communities are strengthened. In addition, he
buy lunch before the morning shift.
r
political campaigns.
partners with foundations and corporations to
The
values of hard work, neighbor helping neighbor and
financially support services so that they are both
Determined to make a difference in her community,
Long a leader in a women’s issues, Dr. Humphreys was
available and affordable. With a budget of $33
Mikulski became a social worker in Baltimore, helping
rtant
appointed by President Jimmy Carter to serve on his
million, Metropolitan serves over 55,000 low income
at-risk children and educating seniors about the
was
National Advisory Committee on Women’s Issues.
and working-poor families.
Medicare program. Social work evolved into
Health
She co-authored the Human Service chapter of the
community activism when Mikulski successfully
Committee’s final report “Voices for Women.” She
Previously, Dr. Jones served as President of the Center
organized communities against a plan to build a
ment
is active in many women’s organizations and has
for Families and Children in Cleveland, Ohio, and as
16-lane highway through Baltimore’s Fells Point
ctivities
presented content and written about a number of
Executive Director of Boston Children’s Services in
neighborhood. She helped stop the road, saving Fells
needs. In
social service issues from a feminist perspective.
Boston, Massachusetts.
Point and Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, both thriving
residential and commercial communities today.
dation for
Dr. Humphreys began her professional career in
Dr. Jones received the Leadership in Nonprofit
Mikulski is a trailblazer. Her first election was a
California, where she was raised and educated. She
Management Award from Case Western University,
successful run for Baltimore City Council in 1971,
erships
received her MSW from the University of Southern
and the Outstanding Alumni Award from the Mandel
where she served for five years. In 1976, she ran for
e.
California. Her DSW was awarded by the University
School of Applied Social Sciences. He has served as a
Congress and won, representing Maryland’s 3rd
of California, Los Angeles. In 2002, she was awarded
lecturer on nonprofit management at North Park
district for 10 years. In 1986, she ran for Senate and
versity of
an Honorary Doctorate in recognition of her
University and in Nicaragua and Kenya.
won, becoming the first Democratic woman Senator
rom
“Outstanding Scientific Achievement and Contribution
LD
to the University Development” from Yerevan State
Dr. Jones is a past Chair of the Board of Directors for
am,
University, Republic of Armenia. She served NASW as
the Alliance for Children and Families. He currently
president from 1979 until 1981, and in 2003, she
serves as a member of the Donors Forum of the
A leader in the Senate, Mikulski is the Dean of the
received the NASW “Lifetime Achievement Award.”
Chicago Board of Directors and as Chair of the Board
Women—serving as a mentor to other women
of Directors of NASW Assurance Services. He
Senators when they first take office. As the dean, she
completed his master’s degree and doctorate in Social
builds coalitions—proving that the Senate women are
Work Administration from the Mandel School of
not solo acts, but work together to get things done.
Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.
Mikulski’s experiences as a social worker and activist
adership,
tm
Director
Richard L. Jones, PhD, MSSA
tical
Richard Jones is the President and CEO for
School
Metropolitan Family Services in Chicago, Illinois, a
o
position he has held since 1998. He is responsible for
old
overseeing all programs and operations to meet the
31
elected in her own right. She was re-elected with large
majorities in 1992, 1998 and 2004.
www.metrofamily.org
provided valuable lessons that she draws on as a
United States Senator. She believes her constituents
32
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide
have a right to know, a right to be heard, and a right
Rican and minority communities, including the Ford
Proliferation and Terrorism. She serves on the Board
to be represented. She listens to her constituents and
Foundation, the National Urban Coalition, the Museo
of Directors of Oxfam America and the Board of
makes the personal, political.
del Barrio, the National Association of Social Workers,
Advisors for the Center for a New American Security,
the Council on Social Work Education, and several
and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations
other groups and organizations. Pantoja also helped
and the Aspen Strategy Group. She is also a member
Antonia Pantoja, PhD, MSW
found the National Puerto Rico Forum and Boricua
of the US-India Strategic Dialogue and a regular
Antonia Pantoja was regarded by many in the Puerto
College and was the author of Memoir of a Visionary.
participant of the Australian American Leadership
Rico Latino community as one of the most important
Dr. Pantoja died in May, 2002.
Dialogue. Ambassador Sherman attended Smith
http://mikulski.senate.gov/About/Biography/index.cfm
www.naswfoundation.org/pioneers/p/pantoja.htm
leaders in the United States. She was a charismatic and
visionary leader. In 1997 she received the Presidential
College, and earned a BA from Boston University and
a Master’s in Social Work, from the University of
Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor,
Wendy R. Sherman, MSW
for her work as founder of ASPIRA (which means
Maryland. www.thealbrightgroupllc.com/Who_We_Are.htm
Wendy Sherman has utilized her social work degree to
“aspire” in Spanish), an organization that promotes
provide leadership in the international arena. She is
cultural pride, education, leadership training and
currently a Principal of The Albright Group LLC and
community service for Latino youth.
of Albright Capital Management LLC, an investment
advisory firm focused on emerging markets.
“Peace and respect--these are the values that define the
Ambassador Sherman served as Counselor and chief
work of Antonia Pantoja,” President Clinton said in
troubleshooter for the State Department, as well as
presenting the award. “Her contributions to her
Special Advisor to President Clinton and Policy
people and, therefore, our country are unsurpassed,”
Coordinator on North Korea. She leverages her
he added, calling Pantoja “the most respected and
experience as a senior-level diplomat and her expertise
loved member of the Puerto Rican community.”
in foreign relations to help clients—including
businesses and nongovernmental organizations—
Antonia Pantoja was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in
locate partnership opportunities, gain competitive
1922 and studied at the University of Puerto Rico. She
advantage in the marketplace, and resolve regulatory
later moved to New York City where she received a
and political disputes throughout the world. A
BA in 1952, an MSW in 1958 from Hunter College,
seasoned strategist and organizer, she is skilled at
and a PhD in 1973 from Union Graduate School. She
engaging stakeholders and building broad coalitions.
was on the faculty of the School of Social Work, San
Her diverse client portfolio includes a particular focus
Diego State University and later founded the Graduate
on Asia, the Middle East, and Russia. Ambassador
School of Community Development in San Diego, an
Sherman is a recognized expert on national security
institution that served communities and neighborhoods
issues and serves as a frequent analyst in major news
throughout the nation. She was involved in a variety
outlets. She was appointed by Congressional
of community and professional organizations, all
Leadership to serve on the Commission on the
working toward the goal of building stronger Puerto
Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction
33
34
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nts and
e Puerto
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Rican and minority communities, including the Ford
Proliferation and Terrorism. She serves on the Board
Foundation, the National Urban Coalition, the Museo
of Directors of Oxfam America and the Board of
del Barrio, the National Association of Social Workers,
Advisors for the Center for a New American Security,
the Council on Social Work Education, and several
and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations
other groups and organizations. Pantoja also helped
and the Aspen Strategy Group. She is also a member
found the National Puerto Rico Forum and Boricua
of the US-India Strategic Dialogue and a regular
College and was the author of Memoir of a Visionary.
participant of the Australian American Leadership
Dr. Pantoja died in May, 2002.
Dialogue. Ambassador Sherman attended Smith
www.naswfoundation.org/pioneers/p/pantoja.htm
matic and
8/25/11
sidential
College, and earned a BA from Boston University and
a Master’s in Social Work, from the University of
an honor,
Wendy R. Sherman, MSW
eans
Maryland. www.thealbrightgroupllc.com/Who_We_Are.htm
Wendy Sherman has utilized her social work degree to
omotes
provide leadership in the international arena. She is
and
currently a Principal of The Albright Group LLC and
of Albright Capital Management LLC, an investment
advisory firm focused on emerging markets.
define the
Ambassador Sherman served as Counselor and chief
said in
troubleshooter for the State Department, as well as
her
Special Advisor to President Clinton and Policy
passed,”
Coordinator on North Korea. She leverages her
and
experience as a senior-level diplomat and her expertise
y.”
in foreign relations to help clients—including
businesses and nongovernmental organizations—
o Rico, in
locate partnership opportunities, gain competitive
Rico. She
advantage in the marketplace, and resolve regulatory
ived a
and political disputes throughout the world. A
College,
seasoned strategist and organizer, she is skilled at
ool. She
engaging stakeholders and building broad coalitions.
rk, San
Her diverse client portfolio includes a particular focus
Graduate
on Asia, the Middle East, and Russia. Ambassador
iego, an
Sherman is a recognized expert on national security
borhoods
issues and serves as a frequent analyst in major news
variety
outlets. She was appointed by Congressional
, all
Leadership to serve on the Commission on the
Puerto
Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction
33
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Dickerson
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Bailey, D., & Uhly, K. (2008). Leadership. In
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Drucker, P. F. (2008). The essential Drucker: The best
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Dyche, L. & Zayas, I. (2001). Cross-cultural empathy
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Civic Engagement in America (2000). Cambridge,
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Carlton-LaNey, I. (1999). African American social
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CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Chandler, S. (1985). Mediation: Conjoint problem
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How to Build a Community, published by Syracuse
Cultural Workers (SCW), peace and justice
Community Watch Block Captain’s Handbook, and
publishers.
Community Watch Citizen’s Guide, Crime
Prevention Resources, Inc., 33 North Central
Avenue, Suite 219, Medford, OR, 97501.
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
A Teaching Guide
How to start and maintain a healthy neighborhood
Williams, Rudi. Whitney M. Young, Jr.:Little known
watch program, National Neighborhood Watch
civil rights pioneer. (2002) American Forces Press
Institute, P.O. Box 4208, Santa Fe Springs, CA
Service. New Articles. Retrieved on January 12,
Training Opportunities:
90670-1208.
2009 from www.defenselink.mil/news/
Mediation and Training Alternatives (MATA), 212
newsarticle.aspx?id=43988
Picadilly, London, UK,
Kretzmann, J., & McKnight, J. (1993). Building
Resources
Online
NASW So
www.naswfou
NASW So
www.naswdc.
W13 9HF
Weiss, Nancy J. Whitney M. Young, Jr. and the struggle
communities from the inside out: A path toward
finding and mobilizing a community’s assets.
for civil rights. The Journal of Southern History.
Chicago: ACTA Publications.
Vol. 57. Pg. 556-557.
www.mata.org.uk/
NASW N
Director C
University of San Jose Center for Conflict & Common
www.naswny
Ground, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192
NASW News. (1968-1972). V. 14-17.
Young, W. M., Jr. (1964). To be equal. New York:
www.sjsu.edu/ccg/
McGraw Hill.
Peredo, A. & McLean M. (2006). Social
National
www.nul.org/
American Center for Conflict Resolution (ACCRI),
Entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept.
Young, W. M., Jr. (1969). Beyond racism: Building
an open society. New York: McGraw-Hill
Journal of World Business, 41(1): 56-65.
5247 Wilson Mills Rd,
Richmond Heights, Ohio 44143
United Sta
Murray, J. (2000). Social change, Public policy,
Examples from You Tube:
The Black
and community collaboration: Training human
The Skoll Foundation
Book Company.
www.defense
www.accri.org/index.html
Ralston, P., Lerner, R., Mulles, A., Simerly, C.,
www.black-co
www.youtube.com/skollfoundation
development specialists for the twenty-first century.
Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Notable A
www.harvard
Dorothy Stoneman of “Youthbuild”
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9csx6nNYJQE
Resource Directory of Community Services,
St. Michael’s Lutheran Church, 1660 W.
Encyclope
County Road B, Roseville, MN 55113.
www.bookrag
The Los Angeles Urban League, “We Can Do This”
www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtxClYJdz0M
Biography
http://librar
Web Resources
hero&HeroID
Americorps
www.americorps.org/
Whitney M. Young, Jr., Birthplace Historical Site:
www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/civilrights/ky2.htm
www.socialworkers.org/WhitneyYoung
36
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Williams, Rudi. Whitney M. Young, Jr.:Little known
Watch
civil rights pioneer. (2002) American Forces Press
CA
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Page 37
A Teaching Guide
Resources
NASW Social Work Pioneer® Biography
Service. New Articles. Retrieved on January 12,
Training Opportunities:
2009 from www.defenselink.mil/news/
Mediation and Training Alternatives (MATA), 212
newsarticle.aspx?id=43988
Picadilly, London, UK,
ing
Online Biographies
www.naswfoundation.org/pioneers/y/WYoung.htm
NASW Social Work Centennial Biography
www.naswdc.org/profession/centennial/young.htm
W13 9HF
oward
Weiss, Nancy J. Whitney M. Young, Jr. and the struggle
ts.
www.mata.org.uk/
for civil rights. The Journal of Southern History.
Vol. 57. Pg. 556-557.
NASW New York City Chapter Executive
Director Column
University of San Jose Center for Conflict & Common
www.naswnyc.org/WhitneyYoung.htm
Ground, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192
Young, W. M., Jr. (1964). To be equal. New York:
www.sjsu.edu/ccg/
McGraw Hill.
National Urban League History
www.nul.org/history.html or www.nul.org
American Center for Conflict Resolution (ACCRI),
concept.
Young, W. M., Jr. (1969). Beyond racism: Building
an open society. New York: McGraw-Hill
5247 Wilson Mills Rd,
Richmond Heights, Ohio 44143
United States Department of Defense
olicy,
Examples from You Tube:
The Black Collegian Online
man
The Skoll Foundation
Book Company.
www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=43988
www.accri.org/index.html
,
www.black-collegian.com/issues/35thAnn/young.shtml
www.youtube.com/skollfoundation
t century.
s.
Notable American Unitarians
www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/young.html
Dorothy Stoneman of “Youthbuild”
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9csx6nNYJQE
Encyclopedia of the World Entry
www.bookrags.com/biography/whitney-moore-young-jr/
The Los Angeles Urban League, “We Can Do This”
www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtxClYJdz0M
Biography
http://library.thinkquest.org/C001515/heroism/herodb.php?action=
Web Resources
hero&HeroID=51
Americorps
www.americorps.org/
Whitney M. Young, Jr., Birthplace Historical Site:
www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/civilrights/ky2.htm
www.socialworkers.org/WhitneyYoung
36
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Leadership Lessons from Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Leader to Leader Institute
Organizations
http://leadertoleader.org
Join Together web site with Alcohol and drug
prevention policy by Boston University
www.jointogether.org
United Way of America
www.liveunited.org
A Teaching Guide
Documents and Speeches
March 11
December 10, 1964, Speech of President Johnson
death of W
before the Urban League’s Community Action
Young&st1=
www.presiden
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26755&st=Whitney+
Young&st1=
March 17
Child Welfare League of America
www.cwla.org
Casey Family Programs
www.casey.org
US Department of Housing and Urban Development
www.hud.gov
www.presiden
June 4, 1965: Lyndon Johnson commencement speech,
Howard University, “To Fulfill These Rights”
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp
August 2,
Obama du
Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
www.kauffman.org
US Department of Health and Human Services
www.hhs.gov
Better Together
www.bettertogether.org
The US Government’s official web portal with 50
million official federal, state, and local government
Examples of leadership and
information. 1-800-FED-INFO
mediation training
www.USA.gov
June 18, 1969: Whitney Young interview commenting
Urban Le
on his relationship with President Johnson, including
Young&st1=
www.presiden
the domestic Marshall plan and the war on poverty.
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/YoungW/
young-w.pdf
http://leadershipchallenge.com
Center for the Advancement of Social
www.eeoc.gov/mediate/index.html
Entrepreneurship at Duke University
www.caseatduke.org
www.beyondintractability.org/essay/mediation
Tools for Change catalog at SCW, Box 6367,
Syracuse, NY, 13217, or
http://syracuseculturalworkers.com
Center for Creative Leadership
www.ccl.org/leadership
38
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Leader to Leader Institute
http://leadertoleader.org
United Way of America
www.liveunited.org
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A Teaching Guide
Documents and Speeches
March 11, 1971: Remarks by President Nixon on
December 10, 1964, Speech of President Johnson
death of Whitney Young.
before the Urban League’s Community Action
Young&st1=
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3346&st=Whitney+
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26755&st=Whitney+
Young&st1=
March 17, 1971: Eulogy by President Richard Nixon.
Casey Family Programs
www.casey.org
opment
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2940
June 4, 1965: Lyndon Johnson commencement speech,
Howard University, “To Fulfill These Rights”
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp
August 2, 2008: Remarks by President-Elect Barack
Obama during his campaign – address to the National
Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation
www.kauffman.org
es
Better Together
www.bettertogether.org
h 50
June 18, 1969: Whitney Young interview commenting
Urban League.
on his relationship with President Johnson, including
Young&st1=
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=77758&st=Whitney+
the domestic Marshall plan and the war on poverty.
www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/YoungW/
young-w.pdf
Examples of leadership and
nment
mediation training
http://leadershipchallenge.com
www.eeoc.gov/mediate/index.html
www.beyondintractability.org/essay/mediation
38
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