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MODULE 2: MEMO
UNIT 1
1.1
1.2
It is the production of carbohydrates (glucose) from
carbon dioxide and water by using radiant energy
from the sun, which is trapped by chlorophyll. Oxygen
is released.
chloroplast (of plant cells)
-
5.1
5.2
QUESTION 1
1.3
1.4
1.5
A
A
1
2
light phase
B - dark phase (Calvin cycle)
granum/grana B - stroma
radiant energy (1 and 2 in any order)
water
1.6
O2
1.7
CO2
1.8
glucose
1.9
starch
QUESTION 8
QUESTION 5
 softens the leaf
 kills the cells/stops metabolism
 makes cells more permeable to alcohol and
iodine solution
5.3
chlorophyll is soluble in alcohol and will be extracted
from the leaf
alcohol is highly flammable
5.4
5.5
alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water
iodine solution
5.6
iodine solution changes from light brown
to blue-black
QUESTION 6
See pg. 2.3 in the notes under the heading
'Importance of photosynthesis'.
A - test for the presence of starch in a leaf/test if a leaf
produced starch during photosynthesis
B - to determine whether chlorophyll and light are essential for
photosynthesis
C - to determine whether sunlight is essential
for photosynthesis
D - to determine whether CO2 is essential
for photosynthesis
QUESTION 3
QUESTION 7
3.1
7.1
QUESTION 2
See pg. 2.3 in the notes under the heading
7.2
To remove all the starch from the plant, to ensure that the
starch that causes a positive test at the end of the
experiment was formed under experimental conditions.
place plant in a dark cupboard for 48 hours
7.3
 chlorophyll
7.4
Only the parts of the leaf that contain chlorophyll and
were exposed to light will photosynthesise.
'Factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis'.
3.2
It is to provide optimal conditions of light, temperature
and CO2 for maximal growth of the cultivated plants.
3.3
See pg. 2.7 in the notes, under the heading
'Role of optimum light, temperature and CO2
enrichment in a greenhouse system'.
3.4
1 - temperature
2 - light intensity/CO2 concentration
7.5
light brown
QUESTION 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
A11
 light
The presence of starch is an indication that
photosynthesis took place.
leaf 1
light brown
CO2 + H2O + radiant energy
glucose + O2
7.6
test more than one leaf
7.8
In the absence of light the chloroplasts changed to
leucoplasts and thus the grass will not be green anymore.
A - the iodine solution stays light brown
B - the iodine solution turns blue-black
8.2
A - Photosynthesis did not occur, since no CO2 was
present. No starch was formed; iodine solution
remains light brown.
B - Photosynthesis occurred because everything
(including CO2 from sodium bicarbonate) required
for photosynthesis was present. Starch was
formed; iodine solution turned blue-black.
8.3
CO2 is essential for photosynthesis to take place.
8.4.1
The plant in the experiment is given all the components
needed for photosynthesis, including the factor that is
being investigated.
The plant in the control is given all the components
for photosynthesis, excluding the factor that is
being investigated so that it can be compared
with the experiment.
8.4.2
A
8.5
carbon dioxide
8.6
 use the same type of plant
 destarch both plants
 place both plants in the sun for 24 hours
8.7.1 absorbs all the CO2 in the bell jar
8.7.2
releases CO2 into the bell jar
8.7.3
absorbs CO2 from air flowing in
8.8
Soil organisms respire and release CO2 into the bell
jar; this can influence the experiment if the soil is
left uncovered.
8.9
CO2 is essential for photosynthesis to take place.
8.10
accepted
blue-black
C
CO2, H2O and sunlight are the raw materials needed for
photosynthesis to take place.
chlorophyll

enzymes
A
B
8.1
7.7 chlorophyll
UNIT 1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
2
QUESTION 9
12.4
photosynthesis only occurs in the light (daytime) OR
no photosynthesis occurs at night
12.5
There will be an increase in the rate of photosynthesis
for 10 - 15 days, after which the rate of photosynthesis
will decrease as other factors become limiting.
9
Units of sugar produced
9.1
8
7
6
5
4
QUESTION 13
3
13.1
0 - 2 arbitrary units
2
13.2
photosynthesis
1
13.3
No photosynthesis takes place, only cellular respiration.
CO2 is produced by cellular respiration and therefore
released by the plant.
0
1
2
3
Plants
4
9.2
plant 4
9.3
6 units
9.4
10 units
9.5
light
5
QUESTION 10
See pg. 2.2 and 2.3 in the notes under the headings
'Light phase' and 'Dark phase'.
3
13.4
6,3 mg/50 cm
13.5
CO2 produced by cellular respiration in the plant is
absorbed during photosynthesis. The plant does not
release or take up CO2.
13.6
At high light intensities other factors limit the rate of
photosynthesis. These include:
 CO2 availability
 H2O availability
When reading values off a graph, use a ruler to get
accurate readings.
 the rate at which glucose is transported away from the
photosynthetic cells
11.2
35ºC
11.1
O2
11.3
15 bubbles per minute
11.4
Enzymes denature at high temperatures. This has
an adverse effect on the rate of photosynthesis.
13.7
 add organic material that can decompose to the soil
12.2
UNIT 2
 more sugars (glucose) produced and converted
into starch
 the glucose/starch is used as energy for growth
 increased production/growth of tomatoes
12.3
QUESTION 1
1.1
See pg. 2.8 in the notes under the heading
'Five main processes in nutrition'.
1.2
 Provides energy - carbohydrates and fats
 rate of photosynthesis increases
 temperature
 light intensity
Copyright © The Answer
2.1
Organisms that cannot produce their own food
but are dependent on other organisms for their
organic nutrients.
2.2
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Herbivores
Example
Type of
food
 Growth and repair of damaged tissues - proteins
 Regulation of processes in the body
- vitamins, water and mineral salts
Adaptations
of teeth
Carnivores
Omnivores
 sheep/
cattle/
giraffes
 lions/cats/
leopards
 baboons/ pigs
 plant
material
 animal
material
(meat)
 plant and
animal
material
 large
volumes of
food are
Amount and
ingested energy value
plant
of food
material
intake
has a very
low energy
value
temperature and CO2-levels in the air
QUESTION 12
 pump CO2 from tanks into the greenhouse
 add sodium bicarbonate to the soil
QUESTION 2
2.3
QUESTION 11
12.1
2
UNIT 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION
A12
 ingest less
 the amount
food than
of food
herbivores omnivores
the protein
consume
and fat in
depends on
meat have
the energy
higher
value of the
energy value
animal/plant
material
they eat
 sharp
 incisors have  teeth are
incisors to
sharp ends
similar to
cut off plant
to bite off
those of
material
food
carnivores,
except that
 no canines  canines are
their molars
to create
long and
do not have
more space
strong to
such
in the
pierce, kill
prominent
mouth for
and tear prey
protrusions
large
apart
amounts of  premolars
 baboons and
plant
pigs have
and molars
material
wellhave
developed
 large, flat
protrusions
canines that
premolars
with sharp
are mainly
and molars
edges to cut
used for selfto grind
off the food
defence and
plant
social display
material