table 12.1 Common mathematical signs and symbols (with Unicode numbers and
LaTeX commands)
Sign/
symbol
Name
Unicode
LaTeX
Plus sign
Minus sign
Multiplication sign
Middle dot (multiplication)
Division sign
Division slash
Ring operator (composition)
Union
Intersection
Plus or minus
Minus or plus
Asterisk operator (convolution)
Circled asterisk operator (convolution)
Circled plus (direct sum, various)
Circled minus (various)
Circled times (various)
Circled dot operator (various)
Ratio
Coproduct or amalgamation
002B
2212
00D7
00B7
00F7
2215a
2218
222A
2229
00B1
2213
2217c
229B
2295
2296
2297
2299
2236d
2210
+
\times
\cdot
\div
/b
\circ
\cup
\cap
\pm
\mp
\ast
\circledast
\oplus
\ominus
\otimes
\odot
\colon
\amalg
Equals sign
Not equal to
Almost equal to, asymptotic to
Approximately equal to, isomorphic to
Less than
Much less than
Greater than
Much greater than
Less than or equal to
Greater than or equal to
Identical to, congruent to
Not identical to, not congruent to
Divides, divisible by
Tilde operator (similar to, asymptotically
equal to)
Colon equals (assignment)
Element of
Not an element of
Subset of
Subset of or equal to
Superset of
003D
2260
2248
2245
003C
226A
003E
226B
2264
2265
2261
2262
2223e
223C f
=
\neq
\approx
\approxeq
<
\ll
>
\gg
\leq
\geq
\equiv
\nequiv
\divides
\sim
2254
2208
2209
2282
2286
2283
\coloneqq
\in
\notin
\subset
\subseteq
\supset
operations
+
−
×
·
÷
⁄
∘
∪
∩
±
∓
∗
⊛
⊕
⊖
⊗
⊙
∶
∐
relations
=
≠
≈
≅
<
≪
>
≫
≤
≥
≡
≢
∣
∼
≔
∈
∉
⊂
⊆
⊃
table 12.1 (continued)
Sign/
symbol
Name
Unicode
LaTeX
2287
221D g
2250
2192
2190
21A6
21AA
21A9
\supseteq
\propto
\doteq
\rightarrow
\leftarrow
\mapsto
\hookrightarrow
\hookleftarrow
Summation
Product
Integral
Contour integral
2211h
220F i
222B j
222E
\sum
\prod
\int
\oint
And, conjunction
Or, disjunction
Not sign (negation)
Implies
Implies
If and only if
If and only if
There exists (existential quantifier)
For all (universal quantifier)
Assertion
Hence, therefore
Because
2227
2228
00AC
21D2
2192
21D4
2194
2203
2200
22A6
2234
2235
\wedge
\vee
\neg
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\exists
\forall
\vdash
\therefore
\because
2032
2033
00B0
\prime
\second
\degree
Pi (≈3.14159265)
Base of natural logarithms (≈2.71828183)
03C0
0065k
\pi
e
Perpendicular to (up tack)
Parallel to
Not parallel to
Angle
Spherical angle
Equiangular to
22A5
2225 l
2226
2220
2222
225A
\perp
\parallel
\nparallel
\angle
\sphericalangle
\veedoublebar
relations (continued)
⊇
∝
≐
→
←
↦
↪
↩
Superset of or equal to
Proportional to
Approaches the limit, definition
Tends to, maps to
Maps from
Maps to
Maps into
Maps into
operators
∑
∏
∫
∮
logic
∧
∨
¬
⇒
→
⇔
↔
∃
∀
⊦
∴
∵
radial units
′
″
°
Minute (prime)
Second (double prime)
Degree
constants
π
e
geometry
⊥
∥
∦
∠
∢
≚
12.13
mathematics in type
table 12.1 (continued)
Sign/
symbol
Name
Unicode
LaTeX
0069 m
2032
2033
2034
221A
221B
0021
203C
2205 n
221E
2202
2206
2207
i
\prime
\second
\third
\sqrt
\sqrt[3]
!
!!
\varnothing o
\infty
\partial
\triangle
\nabla
25A1
\square
miscellaneous
i
′
″
′′′
√
∛
!
‼
∅
∞
∂
∆
∇
□
Square root of −1
Prime
Double prime
Triple prime
Square root, radical
Cube root
Factorial
Double factorial
Empty set, null set
Infinity
Partial differential
Increment, Laplace operator
Nabla, del; also Laplace operator (with
superscript 2)
d’Alembert operator (white square)
note: Where an alternate symbol is given in a note, the symbol listed in the table is preferred.
aAlso fraction slash (2044) or solidus (002F).
b LaTeX also defines \slash, which permits a line break after the slash.
cAlso asterisk (002A).
dAlso colon (003A).
eAlso vertical line (007C) or Latin letter dental click (01C0).
gAlso α (Greek small letter alpha, 03B1).
iAlso Π (Greek capital letter pi, 03A0).
fAlso tilde (007E).
hAlso Σ (Greek capital letter sigma, 03A3).
jAlso ʃ (Latin small letter esh, 0283).
lAlso Latin letter lateral click (01C1) or double vertical line (2018).
nAlso Latin capital letter O with stroke (00D8).
k Italic “e.”
mItalic “i.”
oAlso \emptyset.
Lowercase script characters are often not available, though they have
been defined for the mathematical alphabets in Unicode (see also 11.2).
See also 12.64 for marking fonts on paper manuscripts.
12.13
List of unusual characters. Before editing begins, it may be advisable, depending on the typesetter and the publisher’s knowledge of the typesetter’s resources, to prepare a list of unusual mathematical signs, symbols,
and special characters used in the manuscript. This is preferably done
by the author but may be done by the editor. In preparing an electronic
manuscript, the author should make a list of any special, nonstandard
fonts. A copy should be given to the publisher, who will check with the
typesetter to make sure the necessary characters are available. If some
are not, the author may be asked to use more accessible forms; if that is
586