energy policy research at harvard
February 2016
consortium for energy policy research
mossavar-rahmani center for business & government
harvard kennedy school
weil hall
79 jfk street
cambridge ma 02138
tel: (617) 495-8693 | fax: (617) 495-1635
email: [email protected]
web: www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/cepr/
energy
policy
research
at harvard university
Overview Report
February 2016
About this Report
This Energy Policy Overview Report presents a summary of recent and ongoing
work related to energy policy. The programs and activities included in this report
are independent efforts within the University, not directed or funded by the
Consortium or its funders except where specifically noted.
About the Consortium for Energy Policy Research
The Consortium for Energy Policy Research works in cooperation with the
Harvard University Center for the Environment to promote and support Harvard’s
energy policy research. The goal of the Consortium is to help Harvard University
reach its full potential for research and impact in energy policy by supporting
activities that promote outreach, education, communication and capacitybuilding in the energy policy area.
Shell provides major support for the Consortium for Energy Policy Research
at Harvard through a generous donation. Funding for the Raymond Plank
Professorship of Global Energy Policy has been generously provided by
Raymond Plank and the Apache Corporation.
The Consortium is housed at the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business
and Government in the Harvard Kennedy School.
table of contents
program s & pro jects
5
act iv it ie s by to pic
27
f e llows
49
s e m in ars & lecture series
89
events
97
s e le ct e d pa pers & publica tio ns
12 1
ackn ow ledgements
1 45
phot o cap tio ns
1 52
programs
&
projects
4 energy policy research at harvard
february 2016
5
“
programs & projects
programs & projects
This is an overview of energy and related environmental activities at Harvard
from the Consortium for Energy Policy Research. These programs are
independently directed and largely independently funded. The Consortium
provides partial support for the Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group.
We believe that the
single-largest source of
competitive advantage
and economic oppor-
Based at Harvard Business School, the Business & Environment
Initiative (BEI) seeks to deepen our collective understanding of the
urgent environmental challenges confronting business leaders and to
help them use the tools of business to design effective solutions.
The BEI aspires to help leaders create the economic and political institutions
that will enable firms and societies to thrive while maintaining the physical and
biological systems on which they depend.
tunity for the United
Rebecca Henderson and Forest Reinhardt, Faculty Co-Chairs
States over the next
The Center for Health and the Global Environment
decade or two is likely
to be energy.
The Business and Environment Initiative
”
– Michael E. Porter, Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at
The Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, based at the Harvard
Business School, with David S. Gee and Gregory J. Pope in America’s
Unconventional Energy Opportunity: A Win-Win Plan for the Economy,
the Environment, and a Lower-Carbon, Cleaner-Energy Future. Report
published by Harvard Business School and Boston Consulting Group,
June 2015, p. 14.
The Center for Health and
the Global Environment
works to promote a wider
understanding of the human health consequences of global environmental
change. By focusing on environmental change through the lens of human health,
the Center is able to reach people in concrete, personal terms they can relate
to and understand. The Center is an official Collaborating Center of the U.N.
Environment Program and works alongside many other organizations throughout
the world. The Climate, Health and Energy program, one of four critical areas of
focus at the Center, educates the scientific community, policymakers, industry
representatives, community leaders, and the general public about the human
health dimensions of climate change and energy use in order to foster healthy
solutions for a low carbon future. The Center is based at the Harvard School of
Public Health.
Jack Spengler, Director; Aaron Bernstein, Associate Director
China 2030/2050
This new effort of the Harvard China Project promotes collaborative research
6 energy policy research at harvard
february 2016 7
programs & projects
across disciplines and between Harvard and Chinese institutions on climaterelated challenges, sponsored as the first anchor grant of the newly launched
Harvard Global Institute (HGI) under Harvard President Drew Faust. The program
will include a range of studies spanning atmospheric and climate science, energy
science, economics, environmental health, history, law, and policy. It currently
involves 17 faculty members from five Harvard schools and a similar number of
collaborating professors in China. The new program will include two major field
projects: expansion of an atmospheric measurement station established in 2004
with Tsinghua University, and a household survey of transportation behavior,
air quality, and environmental health valuation in the city of Chengdu involving
Peking University and Nanjing University. Coordinating with the Harvard Center
Shanghai, the HGI’s base in China, it will also include a number of research
symposia held in China and at Harvard, a summer short course for a select
cohort of Harvard and Chinese student participants, and occasional universitywide public lectures.
Michael B. McElroy and Dale W. Jorgenson, Faculty Chairs; Chris P. Nielsen,
Executive Director
Consortium for Energy Policy Research
The Consortium for Energy Policy Research,
based at the Harvard Kennedy School’s MossavarRahmani Center for Business and Government,
works in cooperation with the Harvard University
Center for the Environment to promote and support
Harvard’s energy policy research by supporting activities that promote outreach,
education, communication and capacity-building in the energy policy area.
William Hogan, Faculty Director; Louisa Lund, Program Director
Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic
Harvard Law School’s Emmett Environmental
Law and Policy Clinic offers Harvard Law School
students an opportunity to do real-life and realtime legal and policy work in local, national and international projects covering
a broad spectrum of environmental and energy-related issues, including climate
change mitigation and adaptation, renewable energy, water management,
protection of the Arctic from adverse impacts of offshore oil and gas drilling,
programs & projects
individual exposure to chemicals, and environmental/energy justice. Depending
on the project, students may undertake litigation and advocacy work by drafting
briefs, preparing testimony, conducting research, developing strategy for
regulatory reform and/or litigation, commenting on proposed regulations,
and/or drafting model legislation. The Clinic does much of its work on behalf of
government and public interest clients or in partnership with public interest
entities. The Clinic offers students a multi-disciplinary experience and welcomes
students from other Harvard schools (and MIT) to cross-register.
During 2014-2015, the Clinic has continued its unique work assisting
Massachusetts municipalities with their efforts to adapt to climate change,
including the drafting of policies and regulations and providing legal support
for innovative energy solutions (i.e., microgrids). The Clinic submitted several
briefs in significant cases involving cutting edge questions about energy and
environmental policies, including two amicus briefs filed in the U.S. Supreme
Court - one on behalf of a nonprofit organization defending EPA’s regulations
limiting mercury emissions from power plants (State of Michigan v. Environmental Protection Agency), and another on the benefits of enabling demand
response resources in wholesale energy markets (FERC et al. v. Electric Power
Supply Association). The Clinic wrote a brief to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the First Circuit on behalf of the National Trust for Historic Preservation regarding
protection of a dam in the Lowell National Historical Park and two briefs in the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court regarding the environmental justice
and water management implications of a proposed power plant. In addition,
the Clinic provided advice to several non-profit organizations involved in
administrative proceedings concerning proposed gas pipelines and electric
transmission lines, and drafted comments on administrative proposals
for revamping New York State’s electric power distribution system, the
transportation of crude oil by rail, and offshore oil drilling in the Arctic.
The Clinic also produced a variety of innovative materials to assist religious
institutions, children and adults to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
These materials have been distributed broadly to schools, Registries of
Motor Vehicles, and news media. The Clinic updated its popular Landowner’s
Guide to Hydraulic Fracturing.
Wendy B. Jacobs, Director
The Energy History Project
The project on the global history of energy is based at Harvard’s Joint Center for
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february 2016 9
programs & projects
History and Economics and at the MIT Research Group on
History, Energy, and Environment. The project explores
how the historical study of energy use and transformation
can widen perspectives on economic, social, and environmental processes in
the past. It also serves as a forum for the historical discussion of energy in all its
forms in a global and comparative context, and supports a series of workshops,
lectures, and events.
The Energy History Project website provides a hub for information on energy
history. It archives the data assembled by the ‘Long-term energy and growth’
project that has worked to reconstruct historical energy consumption in Europe
in a consistent manner, and that provides the evidential underpinning linked to
the volume Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the last five centuries.
Harvard faculty participants Sunil Amrath, Richard Hornbeck, Ian Miller, and
Emma Rothschild
programs & projects
Environment and Natural Resources Program
The Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs’ Environment and Natural Resources
Program (ENRP) is at the center of the Harvard Kennedy School’s research and
outreach on public policy that affects global environmental quality and natural
resource management. ENRP’s energy policy work includes its ongoing role in
the joint oversight of the Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group,
the Geopolitics of Energy Project, and the Sustainable Energy in the European
Union and Sustainable Development of the Energy Sector in China initiatives.
ENRP’s outreach activities include a discussion paper series; special events such
as seminars, workshops, and films; and robust student support programs.
Henry Lee, Director; William Clark, Faculty Chair; Amanda Sardonis, Assistant
Director
Environmental Policy Initiative
Energy Technology Innovation Policy Research Group
The Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs’ Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group (ETIP) identifies and promotes the adoption of effective
strategies for developing and deploying cleaner and more efficient energy
technologies, primarily in three of the biggest energy-consuming nations in the
world: the United States, China, and India. ETIP researchers seek to identify
strategies that these countries can pursue, separately and collaboratively, to
accelerate the development and deployment of advanced energy options
that reduce conventional air pollution, minimize future greenhouse gas
emissions, ease dependence on oil, alleviate poverty, and promote economic
development. ETIP staff and fellows research a range of topics, including the
role of the government in enabling the commercialization of capital-intensive
energy technologies, the future of transportation and strategies for limiting
transport emissions, the importance of integrating energy and water planning,
and the cost of wind power in China.
Laura Diaz-Anadon, Henry Lee, and Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Co-Principal
Investigators
10 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy
Initiative provides real-time, real-world legal
analysis on today’s most pressing energy and
environmental issues. Policy Initiative researchers share this analysis through
policy-relevant presentations and papers, to reach a broad audience and to move
discussion forward. The Environmental Policy Initiative (EPI) works closely with
Harvard Environmental Law Program faculty and the Emmett Environmental Law
& Policy Clinic, and develops strategic partnerships with other experts to design,
implement, and disseminate cutting-edge legal research. EPI is focused in three
energy issue areas: the constitutional analysis of state energy policies, regulatory development for shale gas, and greenhouse gas regulation of the power
sector under the Clean Air Act.
Kate Konschnik, Director
The Geopolitics of Energy Project
The Geopolitics of Energy Project, based in
the Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, explores the intersection of energy,
security, and international politics. The Project aims to improve our understanding of how energy demand and supply shape international politics–
and vice versa. It also endeavors to inform policymakers and students about
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major challenges to global energy security and, where possible, to propose new
ways of thinking about and addressing these issues. The Project focuses on both
conventional and alternative energies, as both will influence and be influenced
by geopolitical realities.
Meghan O’Sullivan, Director
Governance Innovations for Sustainable Development: Building
Public-Private Partnerships in India
Under the direction of Rohini Pande, the
Sustainability Science Program Governance
Innovation for Sustainable Development team
uses rigorous field studies to examine how public-private partnerships can
enable smart policy design and raise efficiency and compliance with
environmental standards. It explores ways to reduce emissions at low cost
using market-based mechanisms, such as adjusting the incentives of
environmental auditors, increasing transparency, designing technologies
to feed emissions readings directly to regulators, and designing emission
trading systems. The team’s pilot project, designed to produce more accurate
audit reports and lower pollution emissions, demonstrated that that it is having
a real impact when Gujarat’s Pollution Control Authority approved environmental
audit reforms in January 2015. The team’s highly cited article in Economic and
Political Weekly (listed in the Publications section, below, under first author
Pande) estimates that 660 million people, over half of India’s population, live in
areas that exceed air quality standards for fine particulate pollution; argues that
reducing pollution in these areas to achieve the standard would increase life
expectancy for these Indians by 3.2 years on average for a total of 2.1 billion life
years; and outlines directions for environmental policy to begin achieving these
gains. In July 2014 the team organized the policy dialogue, “Economic Growth
and Environmental Protection through Evidence-based Policy,” an event held
in Delhi that featured ongoing partnerships with India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests, the Central Pollution Control Board, and three State Pollution
Control Boards.
Rohini Pande Initiative Leader
Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities
The Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities
(CGBC) is dedicated to research that drives the
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development of new design strategies for sustainable building and planning.
Through long-term multi-disciplinary research, the CGBC addresses the global
environmental challenge of climate change by focusing on buildings, which
account for the vast majority of energy use and carbon pollution throughout the
world. The CGBC’s goal is to transform the building industry by developing new
processes, systems, and products that lead to more sustainable, high-performance buildings and an enhanced way of life for people in the built environment.
Established at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design (GSD), the
CGBC draws on the extensive resources of the university, engaging prominent
thinkers and practitioners from the fields of architecture, design, engineering,
landscape, and urban planning, as well as economics, business, public health,
and law.
Ali Malkawi, Founding Director; Richard Freeman, Founding Co-Director
Harvard Center for Risk Analysis
The Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (HCRA), based
at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, is
a multidisciplinary group of faculty, research staff,
students, and visiting scholars who work together to improve decisions about
environmental health. HCRA’s work draws on diverse disciplines, including epidemiology, toxicology, environmental science and engineering, decision theory,
cognitive psychology, applied mathematics, statistics, and economics. Areas of
practical application related to energy policy include the analysis of risks from
air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone and mercury.
James Hammitt and Joel Schwartz, Directors
Harvard China Project
The interdisciplinary Harvard China Project, based in the School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), conducts peer-reviewed research
on China’s economy, energy, atmospheric environment (both air pollution
and greenhouse gases), and environmental health. The Project pursues two
collaborative mandates: crossing disciplines and schools at Harvard and
integrating Harvard-based research efforts with work by affiliates at Chinese
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universities. It has built up research capacities in a range of fields: atmospheric
transport and chemistry modeling; atmospheric measurement at a station near
Beijing operated jointly with Tsinghua University; bottom-up assessment of air
pollution and GHG emissions; investigation of renewable and low-carbon power
potentials, including grid integration; general equilibrium modeling of China’s
economy and energy use; modeling health impacts of pollution exposures;
analyses of urban transport, land use, and environment; and integrated
assessment of costs and benefits of national policies to control emissions
of air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Michael B. McElroy, Chair; Chris P. Nielsen, Executive Director; Dale W. Jorgenson,
Mun S. Ho, Xi Lu, J. William Munger, John Evans, James K. Hammitt, and Xinyu
Chen, Harvard-based lead investigators of current studies. Other elements are
led by researchers at Chinese universities funded by the Project.
Harvard Electricity Policy Group
The Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business
and Government’s Harvard Electricity Policy
Group (HEPG) provides a forum for the
analysis and discussion of important policy issues facing the electricity industry.
Founded in 1993, its objectives are to study, analyze and engage discourse
on the problems associated with the transition from monopoly to a more
competitive electricity market. With the involvement of scholars, market
participants, regulators, policymakers, and advocates for various positions
and interests, HEPG seeks to foster more informed, highly focused open
debate in order to contribute to the wider public policy agenda affecting the
electric sector. Through research, information dissemination, and regular
seminars, HEPG facilitates discussion that leads to the development of new
ideas or an expansion of the debate. Participants include electricity industry
executives from public power and investor-owned utilities, independent
power producers, consumer advocates, regulators, energy officials from
both state and federal governments, representatives of the environmental and
financial communities, and academics.
William Hogan, Research Director; Ashley Brown, Executive Director; Jo-Ann
Mahoney, Program Director
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Harvard Environmental Economics Program
The Harvard Environmental Economics Program (HEEP) is a
University-wide initiative that develops innovative answers to
Harvard Environmental
Economics Program
today’s complex environmental issues by providing
a venue to bring together faculty and graduate students from across Harvard
engaged in research, teaching, and outreach in environmental, natural resource,
and energy economics and related public policy. HEEP is based in the MossavarRahmani Center for Business and Government at the Harvard Kennedy School.
The Program sponsors research projects, convenes workshops, and supports
graduate education to further understanding of critical issues in environmental,
natural resource, and energy economics and policy around the world. HEEP’s 32
Faculty Fellows are economists in six Harvard schools who focus in whole or in
part on environmental issues. HEEP regularly releases Discussion Papers—
almost all of which are authored by Faculty Fellows—that are available on its
web site. HEEP has 28 Pre-Doctoral Fellows in 2015-2016. HEEP Pre-Doctoral
Fellows conduct a weekly luncheon at which they present their own recent
research. Since the mid-1990s, Robert Stavins of Harvard Kennedy School and
Martin Weitzman of the Department of Economics have led a separate, open
seminar on environmental economics on Wednesday afternoons, hosting
distinguished guest speakers.
HEEP
Robert Stavins, Director; Robert Stowe, Executive Director
Harvard Graduate Consortium on Energy and Environment
Founded in 2009 by the Harvard University Center
for the Environment, the Harvard Graduate
Consortium on Energy and Environment was
developed to foster a new community of doctoral
students who will be well versed in the broad, interconnected issues of energy
and environment while maintaining their focus in their primary discipline.
Current Harvard PhD, ScD, or DDes students may apply to the program.
Once admitted to the Consortium, students are required to take three courses
designed to provide them with an introduction to critical aspects of energy
issues and to participate in a weekly reading seminar that provides an overview
of the energy field from a wide range of perspectives. Through debate and
dialogue in coursework and seminars, students will be able to identify the
obstacles, highlight the opportunities, and define the discussion of an energy
strategy for the 21st century and beyond. Currently there are approximately
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programs & projects
programs & projects
50 students from five schools enrolled in the Graduate Consortium.
Innovation and Access to Technologies for Sustainable Development
Michael Aziz, Faculty Coordinator; Eric Simms, Educational Programs Manager
With leadership from William Clark and Laura
Diaz Anadon and an international team of
collaborators, this initiative seeks to advance
knowledge and understanding of how to equitably improve the functioning
of the “global innovation system” for sustainable development technologies.
To this end, researchers carried out 18 case studies of how the current system
functions to meet five sustainable development needs (food, energy, health,
manufactured goods, and water). Based on these studies, the Initiative is
developing assessments of the efficacy of various “system interventions”
(e.g., policy interventions, institutional innovations, new approaches to
shaping the innovation process) intended to strengthen the global innovation
system. The broader aim is to shape practical policy recommendations that
draw from, and are generalizable across, multiple sectors. Preliminary results
of the Initiative had been summarized in a working paper. Journal papers
reporting final results are now being prepared focused on the following
topics (1) the role of transnational actors, (2) a more comprehensive model of
innovation, (3) the role of socio-technical characteristics, and (4) concrete
implications for the role of policy to reorient innovation systems to contribute
to sustainable development. A policy workshop presenting the Initiative’s
findings is scheduled for the spring of 2016.
Harvard Project on Climate Agreements
The goal of the Harvard Project on Climate
Agreements is to help identify and advance
scientifically sound, economically rational, and politically pragmatic public
policy options for addressing global climate change. Drawing upon leading
thinkers in Argentina, Australia, China, Europe, India, Japan, and the United
States, the Project conducts research on policy architecture, key design elements, and institutional dimensions of domestic climate policy and a post-2015
international climate policy regime. This research is presented in 80 Discussion
Papers (as of November 2015) and numerous other publications available on the
Project’s web site. The Project is based jointly in the Belfer Center for Science
and International Affairs and the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and
Government at Harvard Kennedy School.
Robert Stavins, Director; Robert Stowe, Manager
Harvard University Center for the Environment
By connecting scholars and practitioners from
different disciplines, the Harvard University Center
for the Environment (HUCE) seeks to raise the
quality of environmental research and education
at Harvard while fostering linkages and partnerships amongst different parts
of the University as well as between the University and the outside world. With
250 faculty associates, the Center has one of the largest and most varied faculty
communities on campus. The Center’s ongoing programs support innovative
faculty and post-doctoral research, provide research opportunities (independent
and with faculty) and course offerings for undergraduates, bring compelling
visiting scholars and lecturers to campus, and connect faculty and students
from across the University through sponsored events.
Daniel Schrag, Director (through 2015); Daniel Schrag and Peter Huybers,
Co-directors (beginning January 2016); James Clem, Managing Director
William Clark, Initiative Leader; Laura Diaz Anadon, Kira Matus, and Suerie
Moon, Co-Directors
Program on Science, Technology, & Society
Science and technology permeate every aspect of our lives,
from the most private decisions about reproduction and medical
treatment to the most public choices concerning risk, development, security, and the quality and sustainability of the human environment.
Virtually every dilemma that confronts people and governments in contemporary
societies demands significant engagement with science and technology.
The Program on Science, Technology & Society at the Harvard Kennedy
School provides unique resources for coping with the resulting challenges for
scientific and technological innovation, civil liberties, informed citizenship,
and democratic government.
Sheila Jasanoff, Director
16 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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Project on Managing the Atom
The Project on Managing the Atom (MTA),
based in the Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, brings together scholars
and practitioners who conduct policy-relevant research on key issues affecting
the future of nuclear weapons, the nuclear proliferation regime, and nuclear
energy. A major focus of MTA research and policy engagement is how nuclear
energy could be made as cheap, safe, secure, and proliferation-resistant as
possible—and how the problem of radioactive waste can be successfully
addressed. The Project communicates its findings through publications and
through direct testimony and briefings for policymakers. The Project sponsors
an interdisciplinary, international group of resident fellows and a weekly
research seminar.
Matthew Bunn, Henry Lee, and Steven Miller, Co-Principal Investigators; Martin
Malin, Executive Director
Regulatory Policy Program
The Regulatory Policy Program (RPP) serves
as a catalyst and clearinghouse for the study
of regulation across Harvard University. The
program’s objectives are to cross-pollinate research, spark new lines of inquiry,
and increase the connection between theory and practice. Through seminars,
symposia, and working papers, RPP explores themes that cut across regulation
in its various domains: market failures and the public policy case for government
regulation, the efficacy and efficiency of various regulatory instruments, and the
most effective ways to foster transparent and participatory regulatory processes.
Joseph Aldy, Faculty Chair; Jennifer Nash, Executive Director
Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program
The Science, Technology, and Public Policy
Program (STPP) is a research, teaching,
and outreach program of the Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. Solutions to many of the world’s most
challenging problems involve complex scientific and technological issues.
Good policy making in these areas requires access to the frontier of scientific
knowledge, not simply to translate scientific information, but to bring an
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appreciation for the potential and the limitations of scientific understanding,
blending scientific insights with those from other relevant disciplines
including economics and politics. From the nuclear negotiations with Iran
to privacy concerns about big data, current events remind us how scientific
knowledge has become essential to good policy making, whether at local,
national, or international scales.
Bringing science and technology into the design of public policy has been the
tradition and the objective of the Program on Science, Technology, and Public
Policy (STPP) at Harvard Kennedy School for nearly four decades. Founded
by the late Harvey Brooks, STPP has earned an international reputation for
integrating scientific expertise with practical experience in politics and policy.
Past leaders of the program, including John Holdren, science advisor to
President Obama, and Venkatesh Narayanamurti, former dean of the School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, have developed research groups focused
on critical issues of national security, energy, and climate, including nuclear
proliferation and energy technology innovation. Under the new direction of Dan
Schrag, STPP continues to contribute to the unique role that Harvard Kennedy
School plays in the broader university, “training public leaders, and generating
ideas that provide solutions to our most challenging public problems.”
Daniel Schrag, Director
Sustainability Science Program
The Sustainability Science Program, based at
the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and
Government in the Harvard Kennedy School,
promotes the design of institutions, policies, and practices that support
sustainable development. It does so by advancing scientific understanding
of human-environment systems, improving connections between research and
policy communities, and building capacity for linking knowledge with action to
promote sustainability. The Program’s approach is multidisciplinary, engaging
people from the natural, social, medical and engineering sciences, and from
practical field experience in business, government, and civil society.
William Clark, Nancy Dickson, Henry Lee, Michael Kremer, C0-Directors
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Sustainable Development of the Amazon and its Surrounding Regions:
The Interplay of Changing Climate, Hydrology, and Land Use
Under the direction of Paul Moorcroft, in the
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
Biology, this Sustainability Science Program
team is studying the long-term sustainability of the Amazon’s water cycle and
hydropower development in the context of global climate change and agricultural expansion in the region. The team is looking at the implications of these
two agents of environmental change for planning hydropower development in
the Tapajos River Basin, a region where many dams are being planned as part
of the Brazilian Energy Expansion Plan. If seasonal water levels decline, as the
team has forecast, electricity producers will need to draw power from coal-fired
power plants rather than hydropower, causing higher greenhouse gas emissions
than are forecast. The team held a workshop in November 2015 in Brasilia where
they presented and discussed the implications of the research on hydropower
development and agricultural expansion. The workshop was hosted by the
Ministry of Environment and included participants from Brazilian regulatory
agencies (the National Water Agency, National Electricity Agency, and the
Ministry of the Environment), The World Bank, and The Nature Conservancy.
Paul Moorcroft, Initiative Leader
Sustainable Development of the Energy Sector in China
Under the direction of Henry Lee, this
Sustainability Science Program initiative is
addressing the environmental implications
of energy policies in China and the challenges posed by energy initiatives
for environmental policy. Research is focused on the electric, transport,
and industrial sectors, and analysis of the economic and administrative
impacts of policies and technologies, including cap and trade, alternative
fueled vehicles, investment incentives, renewable energy options, promotion
of carbon capture and sequestration, and clean energy technology
development and deployment. The team’s publications include an article
on how regional targets and improved market mechanisms could allow
China’s carbon dioxide emissions to peak by 2030 (in Nature 2015, first author,
Liu, “Climate Policy: Steps to China’s Carbon Peak”) and an article on the
water-carbon trade-off of China’s coal power industry (in Environment,
Science and Technology 2014, first author, Zhang, “The Water-Carbon
20 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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Trade-off of China’s Coal Power Industry.”) A workshop was convened with
colleagues at Tsinghua University in Beijing in June 2015 to discuss government
investments in energy R&D, the impact of policy on private sector innovation in
energy, and the management of publicly funded R&D organizations. Plans are
underway to hold a follow up event in spring 2016.
Henry Lee, Initiative Leader
The Water-Energy Nexus
ETIP researchers are pursuing research related
to the complex interactions between water and
energy, focusing on the Middle East, China, and the United States. In the United
States, research has examined the interaction of water and energy in renewable
fuels, oil sands, and shale gas production. Research on the Middle East focuses
on country-specific studies of decisions related to water distribution along with
opportunities for increasing the availability of fresh water. For example, in 2014,
researchers found that future water availability in arid regions may be assessed
by considering key projects that have been identified or planned by regional
experts. Work related to China has focused on water allocation case studies
and on developing frameworks for understanding regional constraints on water
resource availability for use in the energy and industrial sectors and for the
potential future development of renewable energy in China. In 2014, the group
examined the development of water markets as a solution to water scarcity in
China, with particular focus on Water Rights Trading (WRT). Another project
examined hydropolitics in large dam construction, water resource allocation,
and downstream water pollution.
Laura Diaz Anadon, Faculty Chair
Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure
The mission of the Zofnass Program for
Sustainable Infrastructure, housed at the
Graduate School of Design, is to research, develop and promote methods,
processes, and tools that define and quantify sustainability for cities and
infrastructures. The Zofnass Program conducts research on the infrastructure
sectors of energy, water, waste, transportation, landscape, and information.
The program approaches infrastructure as a systemic interrelationship of
networks where both individual infrastructure systems and the synergies
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 21
programs & projects
programs & projects
between them are analyzed to achieve a holistic approach to sustainability.
Current work includes the Infrastructure 360 Awards, the first voluntary
recognition, analysis and benchmarking program for infrastructure sustainability
in Latin America, in collaboration with the Inter-American Development Bank;
the Zofnass Economic Process Tool, a platform that offers a fast and easy way
to understand and quantify sustainability externalities in infrastructure
projects; the Zofnass Planning Guidelines for contemporary city planning
practice; and research on urban water management through the Next
Generation Infrastructure for Sustainable Environments project. In the past,
the Zofnass Program, in collaboration with the Institute for Sustainable
Infrastructure, has developed the Envision™ rating system for gauging
infrastructure sustainability.
Spiro N. Pollalis, Program Director; Andreas Georgoulias, Research Director
22 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 23
research snapshot
research snapshot
Low-carbon Leapfrogging and
Globalization: How China
Developed Its Solar PV Industry
Understanding the “increasingly global” nature of technology innovation is
key to explaining China’s success in developing its solar PV industry, argued
postdoctoral researcher Christian Binz in the Harvard Kennedy School’s
Energy Policy Seminar on Monday, April 27, 2015.
Binz focused on understanding China’s rapid takeover of the global solar
PV industry, drawing on interviews with key players in China’s major solar
companies. China attained a dominant position in the market after
overcoming early competition from the United States, Germany, and Japan.
This competitive success is often attributed to factors such as government
support, “dumping,” and copy-catting, or to low Chinese labor costs. Binz,
however, argued that we should be skeptical of all of these explanations.
Government support was not notably present until the industry was already
taking off in China, Binz argued; the Chinese solar industry has (some of
the time) been profitable on its own merits; technical know-how has been
largely provided by native Chinese researchers who have acquired the
relevant technological expertise through post-graduate work abroad; and
low labor costs have relatively little impact in the solar industry, because
costs are dominated by capital expenditures, not labor.
necessary elements, not all of which must be located in China:
technological knowledge acquired abroad; German market demand
(supported by generous feed-in tariffs); international financial investment;
industry legitimacy provided by compliance with international quality
standards; and China’s hospitable regulatory environment for new hightech companies.
Given that most of these global resources would have been equally available
to China’s competitors, Binz then focused on two elements to explain why
China came out as the dominant force in solar PV module manufacturing.
Although access to global resources was necessary, Binz argued, the key
elements determining why China outpaced competing countries in
developing its solar PV industry were its unique pool of managers with
overseas experience (70% of the management in the early Chinese solar
PV companies had master’s degree from abroad) and the ease of building
new production lines in China, where permissive regulations combine
with abundant knowledge on the quick upscaling of industrial processes
to reap economies of scale in mass production.
Binz spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Binz argued that we should think about China’s solar PV industry as
the product of “global entrepreneurs,” bringing together an array of
24 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Photo by Paul Sherman. Text by Louisa Lund.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 25
activities
by
topic
26 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
february 2016
27
“
activities by topic
activities by topic
Biofuels
…my fundamental assessment
of the Paris climate talks
is that they were a great
success. …The Paris Agreement
provides an important new
foundation for meaningful
progress on climate change,
and represents a dramatic
climate negotiations.
”
– Robert N. Stavins, Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government at
the Harvard Kennedy School, in Paris Agreement – A Good Foundation for
Meaningful Progress. Blog post, December 12, 2015 (http://www.robertstavinsblog.org).
28 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
> Harvard economics professor James Stock continued to publish work on the
Renewable Fuel Standard, including the NBER working paper (co-authored
with Christopher Knittel and Ben Meiselman) “The Pass-Through of RIN Prices
to Wholesale and Retail Fuels under the Renewable Fuel Standard,” which
examined how well the costs and benefits of the tradeable compliance permit
system for renewable fuels are passed on to consumers, and two policy analysis
papers on the Renewable Fuel Standard (“The Renewable Fuel Standard: A Path
Forward” and “Administering the Cellulosic Requirements under the Renewable
Fuel Standard with Increasing and Uncertain Supply.”)
China
departure from the past
20 years of international
> The Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group continued its work
on second-generation biofuels by hosting a second workshop on the topic in
Dearborn, MI, on April 7th and 8th, 2015. The workshop brought together 28 of
the world’s leading experts from the fields of policy, science, and business for
an intensive two-day session. A report on the session, The Future of Low-Carbon
Road Transport: What Role for Second-Generation Biofuels? summarized the
range of the discussion, which covered topics including competitiveness
challenges, optionality value, and supply chain issues.
> Harvard President Drew Faust announced the selection of the Harvard China
Project to receive the first anchor grant of the newly established Harvard Global
Institute. This major award, at $1.25 million annually for 3 years with an
option for renewal, will support collaborative research across disciplines and
between Harvard and Chinese institutions on climate-related challenges.
Led by Professors Michael B. McElroy and Dale W. Jorgenson and managed by
Project executive director Chris P. Nielsen, the new program, China 2030/2050,
includes a range of studies spanning atmospheric and climate science, energy
science, economics, environmental health, history, law, and policy. It involves
17 faculty members from 5 Harvard schools and a similar number of collaborating professors in China.
> A new program, the China Environmental Sustainability Fellows program,
was established jointly by the Environment and Natural Resources Program
and the Ash Center at the Harvard Kennedy School to support semester-long
visits to HKS by practitioners who are working in the Chinese government at the
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 29
activities by topic
central, provincial, or local level or in the private sector. The first Program
Fellow, Dongsheng Wu, Director of the Department of Climate Change at the
Shanxi Provincial Development and Reform Commission, spent the spring
semester of 2015 at HKS.
> In June 2015, Tsinghua University and the ETIP/Sustainable Development of
the Energy Sector in China initiative hosted a joint workshop on “Energy Technology Innovation on the Backdrop of the US/China Emissions Deal.” Discussion
focused on “how recent scholarly work and international experiences can inform
China’s efforts to develop and deploy low-carbon energy technologies, which
are widely recognized as a key ingredient to meet and exceed the targets of the
November 2014 announcement to reduce emissions by Presidents Xi Jinping and
Barack Obama.” Plans are underway for a follow-up event in the spring of 2016.
> ETIP Associate Zhu Liu’s “China’s Carbon Emissions Report,” published in May,
2015, showed that the magnitude and growing annual rate of growth of China’s
carbon emissions make it the major driver of global carbon emissions and thus
an essential partner in efforts to mitigate emissions.
> The Sustainability Science Program’s Sustainable Development of the
Energy Sector in China Initiative published an article on how regional targets
and improved market mechanisms could allow China’s carbon dioxide emissions
to peak by 2030 (Nature 2015, first author, Liu, “Climate Policy: Steps to China’s
Carbon Peak.”)
> The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements co-organized a workshop on
China-U.S. collaboration on climate-change policy on June 25–26, 2015, in
Beijing. The workshop was hosted and co-organized by the National Center
for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, a research institute
within China’s National Development and Reform Commission. The workshop
focused on formulating carbon-reduction targets leading up to the Paris
COP, on possibilities for US-China collaboration related to the design and
implementation of cap and trade systems, and on possible trade impacts
of new climate policies.
> Harvard China Project researchers continued their work on issues related
to integrating renewable energy and storage into the grid in China. Articles
published and/or submitted for publication include an analysis of how electric
boilers and pumped hydro storage might help reduce the need to curtail wind
30 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
electricity (first author, Zhang, published in Applied Energy), a comparative
review of challenges faced by wind energy in the US and China (first author,
Lu, submitted to Nature Energy), and a review of the potential for plug-in
electric vehicles to play a role in reducing emissions in China (first author,
Chen, submitted to Environmental Science & Technology).
> Research by the Harvard China Project continued to include a focus on the
analysis of air pollution in China. Papers completed in 2015 include an analysis
of carbonaceous aerosol pollution (primarily produced by burning solid fuels,
this is a form of pollution which plays a key role in “severe haze events”). The
analysis, published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (first author, Cui),
combines emissions inventories with ground observations to examine trends
in this emissions category. Other work focused on refining techniques for
estimating emissions at the city level, pioneering new data-collection
approaches to improve the understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution
of emissions, which allows for a better assessment of the impact of new
regulations (see first author Zhao, “Advantages of city-scale emission
inventory for urban air quality research and policy.”)
> Other findings from Harvard China Project research pointed to the central
importance of population growth in driving trends in energy consumption
and air pollution growth (see first author Zhang, “A dual strategy for
controlling energy consumption and air pollution in China’s metropolis of
Beijing”), a finding which connects to other Harvard China Project research
focused on developing a better understanding of the forces driving population
growth and distribution (see first author Deng, “Urban land use change and
regional access: A case study in Beijing, China,” and “Spatial pattern and
evolution of Chinese provincial population: Methods and empirical study.”)
Climate policy
> Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon: Harvard researchers weighed in on
discussions about how best to think about the social cost of carbon, including
elements related to risk mitigation (see Aldy, “Pricing Climate Risk Mitigation.”)
Methodological work addressed how, if at all, integrated assessment models
should be used in calculating a social cost of carbon, with work by Gilbert
Metcalf (of Tufts) and Jim Stock (of Harvard) arguing for the usefulness of IAMs
as a tool, though one that needs to be continually updated (see Metcalf and
Stock, The Role of Integrated Assessment Models in Climate Policy: A User’s
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 31
activities by topic
Guide and Assessment) and with Joe Aldy and his co-authors suggesting
possible ways to institutionalize ongoing review and updating of the social cost
of carbon (see Aldy et al, “Using and Improving the Social Cost of Carbon.”)
> Allocating international obligations and monitoring compliance: In the runup to the Paris conference, Joe Aldy conducted significant work on how to
allocate and exchange carbon reduction obligations, approaches to monitoring
compliance with commitments, and potential competitiveness impacts of
climate policies. (See, for example, Aldy, “Evaluating Mitigation Effort: Tools
and Institutions for Assessing Nationally Determined Contributions;” Aldy,
“Policy Surveillance in the G-20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Agreement: Lessons for
Climate Policy;” and Aldy and Pizer, “The Competitiveness Impacts of Climate
Change Mitigation Policies.”)
> The IPCC: Harvard Project for Climate Agreements Director Robert Stavins
continued his engagement with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), co-authoring contributions to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report and its
accompanying “Summary for Policymakers.” In addition, Stavins continued to
contribute to the discussion he helped to begin in 2014 on how the IPCC process
might be improved (see Carraro et al., “The IPCC at a Crossroads,” and Chan et
al., “Reforming the IPCC’s Assessment of Climate Change Economics.”)
> Climate policy co-benefits: In the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements
Discussion Papers series, researchers examined potential co-benefits of
climate policies, including the potential economic co-benefits of a carbon tax
(see Franks et al, “Why Finance Ministers Favor Carbon Taxes, Even if They Do
Not Take Climate Change into Account”) and an examination of the role of
air-pollution-reduction benefits in the economics of carbon pricing (see Parry
et al., “How Much Carbon Pricing is in Countries’ Own Interests? The Critical
Role of Co-Benefits.”)
> International carbon trading/linkages: A significant research theme had to do
with international linkages among national carbon trading systems, including
how linkage might be implemented under the new Paris regime, characterized
by highly heterogeneous mitigation commitments from national governments.
(See, for example, Bodansky et al, “Facilitating Linkage of Climate Policies
through the Paris Outcome,” Ranson and Stavins, “Linkage of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions Trading Systems: Learning from Experience,” Schmalensee and
Stavins, “Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Experience with Cap-and32 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
Trade,” Stavins, “Linkage of Regional, National, and Sub-National Policies in
a Future International Climate Agreement,” and Weitzman, “InternationallyTradable Permits Can be Riskier for a Country than an Internally-Imposed
Carbon Price.”)
> The Paris Climate Agreement and climate negotiations generally continued
as a central theme, both before and after the Paris negotiations. See Gollier
and Tirole, “Negotiating effective institutions against climate change,” and de
Perthuis and Jouvet, “Routes to an Ambitious Climate Agreement in 2015”—
both Harvard Project on Climate Agreements discussion papers. Robert Stavins
also wrote several blog posts on the Paris process, including “A Breakthrough
Climate Accord in Lima but a Tough Road to Paris,” “A key Element for the
Climate Talks,” “COP-20 in Lima: A New Way Forward,” and “COP-21 is Still on
Track as Countries Drop their more Unfeasible Ambitions.”
> Harvard University hosted “Climate Week” from April 6-10, 2015. Climate
Week events attracted more than 1,000 participants, and included a daily
Climate Science Breakfast, a visit to Harvard by Amory Lovins, Chief Scientist
and Chairman of the Rocky Mountain Institute, and many other lectures by
Harvard faculty and visitors.
> The Harvard Project on Climate Agreements co-hosted four events at COP-21 in
Paris, and Director Robert Stavins was a panelist at another five events. Topics of
these nine panels ranged from China-U.S. cooperation on climate-change policy,
to the future of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to the nature of
market mechanisms in a system of heterogeneous mitigation commitments, to
the relationship between climate change policy and international trade.
> Drew Faust, President of Harvard University, hosted a high-level panel on
November 16, 2015, addressing the upcoming Paris climate talks to be held
under the auspices of the United Nations. The panel was moderated by Richard
McCullough, Vice Provost for Research at Harvard University. Participants
included Robert Stavins, Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government,
Harvard Kennedy School; Director, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements;
Daniel Bodansky, Foundation Professor of Law, Sandra Day O’Connor College
of Law, Arizona State University; and Coral Davenport, Energy and Environmental
Policy Correspondent, New York Times.
> Experts from universities, think tanks, the World Bank, and private companies
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 33
activities by topic
met at the Harvard Kennedy School on May 7 and 8, 2015, to discuss how flexible
approaches to exchanging mitigation commitments might be incorporated into
the new climate agreement to be concluded in Paris later in 2015. The workshop,
“Comparison and Linkage of Mitigation Efforts in a New Paris Regime,” was
co-sponsored by the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA), Harvard
Project on Climate Agreements, and World Bank Group’s Networked Carbon
Markets Initiative. > On February 18-20, 2015, twenty-four experts gathered in Berlin for a workshop co-sponsored by HPCA to explore approaches to improving the process by
which research on climate change is assessed. Participants discussed potential
reforms in the assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) and also the development of assessment processes complementary to
the IPCC.
> In February, 2015, Harvard President Drew Faust announced the first seven
recipients of funding to be supported by Harvard’s new $20 million Climate
Change Solutions Fund. Awards included funding for the Harvard China Project,
for Daniel Nocera’s work on solar energy to fuels conversion, for Rohini Pande’s
work on market-based policies for mitigating pollution in India, for Harvard
Environmental Economics Program Fellow Jisung Park’s work on the economics
of climate change, and for James Stock’s work on biofuels.
Education
> The Environmental Science and Public Policy Concentration, in coordination
with the Harvard University Center for the Environment, in 2014-15 introduced
the Secondary Field in Energy and Environment (E&E) to increase undergraduate
students’ exposure to, and literacy in, the interconnecting set of issues related
to energy and the environment while maintaining their focus in their home
concentrations. Through debate and dialogue in coursework and seminars,
students identify the obstacles, highlight the opportunities, and define the
discussion for an energy-environment strategy for the 21st century and beyond.
Students from all concentrations are invited to participate in the program to
explore how different disciplinary perspectives on energy and environment
intersect and inform one another.
> The Harvard University Center for the Environment’s Undergraduate Summer
Research Fund gave awards to twenty-four undergraduates to research topics
34 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
ranging from flow battery membranes to the use of visual representations in
environmental discourse.
> The Environmental and Natural Resources Program (ENRP), through the Roy
Family Summer Environmental Internship Program and other programs, funded
numerous students to pursue summer research and internships and to support
winter research travel to pursue research related to environmental issues.
Students who were funded worked on issues ranging from black carbon
emissions, to preparation to the Paris COP, to energy security, to oil industry
research.
> The Roy Family Fellowship, administered by ENRP, provides full tuition funding
for masters’ candidates at Harvard Kennedy School with a demonstrated interest
in environmental and energy issues.
> The Harvard Environmental Economics Program administered the Sixth Annual
Student Prize Competition in 2014-15. In May, 2015, three prizes were awarded
to Harvard University students for the best research papers addressing a topic
in environmental, energy, or resource economics -- one prize each for a senior
paper or thesis, master’s student paper, and doctoral student paper. Each prize
was accompanied by a monetary award. > At the Master’s level, the Sustainability Science Program provided two
Empedocle Maffia Fellowships to support Italian citizens admitted to HKS’ s
masters programs. At the research level, the Program brought to Harvard
twenty-two doctoral, post-doctoral, and mid-career Giorgio Ruffolo Fellows
and Associates in AY 2014-15 and sixteen in AY 2015-16. The program also
awarded three Vicki Norberg-Bohm Fellowships for HKS PhD candidates and
two Ray Goldberg Fellowships for Harvard students working on food systems.
Two teaching cases will be available for free through the HKS case program in
Spring 2016.
Electricity markets and regulation
> The EPA’s new Clean Power Plan was a significant focus, as researchers
worked on understanding the legal and policy implications of the rule.
Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic (EELPC) researchers have
provided ongoing legal analysis of the EPA’s Clean Power Plan rule and of state
implementation authority and options. (See Publications section for articles
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 35
activities by topic
and op-eds by Freeman, Peskoe, Lazarus, and Konschnik). The Harvard Electricity Policy Group also turned its attention to examination of issues related
to the implementation of the Clean Power Plan, including mass-based versus
rate-based approaches to CPP compliance. Professor Bill Hogan published the
results of his analysis of the Clean Power Plan, focusing on how some implementation approaches are a better fit for electricity markets than others. (see Hogan,
“Electricity Markets and the Clean Power Plan.”) Research by HKS professor Joe
Aldy focused on potential competitiveness impacts of power sector regulations
like the Clean Power Plan (see Aldy and Pizer, “The Competitiveness Impacts of
Climate Change Mitigation Policies,” and “The Employment and Competitiveness
Impacts of Power-Sector Regulations.”)
> The Harvard Electricity Policy Group (HEPG) convened its 80th plenary session
in Houston in October, 2015, and held meetings in Half Moon Bay, California, in
March, Washington, DC, in June, and Palm Beach, Florida, in December. Federal
Energy Regulatory Commissioners and FERC senior staff participated in the
Washington, DC session. In conjunction with that meeting, the Harvard Law
School partnered with HEPG on a workshop reviewing the efficacy and future of
the Federal Power Act, enacted in 1935.
> The EELPC filed two amicus briefs in the U.S. Supreme Court-one on behalf of
a nonprofit organization defending EPA’s regulations limiting mercury emissions
from power plants, and another on the benefits of enabling demand response
resources in wholesale energy markets.
> The EELPC provided advice to non-profit organizations involved in
administrative proceedings concerning proposed electric transmission lines.
> The EELPC drafted comments on administrative proposals for revamping
New York State’s electric power distribution system.
> Research continued on electricity storage, with the publication by Keith and
Safaei of their research article, “How Much Bulk Energy Storage Is Needed to
Decarbonize Electricity?” which reports on their modeling of the amount of
energy storage required in various low-carbon energy portfolio scenarios
(less than is often thought) Meanwhile, Bill Hogan continued his work with
Michael Aziz of the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences on the potential
for integrating energy storage into electricity markets, publishing the working
36 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
paper, Potential Arbitrage Revenue of Energy Storage Systems in PJM during
2014 in December 2015.
Energy efficiency
> Joe Aldy presented his paper, “Belt and Suspenders and More: The Incremental
Impact of Energy Efficiency Subsidies in the Presence of Existing Policy Instruments,” in the Monday Energy Policy Seminar, explaining how the impact of
appliance energy efficiency rebate programs interacts with other existing
policies, such as minimum appliance efficiency standards.
> The Harvard Graduate School of Design hosted a fall conference on
Sustainability in Scandanavia, highlighting green buildings and communities
across Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
> The Zofnass Program for Sustainable Infrastructure prepared to publish
some of its research on sustainable cities in the forthcoming volume, Planning
Sustainable Cities: An Infrastructure-based Approach, and in a self-published
compilation of case studies of infrastructure projects in Latin America in
collaboration with the Inter American Development Bank (IDB).
> Several Harvard Environmental Economics Program (HEEP) affiliates
participated in a panel on January 3, 2015, “Explaining the Energy Paradox,” at
the annual meeting of the Allied Social Science Association (which includes the
American Economic Association) in Boston. “Energy paradox” (and the closely
related term, “energy-efficiency gap”) refers to the apparent phenomenon that
energy-efficient technologies, while offering considerable promise for reducing
the financial costs and environmental damages associated with energy use, are
not adopted by consumers and businesses to the degree that would seem be
justified, even on a purely financial basis.
> HEEP—together with the Duke University Energy Initiative—released a paper
assessing possible explanations for the energy-efficiency gap, titled “Assessing
the Energy-Efficiency Gap” (first author, Gerarden). This paper is the culmination
of a two-year research project supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. > Through its “House Zero” project, the Harvard Center for Green Buildings
and Cities plans to retrofit a pre-1940s house to beyond net zero energy
performance. The research team “intends to demonstrate that through a
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 37
activities by topic
combination of state-of-the-shelf and state-of-the-art technology, this
building can produce more energy than it consumes, serve as a learning
center for students, and provide a test bed for new technologies.”
Energy externalities
> At the T.H. Chan Harvard School of Pulic Health, researchers worked to quantify
the health and mortality impacts of air pollution, attributing more than 3 million
premature deaths per year, worldwide, to air pollution (first author Lelieveld,
“The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature morality on a
global scale,”) and finding significant impacts on death rates from pollution
even in areas in compliance with EPA air quality standards (first author Shi,
“Low-Concentration PM2.5 and Mortality.”)
> Harvard researchers did additional work to assess the benefits of renewable
energy in the United States, based on the health impacts of pollution, arguing
that renewable energy in general and the Clean Power Plan specifically have
the potential to produce substantial benefits associated with decreased air
pollution (Driscoll et al, “US power plant carbon standards and clean air and
health co-benefits.”)
> With co-author Michael Greenstone (of the University of Chicago), Rema
Hanna of the Harvard Kennedy School published her research on environmental
regulations in India (“Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and
infant mortality in India”), finding that air quality regulations “were associated
with substantial improvements in air quality,” and that “the most successful air
regulation resulted in a modest but statistically insignificant decline in infant
mortality.”
> Researchers with the project, “Governance Innovations for Sustainable
Development: Building Public-Private Partnerships in India,” published a
frequently-cited article in Economic and Political Weekly (first author, Pande,
“Lower Pollution, Longer Lives: Life Expectancy Gains if India Reduced
Particulate Matter Pollution,”) which estimates that 660 million people,
over half of India’s population, live in areas that exceed air quality standards
for fine particulate pollution; argues that reducing pollution in these areas to
achieve the standard would increase life expectancy for these Indians by 3.2
years on average for a total of 2.1 billion life years; and outlines directions for
environmental policy to begin achieving these gains. In July 2014 the team
38 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
organized “Economic Growth and Environmental Protection through Evidencebased Policy,” a policy dialogue held in Delhi that featured ongoing partnerships
with India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests, the Central Pollution Control
Board, and three State Pollution Control Boards.
> Researchers from the Harvard China Project continued their work on
understanding pollution patterns and pollution control impacts in China
(see “China” section, above).
> The overall implications of accounting for energy externalities to the economics
of carbon policy were examined in Parry, Veung and Heine, “How Much Carbon
Pricing is in Countries’ Own Interests? The Critical Role of Co-Benefits.”
Geoengineering
> Professor David Keith continued to write about the possibility of solar
geoengineering as a tool for managing climate change risk (see, for example,
Keith, “Will solar geoengineering help us manage the risks of climate change?”
and Keith and MacMartin, “A temporary, moderate and responsive scenario
for solar geoengineering.”)
> Keith and other researchers from the School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences published a paper on the possibility of using substances other than
sulfur (including “diamond dust”) for solar geoengineering (Weisenstein, Keith,
and Dykema, “Solar geoengineering using solid aerosol in the stratosphere.”)
Geopolitics of energy
> Professor Meghan O’Sullivan is leading work on how the changing supply side
dynamics in oil and gas have altered foreign policy realities and will continue to
do so in the future. This research is the basis for a book that will be published by
Simon & Schuster in 2016.
> Geopolitics of Energy Fellow Morena Skalamera conducted research on
the energy relationship between China and Russia (“The Sino-Russian
Rapproachement: Energy Relations in a New Era,” co-authored with Abdelal
and Tarontsi, and “China Can’t Solve Russia’s Energy Technology Trap.”)
Professor O’Sullivan also addressed this topic, co-authoring the paper,
“China’s Energy Hedging Strategy: Less Than Meets the Eye for Russian Gas
Pipelines.”
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 39
activities by topic
> Other Geopolitics of Energy affiliates focused on other aspects of Russia’s
energy policy and its interaction with Europe. (See Belyi and Goldthau. “Between
a Rock and a Hard Place: International Market Dynamics, Domestic Politics
and Gazprom’s Strategy;” Goldthau et al., “The Russian Energy Outlook;” and
Goldthau and Sitter, “Soft power with a hard edge: EU policy tools and energy
security.”)
> Researchers with the Energy Technology Innovation Policy group pursued a
better understanding of the potential geopolitical significance of the Arctic
region as it changes due to warming. See Pinar Akcayoz De Neve and others,
“Security of the Arctic - As the U.S. Takes Over the Arctic Council Leadership
in 2015.”
> David M. Wight, a research fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, is researching a book on the topic “Oil Money: How
Petrodollars Transformed US-Middle East Relations, 1967-1986.”
India
> In January 2015, a pilot project developed by the project on Governance
Innovations for Sustainable Development: Building Public-Private Partnerships
in India (the “India Project”), directed by HKS professor Rohini Pande, resulted
in the approval of environmental audit reforms by the Gujarat Pollution Control
Authority.
> Researchers with the project, “Governance Innovations for Sustainable
Development: Building Public-Private Partnerships in India,” published a
frequently-cited article in Economic and Political Weekly (first author Pande,
“Lower Pollution, Longer Lives: Life Expectancy Gains if India Reduced
Particulate Matter Pollution”), which estimates that 660 million people, over
half of India’s population, live in areas that exceed air quality standards for
fine particulate pollution; argues that reducing pollution in these areas to
achieve the standard would increase life expectancy for these Indians by
3.2 years on average for a total of 2.1 billion life years; and outlines directions
for environmental policy to begin achieving these gains. In July 2014 the team
organized “Economic Growth and Environmental Protection through Evidencebased Policy,” a policy dialogue held in Delhi that featured ongoing partnerships
with India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests, the Central Pollution Control
Board, and three State Pollution Control Boards.
40 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
activities by topic
> With co-author Michael Greenstone (of the University of Chicago), Rema
Hanna of the Harvard Kennedy School published her research on environmental
regulations in India (“Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and
infant mortality in India,)” finding that air quality regulations “were associated
with substantial improvements in air quality,” and that “the most successful air
regulation resulted in a modest but statistically insignificant decline in infant
mortality.”
> Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs researcher Kavita Surana
and Professor Laura Diaz Anadon published their research on “Public Policy
and Financial Resource Mobilization for Wind Energy in Developing Countries:
A Comparison of Approaches and Outcomes in China and India,” contrasting
China’s state-owned enterprise approach with India’s more private-sector
approach to developing a wind industry.
Nuclear energy
> The Managing the Atom project continued its work on issues of nuclear
security, including security issues related to nuclear power generation.
(Bunn and Roth, “Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Theft and Terrorism.”)
> Professor Matthew Bunn co-authored a report for the DOE on preventing
nuclear proliferation. (Carnesale et al., Secretary of Energy Advisory Board:
Report of the Task Force on Nuclear Nonproliferation.)
> Managing the Atom Project fellow Behnam Taebi edited the forthcoming
book, The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice and Democracy in the PostFukushima Era.
> Visiting Science, Technology, and Society Fellow Jan Peter Bergen conducted
research on the role of technological reversibility in responsible experimentation
with nuclear technologies.
Oil and gas markets and regulation
> The Emmett Environmental Law and Policy Clinic (EELPC) provided advice to
non-profit organizations involved in administrative proceedings concerning
proposed gas pipelines.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 41
activities by topic
activities by topic
> The EELPC drafted comments on administrative proposals for revamping the
transportation of crude oil by rail and on offshore drilling in the Arctic.
wind energy (Lu et al, “Challenges faced by China compared with the US in
developing wind power.”)
> The EELPC updated its publication, Landowner’s Guide to Hydraulic Fracturing.
> Three Harvard articles focused on refining methods for estimating the energy
potential of wind energy (Huang and McElroy, “A 32-year perspective on the
origin of wind energy in a warming climate” and “Thermodynamic disequilibrium
of the atmosphere in the context of global warming;” and Miller et al., “Two
methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation.”)
> The technology innovation process as it has been demonstrated in relation to
fossil fuels was examined in Covert, “Experiential and Social Learning in Firms:
The Case of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Bakken Shale;”in Diaz Anadon, “Energy
from Fossil Fuels: Challenges and Opportunities or Technology Innovation;” and
in Dignum et al., “Contested Technologies and Design for Values: The Case of
Shale Gas,” which analyzed the nature of the debate in the Netherlands about
development of shale gas resources.
> Environmental impacts of shale gas development (and of gas extraction
generally) and associated regulatory issues were examined in Konschnik,
“Goal-Oriented Disclosure Design for Shale Oil and Gas Development;” in
Konschnick and Dayalu, “Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals Reporting: Analysis
of Available Data and Recommendations for Policymakers;” in Lee, “Market
Forces Can’t Fix Methane-Gas Emission;” and in Guo et al., “Prospects for shale
gas production in China: Implications for water demand.”
> A report published jointly by Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School
and David Gee and Gregory Pope of the Boston Consulting Group, America’s
Unconventional Energy Opportunity, makes the case for the “enormous
benefits” to the US economy of unconventional gas and oil resources,
and suggests a “strategic agenda” to capitalize on the opportunity these
resources present.
> The potential for storage to work in concert with renewable power was
examined in two publications. The first, by David Keith and Hossein Safaei
(“How Much Bulk Energy Storage is Needed to Decarbonize Electricity,” argued
that the storage needs of renewable energy, in the short term, are smaller than
generally thought; the second, by Zhang et al., examines storage potential
specifically tailored for the needs of a region in northern China (“Reducing
curtailment of wind electricity in China by employing electric boilers for heat
and pumped hydro for energy storage.”)
> Harvard scientist Daniel Nocera continued his work with the “artificial leaf,”
announcing in 2015 that he and his fellow researchers had found a way to
produce liquid fuel powered by Nocera’s artificial leaf solar technology. (Torella
et al, “Efficient solar-to-fuels production from a hybrid microbial-water-splitting
catalyst system.”)
> Harvard physics professor Mara Prentiss published Energy Revolution:
The Physics and the Promise of Efficient Technology, which examines the
potential of renewable energy to meet the United States’ energy needs.
Renewable energy
Technology innovation
> At the Harvard Kennedy School, Joe Aldy and his co-authors examined the
impacts of different types of wind energy subsidies, while Belfer Center
researchers contrasted support for wind energy in China and India. (Aldy et al.,
“Capital versus Output Subsidies: Implications of Alternative Incentives for
Wind Investment;” Surana and Anadon, “Public Policy and Financial Resource
Mobilization for Wind Energy in Developing Countries: A Comparison of
Approaches and Outcomes in China and India;” and Guo et al, “Not in my
backyard, but not far away from me: Local acceptance of wind power in China.”)
Harvard China Project researchers contrasted Chinese and US experiences with
> A paper based on the research of the Innovation and Access to Technologies for
Sustainable Development project was published in December, 2015, detailing
key insights for sustainable development gleaned from a series of sustainable
development case studies completed by Project researchers. (Anadon et al.,
“Making Technological Innovation Work for Sustainable Development.”)
42 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
> HKS professors Venkatesh Narayanamurty and Laura Diaz Anadon, together
with other current and former ETIP researchers, provided testimony to the
Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy & Water Development on the
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 43
activities by topic
topic, “Securing America’s Future: Realizing the Potential of the DOE National
Laboratories.”
> Professor Diaz Anadon co-edited a special 2015 issue of the journal Energy
Policy, dedicated to “defining robust energy R&D portfolios,” and including an
article by Anadon and others (first author, Bosetti) on “Sensitivity to energy
technology costs: A multi-model comparison analysis.”
activities by topic
Water-energy nexus
> The research team from the project on “Sustainable Development of the
Amazon and its Surrounding Regions” held a workshop in November 2015 in
Brasilia, where they presented and discussed the implications of their research
on hydropower development and agricultural expansion. The workshop was
hosted by the Ministry of Environment and included participants from Brazilian
regulatory agencies, the World Bank, and the Nature Conservancy.
> HBS professor William Kerr co-authored an article that used modeling to
examine a possible “transition path from dirty to clean technology,” finding that
“Optimal policy makes heavy use of research subsidies as well as carbon taxes.”
(First author, Acemoglu, “Transition to Clean Technology.”)
> Researchers from the Harvard China Project examined the water resource
implications of shale gas development (Guo et al., “Prospects for shale gas
production in China: Implications for water demand.”)
> Laura Anadon and Kelly Gallagher (of Tufts) continue to partner to produce
an annual review of the DOE budget for energy research, development, and
demonstration (first author, Gallagher, “DOE Budget Authority for Energy
Research, Development, & Demonstration Database.”)
> Professor Laura Diaz Anadon and her co-authors examined the waterenergy nexus as it applies to coal production in China, where coal plants
are sacrificing efficiency for the sake of water conservation by using air
cooling rather than water cooling technology in some cases. (See first author,
Zhang, “The Water-Carbon Trade-off of China’s Coal Power Industry.”)
> In a policy brief prepared for the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements,
Bård Harstad examined the interplay between technological innovation and
climate treaties, arguing that adopting a longer-duration treaty structure is
helpful to creating an environment favorable to innovation. See Harstad,
“Designing Climate Treaties: Technological Innovation and Duration of
Commitment.”
> ETIP Associate Joern Huenteler and his co-authors published their research
on the differences in technology development for different energy technologies,
which suggests that technologies such as wind and solar may benefit from
different policies to promote their development. (First author, Huenteler,
“Technology Life-cycles in the Energy Sector — Technological Characteristics
and the Role of Deployment for Innovation.)”
> ETIP Associate Nidhi Santen and Professor Diaz Anadon completed a paper
on their research on how technology investment can best accommodate
uncertainty, arguing that an approach allowing for multiple course adjustments
may be preferable in cases in which results are uncertain (See first author,
Santen, Electricity Technology Investments Under Solar RD&D Uncertainty).
44 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 45
research snapshot
research snapshot
Sino-Russian Cooperation
in Natural Gas
In a talk that examined the implications of a major gas deal announced
in 2014 between Russia and China, Geopolitics of Energy Post-doctoral
Research Fellow Morena Skalamera examined the reasons for the deal
and its likely future implications for gas markets and for relations between
Russia and China, drawing on the results of interviews with key players in
Russia and China.
The deal, Skalamera explained, was presented as a major step in the
Chinese-Russian relationship. In Skalamera’s analysis, however, while a
logical step in the interests of both countries, it does not seem to herald
a major change in power dynamics for the region.
As Skalamera explained, Russia has a natural interest in selling gas to
China. Natural gas sales represent a significant source of income for the
Russian economy. These sales have been focused on Europe, but a number
of recent developments (including Europe’s economic recession, increasing
competition or potential competition from shale gas, and tensions in the
Ukraine) have raised Russian interest in finding alternative markets. At the
same time, plans for the development of the far eastern portion of Russia
have already led to plans for the development of additional pipelines to
carry natural gas to that area, which is also convenient for exports to China.
China, for its part, has an interest in natural gas motivated by concerns
46 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
about air pollution and a desire to develop sources of natural gas invulnerable to the US dominance of sea lanes. While estimates suggest vast
potential reserves of shale gas in China, existing institutional barriers to
development, Skalamera said, make it unlikely these resources will be
significantly developed in the near future.
Although the terms of the 2014 Russia-China gas deal have not been fully
disclosed, it appears that China was able to negotiate very favorable terms
(a price lower than the price paid by Europe), in part by providing equity to
support gas pipeline development.
The main likely consequence of the deal is increased Asian gas supplies
and lower natural gas prices in Asia, Skalamera argued. The deal itself is not,
Skalamera believes, a sign the Russia and China are beginning a broader
program of political cooperation. Rather, it is best understood as a primarily
economic deal with advantages for both sides.
Skalamera spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Photo by Paul Sherman. Text by Louisa Lund.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 47
fellows
48 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 49
fellows
fellows
“
Debisi Araba
Louis Bacon Environmental Leadership Fellow and Mason Fellow, Harvard
Kennedy School MPA Student
…attempting to ‘protect’ energyintensive US manufacturing firms
from international competitive
pressures through various policies
may have only a limited impact
on these firms. …Indeed, given
the magnitude of the competitiveness impacts on climate policy
in our simulation, the potential
economic and diplomatic costs of
such policies may outweigh the
benefits and justify no action.
”
– Joseph Aldy, Associate Professor of Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy
School, with William A. Pizer in “The Competitiveness Impacts of Climate
Change Mitigation Policies.” Journal of the Association of Environmental
and Resource Economists 2.4 (December 2015): 590.
50 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Previously, Dr. Debisi Araba was the Technical Adviser on
Environmental Policy and Personal Aide to the Honorable
Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria.
His current focus is on agricultural resilience. He recently coauthored Nigeria’s National Agricultural Resilience Framework
and leads global and national partnerships in the development
of climate smart strategies for the agricultural sector. Dr. Araba began his
professional career with the Newcastle City Council in the UK, where he worked
as a consultant and project manager on waste recycling and environmental
policy. He is a respected and published academic who has presented his work
at various conferences the world over. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographic
Society and a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, International Solid
Wastes Association and the Collaborative Working Group on Solid Waste
Management in Low and Middle Income Countries. Dr. Araba has a BSc. degree
in Physical Geography from the University of Ibadan, a M.Sc. degree in Clean
Technology from the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne and a Doctorate degree
from the Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, where his
research focused on designing frameworks for incorporating evidence based
research into environmental policy in developing countries.
Mauricio Arias
Giorgio Ruffolo Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science Program,
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy
School
Research Topic: International political economy, energy economics, and European integration
Dr. Mauricio Arias’s work at Harvard is based at the Harvard’s
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. His
research aims at creating science-based linkages between the
hydrological cycle, ecosystems, and society in order to promote
sustainable management of water resources. He has studied
physical, biological and chemical properties of freshwater ecosystems in Colombia, the United States, China, New Zealand, and most recently
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 51
fellows
fellows
in Cambodia, where he carried out his doctoral research. Mauricio is investigating the effect of hydropower operations in river flows and how hydrological
alterations through the Amazon basin could be mitigated while maintaining
electricity generation needs. He is contributing to the Initiative on
Sustainable Development of the Amazon and its Surrounding Regions:
The Interplay of Changing Climate, Hydrology, and Land Use led by Paul
Moorcroft. Mauricio holds a Bachelor of Science (Magna Cum Laude) and
a Masters of Engineering in Environmental Engineering Sciences from the
University of Florida. He recently completed a PhD in Civil Engineering from
the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, where he was awarded UC’s
International Doctoral Student Scholarship. Mauricio’s doctoral research
focused on the Mekong River Basin, where he quantified the impacts of
hydropower development and climate change on the hydrology and ecology
of the Tonle Sap, Southeast Asia’s largest lake and one of the most productive
freshwater fisheries on the planet. His faculty host is Paul Moorcroft.
Ole Gunnar Austvik
Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government,
Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: International political economy, energy economics,
and European integration
Ole Gunnar Austvik is professor at BI Norwegian Business
School and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. He
has been with Lillehammer University College, where he for
many years was professor and provost/head of research. He has
previously also worked with Statistics Norway. Austvik holds a
doctorate in political science and a master’s in economics (cand.
oecon) from University of Oslo. He also holds an MPA from the Harvard Kennedy
School. He has written numerous articles and books on international economics
and political economy, the interaction between national and international policy
making, business and government relationships, the European Union, oil and
natural gas markets, the geopolitics of oil and gas, petroleum economics, energy
security, Norwegian oil and gas policy, innovation, and political entrepreneurship. As a senior fellow, he explores the fields of international political economy,
energy economics, and European integration. His faculty sponsor is William
Hogan, Raymond Plank Professor of Global Energy Policy and Harvard Electricity
Policy Group Research Director.
52 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Jeremy Avins
Bacon Environmental Leadership Fellow
MPA Student, Harvard Kennedy School
Jeremy Avins, from California, worked at Redstone Strategy
Group for five years as an analyst, an associate, and most
recently, project manager. Redstone is a strategy consulting
firm that helps philanthropic, nonprofit, and public institutions
address major social and environmental challenges. In his role
at Redstone, Jeremy aided initiatives to craft three large, multisector funding packages for conservation and sustainable development in South
America; developed strategies and approaches to tracking impact for major
climate change mitigation funders; and helped a network of over 40 think tanks
spread across 20 countries refine their strategies and communications. Jeremy
graduated from Yale summa cum laude with a BA in political science, where he
led the Yale Multifaith Council, was elected into Phi Beta Kappa, and received the
Bennett Prize for the Best Senior Essay in International Relations. He is also an
MBA candidate at Stanford.
Megan Bailey
Pre-doctoral Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Public Policy
Research Topic: Greenhouse gas policies
Megan Bailey seeks to evaluate the environmental efficacy
and economic efficiency of policy options for curbing greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade
systems, at both national and international levels. Additionally,
she is interested in using environmental economics to address
issues of sustainability. Megan holds a BS in ecology, evolution,
and organismal biology; a BA in studio art; and a MA in international relations
from California State University, Fresno. She is the recipient of a National Science
Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 53
fellows
fellows
Patrick Behrer
Pre-doctoral Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Public Policy
Patrick Behrer holds an AB in economics from Harvard
University and an MS in resource economics from Colorado
State University. While an undergraduate at Harvard, Patrick
won the Harvard Environmental Economics Program’s 2010
James M. and Cathleen D. Stone Prize for the Best Senior Thesis.
He also spent a year in New Zealand as a Fulbright Fellow
studying environmental policy. His research interests lie in the valuation of
ecosystem services and the institutional or programmatic design necessary
to fully integrate the value of these services into a modern economy.
Additionally, he is interested in land use policy and creative mechanisms
for financing conservation projects, particularly in developing countries.
Nuno Bento
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School (in residence through December 2015)
Research Topic: Emergence and development of energy technologies
Nuno Bento studies the emergence and development of energy
technologies. He has been working at Center for Socioeconomic
and Territorial Studies at the University Institute of Lisbon on
research supported by the Portuguese Research Council on
the transfer and diffusion of energy technologies in Portugal.
He was previously a Postdoctoral Researcher at International
Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Austria.
Nuno holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Grenoble, France.
Jan Peter Bergen
Visiting Fellow, Program on Science, Technology, and Society, Harvard Kennedy
School (in residence through Fall 2015)
Research Topic: The role of technological reversibility in responsible
experimentation with nuclear energy technologies
54 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Jan Peter Bergen is a PhD candidate in Philosophy of Technology at Delft University of Technology and a visiting fellow at the Harvard STS Program. His research
in Delft is part of a larger project on experimentation with new technologies in
society, with him focusing on the role of technological reversibility in responsible
experimentation with nuclear energy technologies. In his work, Jan combines
insights from sociology, innovation studies, and STS, as well as philosophical
pragmatism and 20th century phenomenology.
Marie-Abèle Bind
Ziff Environmental Fellow, Harvard University Center for the Environment
Research Topic: Causal inference methods to investigate the role of temperature
on health
Marie-Abèle Bind is an environmental biostatistician interested
in health effects from environmental exposures.
Marie-Abele earned a MSc. in Engineering (Specialization in
Energy and Environment) in 2007 at one of France’s Grandes
Ecoles. She then received a MSc. in Environmental Health in a
one-year intensive program at the Cyprus Institute associated with the Harvard
School of Public Health (HSPH). In 2014 she received a dual Doctor of Science
(ScD) degree in Environmental Health and Biostatistics from HSPH. Marie’s
dissertation focused mainly on developing and applying methods to investigate
the role of epigenetics in air pollution health effects. While working toward her
ScD degree, Marie-Abele graduated from HUCE’s Graduate Consortium on Energy
and Environment and received a MSc. in Biostatistics from HSPH.
Marie-Abele is working with Donald Rubin of the Department of Statistics to
explore how temperature increases due to climate change will impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in susceptible populations. Most
epidemiological studies have focused on associations between temperature
and health outcomes rather than causal effects. Marie-Abele plans to estimate
causal temperature health effects. Within the field of causal inference, mediation analysis has become a valuable tool to examine pathways, especially in
epidemiological research. She will extend previous causal effects derivations
to settings with mortality outcomes and formalize mediated effects. Moreover,
there is a recent interest for epigenomics data to examine new pathways. She
will also examine the causal temperature effect on epigenome wide data in order
to identify new biological mechanisms.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 55
fellows
fellows
Jonathan Buonocore
Rohit Chandra
Program Leader, Climate, Energy, and Health, Center for Health and the Global
Environment
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student, Public Policy
Research Topic: Evaluating the impacts, benefits, and tradeoffs of technology
and policy choices in energy, transportation, agricultural practices, and climate
change mitigation and adaptation
Research Topic: State capitalism in the Indian coal industry: 1960-2005
Presently, Jonathan is working with the Climate, Energy, and
Health team to better understand the health and environmental
risks of hydraulic fracturing in Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale,
and also researching the health and climate benefits of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other carbon mitigation
methods. By exploring the tradeoffs between different
technologies, methods of pollution control, and policy options, Jonathan and
the team will develop research-based recommendations designed to help
policymakers, investors, leaders of industry, and residents of affected areas
make informed decisions that will support public health and a healthy
environment. Jonathan is also working with Center faculty to estimate the
health impacts of particulate exposure due to fires in Indonesia, including
particulate matter that crosses international boundaries.
Lizzie Burns
Research Fellow, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Research Topic: Geoengineering
Lizzie Burns is a Research Fellow at Harvard, where she works
for Professor David Keith on issues related to geoengineering.
Lizzie is passionate about working on issues of climate change,
and previously spent a summer interning for the White House
Council on Environmental Quality. She also previously worked
for the nonprofit organization, Opportunity Nation. Lizzie
earned a Master in Public Policy degree from the Harvard Kennedy School
and a Bachelor of Arts degree from Williams College.
56 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Rohit Chandra’s research focuses on the history, evolution, and
dynamics of energy markets in India. In particular, he looks at
the multiple roles of the state as owner, regulator, consumer,
and planner. His dissertation focuses in particular on the Indian
coal industry, constructing a state capitalism framed history of
the industry from 1960-2005. He graduated from the University
of Pennsylvania with a degree in electrical engineering and has worked at the
Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi and the Center for Advanced Study of
India in Philadelphia.
Kathryn Chelminski
Predoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School
Research Topic: Effectiveness of clean energy governance in addressing barriers
to policy and technology diffusion in developing countries
As a PhD candidate at the Graduate Institute, Kathryn
Chelminski examines the effectiveness of clean energy
governance in addressing barriers to policy and technology
diffusion in developing countries.
Her current research focuses on the impact of fossil fuel
subsidy reform on the competitiveness of geothermal energy in Indonesia.
Prior to joining the Belfer Center, Kathryn was a doctoral researcher at the
Center for International Environmental Studies at the Graduate Institute
and the Centre de Recherches Internationales at Sciences Po.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 57
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fellows
Cuicui Chen
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Candidate in Public Policy
Research Topic: Industrial organizations, environmental economics,
microeconomic theory
Cuicui Chen is interested in firms’ behavior under market-based
regulations. In her dissertation she is investigating how electric
generating companies have learned over time to comply with (or
better yet, take advantage of ) the Acid Rain Program, the first
large-scale market-based environmental regulation in U.S., and
how that learning process might have been affected by Public
Utilities Commissions’ regulation and deregulation. Cuicui is also using insights
from microeconomic theory in the study of international climate agreements.
She graduated from Tsinghua University in 2010 with a Bachelor’s degree in
Environmental Engineering, and from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in 2012 with a Master of Science degree in Technology and Policy.
Jinqiang (JC) Chen
Giorgio Ruffolo Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science, Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Risks in Chinese electricity markets
Jinqiang (JC) Chen earned his PhD from the California Institute
of Technology (Caltech) in 2015. His PhD research focused
on dynamics of the East Asian summer monsoon in various
climates. Prior to that, he obtained two bachelor degrees in
Civil Engineering from the Politecnico di Torino and the Harbin
Institute of Technology in 2011. At the Belfer Center, he will
explore risks in Chinese electricity markets and recommend mitigation
strategies that will facilitate China’s energy transition into a green future.
Christopher Cote
Belfer IGA Student Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard Kennedy School
Christopher Cote, a Master in Public Policy 2016 candidate at Harvard Kennedy
58 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
School, is a Belfer Center International and Global Affairs (BIGA) Student Fellow.
Cote’s interests are in energy, climate, and foreign policy. Chris spent last
summer as a Rosenthal Fellow working on energy diplomacy in the Bureau of
Energy Resources at the Department of State. During his first year at Harvard
Kennedy School, Chris worked with the Program on Negotiation and the Energy
Technology Innovation Program. Before school he spent time at the InterAmerican Dialogue, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, BrazilWorks,
Fulbright’s English teaching program in Brazil, and the Council on Foreign
Relations. He has also done independent work on nuclear power safety
and security.
Tim Cronin
NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow, Harvard University Center for the
Environment
Research Topic: Arctic atmospheric convection in a warmer world
Tim Cronin is a climate scientist interested in the interactions
between clouds, sea ice, and severe storms in a warmer Arctic.
Tim earned a BA in Physics from Swarthmore College in 2006,
and received a PhD in Climate, Physics, and Chemistry from
MIT in June 2014. His dissertation research used simple column
models of the atmosphere, interacting with a land surface,
to explore a collection of problems in climate science. One of the papers he
published developed a theory for the sensitivity of near-surface temperatures
to changes in land surface properties, which is relevant for understanding how
anthropogenic land use and land cover change may have resulted in past and
future climate change. Tim has also worked on trying to understand why it rains
preferentially over islands in the tropics, and whether geologic changes around
Indonesia have implications for climate changes over the past 3-5 million years.
During the 2011-2012 academic year, he was a Martin Society Fellow for
Sustainability, and his work has also been funded by the NSF.
As an Environmental Fellow, Tim is working with Eli Tziperman of the
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences on the interaction between clouds
and sea ice in the Arctic, in climates that are warmer than present. His project
has application to warmer climates of the distant past, as well as climates of
the future. Tim will also explore the potential for the formation of hurricane-like
storms over a warmer Arctic ocean that has lost much of its sea ice; such storms
would be highly relevant to the impacts of climate change on both human and
natural systems in the future Arctic.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 59
fellows
fellows
Sebastian D. Eastham
Fabio Farinosi
NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow, 2015-2017
Giorgio Ruffolo Doctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science Program,
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, HKS
Research Topic: Biogenic and anthropogenic CO2 fluxes from North and East
China estimated from atmospheric CO2 data
Sebastian David Eastham is an environmental scientist
interested in the transport and impacts of pollutants and trace
species over long distances through the atmosphere.
Sebastian received an MEng in aerospace and aerothermal
engineering from Cambridge University in 2011, with a
dissertation on nuclear fuel cycle optimization. Between 2011 and 2015 he
studied at MIT’s Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, working on a
PhD in aeronautics and astronautics dedicated to the human health impacts
of high altitude emissions. This work included integration of stratospheric
chemistry and physics into the Harvard GEOS-Chem atmospheric model,
development of a health impacts model and assessment of the long-term
surface air quality and UV radiation impacts of both aviation and proposed
sulfate aerosol geoengineering techniques. He received his PhD from the MIT
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2015.
Sebastian will be working with Daniel Jacob in the School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences to investigate the failure of Eulerian atmospheric models
to reproduce observed synoptic-scale transport of pollution in narrow plumes
and quasi-horizontal layers. Although a typical response to low model fidelity
has been to increase global grid resolution and thereby incur significant
computational cost, Sebastian is exploring the theoretical causes for enhanced
numerical dissipation in these atmospheric structures. The goal of this research
is to identify new and efficient modeling techniques capable of accurately
reproducing and maintaining the observed high chemical gradients over
global distances without requiring prohibitively fine global grid resolutions.
By enabling accurate representation of long-distance pollutant transport
and chemistry, Sebastian hopes to improve model accuracy with regards
to intercontinental impact attribution.
60 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Research Topic: Vulnerability of hydropower generation to changes in climate,
hydrology and land use in Brazil
Fabio Farinosi’s fellowship research is based at the
Harvard’s Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
Biology. He is a doctoral student in the Science and
Management of Climate Change Programme at Ca’ Foscari
University in Italy. His research assesses the impacts of
global changes in climate, combined with regional changes
in land use and hydrology in the Amazon, on flood risk and hydropower
generation in Brazil. The project aims to provide policy makers with a better
understanding of the expected future impacts and enhance long-term
mitigation strategies. Fabio is contributing to the collaborative Initiative
on Sustainable Development of the Amazon and its Surrounding Regions:
The Interplay of Changing Climate, Hydrology, and Land Use, led by Professor
Paul Moorcroft.
Nathan Fleming
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Public Policy
Research Topic: Understanding how access to natural resources affects national
security and potentially drives conflict
Nathan Fleming is interested in natural resource economics
and security studies. Specifically, he is interested in understanding how access to natural resources affects national
security and potentially drives conflict. He also has a related
interest in manufacturing firm strategies for securing critical
materials. He began his career as a mechanical engineer. He
designed aircraft engines at General Electric for five years before returning to
school to earn SM degrees in mechanical engineering and Technology & Policy
at MIT.
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Benjamin Franta
Research Fellow, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, Belfer Center
for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Innovation financing, carbon finance, and the integration of
environmental footprint metrics in corporate valuation
Gianfranco Gianfrate writes and researches on topics related
to innovation financing, carbon finance, and the integration of
environmental footprint metrics in corporate valuation.
Research Topic: Resilience strategies for climate change impacts
Benjamin Franta is a predoctoral research fellow at the
Belfer Center’s Science, Technology, and Public Policy
Program focusing on the development of general resilience
strategies for preparing for climate change impacts. He is a
PhD Candidate in Applied Physics at the Harvard School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences and a graduate of Harvard’s
Graduate Consortium on Energy and the Environment. He is a National Science
Foundation Graduate Research Fellow, a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Research Fellow, a USAID Global Research and Innovation Fellow,
and a member of the Harvard Graduate School Leadership Institute. He has
degrees in physics, mathematics, archaeological science, and applied physics
from Coe College, the University of Oxford, and Harvard.
Todd Gerarden
Prior to joining the Belfer Center, Gianfranco was an Assistant
Professor of Finance at Bocconi University (Milan, Italy) and
a manager at Hermes Investment Management (London, UK). Gianfranco is a
research affiliate of the Aspen Institute and of SovereigNET at Tufts Fletcher
School. He holds a PhD in Business Administration from Bocconi University.
Anna P. Goldstein
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School
Research Topic: Movement of clean energy technology from the lab to the
marketplace
Anna Goldstein’s research at the Belfer Center focuses on ways
that governments, universities, and corporations can accelerate
the movement of clean energy technology from the lab to the
marketplace.
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Public Policy
Research Topic: Renewable energy investment incentives and energy efficiency
Todd’s interests lie at the intersection of energy and
environmental economics, public economics, and industrial
organization. His current research focuses on energy efficiency
and government incentives for renewable energy investment.
Todd obtained a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the
University of Virginia in 2010. He is a recipient of the EPA
STAR Fellowship and a Truman Scholar. Before beginning doctoral studies,
Todd worked at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and
Resources for the Future.
Anna received her PhD in 2014 in Chemistry with an emphasis
in Nanoscale Science and Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley,
where she investigated nanomaterials for use in energy applications, such as
artificial photosynthesis and electrochemical energy storage.
Yue Guo
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for
Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Gianfranco Gianfrate
Research Topic: The social acceptance of new energy technology innovation
Giorgio Ruffolo Research Fellow, Sustainability Science, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard Kennedy School
Yue Guo is a postdoctoral research fellow with the Project on Managing the
Atom. He received his PhD degree in in Public Management from Tsinghua
University, China, in July 2015.
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His research mainly focuses on the social acceptance of new
energy technology innovation. In his dissertation, he analyzed
the factors influencing the public acceptance of nuclear power
technology and the roles of government policies and public
participation. He previously conducted research on local
acceptance of wind power in China with Harvard Kennedy
School Assistant Professor Laura Diaz Anadon, Former Science, Technology,
and Public Policy Fellow Jun Su, and Former Energy Technology Innovation
Policy research group Fellow Peng Ru.
Zhiyong Han
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program,
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Public policy related to funding science and technology innovation
Zhiyong Han received an MSc. in Management Science from
University of Science and Technology of China, an MA in Public
Policy and Public Administration from University of York in
the United Kingdom, and a PhD in Management Science from
Chinese Academy of Science. As a professor of the National
Nature Science Foundation of China, he is now focusing on
public policy of funding science and technology innovation.
Olli Heinonen
Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard
Kennedy School
Research Topic: Jet streams and atmospheric blocking events in a warming
climate
Olli Heinonen’s research and teachings include nuclear
non-proliferation and disarmament, verification of treaty
compliance, enhancement of the verification work of
international organizations, and transfer and control of
peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
Before joining the Belfer Center in September 2010, Olli Heinonen served
27 years at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. Heinonen was
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the Deputy Director General of the IAEA, and head of its Department of Safeguards. Prior to that, he was Director at the Agency’s various Operational
Divisions, and, as inspector, including at the IAEA’s overseas office in Tokyo,
Japan, Heinonen led teams of international investigators to examine nuclear
programmes of concern around the world and inspected nuclear facilities in
South Africa, Iraq, North Korea, Syria, Libya and elsewhere, seeking to ensure
that nuclear materials were not diverted for military purposes. He also spearheaded efforts to implement an analytical culture to guide and complement
traditional verification activities. He led the Agency’s efforts to identify and
dismantle nuclear proliferation networks, including the one led by Pakistani
scientist A.Q. Khan, and he oversaw its efforts to monitor and contain Iran’s
nuclear programme.
Prior to joining IAEA, he was a Senior Research Officer at the Technical Research
Centre of Finland Reactor Laboratory in charge of research and development
related to nuclear waste solidification and disposal. He is co-author of several
patents on radioactive waste solidification.
Heinonen is the author of several articles, chapters of books, books, in publications ranging from the IAEA and nuclear non-proliferation issues, to regional
nuclear developments. His writings and interviews have be published in various
newspapers and magazines including: Foreign Policy, The Wall Street Journal,
The Guardian, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Arms Control Today, Der
Spiegel, Le Monde, The Helsingin Sanomat, The New York Times, The Mehr
news, Die Stern, The Haaretz, The New Statesman, The Washington Post, The
BBC, and Time. His policy briefings have been published by the Belfer Center,
the Atlantic Council, the Nautilus Institute, the Institute for Science and
International Security, the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, the
Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and the Carnegie Endowment.
Olli Heinonen studied radiochemistry and completed his PhD dissertation in
nuclear material analysis at the University of Helsinki.
Evan Herrnstadt
Kernan Brothers Environmental Fellow, 2015-2017
Evan Herrnstadt is an economist interested in the design and performance of
energy and natural resource markets.
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Evan earned a BS in economics and political science from the
University of Iowa in 2006. After graduating, he was a research
assistant at Resources for the Future in Washington, DC, where
he worked on energy and climate policy. He moved to the
University of Michigan in 2009, where he earned a MA in
economics in 2011, and a PhD in economics in 2015. His
doctoral research primarily focused on modeling and estimating the effects
of environmental requirements on how firms compete for government contracts.
Research Topic: Geoengineering Policy
As an Environmental Fellow, Evan will work with Ariel Pakes of the Department
of Economics on the implications of common contracting practices in the oil and
natural gas drilling industry. He will also develop improved empirical tools for
the analysis of data from natural resource auctions. These insights and tools
will improve our understanding of important institutions governing energy
production, and help to predict the response of the energy industry to climate
and environmental policies.
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, HKS
Josh Horton conducts research on geoengineering policy and
governance issues. Before joining the Belfer Center, Josh
worked as an energy consultant for a global consulting firm. He
holds a PhD in political science from Johns Hopkins University.
Junling Huang
Research Topic: Value of emerging battery storage technologies for electricity
systems
Junling Huang studies the value of emerging battery storage
technologies in enhancing opportunities for electricity
systems, with particular focus on the United States and China.
The overarching theme for his research is to develop a strategy
for developing and deploying a cleaner and more efficient
electricity system. Junling Huang received his PhD from Harvard
University in 2014 and a BS from Peking University in 2009.
Mun Ho
Visiting Scholar, Harvard China Project, SEAS
Visiting Scholar, Institute for Quantitative Social Science
Research Topic: Economic effects of environmental policies in the U.S. and China
Mun Ho is an economist in the Harvard China Project’s
integrated research of the environmental, health and
economic impacts of emission control options in China.
He has a PhD in economics from Harvard University and
is also a visiting scholar at Resources for the Future in
Washington, DC. He and others at the China Project have
developed an economic growth model of China to study
the impact of environmental policies and carbon taxes, and studied household
energy demand patterns. He also works with Dale Jorgenson of the Economics
Department in studying the distributional impacts of carbon policies in the U.S.
Joshua Horton
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program,
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
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Stuart Iler
HEEP Pre-Doctoral Fellow
PhD Student in Public Policy
Stuart is interested in environmental and energy economics
and policy, and in particular the design and evaluation of
policies to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency.
His previous research includes the impact of climate regulation
in the electric power sector, potential reform of the U.S.
Renewable Fuel Standard, and comparative evaluation of
global energy modeling projections. Stuart has worked as a research analyst
at the Duke University Energy Initiative and as a policy analyst at the DC think
tank, Bipartisan Policy Center. He also has a variety of experience in the
information technology industry. Stuart graduated with a BS in Computer
Science from the University of California at San Diego, and earned a Master of
Environmental Management from Duke University.
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Mehul Jain
Center for Public Leadership Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School
Mehul Jain is a graduate of the Environmental Engineering
Program from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Over the past four years of his career he has worked on issues
of policy, governance, environment, education and development
with the World Bank, particularly focusing his attention to
the National Ganga River Basin Clean-up project in India.
Leveraging his experience in the development sector, Mehul has also
advised politicians from Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Making development the centerpiece of election campaigns he has been
able to provide strategic insight to the associated political parties. These
engagements have also allowed him to advise and run effective social media
campaigns for the parties. A couple of these campaigns have been lauded as
the most successful election campaigns in India. In the past, Mehul has also
consulted for organizations such as CSE, TERI, PATH and UNICEF. He is currently
pursuing the MPA/ID program at the Kennedy School.
Ajinkya Shrish Kamat
phylogeography of Indo-Pacific clownfish and the population
genetics of chorus frogs. Her doctoral dissertation assessed
the impact of environmental perturbations on the ecology and
evolution of Caribbean lizards at three scales: (1) the regional
scale, by evaluating and modeling extinction processes; (2) the
community scale, by elucidating the interplay of species richness and species abundance over time; and (3) the species-scale, by assessing
genetic responses to biotic and abiotic perturbations.
As an Environmental Fellow, Melissa will work with Jonathan Losos of the
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology to investigate how past
global change forces have altered species distributions in Anolis lizards.
This will reveal population trajectories before, during, and after environmental
perturbations are encountered, and provide a framework for evaluating future
range shifts.
Shefali Khanna
HEEP Pre-Doctoral Fellow
PhD Student in Public Policy
Ajinkya Kamat is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Belfer Center’s Science
Technology and Public Policy Program’s Technology & Innovation project. He
earned his PhD in physics from the University of Virginia in May 2015. Ajinkya
also holds an M.Sc. in physics from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
and a BSc. in physics from the University of Mumbai, India, where he secured the
top rank at the university.
Shefali’s interests lie at the intersection of environmental
policy and energy sector development in emerging economies,
specifically on the role of renewable energy and energy
efficiency incentives in expanding energy access and improving
reliability. She graduated from the University of Maryland,
College Park, with a BA in Economics and spent two years
working as a research assistant at Resources for the Future, where her research
focused on residential energy efficiency and vehicle fuel economy standards
in the U.S. She also assisted the World Bank in updating its protocol for
estimating global health damages from ambient air pollution.
Melissa Kemp
Carolina Lembo
National Science Foundation Environmental Fellow, 2015-2017
Research Fellow, Harvard Electricity Policy Group, Mossavar Rahmani Center for
Business and Government, HKS
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Science Technology and Public Policy Program/
Innovation and Policy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard Kennedy School
Melissa Kemp is an evolutionary biologist who uses the fossil record and
historical data to investigate species responses to global change phenomena.
Melissa earned her BA in biology from Williams College in 2010 and her PhD
in biology from Stanford University in 2015. At Stanford, she studied the
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Research Topic: Electricity access and market design in developing countries
Carolina Lembo’s research interests are energy regulation, sustainable development and climate change negotiations. She holds a PhD in International Law
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from the University of São Paulo, an LLM in International
Economic Law and Policy from the University of Barcelona
and an MS in State Law from the University of São Paulo.
Previously she has been working as a manager of the
Infrastructure Department of the Federation of Industries
of the State of São Paulo, the major industry chamber in
Brazil, where she managed a multidisciplinary infrastructure department
with focus on domestic policy and international projects, writing white papers,
coordinating publications and organizing conferences with the Brazilian
government and international organizations.
Jing Li
HEEP Pre-Doctoral Fellow
PhD Student in Economics
Jing’s research is focused in industrial organization and
environmental economics. Jing’s current projects are on
network effects in the adoption of electric vehicles and
on biofuel regulation. Jing graduated from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in 2011 with a BS in Economics
and a BS in Mathematics and Computer Science.
Zhang Li
Predoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School
Research Topic: Research and innovation policy
Zhang Li is a predoctoral research fellow in the Belfer Center’s
Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program and Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group. His research
interests focus on research and innovation policy, including
R&D collaboration, public opinion on emerging technologies,
and the policy learning process.
Zhang is a PhD candidate at the School of Public Policy and Management in
Tsinghua University, China. He received his undergraduate degree in the
Department of Hydraulic Engineering in Tsinghua University.
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Zhenyu Li
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Science,Technology, and Public Policy Program/
Water-Energy Nexus Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Application of innovative membrane technology and renewable
energy for water desalination and reuse
Dr. Zhenyu Li is a postdoctoral research fellow for Water-Energy Nexus project
in the Belfer Center’s Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program. Before
joining the Belfer Center, Zhenyu was a research scientist in Water Desalination
and Reuse Center at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi
Arabia.
His research focuses on the application of innovative membrane technology
and renewable energy for water desalination and reuse. He holds a PhD in
biotechnology from Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
Daniel Madigan
French Environmental Fellow, 2015-2017
Dan Madigan is a marine ecologist interested in the interaction
between pelagic ecology, contaminant transfer in food webs,
fisheries, and anthropogenic environmental change.
Dan earned a BA in biology from Dartmouth College in 2005
and a PhD in biology from Stanford University in 2013. He has
conducted fieldwork in Costa Rica, Jamaica, The Bahamas, Mexico, Alaska,
Taiwan, and Japan. His dissertation research was based on elucidating the
ecology and migratory dynamics of wide-ranging pelagic species such as tunas
and sharks in the Pacific Ocean. His research has utilized stable isotope analysis,
amino acid compound-specific stable isotope analysis, and Fukushima-derived
radionuclides to assess trophic linkages in the California Current and the
migratory dynamics of overfished Pacific bluefin tuna; his work using
radionuclides in Pacific bluefin was awarded ASLO’s Lindeman award in 2014.
From 2013-2015, Dan worked as an NSF Post-Doctoral Fellow, expanding his
work to include mercury in collaboration with Stony Brook University, NOAA,
and University of Hawaii. As a HUCE Environmental Fellow, Dan will work with
Elsie Sunderland of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and James
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McCarthy of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. His work at
HUCE will focus on understanding the impacts of changing contaminant levels in
the environment on the overall health of global fisheries. Dan will be part of an
inter-disciplinary team that also includes researchers at MIT and UBC to combine
contaminant emissions, atmospheric and ocean transport, ocean ecology,
and fisheries dynamics into a single “unified global model” that assesses the
present and future effects of contaminants on global fisheries.
Leonardo Maugeri
Laura J. Martin
One of the world’s foremost experts on oil, gas, and energy,
Maugeri has been one of the most distinguished top managers of Eni, the largest
Italian company, which is also ranked number 6 among the largest international
oil companies. At Eni, he held the position of Senior Executive Vice President
of Strategies and Development (2000–2010) and eventually became Executive
Chairman of Polimeri Europa, Eni’s petrochemical branch (March 2010–June
2011). In 2008, Maugeri promoted the strategic alliance between Eni and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which—among other outcomes—
led to the establishment of the Eni-MIT Solar Frontiers Center in 2010.
Ziff Environmental Fellow, 2015-2017
Laura Jane Martin is a historian and ecologist who studies the cultural and political dimensions of ecological management.
Laura earned an ScB in biophysics from Brown University in
2006, an M.S. in natural resources from Cornell University in
2010, and a PhD in natural resources from Cornell in 2015.
While at Cornell, she received national fellowships in both the
sciences and the humanities. Through fieldwork, she studied
the impact of human activities on the ecology and evolution of wetland species,
publishing in Journal of Ecology, Conservation Biology, Trends in Ecology and the
Environment, and elsewhere. Through archival research, she investigated the
history of ecological restoration in the 20th century United States. Her current
work is situated at the nexus of environmental history and science & technology
studies.
As an Environmental Fellow, Laura will work with Peter Galison from the
Department of the History of Science. She plans to develop her dissertation
research into a book that explores how ecological restoration became such a
widespread and important environmental practice. She will also begin a project
on the use of counter-terrorism technologies for international biodiversity protection. By fostering conversations among scientists and humanists,
Laura hopes to generate research that can guide 21st century environmental
management.
Senior Fellow, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Leonardo Maugeri is currently a Senior Fellow with the
Geopolitics of Energy Project and the Environment and Natural
Resources Program at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs.
Nathaniel Mueller
National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow
Research Topic: Statistical modeling of the relationship of climate and crop yield
Nathan Mueller is an applied ecologist who studies how
agricultural systems influence – and are influenced by –
global environmental change.
During his two-year fellowship, Nathan is working with Peter
Huybers of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
and Noel Michele Holbrook of the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
Biology to improve statistical models relating climate to crop yield. His work
also investigates the interaction between changing agricultural management
practices and climate using recently compiled time-series data.
Janhavi Nilekani
Giorgio Ruffolo Doctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science Program,
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, HKS
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
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PhD Student, Public Policy
Ari Peskoe
Janhavi Nilekani is a Giorgio Ruffolo Doctoral Research Fellow
in the Sustainability Science Program and a doctoral candidate
in the Public Policy Program at Harvard’s Kennedy School of
Government. Her research focuses on evaluating the relative
costs and benefits of different policy instruments for controlling
environmental pollution, with an emphasis on India. Janhavi
is contributing to collaborative work by the Initiative on Building Public-Private
Partnerships to Promote Sustainable Development in India led by Professor
Rohini Pande. Janhavi received her BA, cum laude, in economics and
international studies and the Ronald Meltzer/Cornelia Awdziewicz Economic
Award from Yale University in 2010. She has worked as a research associate
on a pilot emissions trading program for Indian industry at the Jameel Poverty
Action Lab-South Asia (2011-2012). Her faculty host is Rohini Pande.
Senior Fellow, Electricity Law, Environmental Policy Initiative, HLS
Research Topic: State implementation of EPA’s Clean Power Plan, Constitutional
challenges to states’ energy laws, and regulation of public utilities
Ari Peskoe is the Senior Fellow in Electricity Law at the Policy
Initiative. He currently focuses on state implementation of the
EPA’s Clean Power Plan. Prior to the Policy Initiative, Ari was an
associate at a law firm in Washington, DC, where he litigated
before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission about the
western energy crisis. He received his JD from Harvard Law
School and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with degrees in
electrical engineering and business.
Daniel Poneman
Jisung Park
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Economics
Jisung Park is a PhD candidate in the economics department
at Harvard University, where he specializes in environmental
economics, public, and labor economics. His research focuses
on how climate change may affect human development,
including labor productivity and human capital impacts of
heat stress.
Jisung is also an economics and public service tutor at Eliot House, one of
Harvard’s undergraduate houses, and teaches Principles of Economics (Ec-10)
with Greg Mankiw, as well as American Economic Policy (Ec-1420) with Martin
Feldstein, Larry Summers, and Jeff Liebman. He has also taught Environmental
Economics (Ec-1661) with Robert Stavins.
A native of Lawrence, Kansas, and Seoul, South Korea, he received his
undergraduate education in economics and political science from Columbia
University (‘09), and attended Oxford for two successive Masters programs in
Environmental Change and Management (’10) and Development Economics (’11)
on a Rhodes Scholarship (New York District, 2009).
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Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Daniel Poneman is a Senior Fellow with the Belfer Center.
Prior to his appointment in October 2014, Poneman had been
Deputy Secretary of Energy since 2009, in which capacity he
also served as Chief Operating Officer of the Department.
Between April 23, 2013, and May 21, 2013, Poneman served
as Acting Secretary of Energy.
Poneman’s responsibilities at the Department of Energy spanned the full range
of President Obama’s all-of-the-above energy strategy, including fossil and
nuclear energy, renewables and energy efficiency, and international cooperation
around the world. He led 2009 negotiations to address Iran’s nuclear program
and participated in the Deputies’ Committee at the National Security Council.
He played an instrumental role in the Department’s response to crises from
Fukushima to the Libyan civil war to Hurricane Sandy, and led the Department’s
efforts to strengthen emergency response and cybersecurity across the energy
sector.
Poneman first joined the Department of Energy in 1989 as a White House Fellow.
The next year he joined the National Security Council staff as Director of Defense
Policy and Arms Control. From 1993 through 1996, Poneman served as Special
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Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Nonproliferation and Export
Controls at the National Security Council. Prior to assuming his responsibilities
as Deputy Secretary, Poneman served as a principal of The Scowcroft Group
for eight years, providing strategic advice to corporations on a wide variety of
international projects and transactions. Between tours of government service,
he practiced law for nine years in Washington, D.C. – first as an associate at
Covington & Burling, later as a partner at Hogan & Hartson.
Poneman received AB and JD degrees with honors from Harvard University
and an MLitt in Politics from Oxford University. He has published widely
on energy and national security issues and is the author of Nuclear Power
in the Developing World and Argentina: Democracy on Trial. His third book,
Going Critical: The First North Korean Nuclear Crisis (coauthored with
Joel Wit and Robert Gallucci), received the 2005 Douglas Dillon Award for
Distinguished Writing on American Diplomacy. Poneman is a member of the
Council on Foreign Relations.
Trisha Shrum
Fellow, Harvard Environmental Economics Program
PhD Student in Public Policy
Trisha Shrum’s research interests include climate change
and energy policy as seen through the disciplinary lenses of
environmental and behavioral economics. Her dissertation work
uses behavioral experiments to better understand how people
incorporate and utilize information to make economic decisions
on energy consumption and climate change mitigation. She
graduated from the University of Kansas with bachelor’s degrees in Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science and with a minor in Economics.
She went on to work on climate change and energy policy as a research fellow
at the Kansas Energy Council and earned her Master’s in Environmental Science
from the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
Afreen Siddiqi
Cristine Russell
Senior Fellow, Environment and Natural Resources Program
Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy
Research Topic: The future of science writing and how to improve news media
coverage of controversial science, environment, energy and health issues.
Cristine Russell is an award-winning freelance journalist who
has written about science, health, and the environment for
more than three decades. She was a former national science
reporter for The Washington Post and The Washington Star
and currently writes for publications such as Columbia
Journalism Review. She is the immediate past President of the
Council for the Advancement of Science Writing, and a past president of the
National Association of Science Writers. She is an honorary member of Sigma Xi,
the scientific research society, and has a biology degree from Mills College. She
was a Spring 2006 Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center
on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy and teaches a Harvard Kennedy School
class on “Controversies in Climate, Energy and the Media.” Her research focuses
on the future of science writing and how to improve news media coverage of
controversial scientific issues. She is organizing workshops for reporters and
scientists and planning a book on current controversies in science, health, and
the environment.
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Visiting Scholar, Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program, Belfer Center
for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Linkages between water, energy, and food security
Dr. Afreen Siddiqi is a visiting scholar with the Science,
Technology, and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy
School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
She is also as a research scientist at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT). Her research expertise is
at the intersection of technology, policy, and international
development. She combines quantitative tools and qualitative methods
for complex socio-technical systems analysis. Her work includes a focus on
investigating how water and agriculture sectors impact energy consumption
and implications for energy policy. She is examining critical linkages between
water, energy, and food security at urban, provincial, and national scales in the
Middle East and North Africa, and analyzing the hydro-power portfolio in the
Indus basin of Pakistan.
Dr. Siddiqi has an SB in Mechanical Engineering and an SM and PhD in
Aerospace Systems, all from MIT. She has been a recipient of the Amelia
Earhart Fellowship, Richard D. DuPont Fellowship, and the Rene H. Miller Prize
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in Systems Engineering. She has engineering experience in National Instruments
(in Austin, Texas) and Schlumberger (in Houston, Texas), consulting experience
with BP, Lockheed Martin, and Aurora Flight Systems, and teaching experience at
MIT and Universita della Svizzera italiana in Switzerland.
Prior to joining the Belfer Center, Rebecca was Assistant Vice President at an
asset management firm in New York. She has previously published work
examining the toxicity of plastics additives and the molecular design of safer
alternatives to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Karoline Steinbacher
Rebecca graduated with a double major in Environmental Studies and Political
Science from Yale University in 2012.
Giorgio Ruffolo Doctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science, Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Samuel Stolper
Research Topic: Policies for renewable energy, the political economy of energy
transitions in developing and industrialized countries, and European energy and
climate policy
HEEP Pre-Doctoral Fellow
PhD Student in Public Policy
Karoline Steinbacher is a joint Giorgio Ruffolo Doctoral Research Fellow in the
Sustainability Science Program and the Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group. Her doctoral dissertation at FU Berlin examines policy transfer
from the German “Energiewende” to Morocco, South Africa, and California.
Sam is interested in measuring the costs and benefits of a
variety of environmental problems and policies – especially
those pertaining to climate change. In his job market research,
he estimates the local price impacts of automotive fuel taxes
and shows how such price impacts can affect the distributional
equity of energy policy. He is also conducting research on water
pollution, regulation, and health in India. Sam has taught “economic analysis
of public policy” to Master’s students and “economics of climate change” to
undergraduates while at Harvard. His past work includes stints at The World
Bank, Resources for the Future, and Harvard’s Center for International
Development. He currently writes blog articles at Sense & Sustainability.
Karoline’s research interests include policies for renewable energy, the political economy of energy transitions in developing and industrialized countries,
and European energy and climate policy. She earned a MA, summa cum laude,
in international economic policy from SciencesPo Paris and gained professional
experience as a junior expert in gas market regulation at E-Control, and as
an energy policy consultant for GIZ, the German agency for international
cooperation.
Research Topic: Distributional impacts of energy taxation
Behnam Taebi
Rebecca Stern
Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Intersection of science and policymaking
Rebecca Stern is a research fellow in the Science, Technology,
and Public Policy Program’s Energy Technology Innovation
Policy research group. Broadly, her research interests revolve
around the intersection of science and policymaking, with a
focus on clean energy, climate change, and environmental
toxins and include the role of university-industry partnerships in
facilitating science, technology, and innovation in the Gulf Arab states.
78 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Research Fellow, Project on Managing the Atom/International Security Program,
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Nuclear ethics and responsible innovation
Behnam Taebi is a research fellow in the Belfer Center’s
Project on Managing the Atom and International Security
Program. He studied material science and engineering (2006)
and received his PhD in philosophy of technology from Delft
University of Technology (The Netherlands, 2010). His main
research interests lie in nuclear ethics and responsible
innovation. He is the leading editor of a volume on The Ethics of Nuclear Energy
(Cambridge University Press) and of a special issue of Journal of Risk Research
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on “The Socio-technical Challenges of Nuclear Power Production and Waste
Management in the Post-Fukushima Era.” He is an assistant professor of
philosophy of technology at the Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management
at Delft University, spending a sabbatical year as a research fellow at the
Belfer Center.
show than they had in the last three years of Sunday shows. After this position,
she served as Deputy Director, Digital Media at American Wind Energy
Association, the trade association for the U.S. wind industry. In this position,
she coordinated blogs, op-eds, letters to the editor and developed the
organization’s social media strategy and outreach plan. She graduated
magna cum laude from the University of California, Berkeley.
Xianchun Tan
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Energy Technology Innovation Policy research
group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School
Research Topic: Low-carbon development strategies, policies, and planning
Xianchun Tan is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs’ Energy Technology
Innovation Policy research group and a professor in low-carbon
economy at the Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
Her research interests include low-carbon development strategies, policies, and
planning. She has published several articles and received three prizes on those
subjects. She received her PhD from Chongqing University, China, and she was
a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University in management science and engineering. She plans to research the analysis of carbon emission trends in both
China and the United States during her fellowship.
Shauna B. Theel
Louis M. Bacon Environmental Leadership Fellow, Center for Public Leadership,
Harvard Kennedy School
Shauna B. Theel has worked over the last several years in media
positions in the energy space. First, as Climate and Energy
Program Director at Media Matters for America, a not-forprofit, web-based media watchdog, Shauna was editor for all
energy and environment work and managed long term projects
capturing data on the amount and nature of media coverage on
climate change and clean energy. The first action of the Senate Climate Action
task force was to take a study she had overseen on climate coverage to the
broadcast networks, which then covered climate change more in one Sunday
80 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Chengchuan Tian
China Environmental Sustainability Fellow, Environment and Natural Resources
Program, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School
Tian Chengchuan is a research fellow in the Belfer Center’s
China Environmental Sustainability Fellows Program and a
postdoctoral fellow in Applied Economics at Peking University.
His doctoral dissertation is about globalization and China’s
government economic management. He is director of the
Division of Strategic Research and Planning, Department of
Climate Change, National Development and Reform Commission, and he has
been engaged in strategic planning and policy research on climate change for
many years.
Natalie Unterstell
Louis M. Bacon Environmental Leadership Fellow, Center for Public Leadership,
Harvard Kennedy School
Natalie Unterstell is an experienced environment and climate
change professional from Brazil. She is currently a Louis
M. Bacon Environmental Leadership fellow in the Center of
Public Leadership at Harvard. Natalie holds a Bachelor’ degree
in Business Administration from Fundacao Getulio Vargas
(2004) in Brazil and she is a Master on Public Administration
candidate at Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Natalie has worked
in the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Brazilian Presidency, in the
Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, in the Government of Amazonas and
in the Instituto Socioambiental. She has been a negotiator on behalf of the
Government of Brazil in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) and acted as a civil society observer to negotiations before
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that. She was the lead negotiator on REDD+ and also member of the BASIC
Experts (Brazil, South Africa, India and China) group. Her research work deals
with the economic analysis of climate change impacts and related adaptation
strategies.
language media. He earned his PhD in History from the University of California,
Irvine.
Kaho Yu
Pu Wang
Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Geopolitics of Energy Project, Belfer Center for
Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Giorgio Ruffolo Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Sustainability Science, Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: China’s gas expansion, the eastward shift of Russian energy
strategy, and the geopolitical implications for the Asia-Pacific region
Research Topic: Cap and trade systems for greenhouse gas emissions in China
and China-US cooperation on climate change policies
Pu Wang received his PhD degree from Cornell University in
2014, in the field of natural resources. His research is motivated
by the great potential of market-based environmental policies
in addressing social and environmental challenges associated
with climate change. In particular, he is interested in the
application of market-based policies in the context of
socioeconomic inequalities.
As a ETIP postdoctoral fellow, his research focuses on cap and trade systems
for greenhouse-gas emissions in China and China-U.S. cooperation in climate
change policies.
David M. Wight
Ernest May Fellow in History and Policy, International Security Program, Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School
Research Topic: Oil money: How petrodollars transformed US-Middle East
relations, 1967-1986
David Wight is a scholar of the history of U.S. foreign
relations, the modern Middle East and North Africa, global
political economy, and transnational exchange. During his
time at the Belfer Center, he is researching and writing a book
manuscript titled, “Oil Money: How Petrodollars Transformed
US-Middle East Relations, 1967–1986,” based on newly
available governmental and nongovernmental sources and English and Arabic
82 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Kaho Yu is a post-doctoral fellow with the Geopolitics of Energy
Project at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center. Kaho’s
research focuses on the geopolitics of China’s energy security,
“Belt and Road Initiative”, Sino-Russian energy cooperation,
and China’s role in global energy governance. In particular, his
research at Harvard seeks to understand the development of
China’s gas expansion under the framework of President Xi Jinping’s “Belt and
Road Initiative,” the eastward shift of Russian energy strategy, and the geopolitical implications for Asia-Pacific. In addition to his appointment at Harvard,
Kaho serves as a Research Fellow at the Center for International Energy Security
Studies at Chinese Academy of Social Science, European Center for Energy and
Resources Security at King’s College London, Renmin University Chongyang
Institute and Asian Energy Studies Centre at Hong Kong Baptist University.
Since 2013, he has been teaching a master course on Geopolitics of Energy
at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is now finishing his PhD at King’s
College London and the thesis topic is “From energy diplomacy to global
governance: A case study on China’s energy security in the 21st century.”
In addition, Kaho observes Chinese energy policy and Eurasian energy
geopolitics closely and regularly produces energy strategy reports in both
Chinese and English. He is also one of the authors of the Blue Book of World
Energy of the Chinese Academy of Social Science.
Yige Zhang
Ziff Environmental Fellow, Harvard University Center for the Environment
Research Topic: Resolving the late Miocene CO2 climate sensitivity “paradox”
using biomarkers and their stable isotopes
Yige Zhang is a geochemist interested in understanding how the Earth evolved
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fellows
chemically, and using various geochemical tools to study
climate change of the geological past.
Yige earned his BS in geochemistry at Nanjing University,
China (2007), a MS in Marine Sciences from the University of
Georgia in 2009. His MPhil (2011) and PhD (2014) in Geology
and Geophysics are from Yale University. During his PhD, his research is focused
on climate reconstructions and modeling of the Cenozoic greenhouse – icehouse
transition, including the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene epochs. He used
geochemical proxies from marine sediments to understand ocean temperatures,
atmospheric CO2 levels and continental ice volume over a series of global
climate change events.
As an Environmental Fellow, Yige will be working with Ann Pearson from the
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. He plans to develop improved
atmospheric CO2 estimates in the Miocene, using organic geochemistry
methodologies and novel approaches to isotope-ratio mass spectrometry.
His goal is to resolve the Miocene CO2 climate sensitivity “paradox,” an issue
confronting his field in which current reconstructions show a puzzling relationship between stable, or even increased, CO2 concentrations during substantial
surface seawater cooling. Yige hopes to resolve this climate sensitivity puzzle,
which currently suggests that CO2 either played a minor role or that our proxy
methods for measuring CO2 levels during that period are flawed.
84 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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research snapshot
research snapshot
Peskoe examined the situations of Pennsylvania and Florida, two states
that are interesting contrasts because in one (Pennsylvania) the electricity
market is competitive and open access, and in the other (Florida) electricity
is provided by vertically-integrated utilities. Peskoe asked how close each
state is to being able to comply using existing laws and regulations. The
answers he found seem to have more to do with the stringency of proposed
EPA requirements and existing environmental and energy laws than with
whether the electricity markets are competitive or vertically integrated.
Power Over Pollution: State Compliance
Strategies for EPA’s Clean Power Plan
How far do states have to go to comply with the EPA’s proposed carbon
emissions rule? The answer can vary a great deal, depending on the
state and its particular combination of EPA requirements and legal framework. Ari Peskoe, Energy Law Fellow at Harvard’s Environmental Policy
Initiative, presented his research on possible implementation strategies
for Pennsylvania and Florida, whose very different situations give an idea
of how 111(d) implementation may look on a state-by-state basis.
As Peskoe explained, the EPA has set individual carbon emission rate
targets for each state—targets that may be met by some combination of
reducing carbon emissions from power plants, increasing renewable and
nuclear energy, and increasing energy efficiency. States will be required
to submit compliance plans to the EPA, which will need to include specific
and enforceable measures for compliance.
86 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
In the case of Pennsylvania, Peskoe argued, a compliance plan could be
reached with only minor amendments to existing legislation. Pennsylvania’s
existing Air Pollution Control Act provides state environmental regulators
with the authority to cap coal plant carbon emissions (at, say, a certain
number of tons per year), and may also allow regulators to oversee an
emission allowance trading program in the Commonwealth. In addition,
Pennsylvania’s existing renewable energy and energy efficiency laws could
be amended to make them compatible with 111(d) requirements. While not
necessarily the most cost-effective approach to compliance, Peskoe said,
this is an approach that would require little in the way of new legislation.
In Florida, in contrast, compliance seems likely to require greater legislative
action. In part, Peskoe explained, this is due to a relatively aggressive EPA
goal for Florida—one that cannot be met by simply closing older coal-fired
plants. Florida regulators have approved the construction of two new
nuclear reactors, but this also will not be sufficient to meet EPA’s goal.
Existing legislation related to renewable energy and energy efficiency
are likely not specific enough to meet the EPA’s criteria of “enforceable”
requirements and have led regulators to set weak targets that fall short of
EPA’s goal. Thus, for Florida, compliance with EPA’s 111(d) rule may require
significant new legislation or major new commitments from Florida utilities
to boost renewable energy and energy efficiency, Peskoe concluded.
Peskoe spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Photo by Paul Sherman. Text by Louisa Lund.
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seminars
&
lecture
series
88 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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“
seminars & lecture series
seminars & lecture series
…intermittent
renewables need
not wait for the
availability of
cheap bulk storage
to become an
effective tool for
decarbonization.
> Energy Policy Seminar Series. (Energy Technology Innovation Policy/
Consortium for Energy Policy Research Seminar). A weekly seminar featuring
speakers from within and outside Harvard discussing their work on a range of
topics related to energy policy.
> Environmental Economics Lunch Series. The “Environmental Economics
Research Workshop” is a weekly lunch seminar in which Harvard PhD students,
post-doctoral fellows, and faculty present their research on topics related to
environmental and natural resource economics. Beginning in the fall of 2005,
the seminar became a formal research Workshop (Economics 3680hf, “Research
in Environmental Economics”), and since 2006 the seminar has been funded
through the GSAS Research Workshops Program. > Future of Energy Speaker Series. A series of lectures for a University-wide
audience organized by the Harvard University Center for the Environment.
In 2015, the series hosted speaker Bryony Worthington, Shadow Minister for
Energy and Climate, House of Lords; Founder and Director, Sandbag Climate
Campaign.
> Harvard China Project Seminar. Monthly talks by external and internal
speakers on energy and environmental science, economics, law, and policy
in China. These talks, usually held in the School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, are open to students, researchers and faculty across fields and
schools at Harvard and surrounding universities.
”
– Hossein Safaei, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and David
W. Keith, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics and Professor of
Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School in “How Much Bulk Energy
Storage Is Needed to Decarbonize Electricity?” Energy & Environmental
Science (September 22, 2015): 3415.
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> Harvard Energy Journal Club. Weekly graduate student-run sessions to review
the latest technical knowledge related to energy. Topics discussed included
CO2 capture technology, the geology of petroleum, advanced solar, climate
skepticism, and geothermal energy.
> Managing the Atom Seminar. Research by fellows and others on nuclear
security and nuclear energy issues presented in a weekly seminar series
during the academic year.
> Regulatory Policy Program Seminar. The New Directions in Regulation seminar
series, organized and hosted by the Regulatory Policy Program, represents the
preeminent forum in the country for engaging scholars and practitioners in an
exploration of emerging trends in regulation. Since 1998, the Regulatory Policy
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seminars & lecture series
seminars & lecture series
Program has held more than 200 seminars, led by leading scholars from Harvard
and around the world.
> The Science & Democracy Lecture series, co-sponsored by HUCE and the
Harvard Kennedy School Program on Science, Technology & Society, explores
the benefits and potential harmful consequences of scientific/technological
breakthroughs.
> Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy. A weekly seminar from
the Harvard Environmental Economics Program featuring presentations by
researchers from within and outside Harvard on topics including risk analysis
and climate change, the costs and benefits of environmental regulation, and
climate change and economic growth.
92 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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research snapshot
research snapshot
Health and Climate
Benefits of Different
Energy-efficiency
and Renewable
Energy Choices
Using diagrams of lungs to illustrate how tiny fine particulates in the air
can lodge deep inside the lungs and from there migrate into the bloodstream, Jonathan Buonocore of Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health
explained the significant public health impacts of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from electricity generation plants, especially
coal plants. Outdoor air pollution resulting from electricity generation is
estimated to cause approximately 460,000 deaths a year worldwide from
health impacts that include lung cancer, asthma, heart attacks, and strokes.
These particulate emissions often go hand in hand with greenhouse gas
emissions, creating the possibility of “co-benefits” from technologies and
policies that reduce these emissions—that is, technologies and policies that
can reduce carbon emissions can also have benefits for health by improving
air quality.
The potential for these kinds of benefits can be an argument in favor of
technologies and policies that reduce pollution from the power sector.
In his talk in Monday’s Energy Policy Seminar, Dr Buonocore presented an
overview of his research, aimed at modeling the different impacts of wind
power, solar power, and energy efficiency in terms of the potential value of
both their climate and their public health benefits.
Buonocore began by giving a sense of the complexity of the analysis. There
is no one universal value for the public health benefits of any of the energy
resources he looked at. In each case, the benefits depend on what marginal
energy resources are being displaced, and on where in the country these
resources are located—and how many people are downwind.
To capture this complexity, the analysis relied on the PROSYM tool for
detailed modeling of electrical dispatch at hourly resolution, and taking
into consideration factors such as transmission constraints, economics,
and regulations. The impact of an additional wind plant, solar facility,
or energy efficiency in a particular location was assessed by running a
dispatch simulation with and without the resource. Then the health impacts
of the resulting change of emissions were assessed, taking into account
the emissions displaced, and the size of the downwind population likely
to be affected.
Buonocore ran the simulation for four types of renewable energy or energy
efficiency interventions in six locations in the northern Midwest and northeast, comparing the impacts of utility-scale solar PV, wind power, general
energy efficiency, and demand side management aimed at reducing peak
energy use. Overall, wind and baseload energy efficiency measures (ones
that run constantly, as opposed to just during times of peak demand)
showed the greatest combined health and climate benefits per MWh
produced or not consumed—primarily because these interventions
displaced power at times when coal plants were being used as marginal
resources. Calculated in terms of dollars per MWh, the benefits of the
six hypothetical wind power projects examined all exceeded estimates
of the levelized cost of energy for the projects (the same was not true for
solar PV).
Buonocore acknowledged that he would expect these results to vary,
depending on levels of penetration of different resources. But he noted
that he would expect some underlying relationships to be predictable;
for example, displacing coal will be more beneficial than displacing natural
gas, since coal generally has higher emissions than natural gas, and
displacing emissions upwind of large population centers will be more
beneficial than displacing emissions remote from population centers.
Buonocore spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Text by Louisa Lund.
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“
events
events
January
January 26, 2015
Power Over Pollution: State Compliance Strategies for EPA’s Clean Power Plan.
Ari Peskoe, Energy Fellow, Harvard Law School Environmental Policy Initiative.
ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy Seminar.
A well-designed implementation
plan [to meet Clean Power Plan
requirements] that respects and
utilizes the special features of
organized electricity markets could
February
achieve the benefits of both
efficient markets and cost-effective
environmental protection. A poorlydesigned implementation plan could
have the unintended consequence
of destroying organized electricity
markets and undermining environmental protection.
”
– William W. Hogan, Raymond Plank Professor of Global Energy Policy, in
“Electricity Markets and the Clean Power Plan.” Electricity Journal 28.9
(November 2015): 9.
98 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
January 28, 2015
Belt and Suspenders and More: The Incremental Impact of Energy Efficiency
Subsidies in the Presence of Existing Policy Instruments. Presentation of a
paper by Sébastien Houde, University of Maryland, and Joseph Aldy, Harvard
University. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
February 2, 2015
Belt and Suspenders and More: The Incremental Impact of Energy Efficiency
Subsidies in the Presence of Existing Policy Instruments. Joe Aldy, Professor of
Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy Seminar.
February 4, 2015
Strategic Policy Choice in State Level Regulation: The EPA’s Clean Power
Plan. Presentation of a paper by James Bushnell, University of California, Davis,
Stephen Holland, University of North Carolina, Jonathan Hughes, University of
Colorado, and Christopher Knittel, MIT. Seminar in Environmental Economics
and Policy.
February 5, 2015
American Public Opinion on Climate Change: Motivated Cognition? Jon
Krosnick, Professor of Communication, Political Science, and Psychology,
Stanford University. Special HUCE seminar moderated by Dustin Tingley,
the Sack Associate Professor of Political Economy in the Dept. of Government.
February 10, 2015
Controversy! Covering Climate & Energy from the Nation’s Capital. Coral
Davenport, New York Times Energy/Environment Correspondent, Washington,
DC. Harvard Kennedy School Seminar on Media, Energy & Environment.
February 19, 2015
Regulatory Barriers to Decarbonizing China’s Power Sector. Michael Davidson,
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events
PhD Candidate, Engineering Systems Division, MIT. China Project Seminar.
February 25, 2015
Environment and Human Capital: The Effects of Early-Life Exposure to
Pollutants in the Philippines. Evan Peet, Harvard School of Public Health.
Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
February 27, 2015
Symposium on Climate Regulation under the Clean Air Act. Panelists Jody
Freeman (Harvard Law School), Richard Lazarus (Harvard Law School), William
Buzbee (Georgetown Law Center), Megan Herzog (UCLA School of Law), Thomas
McGarity (University of Texas School of Law) and Craig Oren (Rutgers School of
Law). Harvard Environmental Law Review event.
March
events
Chair of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harry C. Dudley
Professor of Structural and Economic Geology; and Professor of Environmental
Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Harvard University.
March 11, 2015
Does Better Information Lead to Better Choices? Evidence from Energy
Efficiency Labels. Presentation of a paper by Lucas Davis, University of
California, Berkeley, and Gilbert Metcalf, Tufts University. Seminar in
Environmental Economics and Policy.
March 19, 2015
China’s Natural Gas Strategy. Guy C.K. LEUNG, Postdoctoral Fellow,
Geopolitics of Energy Project, Harvard Kennedy School of Government.
China Project Seminar.
March 2, 2015
Public Policy and the U.S. Solar Industry. Frank O’Sullivan, Director of Research
and Analysis, MIT Energy Initiative. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy Seminar.
March 23, 2015
China, Biodiversity, and the Global Environment. Peter Raven, PhD, President
Emeritus, Missouri Botanical Garden. Arnold Arboretum lecture.
March 2, 2015
Film Screening – Power to the Pedals: Wenzday Jane and the Culture of
Change. Sponsored by the Emmett Environmental Law & Policy Clinic and the
Transactional Law Clinics of Harvard Law School.
March 25, 2015
Voting on Prices vs. Voting on Quantities in a World Climate Assembly. Martin
Weitzman, Harvard University. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
March 2, 2015
Managing for Resilience in Multiple Dimensions Under Climate Change:
Informing Forest Managers in the Great Lake Region with Alternative
Scenarios. Petersham Matthew Duveneck, Harvard Forest. Harvard Forest
Seminar.
March 9, 2015
PJM Economic Analysis of the EPA Clean Power Plan Proposal. Paul Sotkiewicz,
Chief Economist, Markets, PJM Interconnection. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar.
March 10, 2015
North America’s Shale Gas Resources: Energy and Environmental
Perspectives. A Harvard Museum of Natural History lecture with John H. Shaw,
100 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
March 25, 2015
Back to the Future: Will We Create Enough New Technology to Sustain our
Society? Peter Thiel, Palantir Technologies; Thiel Foundation; Founders Fund;
PayPal co-founder. With discussants Antoine Picon, Travelstead Professor of the
History of Architecture and Technology (GSD); Margo Seltzer, Smith Professor of
Computer Science and a Harvard College Professor (SEAS); and Samuel Moyn,
Professor of Law and History (HLS). Moderated by Sheila Jasanoff, Pforzheimer
Professor of Science and Technology Studies (Harvard Kennedy School). Science
and Democracy Lecture.
March 30, 2015
Panel Discussion: Managing Arctic Resources. William Moomaw, Professor
of International Environmental Policy, Fletcher School, Tufts University; Susan
Hackley, Managing Director, Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School. ETIP/
Consortium Energy Policy Seminar.
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events
March 30, 2015
State Level Actions Addressing Climate Change and the Diversity of Responses
by State Environmental and Energy Offices to EPA’s Proposed Clean Power
Plan. David W. Cash, Senior Fellow at HEPG and former Commissioner of the
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and a Commissioner at
the Department of Public Utilities. Harvard Electricity Policy Group Study Group.
April
April 1, 2015
Renewable Fuel Standards. James Stock, Harvard University. Seminar in
Environmental Economics and Policy.
April 2, 2015
The Future of Suburban Mobility: Out of Town-Where are we going and how do
we get there? Harvard Energy Journal Club panel discussion.
April 6, 2015
Legal dimensions of EPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan, Its Reliance on the
Clean Air Act’s Section 111(d), and the Legal Challenges that are Looming.
Kate Konschnik, Lecturer at the Harvard Law School and Director of the Harvard
Law School Environmental Policy Initiative. Harvard Electricity Policy Group
Study Group.
April 6, 2015
Climate Week: Sources of Carbon Dioxide and Methane from the Arctic,
and Responses to Climate Change. Steven Wofsy, Abbott Lawrence Rotch
Professor of Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Harvard University. EPS/
SEAS Climate Science Breakfast.
April 6, 2015
Climate Week: Educating for Climate Change in K-12: Discussion and Sharing
of Resources. Tina Grotzer, Associate Professor of Education, Harvard University.
Harvard Graduate School of Education talk.
April 6, 2015
Climate Week: The Long March to Reducing Carbon Emissions in China.
Dan Dudek, Vice President, China, Environmental Defense Fund. Harvard Law
School event.
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events
April 6, 2015
Sino-Russian Cooperation in Natural Gas. Morena Skalamera, Post-Doctoral
Research Fellow, Geopolitics of Energy Project. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar.
April 6, 2015
Climate Week: Changing the Religious Climate: The Role of Faith Groups in
Climate Change Awareness and Action. Laurel Kearns, Associate Professor of
Sociology and Religion and Environmental Studies, Drew Theological School.
Harvard Divinity School talk.
April 7, 2015
Climate Week: Climate Implications of Equilibrium Statistical States in the
Baroclinic Turbulence of the Earth’s Midlatitude Atmosphere. Brian F. Farrell,
Robert P. Burden Professor of Meteorology, Harvard University. Climate Science
Breakfast.
April 7, 2015
Climate Week: Reinventing Fire: Profitable Low-Carbon Futures for the U.S.
and China. Amory B. Lovins, Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain
Institute. Harvard Kennedy School talk.
April 8, 2015
Climate Week: Deciphering the Early Martian Climate through 3D Modelling.
Robin Wordsworth, Assistant Professor, SEAS, Harvard University. EPS/SEAS
Climate Science Breakfast.
April 8, 2015
Climate Week: Building and Planning for Climate Change. Kairos Shen, Director
of Planning, Boston Redevelopment Authority. Graduate School of Design talk.
April 8, 2015
Climate Week: Poetry Reading. Paisley Rekdal, Professor, English, University of
Utah. Harvard University Department of English event.
April 8, 2015
Automatically Green. Cass Sunstein, Harvard University. Seminar in
Environmental Economics and Policy.
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April 8, 2015
Climate Week: Two Keohanes Talk Climate Politics. Robert Keohane,
Professor of International Affairs, Princeton University and Nathaniel Keohane,
Vice President, International Climate Program, Environmental Defense Fund.
Introductory remarks by Daniel Schrag, Hooper Professor of Geology; Director,
HUCE. Moderated by Dustin Tingley, Paul Sack Associate Professor of Political
Economy, Harvard University. Harvard University Department of Government
lecture.
April 9, 2015
Climate Week: Coupled Feedbacks in the Climate Structure That Set the Time
Scale for Irreversible Change: Arctic Isotopes to Stratospheric Radicals. James
Anderson, Philip S. Weld Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry, Harvard University.
Climate Science Breakfast.
April 9, 2015
Climate Week: Climate Change and Human Health: Impacts and Opportunities.
Joel Schwartz, Professor of Environmental Epidemiology and Sam Myers, Senior
Research Scientist, Dept. of Environmental Health. Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health talk.
April 9, 2015
Climate Week: A Conversation on Campus Sustainability with Arlene Blum and
Heather Henriksen. Office for Sustainability afternoon discussion.
April 10, 2015
Jet Stream Variability and Climate. Zhiming Kuang, Gordon McKay Professor of
Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Harvard University. EPS/SEAS Climate
Science Breakfast.
April 10, 2015
Corporations and Climate Change: A Conversation with Unilever CEO Paul
Polman. Harvard Business School.
April 10, 2015
Climate Week: Humanitarian Implications of Climate Change. Vincenzo
Bolletino, Research Associate, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative; Gregg
Greenough, Director of Research, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative; and Ronak
Patel, Director, Urbanization and Crises Program, Harvard Humanitarian
104 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
events
Inititative. Harvard Medical School and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative event.
April 13, 2015
Presidential Panel on Climate Change. John Holdren, Joseph Aldy, Rebecca
Henderson, Daniel Schrag, Naomi Oreskes, Christopher Field, and Richard
Newell. Charlie Rose, Moderator.
April 13, 2015
New York’s ‘Reforming the Energy Vision’ Initiative. Audrey Zibelman, Chair,
New York State Public Service Commission. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar.
April 14, 2015
The Integration of the Internal Energy Market in the European Union: Recent
Developments and Future Challenges. Alberto Pototschnig, Founding Director,
European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators. Talk co-sponsored by
the Harvard Environmental Economics Program and the Harvard Electricity Policy
Group.
April 16, 2015–April 17, 2015
Earthworks Unlimited: Problems and Prospects of Geoengineering. Workshop
hosted by the Program on Science, Technology, and Society.
April 16, 2015
Decarbonizing China: Power System Strategies to Electrify Transportation and
Building Heating with Renewable Sources. Chen Xinyu, Postdoctoral Fellow,
Harvard China Project, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
China Project Seminar.
April 16, 2015
Solar Panel Discussion. Panel discussion organized by the Environmental Action
Committee (EAC) and Global Energy Initiative (GEI).
April 17, 2015
The Greenhouse Gas-Air Quality Nexus: Experiences from the Western U.S.
John Lin, University of Utah. Environmental Science and Engineering Friday
Seminar.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 105
events
April 17, 2015
Celebrating Accomplishments, Anticipating New Challenges. Forum on
Divestment with Bill McKibben, Robert Massie, James Anderson, Chloe Maxmin,
and moderator Jane Mansbridge.
April 17, 2015
Film Screening: Katiyabaaz: Powerless. With a subsequent discussion with the
film’s Directors, Deepti Kakkar and Fahad Mustafa. Chaired by Rohit Chandra,
PhD Candidate, Harvard Kennedy School.
April 20, 2015
How Much Energy Do Building Energy Codes Really Save? Evidence from
California. Arik Levinson, Georgetown University. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar.
April 20, 2015
Environmental Lawlessness. Richard Lazarus, Howard and Katherine Aibel
Professor of Law, Harvard University. Arnold Arboretum Director’s Series Lecture.
April 21, 2015
The Smartest Targets for the World. Presentation by Dr. Bjorn Lomborg.
Hosted by the Consortium for Energy Policy Research, the Harvard Environmental
Economics Program, and the Harvard University Center for the Environment.
April 22, 2015
Adopting a Cleaner Technology: The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Fleet
Turnover. Hernan Barahona, Francisco Gallego, and Juan-Pablo Montero,
Catholic University of Chile. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
April 24, 2015
Anthropocene and Its Victims: How We Name Those Displaced by
Environmental Changes. François Gemmene, Sciences Po/Princeton, with
discussants Claire Stockwell (Harvard STS), Maximilian Mayer (University of
Bonn), and Aleksandar Rankovic (Harvard STS). STS Special Seminar.
April 27, 2015
Low-carbon Leapfrogging and Globalization: How China Developed its Solar
PV Industry. Christian Binz, Giorgio Ruffolo Postdoctoral Research Fellow,
Sustainability Science Program and Energy Technology Innovation Policy
106 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
events
research group, Harvard Kennedy School. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar.
April 27, 2015
Cities, Technologies and Political Imaginaries. Antoine Picon (Harvard, GSD).
STS Circle at Harvard.
April 27, 2015
Driving the Future: Combating Climate Change with Cleaner, Smarter Cars.
Margo Oge, Vice Chairman of the Board of Deltawing Technologies, and former
director of the Office of Transportation Air Quality at the US Environmental
Protection Agency. HUCE Special Lecture.
April 29, 2015
Should Harvard Divest from Fossil Fuels to Address the Climate Change Crisis?
With Rebecca Henderson (HBS) against divestment, James Engell (Dept. of
English) for it, and Cristine Russell (Harvard Kennedy School) as moderator.
Harvard Kennedy School debate.
May
May 5, 2015
Understanding, Managing and Reducing the Risks of Climate Change. Chris
Field, Carnegie Institution for Science. Lecture for the 10th Annual Plant Biology
Initiative Symposium.
May 6, 2015
Special Lecture with Lester Brown and J. Matthew Roney, co-authors of The
Great Transition. Harvard Extension School Sustainability and Environmental
Management Program event.
May 8, 2015
Coal and Its Discontents: The Future of Energy History. An Energy History
Project roundtable discussion chaired by Ian J. Miller, Professor, Harvard
University, and Paul Warde, Lecturer, University of Cambridge.
May 15, 2015
China’s Air Pollution and Its Interactions with the World. Lin Jintai, Professor,
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking
University. China Project Seminar.
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events
June
June 18-19, 2015
Harvard-Tshinghua Workshop on Advancing Energy Technology Innovation in
China. At Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
June 23-24, 2015
The Energy Implications of a Nuclear Deal between the P5+1 and Iran. Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs event.
June 25-26, 2015
Wind Power and Climate. Workshop led by David Keith. Belfer Center for Science
and International Affairs event.
events
September 18, 2015
The Role of Fire in our Climate System: Perspectives on Different Forcings,
Biomes, and Timescales. Brendan Rogers, Woods Hole Research Center.
Atmospheric Sciences Seminar.
September 18, 2015
Corporate Sustainability and Human Rights: Policy Challenges. Dante Pesce,
CEO at VINCULAR Center for Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development.
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government Seminar.
September 21, 2015
Extending Locational Marginal Cost Pricing to Retail Electricity Markets and
Distributed Generation. Michael Caramanis, Professor, Boston University. ETIP/
Consortium Energy Policy Seminar Series.
September
September 9, 2015
How Much Carbon Pricing is in Countries’ Own Interests? The Critical Role of
Co-Benefits. Ian Parry, International Monetary Fund. Seminar in Environmental
Economics and Policy.
September 21, 2015
Meanwhile in Japan – Filming in the Nuclear Exclusion Zone. Thorsten Trimpop,
Fellow, MIT Open Documentary Lab, Comparative Media Studies/Writing. STS
Circle at Harvard.
September 14, 2015
Subsidies, Climate Change, Electric Markets, and FERC. John Moot, Partner,
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy Seminar
Series.
September 21, 2015
Ancient Eclipses, Roman Fish Tanks, and the Enigma of Global Sea Level Rise.
Jerry Mitrovica. Harvard Museum of Natural History talk.
September 14, 2015
Rethinking Landsat: The American State and Big Oil in the Space Race. Megan
Black, Fellow, Charles Warren Center, Harvard. STS Circle at Harvard.
September 16, 2015
Why is the Estimated Value of Clean Air so Low? Daniel Sullivan, Harvard
University. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
September 17, 2015
Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals Reporting: Evaluation of Data and
Recommendations for Policymakers. Kate Konschnik, Lecturer on Law and
founding Director of Harvard Law School’s Environmental Policy Initiative.
Regulatory Policy Program Seminar Series.
108 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
September 23, 2015
Energy Revolution. Mara Prentiss, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard
University. Science Research Public Lecture.
September 25, 2015
Organics in the Atmosphere and the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change.
Joost de Gouw, Research Physicist, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory;
CIRES Senior Scientist & Fellow of CIRES. Atmospheric Sciences Seminar.
September 28, 2015
Financial Arbitrage and Efficient Dispatch in Wholesale Electricity Markets.
John Parsons, Senior Lecturer, Sloan School of Management. ETIP/Consortium
Energy Policy Seminar Series.
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events
events
September 29, 2015
The Geopolitical Implications of the U.S. Shale Revolution for Japan and China.
Jane Nakano, Senior Fellow, Energy and National Security Program, Center for
Strategic and International Studies. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
Program on U.S.-Japan Relations.
Environmental Health and Human Habitation, Harvard School of Public Health;
Joseph Allen, Program Leader, Healthy Buildings, Center for Health and the
Global Environment and Assistant Professor of Exposure Assessment Science,
Harvard School of Public Health; and Julia Africa, Program Leader, Nature,
Health, & the Built Environment, Harvard School of Public Health.
September 30, 2015
Energy Tax Incidence under Imperfect Competition: An Application to
Automotive Fuel. Samuel Stolper, Harvard. Seminar in Environmental
Economics and Policy.
October 7, 2015
HUBweek Event - Coping with Climate Change: How Will Boston Adapt?
Panelists Atyia Martin, Chief Resilience Officer, City of Boston; James
McCarthy, Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard University;
Carl Spector, Director of Climate and Environmental Planning, City of Boston;
and Robert Young, Director, Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines,
Western Carolina University. Moderated by Daniel Schrag, HUCE Director and
Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology. HUBweek event presented by HUCE.
September 30, 2015
Will the Courts Strike Down the President’s Clean Power Plan? Jody Freeman,
Archibald Cox Professor of Law; Director, Environmental Law Program, Harvard
Law School; and Richard Lazarus, Howard J. and Katherine W. Aibel Professor of
Law, Harvard Law School. Moderated by Daniel Schrag, Hooper Professor of
Geology; Professor, Harvard Paulson School; Director, Harvard University Center
for the Environment. Harvard University Center for the Environment Special
Lecture.
October
October 2, 2015
EPA Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. Melissa Weitz, Office of Atmospheric
Programs, Climate Change Division, EPA. Atmospheric Sciences Seminar.
October 5, 2015
Financial Trading in Electricity Markets – Who Benefits and How? Harry Singh,
Vice President, Goldman Sachs. ETIP/Consortium Harvard Kennedy School
Energy Policy Seminar Series.
October 5, 2015
Discussion on Global Sustainability. Han Seung-Soo, Special Envoy of the UN
Secretary-General on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water; former Prime Minister
of South Korea. Asia Center/Korea Institute Special Event.
October 5, 2015
How Does the Environment Affect Our Health? John D. Spengler, Director,
Center for Health and the Global Environment and Yamaguchi Professor of
110 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
October 14, 2015
Predicting Rainfall Change Under Global Warming: New Challenge for
Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Shang-Ping Xie, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, University of California at San Diego. EPS Climate Seminar.
October 15, 2015
Designing Durable Climate and Energy Policy: Lessons from the Clean Air Act.
Joseph Aldy, Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School;
Faculty Chair, Regulatory Policy Program. Regulatory Policy Program Seminar.
October 15, 2015
The Future of Emission Trading in China. Xi Liang, Senior Lecturer of Energy
Finance; Secretary General, UK-China (Guangdong) CCUS Centre; and
Director, Centre for Business and Climate Change, University of Edinburgh
Business School. Event co-sponsored by the China Project (SEAS) and the
Harvard Project on Climate Agreements (Harvard Kennedy School).
October 17, 2015
12th Annual Energy Symposium at Harvard Business School. HBS Energy and
Environment Club.
October 19, 2015
The Western Energy Imbalance Market. Keith Casey, Vice President, Market
and Infrastructure Development, California ISO. ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy
Seminar Series.
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events
October 19, 2015
Understanding the Recent Global Warming Slowdown: Observations, Theories
and Modeling. Dr. Ka-Kit Tung, University of Washington. EPS Colloquium Series.
October 21, 2015
Measuring the Welfare Effects of Energy Efficiency Programs. Michael
Greenstone, University of Chicago. Seminar in Environmental Economics and
Policy.
October 22, 2015
The History of Energy and the Environment Conference. Hosted by the History
Project, in cooperation with the Joint Center for History and Economics and the
Global History of Energy Project.
October 22, 2015
Ocean Acidification Impacts on Future Phytoplankton Communities: Using
Numerical Models to Scale Up from Laboratory and Field Studies to the
Global Scale. Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Center for Global Change Science, MIT.
Environmental Sciences & Engineering Lecture Series.
October 23, 2015
Climate, Air Quality, and Health Implications of China’s Energy and
Agricultural Future. Denise Mauzerall, Professor of Environmental Engineering
and International Affairs, Princeton. Atmospheric Sciences Seminar.
October 26, 2015
Assessing Global Power Sector Climate Policy Initiative. Larry Makovich,
Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government.
ETIP/Consortium Energy Policy Seminar Series.
October 26, 2015
Diagnosing Drought in a Changing Climate. Dr. Abigail Swann, University of
Washington. EPS Colloquium Series.
October 27, 2015
What to Expect from the Next UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris? Brice
Lalonde, former UN Assistant Secretary-General and Executive Coordinator of
Rio+20 with a panel discussion with Professor Sheila Jasanoff, Director of the
Science, Technology and Society Program; Adjunct Professor Muriel Rouyer,
112 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
events
Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation; and Professor Henry Lee,
Director of the Energy and Natural Resource Program, Belfer Center for Science
and International Affairs. Presented by the Future Society at Harvard Kennedy
School.
November
November 2, 2015
Gas Hydrates as an Energy Source. Carolyn Ruppel, Chief, US Geological
Survey’s Gas Hydrates Project. ETIP/Consortium Harvard Kennedy School Energy
Policy Seminar Series.
November 3, 2015
Just Transition: How to Create a Fair and Sustainable Shift to a Low-Carbon
Economy. Featuring Brad Markell, Executive Director of the AFL-CIO Industrial
Union Council; Rachel Cleetus, Lead Economist and Climate Policy Manager,
Union of Concerned Scientists; and Barbara Kates-Garnick, Professor of
Practice at The Fletcher School and Interim Director of the Energy, Climate and
Innovation Program at the Center for International Environment and Resource
Policy. Moderated by Henry Lee, Director, Environment and Natural Resources
Program, Harvard. Sponsored by the Environment and Natural Resources
Program, the BlueGreen Alliance, and the Energy and Environment PIC.
November 4, 2015
Climate Clubs: The Central Role of the Social Sciences in Climate Change
Policy. William D. Nordhaus, Sterling Professor of Economics, Yale University.
With panelists Michael Grubb, Institute for Sustainable Resources, University
College London; David Keith, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics; and
Richard Zeckhauser, Frank P. Ramsey Professor of Political Economy. Moderated
by Sheila Jasanoff, Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies.
Science and Democracy Lecture Series.
November 4, 2015
Climate Tipping Points and Solar Geoengineering. Juan Moreno-Cruz, Georgia
Institute of Technology. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
November 6, 2015
Fall Conference: Sustainability in Scandinavia. Presented by Harvard GSD.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 113
events
November 9, 2015
What’s at Stake in Paris: Diplomacy and Policy at the Climate Change Talks.
Dan Schrag, Hooper Professor of Geology, Harvard, opened the discussion.
Panelists René Castro, former Costa Rica Minister of Environment and Energy;
Paula Dobriansky, former Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global
Affairs and chief climate negotiator, United States; and Robert Stavins, Albert
Pratt Professor of Business and Government and Director, Harvard Project on
Climate Agreements. Climate Change Diplomacy Week event from The Future
of Diplomacy Project and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.
November 9, 2015
Where Are We Heading? Pondering the Likelihood of Alternative Carbon
Emissions Pathways. Dan Schrag, Hooper Professor of Geology and HUCE
Director, Harvard ETIP/Consortium Harvard Kennedy School Energy Policy
Seminar Series.
November 9, 2015
Expert Judgment and Uncertainty Quantification for Sea Level Rise. Dr. Michael
Oppenheimer, STEP Director, Princeton University. EPS Colloquium Series.
November 9, 2015
The Paris Negotiations and other Environmental Forums: Insights and Impacts.
Paula Dobriansky, Former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Democracy and
Global Affairs and chief climate negotiator, United States; Senior Fellow, Future
of Diplomacy Project. Climate Change Diplomacy Week event from the Future of
Diplomacy Project and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.
November 11, 2015
Lessons Learned from the Front Line of Policymaking. Bryony Worthington,
Shadow Minister for Energy and Climate, House of Lords; Founder and Director,
Sandbag Climate Campaign. Future of Energy Lecture Series.
November 12, 2015
Storage of Nonstructural Carbon Reserves in Forest Trees: Relevance in the
Context of Global Change. Andrew Richardson, Harvard University. OEB Seminar
Series.
November 13, 2015
Climate Change Policy After Paris: Opportunities and Risks for Developing
114 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
events
Countries. René Castro Salazar, former Minister of Environment, Energy, and
Telecommunications, Costa Rica; Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business
and Government, Harvard Kennedy School. Climate Change Diplomacy Week
event from the Future of Diplomacy Project and the Harvard Project on Climate
Agreements.
November 16, 2015
Challenges in California’s Transition to Lower-carbon Energy. Jane Long,
Chair, California Council on Science and Technology’s California’s Energy Future
Committee; Senior Contributing Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund; and
Visiting Researcher, U.C. Berkeley. ETIP/Consortium Harvard Kennedy School
Energy Policy Seminar Series.
November 16, 2015
Bringing the Global Community to the Table: Paris 2015 UN Climate
Change Conference. Moderated by Candy Crowley, Institute of Politics
Resident Fellow and former Chief Political Correspondent, CNN. Speakers
include: Daniel Bodansky, Foundation Professor of Law, Arizona State University;
Coral Davenport, Energy and Environmental Policy Correspondent, New York
Times; Drew Faust, President, Harvard University; Zou Ji, Deputy Director, China’s
National Center for Climate Change Strategy; and Robert Stavins, Pratt Professor
of Business and Government, Harvard. John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum Event.
November 18, 2015
From the Troposphere to the Stratosphere: Physical and Chemical Details
Linking Chemistry and Radiative Forcing. Frank Keutsch, Stonington Professor
of Engineering and Atmospheric Science, Harvard. Harvard Climate Seminar.
November 18, 2015
Lessons for Climate Negotiations from Lab Experiments: What Doesn’t
Work and What Does Work. Scott Barrett, Columbia University, and Astrid
Dannenberg, Kassel University. Seminar in Environmental Economics and Policy.
November 20, 2015
Russia’s Energy Export: Business or Politics? Mikhail Krutikhin, Editor and
Partner RusEnergy, Moscow, Russia; Former TASS correspondent. Europe and
the Geopolitics of Energy Study Group, hosted by Ole Gunnar Austvik, M-RCBG
Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy School.
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events
events
November 23, 2015
Clumped Isotopologue (13CH3D) Fingerprinting of Methane Sources in the
Environment. Dr. Shuhei Ono, MIT. EPS Colloquium Series.
November 24, 2015
The Geo-economics of Arctic Oil and Gas. Dag Harald Claes, Head of Institute of
Political Science, University of Oslo. Europe and the Geopolitics of Energy Study
Group, hosted by Ole Gunnar Austvik, M-RCBG Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy
School.
November 30, 2015
Health and Climate Benefits of Different Energy-efficiency and Renewable
Energy Choices. Jonathan Buonocore, Center for Health and the Global
Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. ETIP/Consortium
Energy Policy Seminar.
November 30, 2015
Azerbaijan Gas in New Market and Geopolitical Environments. Gulmira
Rzayeva, Senior Research Fellow, Center for Strategic Studies under the
President of the Republic of Azerbaijan; Research Associate, Oxford Institute
for Energy Studies, Oxford University. Europe and the Geopolitics of Energy
Study Group, hosted by Ole Gunnar Austvik, M-RCBG Senior Fellow, Harvard
Kennedy School.
December
December 2, 2015
Knowledge or Trust: The Effects of Government Communication on Local
Acceptance of Nuclear Power in China. Yue Guo, MTA Research Fellow. MTA
Seminar.
116 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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research snapshot
research snapshot
reductions in the average energy consumption of purchased appliances
(less than one percent), with the effect that that federal government paid
somewhere between $0.25 and $1.50 for each kilowatt hour of energy
saved (a kilowatt hour of energy itself costs only about $0.13).
Belt and Suspenders and More:
The Incremental Impact of Energy Efficiency
Subsidies in the Presence of Existing
Policy Instruments
In a talk that could serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers, Professor Joe
Aldy explained the results of his recent research on the impacts of rebate
programs intended to increase purchases of energy efficient appliances.
Aldy and co-author Sébastien Houde conducted an analysis of State Energy
Efficient Appliance Rebate Program (SEEARP), which provided states with
federal funds to support state-level rebate programs for the purchase of
energy efficient appliances. Taking advantage of differences in state program designs and of transaction-level data on appliance purchases, Aldy
and Houde used regression analysis to identify the impact of rebates on the
purchase of energy efficient appliances.
Aldy went on to discuss some of the reasons for this small impact. First, the
program itself was tied to the EnergyStar rating of appliances, which is not
quite the same thing as how much energy an appliance uses. Criteria for
EnergyStar vary with the size and complexity of the appliance—so a large
refrigerator could qualify for an EnergyStar rating, even though, over the
course of a year, it uses more energy than a small refrigerator that doesn’t
qualify. As a result, customers might be motivated by the rebate to choose
EnergyStar, but this does not necessarily mean they are buying appliances
that will consume less electricity on a yearly basis.
Second, the program likely suffers from a large “free riders” problem. A
“free rider,” in this case, is someone who would buy an energy star appliance even without the rebate. According to Aldy and Houde’s calculations,
depending on the appliance, it is likely that somewhere between 73% and
91% of appliance rebate claimants were free riders. Some of these free riders were individuals who delayed purchase of an EnergyStar appliance until
the start of the rebate program in order to claim the subsidy.
Third, the EnergyStar rating is layered on top of already-existing minimum
energy efficiency standards—so all possible consumer choices already meet
a minimum energy efficiency standard. EnergyStar rated appliances typically
exceed the minimum standard by about 20% –meaning that the maximum
possible impact of the program is limited to moving customers from reasonably efficient appliances to very efficient appliances—truly inefficient
choices are already prevented through other regulations.
Aldy spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Photo by Paul Sherman. Text by Louisa Lund.
Their findings highlight some of the difficulties of public policy. The rebate
programs have had an extremely small impact in terms of producing overall
118 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
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selected
papers
&
publications
120 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
february 2016
121
“
selected papers & publications
selected papers & publications
A
Abdelal, Rawi, Morena Skalamera, and Sogomon Tarontsi. The Sino-Russian
Rapprochement: Energy Relations in a New Era. Discussion Paper, Belfer Center
for Science and International Affairs, March 2015.
Nobody knows whether secondgeneration biofuels will play a
large role in reducing the carbon
footprint of the transportation
sector and in reducing US
dependence on foreign oil, but by
maintaining economically efficient
support for those fuels, policy
decisions today can maintain the
option that those technologies
will develop and one day play
such a role.
”
– James H. Stock, Harold Hitchings Burbank Professor of Political
Economy, Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences, in The Renewable Fuel
Standard: A Path Forward. Columbia University Center on Global Energy
Policy, April 2015, p. 4.
122 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Acemoglu, Daron, Ufuk Akcigit, Douglas Hanley, and William R. Kerr. “Transition
to Clean Technology.” NBER Working Paper No. w20743, December 2014.
Akcayoz De Neve, Pinar, Adam Heal and Henry Lee. “Security of the Arctic As the U.S. Takes Over the Arctic Council Leadership in 2015.” Policy Brief,
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June 2015.
Aldy, Joseph E. “Environmental Risk and Uncertainty.” In Handbook of the
Economics of Risk and Uncertainty, ed. Mark Machina and W. Kip Viscusi, 601649. Elsevier, January 2014.
Aldy, Joseph E. “Evaluating Mitigation Effort: Tools and Institutions for Assessing Nationally Determined Contributions.” Discussion Paper, Harvard Project on
Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard
Kennedy School, November 2015.
Aldy, Joseph E. “Mobilizing Political Action on Behalf of Future Generations: The
Case of Climate Change Policy.” The Future of Children, issue on climate change
(Forthcoming).
Aldy, Joseph E. “Need Transparency and Review Mechanisms.”
The Environmental Forum (November/December 2015).
Aldy, Joseph E. “Policy Surveillance in the G-20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Agreement:
Lessons for Climate Policy.” Climatic Change (November 2015).
Aldy, Joseph E. “Pricing Climate Risk Mitigation.” Nature Climate Change 5
(2015): 396-398.
Aldy, Joseph E. “The Employment and Competitiveness Impacts of Power-Sector
Regulations.” In Does Regulation Kill Jobs? Edited by Cary Coglianese, Adam M.
Finkel, and Christopher Carrigan. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 123
selected papers & publications
Aldy, Joseph E. “’Trust But Verify’ Should Be a Motto of Paris Climate Talks.”
Christian Science Monitor (November 30, 2015).
Aldy, Joseph E, Todd D. Gerarden, and Richard L. Sweeney. Capital versus Output
Subsidies: Implications of Alternative Incentives for Wind Investment. Working
Paper, 2015.
Aldy, Joseph E. and William A. Pizer. “Alternative Metrics for Comparing Domestic
Climate Change Mitigation Efforts and the Emerging International Climate Policy
Architecture.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (Forthcoming).
Aldy, Joseph E. and William A. Pizer. “Comparing Countries’ Climate Mitigation
Efforts in a Post-Kyoto World.” In Carbon Taxes and Fiscal Reform: Key Issues
Facing U.S. Policy Makers. Edited by Ian Parry, Adele Morris, and Roberton
Williams III. Routledge, forthcoming.
Aldy, Joseph E. and William A. Pizer. “The Competitiveness Impacts of Climate
Change Mitigation Policies.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and
Resource Economists 2.4 (December 2015): 565-595.
Aldy, Joseph E. and William A. Pizer. “The Employment and Competitiveness
Impacts of Power-Sector Regulations.” In Does Regulation Kill Jobs? Edited by
Cary Coglianese, Adam Finkel, and Chris Carrigan. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
Aldy, Joseph E., William A. Pizer and Keigo Akimoto. “Comparing Emission
Mitigation Effort.” Climate Policy (Forthcoming).
Aldy, Joseph E., William Pizer, Matthew Adler, David Anthoff, Maureen Cropper,
Kenneth Gillingham, Michael Greenstone, Brian Murray, Richard Newell, Richard
Richels, Arden Rowell, Stephanie Waldhoff, and Jonathan Wiener. “Using and
Improving the Social Cost of Carbon.” Science 346 (2014):1181-1182.
Allcott, Hunt and Cass R. Sunstein. “Regulating Internalities.” Journal of Policy
Analysis and Management 34.3 (Summer 2015): 698-705.
Allcott, Hunt, and Dmitry Taubinsky. “Evaluating Behaviorally Motivated Policy:
Experimental Evidence from the Lightbulb Market.” American Economic Review
105.8 (2015): 2501-38.
124 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
selected papers & publications
Anadon, Laura Diaz. “Energy from Fossil Fuels: Challenges and Opportunities
for Technology Innovation.” In Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on LeadingEdge Engineering from the 2013 Symposium. Ed. U.S. National Academy of
Engineering. National Academies Press, 2014.
Anadon, Laura Diaz, Gabriel Chan, Alicia Hurley, Kira Matus, Suerie Moon,
Sharmila L. Murthy, and William C. Clark. Making Technological Innovation Work
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Banasiak, Adam, Linda Bilmes, and John Loomis. Carbon Sequestration in the
U.S. National Parks: A Value Beyond Visitation. Harvard Project on Climate
Agreements Discussion Paper 15-66, February 2015.
Barrett, Steven R. H., Raymond L. Speth, Sebastian D. Eastham, Irene C.
Dedoussi, Akshay Ashok, Robert Malina, and David W. Keith. “Impact of the
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Environmental Research Letters 10 (2015).
Belyi, Andrei V. and Andreas Goldthau. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place:
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Bingaman, J., L.D. Anadon, M. Bunn, V. Narayanamurti, L. Proenza, and S. Baer.
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Bodansky, Daniel M., Seth A. Hoedl, Gilbert E. Metcalf, and Robert N. Stavins.
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“Facilitating Linkage of Climate Policies through the Paris Outcome.” Climate
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Bosetti, V., G. Marangoni, E. Borgonovo, L.D. Anadon, R. Barron, H.C. McJeon, et
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Bunn, Matthew. “Mitigating Climate Change: How Much Can We Hope For From
Nuclear Power?” Presentation, Harvard University Model United Nations,
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Bunn, Matthew and Nickolas Roth. “Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Theft and
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Carnesale, Albert, Matthew Bunn, John Deutch, Gary Samore, et al. Secretary of
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Carraro, Carlo, Charles D. Kolstad, and Robert N. Stavins. “Assessment and
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Policy.” Review of Environment, Energy and Economics (Re3) (February 2015).
Carraro, Carlo, Ottmar Edenhofer, Christian Flachsland, Charles Kolstad, Robert
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Castro, René. “Eco-Competitiveness and Eco-Efficiency: Carbon Neutrality in
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Chan, Gabriel Angelo Sherak. Essays on Energy Technology Innovation Policy.
Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences,
2015.
selected papers & publications
Chan, Gabriel, Carlo Carraro, Ottmar Edenhofer, Charles Kolstad, and Robert
Stavins. “Reforming the IPCC’s Assessment of Climate Change Economics.”
Climate Change Economics (Forthcoming).
Claes, Dag Harald, Andreas Goldthau, and David Livingston. Saudi Arabia and
the Shifting Geoeconomics of Oil. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
May 21, 2015.
Coglianese, John, Lucas W. Davis, Lutz Kilian, and James H. Stock. Anticipation,
Tax Avoidance, and the Price Elasticity of Gasoline Demand. Harvard
Environmental Economics Program Discussion Paper 15-61, March 2015.
Covert, Thomas R. Experiential and Social Learning in Firms: The Case of
Hydraulic Fracturing in the Bakken Shale. Harvard Environmental Economics
Program Discussion Paper 53, May 2015.
Cui, Hongfei, Pan Mao, Yu Zhao, Chris P Nielsen, and Jie Zhang. “Patterns in
atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in China: Emission estimates and observed
concentrations,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15 (2015): 8657–8678.
D
De Perthuis, Christian, and Pierre-Andre Jouvet. Routes to an Ambitious Climate
Agreement in 2015. Discussion Paper 2015-71. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
Project on Climate Agreements, June 2015.
Dignum, Marloes, Aad Correljé, Eefje Cuppen, Udo Pesch, and Behnam Taebi.
“Contested Technologies and Design for Values: The Case of Shale Gas.”
Science and Engineering Ethics (July 2015).
Doczi, Julian and Benjamin Franta. “PH and Climate Change: Some Areas for
Progress.” Philippine Daily Inquirer (October 24, 2015).
Drake, David, Paul R. Kleindorfer, and Luk N. Van Wassenhove. “Technology
Choice and Capacity Portfolios under Emissions Regulation.” Production and
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Driscoll, Charles T., Jonathan J. Buonocore, Jonathan I. Levy, Kathleen F. Lambert,
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Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International
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Fiorenza, Francis Schüssler, Joseph Aldy, and Naomi Oreskes. “A Blessing to Slow
Climate Change.” Harvard Gazette (June 18, 2015).
Gallagher, Kelly Sims and Laura Diaz Anadon. “DOE Budget Authority for Energy
Research, Development, & Demonstration Database.” Energy Technology
Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, September 2015.
Franks, Max, Ottmar Edenhofer, and Kai Lessmann. Why Finance Ministers Favor
Carbon Taxes, Even if They Do Not Take Climate Change into Account. Harvard
Project on Climate Agreements Discussion Paper 15-67, March 2015.
Franta, Benjamin. “Rejecting Campus Consensus, MIT Cozies Up to Fossil Fuels.”
Truthout (November 22, 2015).
Freeman, Jody.”How Obama Plans to Beat his Climate Critics.” Politico (August 3,
2015).
Freeman, Jody. Why I Worry about UARG. Regulatory Policy Program Working
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Government, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, 2015.
Freeman, Jody and Kate Konschnik. “A Climate Plan Businesses Can Like.” N.Y.
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Freeman, Jody and Mike Gerrard, eds. Global Climate Change and U.S. Law.
American Bar Association, 2nd edition, 2014.
Freeman, Jody and Richard Lazarus. “The Biggest Risk to Obama’s Climate Plan
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Freeman, Mark C., Ben Groom, and Richard Zeckhauser. Better Predictions,
Better Allocations: Scientific Advances and Adaptation to Climate Change.
Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP15-051,
August 2015.
Freeman, Mark C., Gernot Wagner, and Richard Zeckhauser. Climate Sensitivity
Uncertainty: When is Good News Bad? Discussion Paper 2015-76, Harvard
Gerarden, Todd D., Richard G. Newell, and Robert N. Stavins. Assessing the
Energy-Efficiency Gap. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Environmental
Economics Program, January 2015.
Goldthau, Andreas, Dan Blumenthal and Derek M. Scissors. “The Russian Energy
Outlook.” AEI Press (February 2015).
Goldthau, Andreas and Nick Sitter. “Soft power with a hard edge: EU policy tools
and energy security.” Review of International Political Economy (February 26,
2015).
Gollier, Christian and Jean Tirole. Negotiating Effective Institutions Against
Climate Change. Discussion Paper 2015-72. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Project on
Climate Agreements, June 2015.
Greenstone, Michael, and Rema Hanna. “Environmental Regulations, Air and
Water Pollution, and Infant Mortality in India.” American Economic Review
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Guo, Meiyu, Xi Lu, Chris P Nielsen, Michael B McElroy, Wenrui Shi, Yuntian Chen,
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demand.” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Review (Submitted).
Guo, Y., P. Ru, J. Su, and L.D. Anadon. “Not in my backyard, but not far away from
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selected papers & publications
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Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School,
July 2015.
Huenteler, Joern and Henry Lee. The Future of Low-Carbon Road Transport: What
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Hedlin, Simon and Cass Sunstein. “Does Active Choosing Promote Green Energy
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Huenteler, Joern, Laura Diaz Anadon, Henry Lee, and Nidhi Santen. Commercializing Second-Generation Biofuels: Scaling Up Sustainable Supply Chains and the
Role of Public Policy. Rapporteur’s Report, Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, November
2014.
Henderson, Rebecca. Making the Business Case for Environmental
Sustainability. Discussion Paper 2015-64. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
Environmental Economics Program, June 2015.
Hogan, William W. “Electricity Markets and the Clean Power Plan.” Electricity
Journal 28.9 (November 2015): 9-32.
Hogan, William W., Mauricio Salles, and Michael Aziz. Potential Arbitrage
Revenue of Energy Storage Systems in PJM during 2014. Working paper,
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Horton, Joshua B., Andrew Parker, and David Keith. “Liability for Solar
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Governance Possibilities.” NYU Environmental Law Journal 22 (2015): 225-273.
Houde, Sebastien and Joseph Aldy. Belt and Suspenders and More:
The Incremental Impact of Energy Efficiency Subsidies in the Presence
of Existing Policy Instruments. Harvard Environmental Economics Program
Policy Brief 2015-01, March 2015.
Howell, Sabrina T. Essays in Energy Economics and Entrepreneurial Finance.
Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences,
2015.
Huang, Junling and Michael B McElroy. “A 32-year perspective on the origin of
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Huang, Junling and Michael B McElroy. “Thermodynamic disequilibrium of the
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Huenteler, Joern. Creating Markets for Energy Innovations - Case Studies on
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Huenteler, Joern, Tobias S. Schmidt, Jan Ossenbrink, and Volker H. Hoffmann.
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J
Jacobs, Wendy. “Brief of Calpine Corporation as Amicus Curiae in Support of
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Jaffe, Amy Myers, Kenneth B. Medlock III, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan. China’s
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Paper, National Bureau of Asian Research, February 9, 2015.
Joroff, Aladdine and Konschnik, Kate. Issues to Consider When Crafting Clean
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K
Khan, Mozaffar N., George Serafeim, and Aaron Yoon. Corporate Sustainability:
First Evidence on Materiality. Harvard Business School Working Paper,
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Klass, Alexandra B. and Jim Rossi. “Revitalizing Dormant Commerce Clause
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Keith, David. “Not A Superpower.” Policy Opinion (September 2014).
Keith, David. “The Real Bruce Carson Scandal.” Toronto Star (September 22,
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selected papers & publications
L
Lawrence, Robert and Robert Stavins. “What the WTO Can Learn from Paris
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Keith, David. “Try Solar Geoengineering.” CNN.com (November 30, 2015).
Lee, Henry. “Market Forces Can’t Fix Methane-Gas Emissions.” The National
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Keith, David and Andy Parker. “Will solar geoengineering help us manage
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Lelieveld, J., J.S. Evans, M. Fnais, D. Giannadaki, and A. Pozzer. “The contribution
of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale.” Letter.
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Keith, David and Douglas G. MacMartin. “A temporary, moderate and responsive
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Lin, Kaixiang, Qing Chen, Michael R. Gerhardt, Liuchuan Tong, Sang Bok Kim,
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Knittel, Christopher R., Ben S. Meiselman, and James H. Stock. The Pass-Through
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Konschnik, Kate. “Goal-Oriented Disclosure Design for Shale Oil and Gas
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Konschnik, Kate and Ari Peskoe “Minimizing Constitutional Risk in State Energy
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Konschnik, Kate and Ari Peskoe. State Roles in the Clean Power Plan. Harvard
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Konschnik, Kate and Archana Dayalu. “Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals
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Konschnik, Katherine. Amicus Curiae Brief of Law Professors in Support of
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Liu, Zhu. China’s Carbon Emissions Report 2015. Cambridge, Mass.: Report for
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Government, Harvard Kennedy School, Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard
Kennedy School, May 2015.
Liu, Zhu, Dabo Guan, Scott Moore, Henry Lee, Jun Su, and Qiang Zhang. “Climate
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Liu, Zhu, Dabo Guan, Wei Wei, Steven J. Davis, Philippe Ciais, Jin Bai, Shushi
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Crawford-Brown, Jintai Lin, Hongyan Zhao, Chaopeng Hong, Thomas A. Boden,
Kuishuang Feng, Glen P. Peters, Fengming Xi, Junguo Liu, Yuan Lin, Yu Zhao,
Ning Zeng, and Kebin He. “Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel
combustion and cement production in China.” Nature 524.7565 (August 20,
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Liu, Z., K. Feng, K. Hubacek, S. Liang, L.D. Anadon, C. Zhang, and D. Guan. “Four
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Liu, Z., S.J. Davis, K. Feng, K. Hubacek, S. Liang, L.D. Anadon, B. Chen, J, Liu, et al.
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Lu, Xi, Michael B. McElroy, Wei Peng, Shiyang Liu, Chris P. Nielsen, and Haikun
Wang. “Challenges faced by China compared with the US in developing wind
power.” Nature Energy (Submitted).
selected papers & publications
O’Sullivan, Meghan L. “Why Saudis Are Holding Strong on Oil.” Bloomberg
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P
M
Maugeri, Leonardo. “The Coming Global Gas-Market Bust.” The National Interest
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McKain, Kathryn. Atmospheric Observations and Models of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions in Urban Environments. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University,
Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, 2015.
Medlock, Kenneth B., Amy Myers Jaffe, and Meghan O’Sullivan. “The Global
Gas Market, LNG Exports, and the Shifting U.S. Geopolitical Presence.” Energy
Strategy Reviews 5 (December 2014): 14-25.
Metcalf, Gilbert, and James Stock. The Role of Integrated Assessment Models
in Climate Policy: A User’s Guide and Assessment. Harvard Environmental
Economics Program Discussion Paper 15-62, March 2015.
Miller, Lee M., Nathaniel A. Brunsell, David B. Mechem, Fabian Gans, Andrew
J. Monaghan, Robert Vautard, David W. Keith, and Axel Kleidon. “Two methods
for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation.” Proceedings of the
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Narayanamurti, Venkatesh, Laura Diaz Anadon, Gabe Chan, and Amitai Y.
Bin-Nun. “Securing America’s Future: Realizing the Potential of the DOE
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the P5+1 and Iran. Report. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and
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Pande, Rohini, Michael Greenstone, Janhavi Nilekani, Anant Sudarshan, Anish
Sugnathan, and Nicholas Ryan. “Lower Pollution, Longer Lives: Life Expectancy
Gains if India Reduced Particulate Matter Pollution.” Economic and Political
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Parker, Andy and David Keith. “What’s the Right Temperature for the Earth?”
Washington Post (January 29, 2015).
Parry, Ian, Chandara Veung, and Dirk Heine. How Much Carbon Pricing is in
Countries’ Own Interests? The Critical Role of Co-Benefits. Discussion Paper
2015-77, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, September 2015.
Peskoe, Ari. Emission Rate Credits in the Clean Power Plan. Harvard
Environmental Policy Initiative On-line Resource (September 2015).
Pizer, William, Matthew Adler, Joseph Aldy, David Anthoff, Maureen Cropper,
Kenneth Gillingham, Michael Greenstone, Brian Murray, Richard Newell,
Richard Richels, Arden Rowell, Stephanie Waldhoff, and Jonathan Wiener.
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2014): 1181-1182.
Pollalis, Spiro N. Planning Sustainable Cities: An infrastructure-based approach.
Routledge, forthcoming, 2016.
Porter, Michael E., David S. Gee, and Gregory J. Pope. America’s Unconventional
Energy Opportunity: A Win-Win Plan for the Economy, the Environment, and a
Lower-Carbon, Cleaner-Energy Future. Report published by Harvard Business
School and Boston Consulting Group, June 2015.
Prentiss, Mara. Energy Revolution: The Physics and the Promise of Efficient
Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap
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R
Ranson, Matthew, and Robert N. Stavins. “Linkage of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Trading Systems: Learning from Experience.” Climate Policy (2015): 1–17.
Russell, Cristine. “Confronting Dangerous Climate Change.” Belfer Center
Newsletter, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (Spring 2015).
Russell, Cristine. “Divestment Debate: Should Harvard Divest from Fossil Fuels?’
News, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (May 8, 2015).
selected papers & publications
Skalamera, Morena. “Climate policy according to Gazprom.” Paper, Open
Democracy (February 6, 2015).
Skalamera, Morena. “Italy’s Path to Gas Liberalisation.” Contemporary Italian
Politics (April 23, 2015).
Skalamera, Morena. “The Ukraine Crisis: The Neglected Gas Factor.” Orbis 59.3
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S
Stavins, Robert N. “A Breakthrough Climate Accord in Lima but a Tough Road to
Paris.” The Conversation (2015).
Safaei, Hossein, and David W. Keith. “How Much Bulk Energy Storage Is Needed
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2015).
Stavins, Robert N. “A Key Element for the Climate Talks.” The Environmental
Forum 32 (2015): 14.
Santen, N.R. and L.D. Anadon. Electricity Technology Investments Under Solar
RD&D Uncertainty. Discussion Paper 2014-10, Energy Technology Innovation
Policy research group, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,
Harvard Kennedy School, December 2014.
Schartup, A. T., P.H. Balcom, A.L. Soerensen, K. Gosnell, R. Calder, R.P. Mason,
and E.M. Sunderland. “Freshwater discharges drive high levels of methylmercury
in Arctic marine biota.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Accepted. (2015).
Schmalensee, Richard, and Robert N. Stavins. Lessons Learned from Three
Decades of Experience with Cap-and-Trade. Discussion Paper 2015-80, Harvard
Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International
Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, November 2015.
Shi, Liuhua, Antonella Zanobetti, Itai Kloog, Brent A. Coull, Petros Koutrakis,
Steven J. Melly, and Joel D. Schwartz.“Low-Concentration PM2.5 and Mortality:
Estimating Acute and Chronic Effects in a Population-Based Study.”
Environmental Health Perspectives (online June 3, 2015).
Skalamera, Morena. “China Can’t Solve Russia’s Energy Technology Trap.”
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136 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Stavins, Robert N. “An Economic View of the Environment.” Blog. http://www.
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Stavins, Robert N. “Are the Pope’s Critiques of Markets on Point or Somewhat
Misguided?” The Environmental Forum 33 (2016): 15.
Stavins, Robert N. “Assessing the Energy Paradox. (Achieving Energy Efficiency
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Stavins, Robert N. “COP-20 in Lima: A New Way Forward. (Conference of the
Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change).”
The Environmental Forum 32 (2015): 14.
Stavins, Robert. “COP21 is Still on Track as Countries Drop Their More
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Stavins, Robert N. “Is Cheap Oil Good News or Bad?” The Environmental Forum
32 (2015): 14.
Stavins, Robert N. “Linkage of Regional, National, and Sub-National Policies
in a Future International Climate Agreement.” In Towards a Workable and
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Stavins, Robert N. “The IPCC at a Crossroads. (Intergovernmental Panel on
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Stavins, Robert N. “The UN’s Climate Change Body Looks Inward to Move
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selected papers & publications
Sweeney, Richard Leonard. Essays on Industry Response to Energy and
Environmental Policy. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate
School of Arts & Sciences, 2015.
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Stavins, Robert N. “What can an economist possibly have to say about climate
change?” Viewpoints, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, March 2015.
Taebi, Behnam, ed. The Ethics of Nuclear Energy: Risk, Justice and Democracy in
the Post-Fukushima Era. Cambridge University Press, forthcoming, August 2016.
Stavins, Robert N. “When leaders meet in Paris (for the UN Earth Summit 2015).”
The Environmental Forum 32 (2015): 14.
Tavoni, Massimo and Detlef P. van Vuuren. Regional Carbon Budgets: Do They
Matter for Climate Policy? Discussion Paper 2015-78, Harvard Project on Climate
Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy
School, October 2015.
Stavins, Robert N, Ji Zou, Thomas Brewer, Mariana Conte Grand, Michel den
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of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:
Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Stavins, Robert N, with Coordinating Lead Authors plus selected Authors.
“Summary for Policymakers.” In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fifth Assessment Report,
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Stock, James H. Administering the Cellulosic Requirements under the Renewable
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Stock, James H. The Renewable Fuel Standard: A Path Forward. Columbia
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Surana, Kavita and Laura Diaz Anadon. “Public Policy and Financial Resource
Mobilization for Wind Energy in Developing Countries: A Comparison of
Approaches and Outcomes in China and India.” Global Environmental
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Torella, Joseph P., Cristopher J. Gagliardi, Janice S. Chen, D. Kwabena Bediako,
Brendan Colón, Jeffery C. Way, Pamela A. Silver, and Daniel G. Nocera. “Efficient
solar-to-fuels production from a hybrid microbial–water-splitting catalyst
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Verdolini, E., L.D. Anadon, J. Lu, and G.F. Nemet. “The effects of expert selection,
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Wang, Haikun, Yanxia Zhang, Xi Lu, Chris P Nielsen, and Jun Bi. “Understanding
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Weisenstein, Debra K., David W. Keith, and John A. Dykema. “Solar geoengineering using solid aerosol in the stratosphere.” Atmospheric Chemistry
and Physics Discuss. 15 (2015): 11835-11859.
Weitzman, Martin L. Internationally-Tradable Permits Can Be Riskier for a
Country than an Internally-Imposed Carbon Price. Discussion Paper 2015-74,
Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and
International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, September 2015.
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selected papers & publications
Weitzman, Martin L. Voting on Prices vs. Voting on Quantities in a World Climate
Assembly. Discussion Paper 2015-69. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Project on
Climate Agreements, June 2015.
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Zhang, Chao, Laura Diaz Anadon, Hongpin Mo, Zhongnan Zhao, and Zhu Liu.
“The Water-Carbon Trade-off of China’s Coal Power Industry.” Environmental
Science and Technology (September 12, 2014).
Zhang, Ning, Xi Lu, Michael B. McElroy, Chris P. Nielsen, Xinyu Chen, Yu Deng,
and Chongqing Kang. “Reducing curtailment of wind electricity in China by
employing electric boilers for heat and pumped hydro for energy storage.”
Applied Energy 2015.
Zhang, Yanxia, Haikun Wang, Sai Liang, Ming Xu, Qiang Zhang, Hongyan Zhao,
and Jun Bi. “A dual strategy for controlling energy consumption and air pollution
in China’s metropolis of Beijing.” Energy 81 (1 March 2015): 294-303.
Zhang Y., D.J. Jacob, H.M. Horowitz, L. Chen, H.M. Amos, D.P. Krabbenhoft,
F. Slemr, MS Landis, V. St. Louis, and E.M. Sunderland. “Observed decrease in
atmospheric mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Submitted (2015).
Zhao, Y., L.P. Qiu, R.Y. Xu, F.J. Xie, Q. Zhang, Y.Y. Yu, C.P. Nielsen, et al.
“Advantages of city-scale emission inventory for urban air quality research
and policy: the case of Nanjing, a typical industrial city in the Yangtze River
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Zhao, Yu, Hui Zhong, Jie Zhang, and Chris P. Nielsen. “Evaluating the effects of
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140 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 141
research snapshot
research snapshot
significantly. Reviewing progress to date and the targets currently being
proposed by key nations, Schrag saw the lowest emissions scenarios as
“virtually impossible.” However, he noted that some of the IPCC’s most
pessimistic scenarios for ballooning carbon emissions growth now look
unlikely. This is not due to the success of world carbon policy, Schrag noted,
but due to the fact that our ideas about likelihood of robust, steady worldwide GDP growth have changed a lot since 1992.
Where Are We Heading?
Pondering the Likelihood of Alternative
Carbon Emissions Pathways
Whaling was ended by the discovery of oil, not by public policy, Professor
Dan Schrag, Director of the Harvard University Center for the Environment
and of the Harvard Kennedy School’s Science, Technology, and Public Policy
Program, observed in his talk in the Monday, November 9, 2015, Energy
Policy Seminar, which reviewed the prospects for an energy transition over
the next century, asking what role policy might play in “steering the ship
towards an outcome we want.”
Schrag used the IPCC “carbon path” scenarios developed in the 1990s as
a point of reference, asking where the world is likely to end up within the
range of scenarios—from quickly flattening carbon emissions, to steep
growth.
Schrag began by highlighting the key importance of predictions about
GDP growth in upward carbon emissions trajectories—the more growth
is anticipated, the more likely it is that carbon emissions will grow
142 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Schrag highlighted a number of ways in which the world economy would
need to change to significantly lower carbon emissions (with an eventual
goal of reaching zero emissions). The classic policy solution of a price
on carbon, he noted, may not be enough—especially given the likely
difficulties of increasing the price, if the science calls for it in the future.
Technology is likely to be crucial (just as it was in ending the world trade in
whale oil) along a number of dimensions—managing renewables, finding
ways to make nuclear power affordable, eliminating petroleum from the
transportation sector, electrifying heating, developing carbon storage
(“absolutely critical” for a low-carbon economy, Schrag observed), and
leveraging energy efficiency, among other challenges.
Will there be a role for policy in determining how successfully the world
makes needed changes? A challenge is that current policies focus almost
exclusively on near-term carbon emissions, which Schrag argued is a very
imperfect metric for progress. Focusing on near-term emissions reductions
may not send the right market signals to invest in the sorts of technologies
that will allow deep decarbonization in the future. One example, Schrag
noted, is China’s commitment to building a large number of new nuclear
power plants. Nuclear power will make only a tiny contribution to China’s
emissions in 2030, but could be absolutely critical to shutting down
existing coal plants and reducing emissions in the middle of this century.
The challenge is to develop parallel metrics that measure these kinds of
investments in technologies that may be relatively small in scale today, but
will be absolutely critical to achieving deep carbon reductions in the future.
Schrag spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Text by Louisa Lund. Picture: Grand ball given by the whales in honor of the
discovery of the oil wells in Pennsylvania.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 143
acknowledgements
144 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
february 2016
145
“
acknowledgements
acknowledgements
Water scarcity has
become the toughest
environmental
constraint for coal
power production in
northwest China.
The energy policy-related research programs at Harvard would like to thank
the following private foundations, individuals, corporations and government
agencies for their support. In all cases, individual researchers are solely responsible for the findings, views and recommendations put forward in their work.
Bank of America, for support for the Future of Energy lecture series and the
Harvard Environmental Economics Program.
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, for support for the Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group, the Harvard Project on Climate
Agreements, the Project on Managing the Atom, and the Science, Technology
and Public Policy Program.
BP International, Ltd., for support for the Energy Technology Innovation Policy
research group and the Geopolitics of Energy research group and the Harvard
Environmental Economics Program.
”
– Chao Zhang, Former Giorgio Ruffolo Fellow, Sustainability Science
Program/Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer
Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School,
Laura Diaz Anadon, Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Harvard
Kennedy School; Hongpin Mo, Zhongnan Zhao and Zhu Liu, Associate,
Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, Belfer Center for
Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, in “The
Water-Carbon Trade-off of China’s Coal Power Industry.” Environmental Science and Technology (September 12, 2014), p. 11082.
The Carnegie Corporation, for support for the Project on Managing the Atom.
Castleton Commodities International LLC, for support for the Harvard
Environmental Economics Program.
The Cheung Yan Family Fund, for support of the economics components of the
Harvard China Project.
Chevron Services Company for support for the Harvard Environmental Economics Program.
Bertram Cohn ’47, Barbara “B.” Wu (PhD ’81) and Eric Larson ’77, for support
for the HUCE Undergraduate Summer Research Fund.
The David and Lucille Packard Foundation, for support for the Managing the
Atom Project.
Duke Energy Company for support for the Harvard Environmental Economics
Program.
Enel Endowment for Environmental Economics, for support for the Harvard
Environmental Economics Program.
146 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 147
acknowledgements
acknowledgements
Enel Foundation, for support of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program
and the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, for support for the Project
on Managing the Atom.
The Energy Foundation, for support for the Center for Health and the Global
Environment.
Christopher P. Kaneb (Harvard AB 1990), for support for the Harvard Project on
Climate Agreements.
The Energy Foundation China, for support for the China Environmental
Sustainability Fellows Program and Harvard China Project.
Ingrid Kuok, for support for the Harvard China Project.
The Evergrande Group, for support for the Harvard Center for Green Buildings
and Cities.
John French ’66 and Elaine Abbott French (EDM ’73); Gilbert Butler ’59; Robert
Ziff ’88, Daniel Ziff and Dirk Ziff, for support for the Environmental Fellows
Program.
Harvard Climate Change Solutions Fund, for support for the Harvard China
Project.
Harvard Global Institute, for support for the China 2030/2050 initiative of the
Harvard China Project.
Harvard University Center for the Environment, for support for the Harvard
Project on Climate Agreements, the Harvard Energy Journal Club, and the Energy
History Project.
Hui Fund for Generating Powerful Ideas, in the Ash Center for Democratic
Governance and Innovation at the Harvard Kennedy School, for support for the
Harvard China Project and for the Harvard Project on Climate Agreement’s
workshop on China-U.S. collaboration on climate-change policy on June 25–26,
2015, in Beijing, and for the Sustainability Science Program’s workshop in June
2015 on energy R&D at Tsinghua University.
International Emissions Trading Association for support of the Harvard Project
on Climate Agreements.
Italy’s Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea for the Environmental and
Natural Resources Program and the Sustainability Science Program’s Brazil,
India, and China Initiatives and the Ruffolo Fellows Program.
148 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Members of the Harvard Electricity Policy Group, for support for the Harvard
Electricity Policy Group.
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, for support for the
Consortium for Energy Policy Research, the Harvard Environmental Economics
Program, and the Sustainability Science Program.
The National Science Foundation, for support for the Science, Technology, and
Society program.
The Pew Center for Global Climate Change, for support for the Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group.
Raymond Plank and the Apache Corporation, for support for the Consortium
for Energy Policy Research.
Rockefeller Family Fund, for support for the Center for Health and the Global
Environment.
Shell, for support for the Consortium for Energy Policy Research and the Energy
Technology Innovation Policy research group.
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, for support for the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements project on the assessment of social-science climate-change research.
Robert Ziff, ’88, Daniel Ziff and Dirk Ziff; Philip Duff ’79 and Amy Duff; and
Karlo Duvnjak ’80, for support for the Graduate Consortium on Energy and
Environment.
Paul Zofnass, ’69, MBA ’73 and Joan Zofnass, for support for the Zofnass
Program for Sustainable Infrastructure.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 149
research snapshot
research snapshot
Assessing Global
Power Sector
Climate Policy
Initiatives
The idea that there is a low cost way to significantly reduce carbon
emissions is an “appealing illusion” that is an “obstacle to effectively
addressing climate change,” Mossavar-Rahmani Center Senior Fellow
Larry Makovich said in the Energy Policy Seminar on Monday, October 26.
Makovich argued that a closer look at what are often viewed as success
stories—Germany, California, and Ontario—suggests that reducing carbon
emissions from the power sector is expensive and difficult.
While a number of influential analyses (such as McKinsey’s 2007 “Global
Greenhouse Gas Abatement Curve” and 2015 IEA’s “Energy and Climate
Change”) suggest that significant greenhouse gas abatement can be
accomplished at no cost to the economy by leveraging cost savings from
energy efficiency and the benefits of renewable energy, Makovich noted
that his analysis of world carbon intensity from 1990-2012 found no progress
at all towards necessary reductions.
To understand the problem better, Makovich examined power sector
policies and CO2 emissions in Ontario, California, and Germany. While
California and Germany are generally viewed as examples of successful
policies for fostering the growth of renewable energy, Makovich pointed
out that neither of these jurisdictions saw any signficant decrease in
electricity sector carbon emissions from 2000-2012.
150 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
Why might this be? Makovich focused particularly on three issues:
the status of nuclear power, the intermittency of new renewables,
and limitations in the costs the public may be willing to bear to reduce
carbon emissions. Germany, for example, has been phasing out nuclear
power at the same time as it has been investing in renewables, filling the
gap partly through the construction of new coal-fired plants—with the
result that carbon emissions have remained stable or increased, even as
renewable energy has grown. At the same time, Makovich noted, countries
interested in emulating Germany’s growing share of renewable energy
should understand that Germany has relied on extensive electricity trading
with France to smooth the increasing intermittency of the German power
supply—successfully using a similar share of renewable energy as Germany
may depend on having access to similar opportunities to smooth the
intermittency of renewable electricity production.
Finally, Makovich noted that changes in Germany have been accomplished
at considerable cost, pointing to losses in value of German energy
companies, dramatic increases in the surcharge paid by Germans for
renewable energy, and the fact that German real power prices increased
10% per year since 2000 and industrial electricity prices in Germany in 2011
were more than twice those of the United States. The German economy is
robust enough to withstand the burden of increased power prices, Makovich
observed, but these may well have been a factor in slowing Germany’s
recovery from the recent economic crisis.
Reliance on wind, solar, and energy efficiency to achieve climate goals,
Makovich concluded, is not likely to achieve climate policy goals and may
lead to costs that go beyond what citizens are willing to tolerate—and
this poses a policy dilemma, given the importance of the threat of climate
change. Makovich noted that his ongoing research effort will focus on
finding the approaches that offer a better chance of achieving climate policy
goals at a politically acceptable cost.
Makovich spoke as part of the Energy Policy Seminar Series, Spring 2015.
Photo by Paul Sherman. Text by Louisa Lund.
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 151
captions
captions
p.5
A panel on climate change at the JFK, Jr. Forum at HKS
that preceded the talks in Paris. Moderator Richard
McCullough, left, Vice Provost for Research; Daniel
Bodansky, center, Foundation Professor of Law at
ASU’s Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law; and
Coral Davenport, right, Energy and Environmental
Correspondent for the New York Times. Harvard Staff
Photographer Jon Chase.
p.27
A panel on climate change at the JFK, Jr. Forum at HKS
that preceded the talks in Paris. Drew Faust, President
of Harvard University, makes introductions. Harvard
Staff Photographer Jon Chase.
p.49
During a Climate Change panel, Rebecca Henderson,
McArthur University Professor, John Holdren, assistant
to the president for science and technology, the White
House, and Richard Newell, Gendell Professor of
Energy and Environmental Economics (not shown),
speak inside Sander Theatre at Harvard University.
Harvard Staff Photographer Kris Snibbe.
p.97
Harvard SEAS students present projects developed
throughout the school year at the SEAS Design
& Project Fair. Joe Pappas ’17 rides the “Crimson
Cruiser,” a lightweight go-kart designed to run on
minimal electrical energy. Photo by Kiera Blessing.
p. 121
A panel on climate change at the JFK, Jr. Forum at
HKS that preceded the talks in Paris. Participants
(l to r) Coral Davenport, Energy and Environmental
Correspondent for the New York Times; Zou Ji, Deputy
Director of China’s National Center for Climate Change
Strategy; and Rob Stavins, Albert Pratt Professor
of Business and Government at HKS. Harvard Staff
Photographer Jon Chase.
p. 145
Harvard University Climate Week, “Reinventing Fire:
Profitable Low-Carbon Futures for the U.S. and China.”
Amory B. Lovins, Chairman and Chief Scientist of the
Rocky Mountain Institute, delivers a lecture on energy
efficiency at the Harvard Kennedy School Tuesday.
From left, Director of the Harvard University Center for
the Environment Daniel Schrag speaks with Harvard
Kennedy School professor Meghan O’Sullivan. Photo
by Kiera Blessing.
p.89
Douglas Schmidt, Campus Operations Services,
discusses a compressor for the new co-generator that
will save 8 Million dollars per year in energy costs
inside the Blackstone Building at Harvard University.
Harvard Staff Photographer Kris Snibbe.
152 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 153
notes
154 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d
notes
f e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 155
The Consortium for Energy Policy Research
Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government
Harvard Kennedy School
Weil Hall
79 JKF Street
Cambridge MA 02138
Tel: (617) 495-8693
Fax: (617) 495-1635
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/cepr/
Program Director: Louisa Lund
Design: Nilou Moochhala, NYMDesign {www.nymdesign.com}
Printing: Puritan Press {puritanpress.com}
156 e n e r g y p o l i c y r e s e a r c h a t h a r v a r d