Implicit theories of ability: teacher constructs and classroom

,03/,&,77+(25,(62)$%,/,7<7($&+(5&216758&76
$1'&/$665220&216(48(1&(6
/251$+$0,/721
$%675$&7
,QWKLVSDSHULWZLOOEHDUJXHGWKDWWHDFKHUFRQVWUXFWVRIDELOLW\SOD\DSDUWLFXODUO\
VLJQLÀFDQWUROHLQWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWVRIFKLOGUHQ·VDFKLHYHPHQWVDQGSRWHQWLDODQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\RQFKLOGUHQ·VOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHV,QSDUWLFXODUFRQVLGHUDWLRQLVJLYHQ
WRWKHLPSOLFLWSHUVRQDOWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\ZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOVGUDZXSRQWRLQIRUP
WKHLUWKLQNLQJEHOLHIVDQGDWWLWXGHVZLWKLQFRQWUDVWLQJVFKRROFRQWH[WV'UDZLQJRQD
EURDGHUVWXG\FRQWDLQLQJPXOWLSOHSHUVSHFWLYHVLQIRXUFDVHVWXG\VFKRROVHPSKDVLV
LVSODFHGRQWHDFKHUFRQVWUXFWV)LQGLQJVIRFXVRQWKHQDWXUHRIWHDFKHUGHÀQLWLRQV
DQGWKHH[SHFWDWLRQVWKH\KDYHRISXSLOV
,1752'8&7,21
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWHDFKHUEHOLHIVLVUHFRJQLVHGDQG\HWLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRFDSWXUHDQG
H[DPLQH WKHP %XOORXJK DQG %DXJKPDQ 0FYHH +HUH DQ DWWHPSW
LVPDGHWRH[SORUHWHDFKHUEHOLHIVDERXWSXSLOSRWHQWLDODQGWHDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQV
WKURXJKFRQVWUXFWLRQVRIDELOLW\,QIRFXVLQJRQDSDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIWHDFKHUEHOLHIV
LWLVSRVVLEOHWREHJLQWRGLVFXVVWKHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIWHDFKHUYDOXHVDQGWKHLPSRUWDQFH
RIWKHVHLQVKDSLQJWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHV,PSOLFLWWKHRULHVSHUVRQDO
WKHRULHVDERXWDELOLW\DUHLQKHUHQWLQWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWVDQGGHFLVLRQVPDGHDERXW
SXSLOVDQGWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJWDNLQJSODFHDQGLWLVIRUWKLVYHU\UHDVRQWKDW
DELOLW\ZDVFKRVHQDVWKHIRFXVIRUWKLVZRUN
$ELOLW\ LV QRW DQ XQFRQWHVWHG FRQFHSW EXW ZLWKLQ SROLF\ GRFXPHQWV VFKRRO
V\VWHPVVWUXFWXUHVDQGWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWVLWRIWHQEHFRPHVDWDNHQIRUJUDQWHG
DVVXPSWLRQ 2XU RZQ HGXFDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFHV KDYH KHOSHG WR LQFXOFDWH XV ZLWK
QRWLRQV RI DELOLW\ DV DQ HQWLW\ ZKLFK QRW RQO\ H[LVWV REMHFWLYHO\ EXW FDQ DOVR EH
PHDVXUHG'HVSLWHWKHLVVXHVVXUURXQGLQJWKLVFRQFHSWXVHLVPDGHRIWKHZRUG
·DELOLW\·WKURXJKRXWWKHUHVHDUFKDQGLQP\ÀQGLQJVEHFDXVHLWIRUPVSDUWRIWKH
FRPPRQFXUUHQF\RIHGXFDWLRQDOODQJXDJHLQVFKRROVDQGSROLFLHV
'UDZLQJRQDEURDGHUVWXG\+DPLOWRQFRQVLVWLQJRILQGHSWKFDVHVWXGLHV
ZKLFKORRNHGDWWKHYLHZVRIKLJKVFKRROKHDGWHDFKHUVSULQFLSDOWHDFKHUVKHDG
RI VXEMHFW FODVV WHDFKHUV SXSLOV DQG SDUHQWV WKLV SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH WHDFKHU
JURXS7KHDLPRIWKHRULJLQDOVWXG\ZDVWRH[SORUHWKHZD\VLQZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOV
LQFRQWUDVWLQJVFKRROFRQWH[WVLQWHUSUHWHGDELOLW\WKHLUEHOLHIVDQGSHUFHSWLRQVZLWK
UHJDUGWRFKLOGUHQZLWKGLIIHUHQWSHUFHLYHGDELOLWLHVDQGWRFRQVLGHUWKHQDWXUHRI
LQGLYLGXDO·VEHOLHIVDQGYDOXHVFRQFHUQLQJDELOLW\7KLVLVDFKLHYHGWKURXJKEXLOGLQJD
SLFWXUHRIFRQWH[WXDOLVHGFRQVWUXFWV,QRUGHUWRGRWKLVWKHVWXG\IRFXVHVRQLQGLYLGXDO
LQWHUYLHZVDQGFODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQV7KURXJKWKHOHQVRILQVWLWXWLRQGHSDUWPHQW
DQGVXEMHFWDUHDDVZHOODV\HDUJURXSSXSLODQGWHDFKHUEHKDYLRXUMXGJHPHQWVDQG
FODVVURRPHYHQWVDUHH[SORUHGDQGDQDO\VHG+HUH,ZLVKWRKLJKOLJKWWKHVLJQLÀFDQFH
RIWHDFKHUFRQVWUXFWVRIDELOLW\IRUWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHV
7+(25(7,&$/)5$0(:25.7($&+(5%(/,()6$1',03/,&,77+(25,(6
7HDFKHUEHOLHIVIRUPDQLQWHJUDODVSHFWRIWKHLUSURIHVVLRQDOSHUVRQDDQGSUDFWLFH
3DMDUHV*URVVPDQDQG6WRGROVN\%XOORXJKDQG%DXJKPDQ
$V EHOLHIV DUH RIWHQ LPSOLHG EXW VHOGRP PDGH H[SOLFLW LW FDQ EH FKDOOHQJLQJ WR
WU\WRH[SORUHWKHQDWXUHRIVXFKLGHDVWKHLULPSDFWRQSUDFWLFHDQGHTXDOO\WKH
UHLQIRUFHPHQWRUFKDOOHQJHVPDGHWRVXFKEHOLHIVE\SUDFWLFH7KLVUHVHDUFKSURMHFW
ZRUNVIURPWKHSUHPLVHWKDWWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\IRUPWKHEDVLVIRU
WHDFKHUEHOLHIV&ODUNHWDOZKLFKLQWXUQDIIHFWWHDFKHULQWHUDFWLRQVDQG
MXGJHPHQWVZLWKLQWKHFODVVURRP
,QRUGHUWRHVWDEOLVKWKHSRWHQWLDOQDWXUHRIWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\LWLV
DOVRQHFHVVDU\WRORRNDWLQWHOOLJHQFHUHVHDUFKVLQFHLQFUHDWLQJDQ\XVHIXOGHÀQLWLRQ
RI LQWHOOLJHQFH DELOLW\ LV XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH TXDOLW\ DQG QDWXUH RI LQWHOOLJHQFH
6WHUQEHUJ*DUGQHU,WFDQEHDUJXHGWKDWLQWHOOLJHQFHUHVHDUFKLVWKH
SULPDU\WKHRUHWLFDOEDVHIRUDQ\ZRUNRQDELOLW\SUHVHQWLQJDQDEVWUDFWWHUPZKLFK
LVWKHQGHYHORSHGDQGGHÀQHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHDELOLW\WRFDUU\RXWFHUWDLQWDVNVRU
ZRUNRUWKLQNLQDVSHFLÀFZD\LQSDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WV,IZHZRUNIURPWKHYLHZWKDW
DELOLW\LVDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUWRILQWHOOLJHQFHGHÀQLWLRQDQ\UHVHDUFKRUWKHRUHWLFDO
ZRUNRQLQWHOOLJHQFHPXVWLPSLQJHXSRQDELOLW\DVDFRQVWUXDEOHVXEMHFW
5HVHDUFK LQWR LQWHOOLJHQFH IDOOV LQWR WKUHH FDWHJRULHV ÀUVW WKHRULVLQJ DERXW
WKHQDWXUHRILQWHOOLJHQFHVHFRQGO\PHDVXULQJRSHUDWLRQVFDUULHGRXWLQUHODWLRQ
WR SRWHQWLDO LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG WKLUGO\ DWWHPSWLQJ WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH QDWXUH RI DQ
LQGLYLGXDO·V LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV RI LQWHOOLJHQFH 6WHUQEHUJ :KLOH 6WHUQEHUJ
SODFHVWKHÀUVWWZRRIWKHVHZLWKLQWKHUHDOPVRIH[SOLFLWWKHRULHVDERXWWKHQDWXUH
RI LQWHOOLJHQFH LQGLYLGXDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV DUH VHHQ DV SUHVHQWLQJ LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV
DERXWLQWHOOLJHQFH
>7KH\@UHVLGHLQWKHPLQGVRIWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVZKHWKHUDVGHÀQLWLRQVRU
RWKHUZLVH6XFKWKHRULHVQHHGWREHGLVFRYHUHGUDWKHUWKDQLQYHQWHGEHFDXVH
WKH\DOUHDG\H[LVWLQVRPHIRUPLQSHRSOH·VKHDGV6WHUQEHUJ
6WHUQEHUJDUJXHVWKDWSHRSOH·VLQIRUPDOWKHRULHVRILQWHOOLJHQFHGHULYHIURPWKHLU
articulation of ideas about the nature of intelligence and that such work is useful in
KHOSLQJXVWRXQGHUVWDQGEHKDYLRXUPRWLYDWHGE\WKHVHWKHRULHVLQWKHLU¶HYHU\GD\
OLYHV·+RZHYHUWKLVYLHZLVSHUKDSVOLPLWHGLQLWVQRWLRQRIWKHSRWHQWLDOUDPLÀFDWLRQV
IRUVRFLHW\RILPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRILQWHOOLJHQFH-XGJHPHQWVPDGHE\LQGLYLGXDOVLQ
WKHLUHYHU\GD\OLYHVFDQLPSDFWXSRQWKHOLYHVRIRWKHUVLQPDQ\GLIIHUHQWZD\V
$QH[WUHPHH[DPSOHPLJKWEHWKHHIIHFWRILPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRILQWHOOLJHQFHRQWKH
MXGJHPHQWV PDGH E\ SROLWLFLDQV 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI HGXFDWLRQDO SROLF\ FDUULHV
ZLWKLQLWWKHHIIHFWVRIDELOLW\FRQVWUXFWVDQGWKHVHLQWXUQDIIHFWWKHZD\VLQZKLFK
LQGLYLGXDOVH[SHULHQFHVFKRROLQJGHYHORSWKHLURZQFRQVWUXFWVDQGLQWHUDFWZLWK
RWKHUV7KHFDVFDGHHIIHFWRIVXFKLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVIURPLQGLYLGXDOWRVRFLHW\DQG
YLFHYHUVDPHDQVWKDWLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVDUHDWWLPHVPXFKPRUHWKDQKHOSIXODQG
LQWHUHVWLQJ GHÀQLWLRQV DIIHFWLQJ PLQRU DVSHFWV RI OLIH EXW LQVWHDG DUH FDSDEOH RI
VXEVWDQWLDOLPSDFWDWPLFURDQGPDFUROHYHOV
6WHUQEHUJ FDPH WR WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKH XVH RI LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV RI
LQWHOOLJHQFHLVXVHGWRHYDOXDWHRXURZQDQGRWKHUV·LQWHOOLJHQFH7KLVKDVSDUWLFXODU
VLJQLÀFDQFH LQ WKH FODVVURRP ZKHUH WHDFKHUV· XWLOLVDWLRQ RI LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV LV
OLNHO\WRKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWLPSDFWXSRQGHFLVLRQVPDGHFRQFHUQLQJWHDFKLQJDQG
OHDUQLQJ)HQVWHUPDFKHU&ODUN et al.,=DKRULN3DMDUHV
%XOORXJKDQG%DXJKPDQ7HDFKHUVDWWHPSWWRPDNHMXGJHPHQWVDERXWSXSLO
DFKLHYHPHQWDQGIXWXUHDWWDLQPHQWGUDZLQJXSRQLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVLQFRQMXQFWLRQ
ZLWKREVHUYDWLRQ%XOORXJKDQG%DXJKPDQ6WHUQEHUJHWDOZHQWRQ
WRGHYHORSWKHLGHDRILPSOLFLWWKHRULHVIXUWKHUWKURXJKZRUNRQWKHWDFLWNQRZOHGJH
RISURIHVVLRQDOV$VZLWKLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\WKLVWDFLWNQRZOHGJHLVERXQG
XSLQWKHSUHYLRXVH[SHULHQFHVDQGNQRZOHGJHDFTXLUHGE\LQGLYLGXDOVDQGIRUPVDQ
LQWXLWLYHEDVHIRUSURIHVVLRQDOMXGJHPHQWVDQGEHKDYLRXUEXWLVREYLRXVO\EURDGHULQ
VFRSH,QWKLVHGLWHGYROXPH%UXFH7RUIIUHIHUVWRWKHFRQFHSWLRQVSUHFRQFHSWLRQV
DQG DVVXPSWLRQV ZKLFK SHUVLVW SRZHUIXOO\ LQ WHDFKHU DFWLRQV DQG VXJJHVWV WKHVH
IRUPDNLQGRI¶IRONSHGDJRJ\·op citSGHHSO\URRWHGLQLQGLYLGXDOLGHQWLW\
7KURXJKH[SORULQJWKHEHKDYLRXUMXGJHPHQWDQGUHVSRQVHVRIWHDFKHUVLQVSHFLÀF
FODVVURRPVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVLQUHODWLRQWRVSHFLÀFFRQFHSWVWHDFKHUV·LPSOLFLWRUWDFLW
WKHRULHVRIDELOLW\FDQWRVRPHH[WHQWEHXQFRYHUHGDQGH[DPLQHG
7KHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\LQWKHFODVVURRPDQGZLWKLQ
VSHFLÀFV\VWHPVLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ
7($&+(56$1'&216758&7,2162)$%,/,7<
/RFDWHG ZLWKLQ WKH VHHPLQJO\ FRQWUDGLFWRU\ FRQWH[WV RI FRPSUHKHQVLYH VWDWH
IXQGHGDQGLQGHSHQGHQWSULYDWHO\IXQGHGV\VWHPVFODVVURRPWHDFKHUVSURYLGHD
SHUVSHFWLYHRQDELOLW\ZKLFKPD\UHÁHFWVLPSOHPHGLDWLRQRILQVWLWXWLRQDOPRGHOOLQJ
RIDELOLW\5RVHQKROW]DQG6LPSVRQ2ULQVWHDGWKHUHPD\EHDPRUHFRPSOH[
PHGLDWLRQRIDELOLW\WHPSHUHGE\LQGLYLGXDOWHDFKHULGHQWLW\QRWLRQVRIVHOIHIÀFDF\
ZLWKLQWKHFODVVURRPUHVSRQVHVWRZLGHUVRFLHWDODQGSROLWLFDOYLHZVDVZHOODVWKRVH
SHUSHWXDWHGRUQHJRWLDWHGZLWKLQHDFKLQVWLWXWLRQDQGV\VWHP&HUWDLQO\DWWHPSWV
WRORRNDWWHDFKHUV¶LGHQWLI\LQJDELOLW\·KDYHWHQGHGWRIRFXVRQWKHGHFLVLRQDQG
LWVGHJUHHRIFRUUHFWQHVVUDWKHUWKDQRQWKHGHFLVLRQPDNHUDQGKHUFRQWH[WVDQG
WKHQDWXUHRIKHUFRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQHJZKHWKHUWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWVFRLQFLGHZLWK
UHVHDUFKHUDGPLQLVWHUHGWHVWV
,Q 6FRWODQG ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI DQ RVWHQVLEO\ HJDOLWDULDQ VWDWH V\VWHP RI
HGXFDWLRQPDLQWDLQHGZKHUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHDOOFRPHUKLJKVFKRROVGHDOZLWKPRUH
WKDQRIVHFRQGDU\VFKRRODJHFKLOGUHQSUHYLRXVZRUNE\+DPLOWRQQRWHG
FRQWH[WXDOLVHGKLJKFRQÀGHQFHLQWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWOHDGLQJWRDUHLQIRUFHPHQWRI
SDUWLFXODUDVVXPSWLRQVDERXWWKHQDWXUHRIGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIDELOLW\DQGVXEVHTXHQW
SURYLVLRQDQGFODVVURRPLQWHUDFWLRQMXGJHPHQWVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHVH
7KURXJKWKLVZRUNLWLVKRSHGWKDWDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWHDFKLQJDQGLQSDUWLFXODU
WHDFKHUVDQGWKHLUFRQFHSWVRIDELOLW\ZLOOKHOSWRLOOXPLQDWHDIXQGDPHQWDODVSHFW
RIWHDFKHUWKLQNLQJ7HDFKHUV·LPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\DUHWREHH[SORUHGWKURXJK
WHDFKHUFRQVWUXFWLRQVRIDELOLW\ZLWKLQFRQWUDVWLQJFRQWH[WVLQUHODWLRQWR
‡ 7KH TXDOLWLHV SHUFHLYHG WR EH SUHVHQW LQ SXSLOV RI ¶KLJK· DQG ¶DYHUDJH·
DELOLW\
‡ ([SHFWDWLRQVRIVSHFLÀFDELOLW\SURÀOHVOLPLWHGÀ[HG
‡ 1DWXUH RI DQ\ FRQÁLFW RU FRQVHQVXV ZLWK UHJDUG WR LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV RI
DELOLW\
METHOD
5HVSRQGHQWVLQSUHYLRXVUHVHDUFKZHUHRIWHQPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVDERXWWKHLUSRWHQWLDO
LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV EDVHG RQ FKRLFHV IURP UHVHDUFKHU OLVWV RU KLJKO\ VWUXFWXUHG
TXHVWLRQQDLUHW\SHLQWHUYLHZVFKHGXOHV7KHYLHZWDNHQLQWKLVUHVHDUFKLQWRWHDFKHUV·
LPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\ZDVWKDWSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHWREHHQFRXUDJHGWRDUWLFXODWH
WKHLUQRWLRQVRILQWHOOLJHQFHZLWKRXWXQQHFHVVDU\UHVHDUFKHULQSXW
,QVHHNLQJWRDYRLGWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIVWUXFWXUHGEHKDYLRXUVRUDWWULEXWHVZLWKLQ
WKHUHVHDUFKLQVWUXPHQWVWKLVHPSLULFDOZRUNGLGQRWVHHNWRFUHDWHWKHIRXQGDWLRQV
RI LQGLYLGXDO WKHRULHV LQ DQ\ KLJKO\ SUHVFULSWLYH ZD\ 7KLV WKHQ LV QRW PDNLQJ
DVVXPSWLRQVDERXWSRVVLEOHLQWHOOLJHQFHVDQGDWWHPSWLQJWRGHÀQHDWWULEXWHVRUVNLOOV
WRHDFK6WHUQEHUJQRUGRHVLWEHJLQWRHQFRXUDJHUHVSRQGHQWVWRFRQVLGHU
LQWHOOLJHQFH ZLWK UHJDUG WR FXUUHQW LVVXHV VXFK DV TXDOLWLHV DQG YLVLEOH VLJQV RI
LQWHOOLJHQFHPDOOHDELOLW\DQGGXUDELOLW\<XVVHQDQG.DQH,QVWHDGWHDFKHUV
ZHUHHQFRXUDJHGWRDUWLFXODWHWKHLURZQLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHLUWHDFKLQJ
SUDFWLFHZLWKÀUVW\HDU\HDUVROGDQGIRXUWK\HDU\HDUVROGKLJKVFKRROSXSLOV
ZLWKLQWZRVWDWHIXQGHGFRPSUHKHQVLYHVDQGWZRLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROV
Aim of this research
7KLVSURMHFWZDVFRQFHUQHGZLWKPXOWLSOHSHUVSHFWLYHVRQDELOLW\ZLWKLQIRXUFDVH
VWXG\ VFKRROV KHDGWHDFKHUV VXEMHFW KHDGV FODVV WHDFKHUV SXSLOV DQG SDUHQWV
,Q WKLV SDSHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LV JLYHQ WR WHDFKHU DQG VXEMHFW KHDG RI GHSDUWPHQW
FRQVWUXFWV7KLVLQYROYHGDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQWKURXJKLQWHUYLHZVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVRI
WKHIROORZLQJ
‡ ,GHQWLI\LQJWKHTXDOLWLHVLQGLFDWLQJKLJKDQGDYHUDJHDELOLW\SXSLOV
‡ 7HDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQVRISXSLOVLQWHUPVRIDELOLW\
‡ 7KHQDWXUHRIDQ\FRQÁLFWRUFRQVHQVXVZLWKUHJDUGWRLPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRI
DELOLW\
A case study approach
,QRUGHUWREHJLQWRDGGUHVVWKHQDWXUHRIWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVZLWKLQVFKRROVD
FDVHVWXG\DSSURDFKZDVVHOHFWHG,QFKRRVLQJWKLVWUDGLWLRQDFRQVFLRXVDWWHPSWZDV
PDGHWRDYRLGWKHVLPSOLVWLFFRPSDUDWLYHQDWXUHRISROLWLFDODQGPHGLDUKHWRULFZKLFK
UHGXFHGDELOLW\LQVFKRROVZLWKLQHDFKV\VWHPWRUHVXOWVRQFRPSHWLWLYHOHDJXHWDEOHV
8QGHUSLQQLQJFDVHVWXG\UHVHDUFKLVDEHOLHILQWKHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIWKHVRFLDOXQLWV
XQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQWKDWWKHUHLVQRWDVLQJOHREMHFWLYHUHDOLW\EXWLQVWHDGPXOWLSOH
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIUHDOLW\0HUULDP,QWKLVSURMHFWWKHXQLW\RIIRFXVLHDQ
LQVWLWXWLRQDOFDVHZDVPDLQWDLQHGZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDWWHQWLRQZDVFRQÀQHGWR
DSDUWLFXODUUHVHDUFKSUREOHP6WDNH6WDNHKDVYDULRXVO\GHVFULEHGWKLVDV
DGHOLPLWHGRULQVWUXPHQWDOFDVHVWXG\6WDNHZKHUHWKHLVVXHVDUH
GRPLQDQWDQGLWLVQRWVLPSO\DQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFDVHIRULWVRZQVDNHZKLFK
LVXQGHUWDNHQ
Triangulation
7KLV&DVHVWXG\UHVHDUFKUHOLHVXSRQPXOWLSOHVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ<LQ
&UHVVZHOOLQWHUPVRISHUVSHFWLYHVRQDELOLW\KHDGWHDFKHUVSULQFLSDOWHDFKHUV
WHDFKHUVSDUHQWVDQGSXSLOVDVZHOODVWHFKQLTXHVRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQDO\VLVRI
LQVWLWXWLRQDOOLWHUDWXUHVHPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZVDQGREVHUYDWLRQ7KH&DVHVWXGLHV
WKHPVHOYHVFRPSULVHGFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQGLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROVWKDWZHUHFKRVHQ
LQRUGHUWRSURYLGHYDULHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOSURÀOHV7KHFDVHVWXG\VFKRROVZHUHJLYHQ
SVHXGRQ\PVWRSURYLGHDQRQ\PLW\
Comprehensive
‡ RQHVHUYLQJPDLQO\KLJKVRFLRHFRQRPLFDUHDVZLWKSXEOLF¶VXFFHVV·LQH[DP
OHDJXHWDEOHV0DF'RQDOG+LJK6FKRRO
‡ RQHVHUYLQJYHU\PL[HGVRFLRHFRQRPLFDUHDVZLWKVHHPLQJODFNRI¶VXFFHVV·
LQH[DPOHDJXHWDEOHV6W7KRPDV·+LJK6FKRRO
Independent
‡ RQHORQJHVWDEOLVKHGVFKRROZLWKVHOHFWLRQE\DELOLW\0HUFKDQW6FKRRO
‡ RQHVFKRROXVLQJRQO\LQIRUPDOVHOHFWLRQE\LQWHUYLHZ/RQJKXUVW6FKRRO
Interviews and non participant t observations
:LWKLQ HDFK VFKRRO D UDQJH RI VHPL VWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZV WRRN SODFH DV ZHOO DV
FODVVURRPREVHUYDWLRQVFRQQHFWHGWRIRXUVXEMHFWDUHDV(QJOLVK0DWKV$UWDQG
0XVLF )RXU SULQFLSDO WHDFKHUV ZHUH LQWHUYLHZHG IRU DURXQG PLQXWHV LQ HDFK
VFKRRO6XEVHTXHQWO\IRXUFODVVHVLQÀUVW\HDU6 DURXQG\HDUVROGDQGIRXU
LQIRXUWK\HDU6 DURXQG\HDUVROGDQGSUHSDULQJIRUH[WHUQDOH[DPVZHUH
FKRVHQE\WKHVFKRROIRUUHVHDUFKHUREVHUYDWLRQVDQGLQWHUYLHZVZLWKWKHSURYLVR
WKDWZKHUHDQ\VHWWLQJRUVWUHDPLQJRFFXUUHGWKHWRSVHWVKRXOGEHFKRVHQ(LJKW
WHDFKHUVDQGHLJKWFODVVHVFRYHULQJWZR\HDUJURXSVDQGIRXUVXEMHFWDUHDVIRUPHG
WKHEDVLVIRULQWHUYLHZVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVLQHDFKVFKRRO
6HPLVWUXFWXUHGLQWHUYLHZVZLWKWHDFKHUVWRRNSODFHLQVWDJHV$SUHOLPLQDU\
LQWHUYLHZHVWDEOLVKHGWKHSXSLOVQRPLQDWHGE\WHDFKHUVDV¶YHU\DEOH·DQG¶DYHUDJH·
DQGWKHWHDFKHU·VGHVFULSWLRQRIKLVKHUDSSURDFKWRWHDFKLQJWKDWSDUWLFXODUFODVV
DV ZHOO DV WKHLU UHÁHFWLRQV RQ EHLQJ DVNHG WR FDWHJRULVH SXSLOV LQ WKLV ZD\ 1RQ
SDUWLFLSDQWREVHUYDWLRQVWKHQWRRNSODFHGXULQJYLVLWVWRVFKRROVRYHUDFRPELQHG
SHULRGRIURXJKO\WZRPRQWKVLQHDFKLQVWLWXWLRQDQGWZRWRWKUHHKRXUVRIOHVVRQV
ZHUH REVHUYHG IRU HDFK FODVV LQ HDFK VXEMHFW DUHD DQG \HDU JURXS 7KHVH WKHQ
IRUPHGWKHEDVLVIRUDQDGGLWLRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHRQFODVVURRPH[SHULHQFHVDQGZHUH
VXEVHTXHQWO\ XVHG WR LQIRUP LQWHUYLHZV $IWHU HDFK REVHUYDWLRQ WHDFKHUV ZHUH
LQWHUYLHZHGEULHÁ\IRU²PLQXWHVDERXWZKDWZHQWZHOOLQWKHOHVVRQDQGDQ\
FRPPHQWVWKH\ZDQWHGWRPDNHDERXWQRPLQDWHGSXSLOV6XEVHTXHQWO\WKH\WRRNSDUW
LQDÀQDOLQWHUYLHZRIDURXQGPLQXWHVGHDOLQJZLWKIXUWKHUGHWDLOVFRQFHUQLQJ
‡ WKHTXDOLWLHVRIQRPLQDWHGSXSLOV
‡ WHDFKLQJDSSURDFKHV
‡ SXSLOUHVSRQVHV
‡ WHDFKHUVXSSRUWIRUOHDUQLQJ¶YHU\DEOH·¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOV
‡ WHDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQV
‡ DELOLW\RIQRPLQDWHGSXSLOVÀ[HGOLPLWHGHWF
Analysis
8VLQJWKHWKUHHIROGVWUXFWXUHIRUDQLWHUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIGDWDVXJJHVWHGE\0LOHV
DQG+XEHUPDQRIGDWDUHGXFWLRQGDWDGLVSOD\DQGFRQFOXVLRQGUDZLQJDQG
YHULÀFDWLRQWKHLQLWLDODSSURDFKWRWKHGDWDZDVDKROLVWLFRQHLQZKLFKWDSHVRI
LQWHUYLHZVZHUHOLVWHQHGWRDQGÀHOGZRUNQRWHVUHDGDQGVRPHLQLWLDOQRWHVPDGH
7UDQVFULSWVZHUHPDGHDVDZD\RIEHJLQQLQJWRGHDOZLWKWKHUDZGDWDEXWLQWKH
VSLULWRIDQLWHUDWLYHDQDO\VLVDVDSDUWRIDF\FOLFDODQGUHÁH[LYHSURFHVVLQZKLFK
WKH RULJLQDO WDSHV ZRXOG EH YLVLWHG DJDLQ DV FDWHJRULVDWLRQ RI GDWD SURFHHGHG WR
YHULI\RURWKHUZLVHHPHUJLQJWKHPHV7KLVDOORZHGFDWHJRULHVWREHGHÀQHGDQG
WHVWHGWKURXJKDUHWXUQWRWKHGDWD7KHDSSURDFKWRUHVHDUFKDQGDQDO\VLVLVURRWHG
LQJURXQGHGWKHRU\RULJLQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGE\*ODVHUDQG6WUDXVVZKHUHWKHRU\
HPHUJHVIURPWKHGDWD
),1',1*6
Teacher constructs – a summary
'UDZLQJRQLQWHUYLHZVZLWKWHDFKHUVDQGREVHUYDWLRQVLQFODVVURRPVWHDFKHUVWHQGHG
WRYLVXDOLVHDKLHUDUFKLFDODELOLW\FRQWLQXXPPRYLQJIURP¶ORZ·WR¶KLJK·DELOLW\ZKHUH
WKH¶YHU\DEOH·ZHUHUDUHO\SHUFHLYHGWRH[LVWLQVRPHVFKRROV7HDFKHUFRQVWUXFWV
KHOSHGWRKLJKOLJKWEHOLHILQWKHGLVWLQFWLYHQDWXUHVRI¶KLJK·DQG¶DYHUDJH·DELOLW\DQG
FRQVHTXHQWO\DIIHFWHGWHDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQVRISXSLOV7KLVDOVRDIIHFWHGWKHQDWXUH
RIWHDFKHUUHVSRQVHWRSXSLOVH[KLELWLQJWKHTXDOLWLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV
RIDELOLW\6LQFHDELOLW\LVDFRQWHVWHGFRQFHSWDQLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIWKHLQWHUYLHZ
SURFHVVLQYROYHGUHÁHFWLRQRQWKHLQLWLDOWDVNRISXSLOQRPLQDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRDELOLW\
DQGWKHFKDOOHQJHVLIDQ\WKDWWKLVFUHDWHGIRUWHDFKHUV0RVWWHDFKHUVVDZWKHWDVNDV
DQH[WHQVLRQRIZKDWWKH\GLGIURPGD\WRGD\LQWKHLUFODVVURRPV:KHUHWKHUHZDV
DSUREOHPLWEHFDPHYHU\GLIÀFXOWIRUWKHWHDFKHUWRWDONDERXWSXSLOVZLWKRXWWKH
FRQVWUXFWRIDELOLW\DQGLQGRLQJVRWKHWHDFKHUGHQLHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDQ\GLIIHUHQFH
LQRXWSXWDQGDFKLHYHPHQWIRUSXSLOV,QWKHIROORZLQJSDJHVWKHVHPDLQWKHPHVDUH
FRQVLGHUHGLQJUHDWHUGHWDLO
Constructing ‘high’ and ‘average’ ability
7HDFKHUV·SHUFHSWLRQVRIDELOLW\ZHUHDIIHFWHGE\DEHOLHILQDKLHUDUFKLFDODELOLW\
FRQWLQXXPRQZKLFKSXSLOV·DELOLW\FRXOGEHORFDWHG0DF'RQDOGDQG6W7KRPDV·
KLJK VFKRROV DQG /RQJKXUVW LQGHSHQGHQW VFKRRO 7KLV OHG WR QRWLRQV RI UDULW\
LQIUHTXHQWLGHQWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH¶YHU\DEOH·DQGDGHÀFLWPRGHORI¶DYHUDJHQHVV·,Q
DGGLWLRQWKHTXDOLW\RILQWHUDFWLRQWKDWWKH¶YHU\DEOH·HQMR\HGZLWKLQVXEMHFWDUHDV
ZDVFRQVLGHUHGXQDWWDLQDEOHIRURWKHUSXSLOVDOWKRXJKLWZDVEHOLHYHGWKDWDOOSXSLOV
FRXOGPDNHFRQVLGHUDEOHSURJUHVV
Positioning and the Rarity of the ‘very able’
PositioningLVXVHGWRGHVFULEHWHDFKHUV·SODFHPHQWRISXSLOVDFFRUGLQJWRDELOLW\
on a JOREDOJHQHUDORUlocalFRPSDULVRQZLWKLQWKHFODVVURRPVFDOHRUFRQWLQXXP
7KH¶YHU\DEOH·SXSLOZDVDWWLPHVDYHU\UDUHHQWLW\0DF'RQDOGDQG6W7KRPDV·
KLJKVFKRROVDQG/RQJKXUVWLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRODQGLQWKUHHRIWKHVFKRROVWHDFKHUV
FRPPHQWHGRQWKHUHODWLYHKLJKDELOLW\RIQRPLQDWHGSXSLOVZKLOHVXJJHVWLQJWKDWD
¶YHU\DEOH·FKLOGFRXOGQRWEHIRXQG7KLVRFFXUUHGLQERWKFRPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROV
DQGLQ/RQJKXUVW,WZDVSRVVLEOHIRUWHDFKHUVWRGHDOZLWKFRPSDUDWLYHQRWLRQVRI
DELOLW\E\XVHRIDQDELOLW\FRQWLQXXPSURYLGLQJQRWLRQDOSODFHPHQWLQUHJDUGWR
DELOLW\0DF'RQDOGDQG6W7KRPDV·2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLQ/RQJKXUVWDELOLW\ZDV
SHUFHLYHGLQWHUPVRIDJHQHUDOPHDVXUDEOHTXDOLW\VXFKDV,4DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\LQ
VXEMHFWVSHFLÀFWHUPVZKHUHLWZDVUHJDUGHGDVSDUWRIDFRQWLQXXP,WLVSRVVLEOHWR
VXJJHVWWKDWWKHVHFRQWLQXDZKLFKWHDFKHUVXVHGFRQVLVWHGRISDVWH[SHULHQFHVXVHG
DVD¶PRGHORIUHDOLW\·*HHUW]FLWHGE\&RKHQZKLFK&RKHQDUJXHVKHOSVXV
WRRULHQWRXUVHOYHVWRWKHSKHQRPHQRQUHTXLULQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQop citS
7KHXVHRISRVLWLRQLQJWRORFDWHSXSLOVLQWHUPVRIDELOLW\GLIIHUHQFHFRXOGOHDG
WR WKH YHU\ OLPLWDWLRQV VXEVHTXHQWO\ WR EH IRXQG ZKHQ WHDFKHUV GHVFULEHG WKHLU
H[SHFWDWLRQV RI SDUWLFXODU ¶DYHUDJH· SXSLOV $OWKRXJK WHDFKHUV EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH\
KDGVLPLODUKLJKH[SHFWDWLRQVIRUDOOSXSLOVWKHLURZQSHUVRQDOEHOLHIVDERXWWKH
QDWXUHRIDELOLW\OHGWKHPWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWGLVWLQFWLRQVKDGWREHPDGH2QO\LQ
0HUFKDQW6FKRRODKLJKO\VHOHFWLYHLQGHSHQGHQWLQVWLWXWLRQZDVSRVLWLRQLQJVFDUFHO\
HYLGHQW7KLVPLJKWKDYHEHHQEHFDXVHSRVLWLRQLQJLQUHODWLRQWRPHDVXUHGDELOLW\
ZDV RFFXUULQJ H[SOLFLWO\ DW DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH OHYHO EXW ZDV DFWLYHO\ GLVFRXUDJHG
E\VWDIILQFRQYHUVDWLRQVEHWZHHQSXSLOV7KHDYRLGDQFHRIDQH[SOLFLWGLVFXVVLRQ
RI DWWDLQPHQW ZDV LPSRUWDQW DV WHDFKHUV IRFXVHG RQ WKH VNLOOV DQG DWWULEXWHV RI
LQGLYLGXDOVLQRUGHUWREULQJDERXWSURJUHVVDQGDQLPSURYHPHQWLQSHUIRUPDQFH
ZLWKLQWKHFODVVURRP
The ‘very able’ and the ‘average’ pupil
+RZHYHU DFURVV DOO VFKRROV ZKHQ WHDFKHUV REVHUYHG WKH ¶YHU\ DEOH· WKHUH ZDV
D EHOLHI LQ DQ XQXVXDO SURFHVV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH VXEMHFW $ VLPLODULW\ RI
GHVFULSWLRQZDVREVHUYHGDFURVVVXEMHFWDUHDV7KHLQWDQJLEOHQDWXUHRIWKLVSURFHVV
DQGLWVGLVWLQFWLYHQHVVPHDQWWKDWLWSURYLGHGHYLGHQFHIRUWHDFKHUVRIGLIIHUHQFH
EHWZHHQWKH¶YHU\DEOH·DQGWKH¶DYHUDJH·SXSLODQGUHLQIRUFHGWKHJDSZKLFKZDV
SHUFHLYHGWRH[LVWEHWZHHQLPSURYHG¶DYHUDJH·SHUIRUPDQFHDQGKLJKDELOLW\)RU
WKH¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOWKHGHÀFLWPRGHORI¶DYHUDJHQHVV·SURYLGHGDNLQGRIDQRQ\PLW\
:DWHUKRXVH,QWKHSHUFHSWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVWKHDELOLW\LGHQWLW\RI¶DYHUDJH·
SXSLOVFRQVLVWHGRIDODFNRUDEVHQFHRIWKRVHVNLOOVDQGDWWULEXWHVZKLFK¶YHU\DEOH·
SXSLOVSRVVHVVHG:KHUH¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOVZHUHVHHQWRSRVVHVVDSRVLWLYHDWWULEXWH
VXFKDVPRWLYDWLRQLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKH\H[KLELWHGWKLVHQWKXVLDVPDQGZRUN
HWKLFGHVSLWHWKHLUODFNRIDELOLW\
,PSOLFLWDQGH[SOLFLWLGHQWLÀFDWLRQRIDELOLW\
$ELOLW\ZDVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIFRPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROH[SHULHQFH7KH¶YHU\DEOH·
SXSLOZDVLPSOLFLWO\LGHQWLÀHGWKURXJKSHUVRQDOWHDFKHUFRQVWUXFWVRIDELOLW\7KH
LPSOLFLWQDWXUHRIDELOLW\MXGJHPHQWZDVQHFHVVDU\EHFDXVHRIWHDFKHUV·LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
RIDV\VWHPZKLFKZDVSHUFHLYHGWRUHTXLUHDQDYRLGDQFHRIDELOLW\UHFRJQLWLRQ
7KLVZDVKLJKOLJKWHGLQWKHGLVFRXUVHVRIKHDGWHDFKHUVDQGSULQFLSDOWHDFKHUVZKHUH
GLVFXVVLRQRIWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJIRFXVHGRQDWWHPSWVWRHQVXUHWKDWH[SOLFLW
DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW RU MXGJHPHQW RI DELOLW\ VKRXOG QRW EH XVHG WR OLPLW SRWHQWLDO
DWWDLQPHQWWKURXJKVHWWLQJ+RZHYHUWKHUHZDVDOVRWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
RIDOLPLWHGXVHRIWKLVRUJDQLVDWLRQZKHQDUJXPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJVXEMHFWVSHFLÀF
DELOLW\ZHUHXVHGWRVXSSRUWWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVHWWHGFODVVHV
$ELOLW\ ZLWKLQ ERWK LQGHSHQGHQW VFKRROV ZDV H[SOLFLWO\ FRQVWUXFWHG DW DQ
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGRUJDQLVDWLRQDOOHYHO(QWU\WRVXFKVFKRROVLQYROYHGWKHQHHG
IRUDQRYHUWGHFODUDWLRQWRIDPLOLHVRILQVWLWXWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUDQGSXUSRVHZKLFKLQ
WXUQHQWDLOHGPDNLQJH[SOLFLWQRWLRQVRIDELOLW\WKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIOHDUQLQJDQG
WKHQDWXUHRIWHDFKLQJ
Teacher expectations of ability
:LWKLQWHDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQVRISHUFHLYHGDELOLW\GLVVRQDQFHZLWKLQLQGLYLGXDOVEHJDQ
WRDSSHDULQFRPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROV7HDFKHUSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHREOLJDWLRQVRIV\VWHP
LGHRORJ\WHQGHGWRIRFXVRQPLQLPLVDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQFHEXWWKHLUSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKH
¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOPHDQWWKDWWKH\EURXJKWWREHDUWKHLGHDRIOLPLWDWLRQRISRWHQWLDO
&RQVHQVXVZLWKLQLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROVLQWHUPVRIDZLOOLQJQHVVWRUHFRJQLVHDELOLW\
GLIIHUHQFHPHDQWWKDWYDULHGH[SHFWDWLRQVZHUHDFFHSWDEOHDQGLQVWHDGRIOLPLWDWLRQ
LQGLYLGXDOWDUJHWVHWWLQJZDVXVHGWRH[SODLQGLIIHUHQFHVLQDWWDLQPHQW
7HDFKHU([SHFWDWLRQV RIFKLOGUHQZDVLQLWLDOO\GLVWLQFWLYHEHFDXVHRIWKHSHUFHLYHG
IRFXVRIDOOWHDFKHUVLQWKHWZRFRPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROVRQDVLPLODULW\ RIH[SHFWDWLRQ
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIDELOLW\+RZHYHUWKLVZDVDOZD\VTXDOLÀHGLQVRPHZD\WRPDLQWDLQ
D GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ H[SHFWDWLRQV RI ¶YHU\ DEOH· SXSLOV DQG WKRVH QRPLQDWHG DV
¶DYHUDJH·6LPLODULW\RIH[SHFWDWLRQZDVVHHQDVDZD\RIVXJJHVWLQJWKDWDWHDFKHU
ZDVREOLJHGWRKROGKLJKH[SHFWDWLRQVRIDOOFKLOGUHQDQGE\GRLQJVRFRXOGDYRLG
WRVRPHH[WHQWWKHLPSRVLWLRQRIOLPLWDWLRQV1RQHWKHOHVVLQWKHHQVXLQJGLVFRXUVH
WHDFKHUVRXWOLQHGYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIOLPLWDWLRQIRUWKH¶DYHUDJH¶SXSLO7KLVFRXOG
EHLQWKHIRUPRI¶XSSHU·OLPLWVRU¶FORVHU·WDUJHWVIRUVXFKFKLOGUHQ(YHQWKRVH
WHDFKHUVZKRIHOWVWURQJO\WKDW¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOVFRXOGDFKLHYHVLPLODUSURJUHVVWR
WKDWRI¶YHU\DEOH·SXSLOVZRXOGTXDOLI\LQVRPHZD\
,Q6W7KRPDV·+LJK6FKRRO$UW6WKLVWRRNWKHIRUPRIWKHLPSURYHPHQWRI
WHFKQLFDOVNLOOVWRDFKLHYHVRPHIRUPRISDULW\+RZHYHUVRPHSXSLOVZHUHFRQVLGHUHG
XQDEOHWRDFKLHYHWKH¶VHQVLWLYLW\·DVDQDUWLVWWKDWWKH¶YHU\DEOH·SRVVHVVHG¶9HU\
DEOH·SXSLOVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGIDFHG¶WKHVN\·VWKHOLPLW·RUWKHOLPLWDWLRQRIJUDGLQJ
7KHIRUPHULQFOXGHGSUHGLFWLYHHOHPHQWVLQWKHIRUPRIIXWXUHH[DPJUDGHVRUDW
IRXUWK\HDUOHYHOHYHQSRWHQWLDOFDUHHUSDWKV7KHODWWHUZDVHQFDSVXODWHGE\D0XVLF
WHDFKHUDW6W7KRPDV·ZKRSRLQWHGRXWWKDWFKLOGUHQLQKHUWK\HDUFODVVFRXOGRQO\
JRVRIDU¶\RXFDQ·WJHWEHWWHUWKDQDQ$·$QRWKHUWHDFKHUKLJKOLJKWHGWKHQHHG
IRUDQDGGHGJUDGHWRSURYLGHFKLOGUHQZLWKDQH[WVWHSZKLFKLQYROYHGDLPLQJIRU
DQ$LQ(QJOLVK0DFGRQDOG+LJK,WLVQRWLFHDEOHWKDWH[SHFWDWLRQVZHUHKLJKO\
FRQWH[WXDOLVHGDQGUHODWHGWRDWWDLQPHQWPDUNHUVVXFKDVH[DPJUDGHVSHUIRUPDQFH
DQGVRFRQÀQHGWRDFKLHYHPHQWZLWKLQDV\OODEXVDQGH[DPVFKHGXOH
7HDFKHUVLQERWKLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROVRQFHDJDLQUHÁHFWHGWKRVHLQFRPSUHKHQVLYH
VFKRROVLQWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKH\FRQVLGHUHGWKHLUH[SHFWDWLRQVRI¶YHU\DEOH·DQG
¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOV+HUHWKH\XVHGWKHQRWLRQRIVLPLODUKLJKVWDQGDUGVIRUDOOFKLOGUHQ
EXWZLWKTXDOLÀFDWLRQV7KHVHTXDOLÀFDWLRQVKRZHYHUZHUHQRWSUHVHQWHGDVOLPLWHG
SURJUHVVLRQIRUWKH¶DYHUDJH·SXSLO,QVWHDGWKRVHLQ0HUFKDQWLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRO
KLJKOLJKWHG SHUVRQDO RU LQGLYLGXDO WDUJHWV RU JRDOV DV ZHOO DV GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI
SURJUHVVLUUHVSHFWLYHRIJRDOVDFKLHYHG
Teacher responses to perceived ability difference
7HDFKHUDFWLRQVIRUPHGLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVRIWDFWLFDODQGVWUDWHJLF. The reliance
SODFHG LQ WHDFKHU GLVFRXUVH RQ WKH VWUDWHJLF HOHPHQWV DV D UHVSRQVH WR DELOLW\
GLIIHUHQFH SHUKDSV XQGHUOLQHV WKH QDWXUH RI PXFK SROLF\ DQG GHYHORSPHQW ZRUN
RQWKHVXEMHFWRIGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQZKLFKKDVRULJLQDWHGIURPDVWUDWHJLFLQWHUYHQWLRQ
VWDQFHLHWKHXVHRIGLIIHUHQWLDWHGH[HUFLVHVZLWKLQWH[WERRNVDQGDFURVVWH[WERRNV
DVZHOODVZRUNVKHHWV,Q6ÀUVW\HDUKLJKVFKRROWKHUHZDVOLWWOHHYLGHQFHLQWKH
REVHUYHGFODVVURRPVRIWKLVIRUPRIGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQVWUDWHJ\H[FHSWLQ6W7KRPDV·
FRPSUHKHQVLYH 0DWKHPDWLFV GHSDUWPHQW ZKHUH WKH KLJKO\ VWUXFWXUHG QDWXUH RI
WKHSULQFLSDOWHDFKHU·VRUJDQLVDWLRQPHDQWWKDWWKLVVWUDWHJLFUHVSRQVHWRDELOLW\ZDV
VWURQJO\LQSODFH%\6LQDVHWWHGJURXSLQJERWKVWUDWHJLFDQGWDFWLFDOWHDFKLQJRI
DELOLW\ZDVQRWHGE\WKHWHDFKHUEXWLWZDVDWDFWLFDOWHDFKHUSXSLOLQWHUDFWLRQZKLFK
IRUPHGWKHEDVLVIRUDELOLW\UHVSRQVHVGXULQJOHVVRQVREVHUYHG,QIRXUWK\HDUFODVVHV
DFURVVVFKRROVZKLOHVWUDWHJLFUHVSRQVHVZHUHSRVLWHGE\DOOEXWRQH(QJOLVKWHDFKHU
0DF'RQDOG+LJKFRPSUHKHQVLYHZKRVSRNHRIWKHQHDUKRPRJHQHLW\RIWKHFODVV
WDFWLFDOWHDFKLQJZDVYHU\PXFKWRWKHIRUHGXULQJREVHUYDWLRQ,W·VLQWHUHVWLQJWR
QRWHWKDWLQIDFWSXSLOVLQWHUYLHZHGDQGDVNHGDERXWSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQLQWKH
IRUPRIZRUNVKHHWVHWFZHUHJHQHUDOO\XQOLNHO\WRKDYHH[SHULHQFHGLWDQGZHUHQRW
HQWKXVLDVWLFDERXWLWSUHIHUULQJWRDYRLGZKDWZDVVHHQDV\HWPRUHZRUN
$GLVWLQFWLRQPDGHE\DVPDOOQXPEHURIWHDFKHUVLQWKHWZRPDLQWDLQHGVFKRROV
ZDVWKHQDWXUHRIWDFWLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQIRU¶YHU\DEOH·DQG¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOV)RUWKH
YHU\DEOHWDFWLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQZDVXVXDOO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIDPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHG
NLQG RI LQWHUDFWLRQ LQYROYLQJ KHOSLQJ WKHP WR GLVFRYHU WKHLU ZD\V IRUZDUG WR D
GHHSHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI LGHDV RU WHFKQLTXHV DQG ZHUH XVXDOO\ JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH
WHDFKHUEHFDXVHVXFKFKLOGUHQGLGQ·WXVXDOO\DVNIRUKHOS2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWDFWLFDO
LQWHUYHQWLRQZLWK¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOVZDVXVXDOO\LQVWLJDWHGE\WKHSXSLOVWKHPVHOYHV
DQGFDPHDERXWEHFDXVHRIWKHQHHGIRUWKHVLPSOLÀFDWLRQRILQVWUXFWLRQVRUDQHHG
WRVHHZKHUHFRUUHFWLRQVPLJKWEHQHHGHG
5HÁHFWLQJRQWKHUHVHDUFKWDVN
5HÁHFWLQJ on the task of categorisation, teachers in Maintained schools either
LPSOLFLWO\RUH[SOLFLWO\VSRNHRIDIRUPRI¶EDODQFLQJDFW·ZKLFKHQWDLOHGUHFRQFLOLQJ
DW WLPHV FRQWUDGLFWRU\ HOHPHQWV RI D SKLORVRSKLFDO SURIHVVLRQDO DQG SHUVRQDO
V\VWHPRIEHOLHIVLQWHUPVRIWKHQDWXUHRIEHOLHIVDERXWVRFLHW\DQGHGXFDWLRQDO
SURYLVLRQ SURIHVVLRQDO FRQWH[WV DQG VXEVHTXHQW REOLJDWLRQV DQG SHUVRQDO EHOLHIV
DERXWWKHQDWXUHRIDELOLW\7KLVOHGWRPRVWWHDFKHUVLQWKHWZRPDLQWDLQHGV\VWHP
IHHOLQJXQFRPIRUWDEOHZLWKDQH[HUFLVHZKLFKWKH\VDZDVDWRGGVZLWKWKH¶V\VWHP·
SKLORVRSK\RIHTXDOWUHDWPHQWIRUDOOFKLOGUHQ6KHZDVVKHVDLGWU\LQJ
7RPDNHWKHPDOOIHHOHTXDOZKLOHYHU\REYLRXVO\GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ\HWZH·UH
REOLJHG WR GLIIHUHQWLDWH DQG LW MXVW IHHOV OLNH QRQH RI LW PDNHV VHQVH 6W
7KRPDV·KLJKVFKRRO6(QJOLVKWHDFKHU
7KH6WK\HDUKLJKVFKRRO(QJOLVKWHDFKHUHPSKDVLVHGWKHÁH[LEOHQDWXUHRIDELOLW\
DQGPDLQWDLQHGWKDWWKHULJLGVWUDWLÀFDWLRQRIDELOLW\ZDVDQDUWLÀFLDORQH+RZHYHU
KHWKHQZHQWRQWRLQVLVWRQDYLHZRIDELOLW\ZKLFKVXJJHVWHGDODFNRIÁH[LELOLW\
$ELOLW\LVHLWKHUWKHUHRUQRWWKHUHWKHUHDUHDOZD\VWKLQJV\RXFDQWHDFKD
FKLOGWREHFRPHPRUHDEOHDW\RXFDQWHDFKDFKLOGWREHFRPHPRUHDEOH
DWSXQFWXDWLQJDVHQWHQFHEXWWKHUH·VQRELJPRYHPHQWLQWHUPVRIDELOLW\,
WKLQNLW·VLPSRVVLEOHWRLPSURYHDELOLW\
+HPDLQWDLQHGWKDWLWZDVSRVVLEOHWRFKDQJHDWWLWXGHVDQGDVSHFWVRISHUIRUPDQFH
EXWQRWDELOLW\$ÀUVW\HDU0DWKVWHDFKHU6W7KRPDV·VXJJHVWHG¶,·PPXFKKDSSLHU
WDONLQJDERXWP\H[SHFWDWLRQVWKDQWKHDELOLW\LVVXH·+HWKHQZHQWRQWRPDNHXVH
RIWKHLGHDRIVLPLODUSURJUHVVIRUDOOSXSLOVWKURXJKKDYLQJKLJKH[SHFWDWLRQVIRU
SXSLOVLUUHVSHFWLYHRISHUFHLYHGDELOLW\+RZHYHUKHDOVRPDGHXVHRIDQLPDJHRI
OLPLWHGFDSDELOLW\¶,SXVKNLGVLQWROHYHOVZKLFKDUHWKHYHU\XSSHUOLPLWRIZKDW
WKH\DUHFDSDEOH·7KLVZDVHFKRHGDJDLQDQGDJDLQDVWHDFKHUVWXVVOHGZLWKDQHHG
WREHOLHYHWKDWDOOFKLOGUHQZHUHFDSDEOHRIDFKLHYLQJDKLJKVWDQGDUG
$Q\FKLOG·VDELOLWLHVFDQEHEXLOWXSDQGWKH\FDQGHYHORSODQJXDJHVNLOOV
%HLQJ DEVROXWHO\ KRQHVW ZLWK \RX \RX DUH JRLQJ WR ÀQG LW KDUGHU WKH
GHYHORSPHQWLVJRLQJWREHOHVVLQOHVVDEOHSXSLOV6(QJOLVKWHDFKHU6W
7KRPDV·KLJKVFKRRO
1RQHWKHOHVVWKHUHZDVDQDFFHSWDQFHRIDSURIHVVLRQDOQHHGWRXWLOLVHDVVHVVPHQW
ZLWKLWVDELOLW\LPSOLFDWLRQVDQGH[DPV\OODEXVHVZLWKWKHLUVXEVHTXHQWVWUDWLI\LQJ
RIDFKLHYHPHQWDQGOLQNDJHZLWKDELOLW\
)RUDOPRVWDOOWHDFKHUVDFURVVERWKLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROVWKHXVHRIFDWHJRULVDWLRQ
ZDVVHHQDVDQHFHVVDU\SDUWRIWKHMREDQGDQDWXUDOZD\RIFRQVLGHULQJSXSLODELOLW\
+RZHYHU LW ZDV IHOW WKDW DQ\ XVH RI FDWHJRULVDWLRQ KDG WR EH ÁH[LEOH LQ RUGHU WR
HQVXUHWKDWSXSLOVZHUHQRWGHÀQHGDQGFRQÀQHGZLWKLQLWEXWFRXOGEHVHHQWRPRYH
ZLWKLQDQGDFURVVFDWHJRULHV7KRVHWHDFKHUVLQWKHLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRO/RQJKXUVW
DOVRQRWHGWKDWZKLOHWKHUHZDVDQDFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRIWKHQHHGIRUÁH[LELOLW\WKHUH
ZDVDOVRDQDFFHSWDQFHRIOLPLWDWLRQVIRUWKLVÁH[LELOLW\7KHVHOLPLWDWLRQVWRRNWKH
IRUPRID¶FHLOLQJ·IRULQGLYLGXDOVLQ0DWKVEH\RQGZKLFKLWZRXOGEHGLIÀFXOWIRU
WKHPWRPRYH
6RPHNLGVUHDFKWKHLUFHLOLQJDQGWKDW·VLWIRUVRPHWKHFHLOLQJLVYHU\ORZ
WKHUHDUHVRPHSHRSOHLQWKLVZRUOGIRUZKRPWKHFHLOLQJLVYHU\YHU\ORZ
6WHDFKHU/RQJKXUVWLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRO
,Q(QJOLVK0XVLFDQG$UWWKHUHZDVDGLVWLQFWLRQPDGHEHWZHHQLPSURYHPHQWIRU
GLIIHUHQWFKLOGUHQDQGWKHGLVWLQFWLRQZDVPDGHEHWZHHQPDNLQJVRPHLPSURYHPHQW
DQGDFWXDOO\JDLQLQJSDULW\RIDFKLHYHPHQWZLWKD¶YHU\DEOH·SXSLOWKHODWWHUEHLQJ
FRQVLGHUHGKLJKO\XQOLNHO\
,WKLQN,ZDQWWKHPDOOWRSURJUHVVEXWWKH\ZLOOQHYHUDOOFRPHRXWHTXDODWWKH
HQG7KH\·UHQRWDOOJRLQJWRJRRYHUWKHÀQLVKLQJOLQHDVLWZHUHEXW,WKLQN
DVIDUDVP\H[SHFWDWLRQVDUHFRQFHUQHG,WKLQN,ZDQWWKHPDOOWRSURJUHVV
WRTXLWHDKLJKVWDQGDUG6$UWWHDFKHU/RQJKXUVWLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRO
$VZHOODVPRVWWHDFKHUVUHWDLQLQJDQHHGIRUÁH[LELOLW\LQ0HUFKDQW+LJK6FKRRO
WZRWHDFKHUV6(QJOLVKDQG6$UWZHUHKRVWLOHWRWKHQHHGIRUDQ\IRUPRIH[SOLFLW
FDWHJRULVDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\RIWKHWULSDUWLWHGLYLVLRQRIDELOLW\JLYHQLQWKHFDWHJRULVDWLRQ
WDVNZKLFKZDVVHHQDVKLJKO\VLPSOLVWLFE\WKH(QJOLVKWHDFKHU,Q$UW6ODEHOOLQJ
RIDQ\NLQGZDVKLJKO\GLYLVLYHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWHDFKHUDOWKRXJKLWZDVHYLGHQW
WKDWZKLOHH[SOLFLWFDWHJRULVDWLRQZDVXQZHOFRPHWKHUHZDVDGHJUHHRIMXGJHPHQW
RIZRUWKWDNLQJSODFHDWDQLPSOLFLWOHYHOLQWKHFODVVURRPLWVHOI
,·PQRWJRLQJWRDQVZHUGLUHFWO\,KDWHWKLVLGHDRIODEHOV,DFWXDOO\IHHO
LQFUHGLEO\XQFRPIRUWDEOHWDONLQJDERXWODEHOV6$UWWHDFKHU0HUFKDQW
6KHDOVRVXJJHVWHGDXQLIRUPLW\RISHUIRUPDQFHIURPSXSLOVWRSJUDGHLQH[DP
EXWZLWKLQKHURZQGLVFRXUVHVKHPDGHGLVWLQFWLRQVRISHUIRUPDQFHDQGVXJJHVWHG
WKDWSDUWRIKHUGLIÀFXOW\ZDVLQDOORZLQJSXSLOVWRVHHWKDWVKHKDGFROODERUDWHGLQ
DFDWHJRULVDWLRQDFWLYLW\
7KHUHPLJKWKDYHEHHQSXSLOVZKRFRQWLQXDOO\GRVRPHWKLQJWKDWPLJKWJHWD
¶ZRZ·6RLI,SLFNRXWWKDWFKLOGWRJLYH\RXDQGLW·VDFRQVWDQW¶ZRZ·FKLOG
WKH\·GNQRZWKDW0LVVKDGRQO\SLFNHGRXWVRDQGVRDQG,·GUDWKHUWKDWZDVQ·W
WKHFDVH6$UWWHDFKHU0HUFKDQW
7KLVWKHQUHLQIRUFHGWKHSHUYDVLYHQDWXUHRIWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVGHVSLWHWKH
WHDFKHU·VH[SOLFLWQHHGWRGHQ\WKHSUHVHQFHRIGLIIHULQJDELOLWLHV+HUDWWHPSWVWR
DYRLGH[SOLFLWDELOLW\MXGJHPHQWVZHUHFRQÀUPHGE\SXSLOV
6KHWDONVDERXWHYHU\RQHWKHVDPH6KHZRXOGQHYHUDFNQRZOHGJHDQ\RQHLI
WKH\·UHQRWJRRGRULIWKH\·UHJRRG3XSLO$UW0HUFKDQW
+RZHYHULWLVVWLOOHYLGHQWWKDWMXGJHPHQWVDUHGHHPHGWREHPDGHDOEHLWVXEWO\
7KLVOHIWRQHSXSLOZRQGHULQJ
,·PQRWVXUHVKH·VTXLWHKRQHVWDERXWZKDWVKHWKLQNVDERXWZKDW\RXGR
3XSLO$UW0HUFKDQW
'HVSLWHWKLVWHDFKHU·VEHVWHIIRUWVWRVXJJHVWDQDEVHQFHRIDELOLW\EHOLHIVLQRUGHUWR
PLQLPLVHWKHLPSDFWRIKHUEHOLHIVDERXWDELOLW\LQWKHDUWFODVVURRP\RXQJSHRSOH·V
SHUFHSWLRQRIWKHWHDFKHU·VGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ¶JRRG·DQG¶QRWVRJRRG·ZDVVWLOO
SHUFHLYHGWRH[LVWDQGWKH\TXHVWLRQHGWKH¶KRQHVW\·RIKHUDELOLW\MXGJHPHQWVDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQV
Classroom consequences
'HVSLWHWKHGHVLUHRIFRPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROWHDFKHUVWRKDYHVLPLODUH[SHFWDWLRQVRI
DOOSXSLOVWKHLULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\UHÁHFWHGDSHUVLVWHQWEHOLHILQDELOLW\DV
KLHUDUFKLFDODQGWKDWSODFHPHQWZLWKLQWKLVKLHUDUFKLFDOYLHZLQHYLWDEO\OLQNHGWR
OLPLWDWLRQRISHUIRUPDQFHDQGDWWDLQPHQW/LPLWDWLRQVZHUHUHLQIRUFHGE\WHDFKHU
SHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHXQLTXHZD\LQZKLFK¶YHU\DEOH·SXSLOVLQWHUDFWHGZLWKWKHLUVXEMHFW
DQGWKHGHÀFLWPRGHODSSOLHGWRDYHUDJHSXSLOV7KLVOHGLQWXUQWRDYLHZWKDW¶
YHU\DEOH·SXSLOVIDFHGOLWWOHRUQROLPLWRQZKDWWKH\FRXOGDFKLHYHZKLOH¶DYHUDJH·
SXSLOVZHUHIDFHGZLWKFORVHUWDUJHWVDQGOLPLWVRQZKHUHWKHLUOHDUQLQJMRXUQH\
PLJKWWDNHWKHP7HDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQVRISXSLOVDOVRDIIHFWWKHLUWHDFKLQJDQGWKH
QDWXUHRIDQ\VXSSRUWJLYHQ&RQVHTXHQWO\WHDFKHUVGHVFULEHGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQVZLWK
¶YHU\DEOH·SXSLOVDVRIWHQLQLWLDWHGE\WKHPDQGLQYROYLQJVXSSRUWIRUHQKDQFHG
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ%\FRQWUDVW¶DYHUDJH·SXSLOVZRXOGRQO\UHFHLYHRQHWRRQHDWWHQWLRQ
LIWKH\VRXJKWKHOSDQGVRLQWHUDFWLRQVWHQGHGWRIRFXVRQFODULÀFDWLRQRILQVWUXFWLRQ
RUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPDWHULDO
7KLV HPSKDVLV RQ OLPLWHG H[SHFWDWLRQ GHVSLWH VXSSRUW IRU D V\VWHP HWKRV
HQFRXUDJLQJVLPLODULW\RIH[SHFWDWLRQKLJKOLJKWVWKHSRZHUIXOQDWXUHRIWHDFKHUV·
LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV RI DELOLW\ 6WHUQEHUJ·V ZRUN RQ LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV DQG
VXEVHTXHQWO\RQWKHWDFLWNQRZOHGJHRISURIHVVLRQDOV6WHUQEHUJDQG+RUYDWK
VXSSRUWVWKHWHQDFLRXVQDWXUHRISHUVRQDOWKHRULHV7KHFODVVURRPFRQVHTXHQFHVRI
WKHVHSHUVLVWHQWEHOLHIVDERXWDELOLW\DUHWKDWWHDFKHUMXGJHPHQWVDERXWFXUUHQWDQG
IXWXUHDWWDLQPHQWRISXSLOVOHDGWROLPLWDWLRQVLPSRVHGE\WHDFKHUH[SHFWDWLRQVDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQVDQGUHVXOWLQDPRUHUHVWULFWHGHQJDJHPHQWZLWKWKHFXUULFXOXP
7KH6FRWWLVK([HFXWLYH·VVXSSRUWIRUDQHZDSSURDFKWRFXUULFXOXP$&XUULFXOXP
IRU([FHOOHQFHDQGIRUDQHQKDQFHGDVVHVVPHQWSURFHVV&RQGLH, et al., ZKLFKDUHWRHQKDQFHSXSLOOHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHVZLOOUHO\RQWHDFKHUVH[DPLQLQJ
WKHLUSUDFWLFHDQGDSSURDFKHVWRSHGDJRJ\+RZHYHUZLWKRXWDQH[SORUDWLRQRIWKH
WHDFKHUEHOLHIVZKLFKZLOOPHGLDWHDQ\DWWHPSWDWHGXFDWLRQDOUHIRUPFKDQJHLQ
HGXFDWLRQPD\EHSHUSHWXDOO\VWULYHGIRUEXWQHYHUTXLWHDWWDLQHG7KHVLJQLÀFDQFH
RIWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\LVERWKSHUHQQLDODQGLPPHGLDWH/\LQJDWWKH
KHDUW RI WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFH WKH\ DIIHFW WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFHV DQG DV
WKHÀOWHUIRUDQ\SROLF\VKLIWVWKH\PD\KLQGHURUVWRSDWWHPSWVWRPRGHUQLVHWKH
FXUULFXOXPDQGDVVHVVPHQWSUDFWLFHV
&21&/86,21
8QGHUVWDQGLQJWHDFKHULPSOLFLWWKHRULHVRIDELOLW\LVHVVHQWLDOLQRUGHUWREHJLQWR
DUWLFXODWHDQGGLVFXVVWKHQDWXUHRIWHDFKHUEHOLHIVDQGWKHLULPSDFWXSRQWHDFKHUV·
SURIHVVLRQDOLGHQWLWLHVDQGWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRFFXUULQJZLWKLQLQVWLWXWLRQV,Q
WKLVVWXG\WHDFKHUVZLWKLQ0DLQWDLQHGVFKRROVZHUHOLNHO\WRHQJDJHZLWKFRQÁLFWLQJ
LGHDVFRQFHUQLQJDELOLW\DQGDOWKRXJKFRQVHQWLQJWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQDQHGXFDWLRQV\VWHP
ZKLFKVHHPHGWRSUHVHQWVSHFLÀFDQGFRKHUHQWYDOXHVWKHUHZDVXQFHUWDLQW\RYHUWKH
QDWXUHRIDELOLW\$EHOLHILQDV\VWHPZKLFKZDVSHUFHLYHGWRPLQLPLVHGLIIHUHQFH
PHDQWWKDWDELOLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQZDVDFRYHUWDVSHFWRIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGOHGWR
GLVVRQDQFHZLWKLQLQGLYLGXDOFRQVWUXFWVZKHUHSURIHVVLRQDODQGSHUVRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHV
FODVKHG,QLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRROVWKHH[SOLFLWQDWXUHRIWKHFRQVHQVXVZLWKUHJDUG
WRDELOLW\DQGWKHUHVSRQVHVWREHPDGHWRSHUFHLYHGDELOLW\GLIIHUHQFHPHDQWWKDW
WHDFKHUVDFWLYHO\FRQVHQWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDELOLW\
7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI WHDFKHU MXGJHPHQWV RI DELOLW\ LQ DIIHFWLQJ WKH WHDFKLQJ
DQG OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV DUH ZHOOGRFXPHQWHG %DOO 3UDZDW 3DMDUHV
6NHJJV *LOOERUQ DQG <RXGHOO EXW WKH QDWXUHRI WKRVH DELOLW\
FRQVWUXFWLRQVEURXJKWWREHDULQGLIIHUHQWLQVWLWXWLRQDOFRQWH[WVQHHGHGWREHH[SORUHG
)UHHPDQ7KHSDUWLFXODUSUREOHPIDFHGE\WHDFKHUVLQFRPSUHKHQVLYHVLVVHHQ
LQWKHSDUDGR[RIVXFKDV\VWHPWKHVWULYLQJDIWHUFRPPRQDOLW\DQGGLIIHUHQFH&ODUN
et al+HUHWHDFKHUVIRXQGWKDWWKH\KDGWRFRSHZLWKGLVVRQDQWH[SHULHQFHV
DVWKH\DWWHPSWHGWRGHDOZLWKEHOLHIVDQGYDOXHVDERXWHGXFDWLRQDOSULQFLSOHVDQG
SHUVRQDOFRQVWUXFWVRIDELOLW\7KHGLIÀFXOW\RIGHDOLQJZLWKDELOLW\FRQVWUXFWLRQ
DVORFDWHGLQSHUVRQDOFRQWLQXXPV0DFGRQDOG+LJK6FKRRODQG6W7KRPDV·+LJK
6FKRRORUDVORFDWHGRQDPHDVXUHGFRQWLQXXP,4LQ/RQJKXUVWLQGHSHQGHQWVFKRRO
FUHDWHVSUREOHPVZKHQDWWHPSWLQJWRLPSURYHSHUIRUPDQFHDVDELOLW\ORFDWLRQKDV
WKHSRWHQWLDOWRFRQVWUDLQSHUFHSWLRQVRISURJUHVV
'LVVRQDQWEHOLHIVLQ&RPSUHKHQVLYHVFKRROWHDFKHUVZHUHSDUWLFXODUO\VLJQLÀFDQWLQ
UHODWLRQWRWKHLUH[SHFWDWLRQVRILQGLYLGXDOSXSLOV7KHLUSHUFHSWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWLDWHG
SRWHQWLDODVGHSHQGHQWRQSHUFHLYHGDELOLW\KDGPDMRULPSOLFDWLRQVIRUVXEVHTXHQW
OHDUQLQJH[SHULHQFHVIRUSXSLOV6WHUQEHUJDUJXHVWKDWLWLVSHUFHLYHGSRWHQWLDO
UDWKHUWKDQDWWDLQPHQWZKLFKFDQDIIHFWMXGJHPHQWVRIFKLOGUHQ7HDFKHUV·WHQGHQF\
WR VHHN FRQÀUPDWLRQ RI WKHLU EHOLHIV DERXW SXSLO SRWHQWLDO PLJKW LQÁXHQFH WKHLU
WHDFKLQJDQGWKLVLQWXUQPLJKWOHDGWRDUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIWKHLURULJLQDOEHOLHIV
3DMDUHV
$IXOOHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHQDWXUHRIVXFKFRQWUDGLFWLRQVDQGFRPSURPLVHV
QHHGVWREHH[SORUHGDVZHOODVWKHUDPLÀFDWLRQVIRUWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQDQGWHDFKHU
SURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW7KLVLVSDUWLFXODUO\SHUWLQHQWLQDQDJHRIUHQHZHGIRFXV
RQFRPSHWHQFHEDVHGWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQPRGHOVZKHUHDQHPSKDVLVLVRIWHQSODFHGRQ
WKHVNLOOVDQGNQRZOHGJHEDVHEHLQJGHYHORSHGDQGGUDZQXSRQ+RZHYHUWHDFKLQJ
LVDPRUDOHQGHDYRXU0F9HH:LOOHPVHet al.,ZKLFKLVYDOXHODGHQ
DQGGULYHQ)XQGDPHQWDOWRDQ\WHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPPHQHHGVWREHDULJRURXV
DQGUHÁHFWLYHSURFHVVRIVHOIHYDOXDWLRQLQUHODWLRQWRWHDFKHUEHOLHIVDQGYDOXHV
WKHLUVLJQLÀFDQFHIRUSUDFWLFHDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\IRUOHDUQHUV7KHKLGGHQQDWXUHRI
WHDFKHU LPSOLFLW WKHRULHV QHHGV WR EH FRQVWUXFWLYHO\ FKDOOHQJHG DQG LQYHVWLJDWHG
,WLVRQO\WKURXJKFKDOOHQJLQJDVVXPSWLRQVDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJVDERXWDELOLW\WKDW
WHDFKHUVFDQDWWHPSWWRUHÁHFWRQDQGGHDOZLWKWKHLUFRQFHSWLRQVDQGSUHFRQFHSWLRQV
PRUHHIIHFWLYHO\
5()(5(1&(6
%DOO6Beachside Comprehensive: A Case Study of Secondary Schooling&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%XOORXJK5DQG%DXJKPDQ.An Inquiry into Teacher development1HZ<RUN7HDFKHUV
&ROOHJH3UHVV
&RKHQ$The Symbolic Construction of Community/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
211
&ODUN&'\VRQ$0LOOZDUG$DQG5REVRQ67KHRULHVRI,QFOXVLRQ7KHRULHVRI6FKRROV
GHFRQVWUXFWLQJDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKH¶LQFOXVLYH·VFKRROBritish Educational Research Journal,
&RQGLH 5 /LYLQJVWRQ . 6HDJUDYHV / Evaluation of the Assessment is for Learning
Programme: Final Report*ODVJRZ4,(8QLYHUVLW\RI6WUDWKFO\GH
&UHVVZHOO-4XDOLWDWLYH,QTXLU\DQG5HVHDUFK'HVLJQFKRRVLQJDPRQJÀYHWUDGLWLRQV/RQGRQ
6DJH
&XUULFXOXP5HYLHZ*URXSA Curriculum for Excellence(GLQEXUJK6FRWWLVK([HFXWLYH
)HQVWHUPDFKHU*$SKLORVRSKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIUHFHQWUHVHDUFKRQWHDFKHUHIIHFWLYHQHVVLQ
6KXOPDQ/HGReview of Research in Education:DVKLQJWRQ$(5$
)UHHPDQ-Educating the very Able: Current International Research/RQGRQ7KH6WDWLRQHU\
2IÀFH
*DUGQHU+Frames of Mind/RQGRQ3DODGLQ
*ODVHU%DQG6WUDXVV$/The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative
Research&KLFDJR$OGLQH3XE&R
*LOOERUQ ' DQG <RXGHOO ' Rationing Education: Policy, Practice, Reform and Equity,
%XFNLQJKDP2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
*URVVPDQ3DQG6WRGROVN\6&RQVLGHUDWLRQRIFRQWHQWDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIVHFRQGDU\VFKRRO
WHDFKLQJLQ'DUOLQJ+DPPRQG/HGReview of Research In Education:DVKLQJWRQ$(5$
+DPLOWRQ/7HDFKHUVDQGWKH9HU\$EOHFDVHVWXGLHVRIIRXU6FRWWLVKVFKRROV+LJK$ELOLW\
6WXGLHV²
+DPLOWRQ/&RQVWUXFWLRQVRI+LJKHUDELOLW\LQ7ZR0DLQWDLQHGDQG7ZRLQGHSHQGHQW6FKRROV
8QSXEOLVKHG3K'WKHVLV
0F9HH01DUUDWLYHDQGWKHH[SORUDWLRQRIFXOWXUHLQWHDFKHUV·GLVFXVVLRQVRIOLWHUDF\LGHQWLW\
self and other, Teaching and Teacher Education²
0HUULDP6Case Study research in Education: a qualitative approach7KRXVDQG2DNV&$
6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV
0LOHV0DQG+XEHUPDQ0An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis, Thousand
2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV
3DMDUHV0)7HDFKHUV·EHOLHIVDQGHGXFDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKFOHDQLQJXSDPHVV\FRQVWUXFWReview
of Educational Research²
3UDZDW57HDFKHUV·%HOLHIVDERXWWHDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ$&RQVWUXFWLYLVW3HUVSHFWLYHAmerican
Journal of Education
5RVHQKROW]6DQG6LPSVRQ&7KH)RUPDWLRQRI$ELOLW\&RQFHSWLRQV'HYHORSPHQWDO7UHQG
RU6RFLDO&RQVWUXFWLRQReview of Educational Research²
6NHJJV%Formation of Class and Gender: becoming respectable/RQGRQ6DJH
6WDNH5&DVH6WXG\0HWKRGVLQ(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK6HHNLQJ6ZHHW:DWHULQ-DHJHU5HG
Complementary Methods for Research in Education:DVKLQJWRQ$(5$
6WDNH5The Art of Case Study Research/RQGRQ6DJH
6WHUQEHUJ5DQG+RUYDWK-HGVTacit Knowledge in Professional Practice: Researcher and
Practitioner Perspectives1HZ-HUVH\/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV
6WHUQEHUJ53URFHGXUHVIRULGHQWLI\LQJLQWHOOHFWXDOSRWHQWLDOLQWKHJLIWHGLQ+HOOHU.$0RQNV
)-DQG3DVRZ$+HGVInternational handbook of research and development of giftedness and
talent2[IRUG3HUJDPRQ3UHVV
6WHUQEHUJ5Metaphors of Mind&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WHUQEHUJ 5 7KH 1DWXUH RI ,QWHOOLJHQFH New York University Education Quarterly ²
7RUII%)RON3HGDJRJ\LQ6WHUQEHUJ5DQG+RUYDWK-HGVTacit Knowledge in Professional
Practice: Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives1HZ-HUVH\/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV
:DWHUKRXVH67KH,QYLVLELOLW\RIWKH¶$YHUDJH·&KLOGLQWKH(DUO\<HDUVInternational Journal
of Early Years Education²
:LOOHPVH0/XQHQEHUJ0DQG.RUWKDJHQ)9DOXHVLQHGXFDWLRQDFKDOOHQJHIRUWHDFKHU
educators, Teaching and Teacher Education²
<LQ5Applications of Case Study Research7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH
<XVVHQ6DQG.DQH3&KLOGUHQ·V&RQFHSWLRQVRI,QWHOOLJHQFHLQ<XVVHQ6HGThe Growth
RIUHÁHFWLRQLQ&KLOGUHQ1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV
=DKRULN-$6WDELOLW\DQG)OH[LELOLW\7HDFKLQJ7HDFKLQJDQG7HDFKHU(GXFDWLRQ²
212