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Gateway: D. Regional Economies and Competitiveness
The spatial distribution of economic activities in southern Brazil in the first
decade of the XXI century: new dynamics, old geographies in a globalized
paradigm
ALVES, Lucir Reinaldo
PhD student in Geography in the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning at University of Lisbon. Professor
at State University of Western Paraná, Brazil (UNIOESTE/Toledo). Researcher in the Research Group on
Regional Development and Agribusiness (GEPEC). Scholarship from CAPES, Brasil, Proc. Nº BEX 1007/12-2.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
MARQUES DA COSTA, Eduarda Pires Valente da Silva
PhD in Regional and Local Planning at University of Lisbon. Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (GSP).
Centre of Geographical Studies. Associate Professor in the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning and
coordinator of research group on Modelling and Spatial Planning (www.ceg.ul.pt; www.mopt.org.pt).
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: In the last two decades, Brazil has been changing its relative position in the international
world division of labor, supported on a growing internationalization of Brazilian capital and on the
diversification of the entrepreneurial profile of its industry and services. Southern regions of Brazil are
running the same role of BRIC – the emerging countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China - changes.
Although the south includes three metropolises (Curitiba, Florianópólis and Porto Alegre), evidences
showed a generalized urbanization and industrialization process is occurring in these southern regions,
with a different investment and sectorial profile related to local resources. In this context, the main
objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the spatial distribution of economic activities in
the mesoregions of southern Brazilian, from 2000 to 2010. In order to develop this study, two
techniques of regional analysis were used: the location quotients and the shift-share analysis. The
variable considered in the study was the number of people employed divided by economic activity
sectors, obtained consulting the demographic censuses of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and
Statistics) for the year of 2000 and 2010, and classified according to OECD/Eurostat. The analysis was
performed for the 23 homogeneous mesoregions, which according to IBGE (1970) are a group of
municipalities with approximate social and economic characteristics. The results demonstrated that the
total number of employed people in southern Brazil from 2000 to 2010 grew by 29.59% and, by
comparison of the various activity sectors with the average of the south region, made it possible to
rank them according to their importance of weight in terms of total employment and growth dynamics
of the sector during the analyzed period. The spatial distribution of these activities showed a wider
geographical distribution for both the activities of the primary sector and the labour intensive industry
and service sectors. On the contrary, the high and medium technology industries are mainly
concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Curitiba and Porto Alegre, and in some neighboring
mesoregions, evidencing a low representation in the interior of the Southern Region. In the tertiary
sector we found similar results: the more intensive the regions are in knowledge and high-tech, the
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more the activities are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of the three states and the Norte Central
Paranaense. On the other hand, the less intensive the regions are in knowledge, the more mesoregions
become relevant. Employment distribution shows that the spatial concentration of industry and
services further south, specially associated to less knowledge intensive urban sectors and low
technology industries, is composed of sectors where large firms are present. These large companies
have mostly national capital, which is a positive aspect of regional competitiveness. Though, in
parallel, other sectors (especially those knowledge intensive) reveal to continuo significantly
concentrated in metropolises, and employ a small portion of total employed people, depicting a
distribution pattern of economic activities that is highly hierarchical and still dependent on the
metropolis.
Key Words: Southern Brazil; Geographie; Regional Economy; Spatial Distribution.
INTRODUCTION
The south of Brazil is composed of regions with different integration moments in
regional and national economy. In this context, the further Western regions were the first to
initiate the economic and demographic occupation process, and are presently the geographical
space where the capitals of the three states are located.
The main spatial transformations occurred after 1960, year when the western
portions of the region was definitely colonized and economically occupied. The National
Development Plans (NDP I and II) of this period resulted in a significant number of changes
to the regional productive structure. From a typically rural and traditional base of economic
activity, the South of Brazil began to mechanize its primary sector and industrialize its
production, as well as to increase the share of service sectors in urban areas.
During this process, many areas of the three states began to gain economic
importance (concentrating economic activities) and population in the regional context. The
growth of small and medium urban centers changed the configuration of the urban network in
the South of Brazil.
The areas that had the most concentrated population and more urban activities
(industrial, commercial and service ones), however, revealed to be slightly dispersed. With
the mechanization of agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s, the rural exodus gave way for
specific points of the urban network to increase their share in terms of population.
Furthermore, the stabilization of the economy in the 1990s and the economic liberalization,
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that began in the end of that decade and was reinforced in the 2000s, instigated the dynamics
of other areas with growth of industries, including those related to production chains of
grains and meats.
Regarding the previous, the present paper has the ambition of determining to what
extent the restructuring process was associated to the expansion of industry and services with
greater incorporation of technology and knowledge. We also seek to ascertain to what point
this pattern of location of activities, that are more technology intensive and knowledge based,
reflects the metropolization process observed in some regions of southern Brazil. Finally, and
complementarily to the two preceding objectives, we seek to determine the influence of the
spatial distribution of economic activities in the regions of southern Brazil from 2000 to 2010
on the trend of urbanization.
In order to verify the following objectives, the paper adopts the following structure:
the first part corresponds to this introduction; the second part develops a brief literature
review; the third part, in addition to the methodology, presents the study region; the fourth
and fifth parts develop the analysis, and the last part of the paper sums up a brief set of
conclusions.
2. REVISION OF LITERATURE
When considering the distribution of economic activities in space, the earliest
theories mentioned are those concerning the classical theories of location. The theories of
location present a group of sequenced studies ranging from von Thünen (1826) to Isard
(1956). While studying these theories, it was possible to identify a visible influence of the
concept of "free market" and recall a particular emphasis on great locational decisions of
firms when evaluating primarily the role of transport costs. As underscores Cavalcante
(2008), it was not the scope of these theories to explore the externalities arising from
agglomeration of activities in a particular area, or the trade-offs between economies of scale
and transport costs.
After the Second World War, the revolution in production levels accentuated
regional differences in the distribution of income, becoming a major concern for regional
theorists (MARQUES DA COSTA, 1992). In this context, the externalities from industrial
agglomeration have gained a prominent role in the theories of regional development. One of
the pioneers to devote himself to this analysis and that contributed with important support to
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the theories of regional development was Marshall (1890). However, the theories most cited
and highlighted as main literature references when discussing regional development are the
"growth poles" of Perroux (1955), the "circular and cumulative causation" of Myrdal (1957)
and "backward and forward effects" of Hirschman (1958). These theories were also
influenced by the works of Keynes and Schumpeter.
Generally speaking, the process of regional development presented in these theories
would be better if more positive effects resulting from this process could be observed. Among
these effects, we can highlight those related to the multiplier effect of income and
consumption, the industry demand and multiplier chain, both vertically and horizontally and
major regional production options. We should therefore identify the positive effects arising
from industrial agglomeration itself: notably related to the minimization of transportation
costs, exploitation of economic and social infrastructure, exploitation of demand generated by
increased employment and income multiplier, among other effects.
As referenced by Capello (2007), the spatial concentration of economic activity is a
territorial concentration of production that generates a more efficient development than when
resulting of dispersed activities. Thus, the spatial concentration is the source of increasing
returns in the forms of agglomeration economies, technological externalities, and located
learning processes. All these elements increase the competitiveness of local firms and
promote local development.
At the same time, the economic systems have become more and more
internationalized and globalized, knowledge-intensive, restructuring economies and
consumption habits of social and economic actors, to the point that the theories of regional
development and distribution of economic activities have included these elements in their
theoretical acknowledgements. Many regions and firms have took advantage of the
opportunities and become more competitive than others. For others, the opening of the
economy showed little or no ability to compete in a globalized world (PIKE, RODRÍGUEZ POSE & TOMANEY, 2006).
It is in this context that the latest theories on regional development strive to
incorporate models and approaches that account for new production patterns based on flexible
integrated automation and for the movement of trade liberalization and economic
deregulation. As emphasizes by Krugman (1994) regional economies are more open than
national economies and the mobility of factors between regions is greater than between
nations. So it is more appropriate to analyze the regional competition of the national
competition when studying at regional level. As evoked by Pontes and Salvador (2009) this is
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the scope of the "new economic geography" (with Krugman in head) when analyzing the
reasons of economic specialization and competitiveness of cities and regions.
The "new economic geography" stressed the relevance of non-economic factors as
the explanation for some of the best performances of some regions, and the distribution of
economic activities in space. Therefore, in addition to the abundance of labor and supply of
inputs as determinants of productive specializations; productive resources, technology and
externalities, as well as economic history and other non-economic factors, are also important
determinants to consider.
Based on the previous perceptions, regional competition has come to gain new
explanations in more recent regional economy theories. To Camagni (2002) the specific
advantages strategically created by individual companies, the synergies and the ability of
territorial cooperation promoted by creative and proactive governmental agencies, the
externalities provided by national and local governments and the territorial culture sustained
by local historical specificities are considered strategic factors for regional success in a
globalized and increasingly competitive context. Recent theories supported in the social
capital concept (CAMAGNI & CAPELLO, 2012) or the new economic geography
movements help us to understand the spatial distribution of economic activities, capital and
employments (DICKEN, 2011, SCOTT & STORPER 2003, MARQUES DA COSTA, 1992,
2000, MENDEZ, 1997, e CICIOTTI, 1998).
With the process of globalization, regions have restructured their production
structures, emerging from a group of regions with their own forms of organization, to produce
for the regional and international markets. In this process are included the regions that have
incorporated the process of globalization and transformed their productive structures in order
to respond the demands created externally (internationally). Here you can highlight the
incentives for installation of multinational companies or international capital inflows in many
different ways. In a context of globalization and internationalization of the economy, the
regions that most benefit are generally those with large cities, despite some medium-sized
cities with a high specialization profile that are able to compete in national and international
markets. As emphasizes Marques da Costa (2000), these cities can perform functions or
specializations that allow them to assert themselves internationally, to be integrated into a
logical network and to transform their space into a geographical space of flows. These facts
are also strengthened by Ribeiro, Silva & Rodrigues (2011) who claim that metropolitan areas
can be considered urban agglomerations that incorporate the characteristics of new functions
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of coordination, command and direction of the major cities in the "network economy"
emerging with globalization and productive restructuring.
Many theories have been presented to explain these differences. From the regional
relation between demand and supply as a key element to explain this differentiation (in 50`s),
to recent theories supported on the social capital concept (CAMAGNI & CAPELLO, 2012)
and the new economic geography movements that help to understand spatial distribution of
economic activities, capital and employments.
3 FRAMING OF THE AREA AND METHODOLOGICAL ELEMENTS
This article intends to examine the homogeneous mesoregions of three states that
compose the Southern Region of Brazil. The mesoregion is a regional subdivision created by
the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the late 1960s, in which each
mesoregion congregates municipalities of a geographical area. These municipalities have
economic and social similarities, but do not constitute a political or administrative entity. The
southern Brazil is defined by 23 mesoregions: 10 in the State of Paraná, 6 in Santa Catarina
and 7 in Rio Grande do Sul, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Identification of mesoregions and urban network in southern Brazil
Identification of mesoregions
Source: Results of the research.
Urban network and functional urban regions designed by daily
movement
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The methodology used to determine the most specialized sectors in different regions
is the calculation of location quotient (LQ), which is the most widespread in the literature.
This quotient determines the locational behavior of the sectors, as well as the more specialized
sectors (potential) in the analyzed regions by comparing the mesoregions with the
macroregion reference, the southern Brazil. Moreover, one of the advantages of LQ is cited by
Pumain and Saint-Julien (1997) who claim that by using the relative weight of the economic
activity branches, the LQ neutralizes the effect "size" of the regions. Therefore, it is
argumented that this quotient allows the calculation of reliable indicators.
The calculation of LQ requires the selection of a variable. According to Paiva (2006)
the selection of this variable must take into consideration that which has the lowest possibility
of skewing the results. Thus, the variable most often used in the literature, is the number of
employees distributed across sectors. In this case, these data were collected from a microdata
of population census of 1970 and 2000, provided by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics). It is assumed that the more specialized branches of activity employ
imply more labor over time. Moreover, the occupation of labor is reflected on the generation
and distribution of regional income, which stimulates consumption and consequently the
dynamics of the region.
Due to the large sectorial subdivisions tabled by the microdata, collected from the
population censuses, the sectors were grouped according to the advanced classification from
OECD / Eurostat, presented by Marques da Costa (2008), that highlights the technology and
knowledge sectors, and is structured in the following way: primary sector; in the secondary
sector: mining industries; construction industry; Public Utilities (including energy and water);
high technology industries; medium-high technology industries; medium-low technology
industries; and low-tech industries; in the tertiary sector: knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services; knowledge-intensive services; and the total of less intensive knowledge
services; this last sector was disaggregated in the following: trade, transportation,
accommodation and food, public administration, and other activities.
The LQ1 compares the percentage of employed people participation of a mesoregion
j with the percentage of the total participation of the South of Brazil. Thus the LQ tells us how
1
Taking into consideration the following definitions: POij = Employed people, in the sector i from the
mesoregion j; POtj = Total people employed in the mesoregion j; POit = Employed people, in the sector i from in
southern Brazil; POtt = Total employed people, in southern Brazil. The formula for calculating the location
quotient (LQ) is: LQ  POij / POit
POtj / POtt
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many times sector i is more (or less) important or specialized to the mesoregion j in
comparison with the reference macroregion, the South of Brazil. Traditionally, the importance
of the mesoregion j in the macroregional context in relation to the studied sector is
demonstrated when the LQ takes on values above 1. In such cases, the sector will be
considered specialized. The opposite scenario will occur when the LQ is less than 1.
The differential-structural method of regional economic growth analysis,
traditionally known as shift-share model2, will complement the analysis of LQ. In the same
way that the LQ uses the variable of employed population, the differential-structural method
is also based on a variable of employed people. The structural-differential method splits the
variation of the number of people employed in a particular activity into three components: a
macroregional or national component, the sectoral or proportional component, and the
regional or differential component, as presented by Haddad (1989), Haddad (1977), Lodder
(1974) and Silva (2002). Three basic premises permeate this model, namely:
a) Employment growth is defined firstly in "national" terms; in our case we
considered the total of South of Brazil, the dynamics of the macroregional economy;
b) Employment growth is higher in the dynamic sectors when compared to
traditional sectors. The mesoregions whose production structure is based in dynamic sectors
tend to have a dynamism above the national average;
c) Despite the composition of the productive structure, specific regional factors –
such as agglomeration economies, regional business culture, efficient economic policies of
local governments – can interfere in the dynamics of the mesoregion; so that, even
mesoregions with a "promising" productive structure (supported in dynamic sectors) may
present lower performances in comparison with mesoregions that evidence a less dynamic
structure, but better exploits its differential/competitive advantages.
2
The macroregional (R) component (or variation) consists on how much the value of the variable in sextor “x”
would have varied if it had grown at an average rate of reference macrosector in macroregion reference. The next
Equation shows the calculation form: R   POT 0 r  1 , in which rtt  POttT1 POttT 0 .
ij
tt
i
The sectoral or proportional component (P), is the difference between the variation in the specific macroregion
reference sector and the aggregate variation of the same macroregion. The summation of these differences will
clarify whether the original production structure of the mesoregion in analysis (if its original sectoral
specialization) has favored (positive values) or harmed (negative values) the performance of its economy.
T1
T0 .
P   POT 0 r  r  , in which
ij
it
rit   POij
tt
i
j
 POij
j
Finally, the differential component (D) informs us the difference between the effective rate of change of each
sector in each mesoregion and the average rate of change of each sector in the reference macroregion. It tell us if
the mesoregion grew more (or less) than the "national" average in each sector, indicating if the mesoregion has
competitive advantages (or differential) in the sector in analysis and in which segments these advantages are
presented . D   POT 0 r  r  , in which rij  POijT1 POijT 0 .
ij
i
ij
it
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4 THE SECTORAL DYNAMIC OF THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL IN THE BEGINNING
OF THE XXI CENTURY - THE PATTERN OF SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
During the decade from 2000 to 2010, the total number of people employed
increased by 29.59%, ie an increase of 3,253,561 people. Overall, the sectors with the largest
shares in total were generally those with lower technology (in the case of the industrial sector)
or less intensive knowledge (in the case of services and trade).
Table 1 - Number of employed people by activity sectors, percentage change and sectoral
share in total for the South region of Brazil - 2000/2010
Sector
PRIMARY SECTOR
2000
2010
2,190,276
2,158,645
Mining industries
2010 / 2000
(% 2010) (% 2000)
% perc. 2000
% perc. 2010
-1.44%
19.92%
15.15%
-4.77%
28,812
37,277
29.38%
0.26%
0.26%
0.00%
751,285
1,002,041
33.38%
6.83%
7.03%
0.20%
PUS
69,727
136,587
95.89%
0.63%
0.96%
0.32%
High technology industries
36,600
36,902
0.83%
0.33%
0.26%
-0.07%
208,070
210,834
1.33%
1.89%
1.48%
-0.41%
Construction industry
Medium-high technology industries
Medium-low technology industries
347,980
506,215
45.47%
3.16%
3.55%
0.39%
Low-tech industries
1,308,188
1,581,892
20.92%
11.90%
11.10%
-0.80%
SECONDARY SECTOR
2,750,662
3,511,748
27.67%
25.01%
24.64%
-0.37%
113,216
189,731
67.58%
1.03%
1.33%
0.30%
1,746,101
2,466,140
41.24%
15.88%
17.31%
1.43%
4,195,966
5,923,518
41.17%
38.16%
41.57%
3.41%
1,780,628
2,398,259
34.69%
16.19%
16.83%
0.64%
LIKS – Transportation
441,659
555,466
25.77%
4.02%
3.90%
-0.12%
LIKS – Accommodation and food
403,902
440,381
9.03%
3.67%
3.09%
-0.58%
Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
Knowledge-intensive services
Less intensive knowledge services
(LIKS) - TOTAL
LIKS – Trade
LIKS – public administration
512,340
643,986
25.70%
4.66%
4.52%
-0.14%
1,057,437
1,885,426
78.30%
9.62%
13.23%
3.61%
6,055,283
8,579,389
41.68%
55.07%
60.21%
5.14%
(A) Total of south of Brazil
10,996,221
14,249,782
29.59%
100.00%
100.00%
(B) Total of Brazil
65,629,892
86,353,839
31.58%
-
-
-
16.75%
16.50%
-0.25%*
-
-
-
LIKS – Other activities
TERTIARY SECTOR
A/B
0.00%
(C) South total population
25.107.616
27.386.891
9.08%
-
-
-
(D) Brazil total population
169.799.170
190.755.799
12.34%
-
-
-
C/D
14.79%
14.36%
-0.43%*
-
-
-
A/C
43.80%
52.03%
8.24%*
-
-
-
Source: Results of the research.
Notes: * 2010 - 2000
In 2000, the sectors with the highest share of the total were services; which
represented 55.07% of the overall total in that year. A decade later, this share increased to
60.21%. This sectors share increased opposed to the decline of the primary sector, which
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accounted for 19.92% in 2000 changing to 15.15% in 2010, followed by the slight decline of
the secondary sector (with 25.01% and 24.64% respectively).
An internal analysis of the secondary sector shows that the activities that most
participated in the creation of more occupations in absolute values were those of low-tech
industries and construction industry. However, the sectors with the greatest variation in the
period were the PUS and medium-low technology industries.
In the tertiary sector, we have found that the sectors with the largest shares in total
are those related to less knowledge intensive services (LIKS). In this sector, the trade and
other activities are those with the highest absolute number of employed people. In relative
terms, the knowledge-intensive and high-technology services had the second biggest change
for the period.
First of all, it is interesting to note that when we conjugate the rate of change of
employed people between 2000 and 2010 with the relative importance of each sector in 2010,
we identified six groups of sectors with differentiated dynamics, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Relation between the change rate of the number of employed people in 2000 and
2010 and the weight of each sector in the overall number of employed people in 2010.
C
E
B
F
D
A
Source: Results of the research.
Notas: 1º PRIMARY SECTOR; 2.1 Mining industries; 2.2 Construction industry; 2.3 PUS; 2.4 High technology industries; 2.5 Mediumhigh technology industries; 2.6 Medium-low technology industries; 2.7 Low-tech industries; 2º SECONDARY SECTOR; 3.1 Knowledgeintensive and high-technology services; 3.2 Knowledge-intensive services; 3.3 Less intensive knowledge services – TOTAL; 3.3.1 Less
intensive knowledge services – TRADE; 3.3.2 Less intensive knowledge services – TRANSPORTATION; 3.3.3 Less intensive knowledge
services - ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD; 3.3.4 Less intensive knowledge services - PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION; 3.3.5 Less
intensive knowledge services - OTHER ACTIVITIES; 3º TERTIARY SECTOR.
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a) BRANCHES WITH GROWTH DYNAMIC HIGHER THAN THE
REGIONAL AVERAGE:
A. Branches with medium-low importance in terms of weight in the total
employment (0.96% for PUS, 1.33% for the knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services and 13.23% for Less intensive knowledge services - OTHER
ACTIVITIES) and whose dynamic of growth in the period 2000 to 2010 was much
higher than the national average (more than twice as higher),
Figure 3 - Location quotient for the sectors with medium-low importance in terms of weight
in the total employment and whose dynamic of growth during the period from 2000 to 2010
was much higher than the regional average (more than twice as high)
PUS
Knowledge-intensive and high-technology services
Less intensive knowledge services - OTHER ACTIVITIES
Source: Results of the research.
The PUS (Public Utilities Sectors) that include a variety of services related to
capturing and generation of electricity and gas, and capturing, treatment and distribution of
water, was the branch with the highest variation for the analyzed period.
The less knowledge intensive services - OTHER ACTIVITIES, were second with
respect to variation, and of this group (A) is the one with the largest relative share in total
employed persons. The activities related to these branches are primarily those associated with:
activities of membership organizations, repair and maintenance of personal and household
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goods, other activities of personal services, domestic services, international organizations and
other extraterritorial institutions, and undefined activities.
Also interesting to notice was the variation in knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services that despite having a small share in total, presented the third largest sector
evolution. The activities considered in this branch are: mail and other delivery activities,
telecommunications, activities of information technology services, activities of provision of
information services, scientific research and development, and repair and maintenance of
computer equipment and communication.
These three sectors are located in metropolitan areas of the three States as well as in
the South part of Rio Grande do Sul State and in the West and North regions of Paraná State.
It is noticed that the center of Paraná State to the center of Rio Grande do Sul State the
activities with greater variation are relatively not so important.
B) Sectors with medium-low importance weight in terms of the total employment
(mining industries with 0.26%, the construction industry with 7.3%, medium-low
technology industries with 3.55%, knowledge-intensive services with 17.31%, less
knowledge intensive services - TRADE with 16.83%) and whose dynamic of growth
during the period from 2000 to 2010 was higher than the national average;
This second group of activities presented by Figure 4 also showed good performance
when observing the variation in the period, even though activities with medium-low
participation in terms of relative share the total of employed people. Once more the
mesoregions with greater emphasis in these branches are located in metropolitan areas and in
a few places in the interior of the South region
The medium-low technology industries include: manufacturing of coke, oil products
and biofuels, manufacture of rubber and plastic material, manufacturing of non-metallic
minerals, and manufacture of metal products, except machinery and equipment.
On the other hand, knowledge-intensive services include: water transport; air
transport; cinematographic activities, video production and television programs, sound
recording and music; activities of radio and television; financial activities, insurance and
related services; real estate activities; juridical activities, accounting and audit activities;
business management consulting; architectural and engineering services, testing and technical
analysis; publicity and market research; other professional, scientific and technical activities;
veterinary activities; and , administrative activities and complementary services.
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Figure 4 - location quotient for the sectors with medium-low importance in terms of weight
in the total employment and whose dynamic of growth during the period from 2000 to 2010
was higher than the regional average
Mining industries
Construction industry
Medium-low technology industries
Knowledge-intensive services
Less intensive knowledge services – TRADE
Source: Results of the research.
C) Sectors with high importance in terms of weight in the total employment (Less
intensive knowledge services - TOTAL with 41.57% and TERTIARY SECTOR as a
whole with 60.21%) and whose dynamic of growth in the period 2000 to 2010 was
higher than the national average;
In the Less intensive knowledge services are included all activities related to trade,
transportation, accommodation and food, public administration, and other tertiary activities
that do not fall in the previous ones.
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We noticed in Figure 5 that the location of the most prominently mesoregions in this
sector has presented little changes during the analyzed period. The majority of the
mesoregions were consolidated. Two rows were evidenced: in the Paraná State from Curitiba
Metropolitan mesoregion through Norte Central until the Oeste of Paraná State. In this row
the Centro Ocidental mesoregion lost relative share in 2010. The second row is located in the
southern of Rio Grande do Sul between Porto Alegre Metropolitan mesoregions and the
Sudoeste one. Besides these two rows the Grande Florianópolis mesorregion also stood out in
both years and in 2010 the Serrana mesoregion too.
Figure 5 - Location quotient for sectors with high importance in terms of weight in the total
employment and whose dynamic of growth in the period 2000 to 2010 was higher than the
regional average
Less intensive knowledge services – TOTAL
Source: Results of the research.
b) SECTORS WITH A LOWER DYNAMIC OF GROWTH THAN THE
REGIONAL AVERAGE:
D) Sectors with low importance in terms of weight in the total employment (Less
intensive knowledge services - TRANSPORTATION with 3.90%; Less intensive
knowledge services - ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD with 3.09%; and Less
intensive knowledge services - PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION with 4, 52%) and
whose dynamic of growth during the period 2000 to 2010 was below the national
average;
With regard to this group of activities belonging to the less knowledge intensive
services we perceive distinct spatial distributions. The transport sector was consolidated in the
regions that stood out in 2000, and in the year of 2010 the mesoregions of North Central
15
Paranaense and Oeste Catarinense were included in this group. Unlike the mesoregion of
Norte Catarinense that lost relative share.
The sector that showed more spatial changes and that was more concentrated was the
accommodation and food. A row was formed between the Florianópolis and the Norte Central
Paranaense mesoregions. Besides the mesoregions belonging to this row the Oeste Paranaense
and Porto Alegre Metropolitan also stood out.
Figure 6 - Location quotient for the sectors with low importance in terms of weight in the
total employment and whose dynamic of growth in the period 2000 to 2010 was lower than
the regional average
Less intensive knowledge services - TRANSPORTATION
Less intensive knowledge services - ACCOMMODATION AND
FOOD
Less intensive knowledge services - PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Source: Results of the research.
In the case of public administration this sector showed little changes regarding their
spatial distribution. Most of the mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State had presented high
coefficients in this sector, together with Grande Florianópolis and the Serrana mesoregions. In
the Paraná State the three mesoregions that stood out in this sector were the Noroeste, Norte
Pioneiro and Centro-Sul. It was interesting to note that the vast majority of mesoregions with
LQ> 1 were not metropolitan in 2010, with the exception of Grande Florianópolis.
E) Sectors with medium-high importance in terms of weight in the total employment
(Low-tech industries with 11.10% and SECONDARY SECTOR as a whole with
16
24.64%) and whose dynamic of growth during the period of 2000 to 2010 was below
the national average;
The low-tech industries include a diverse set of activities such as the manufacture of
food products, beverages, textiles, manufacturing of wooden products and furniture
manufacturing, manufacturing of pulp, paper and paper products, and printing and
reproduction of recorded media.
These industrial activities have high-average share in the total employed people in
southern Brazil, but when analyzing the participation of these industrial activities in the total
manufacturing sector the participation is high, representing 45.05% of the total. The spatial
distribution of this activity has suffered little change in the period.
Figure 7 - Location quotient for the sectors with medium-high importance in terms of weight
in the total employment and whose dynamic of growth in the period 2000 to 2010 was below
the regional average
Low-tech industries
Source: Results of the research.
F) Sectors with medium-low importance in terms of weight in the total employment
(Primary sector with 15.15%, High technology industries with 0.26%, and mediumhigh technology industries with 1.48%) and whose growth dynamics during the
period of 2000 to 2010 was almost zero or negative;
The activities presented in Figure 8 are those that showed less variation from 2000
and 2010. From all of which the primary sector is the one who presented the greatest share of
the total employed people of the South, but it is the sector that evidenced the worst
performance with respect to variation as well as the highest spatial dispersion. Generally
speaking only the metropolitan mesoregions did not stand out in this sector.
The opposite occurred in the sectors of the high technology industries. The activities
that are in this sector are the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical
17
chemicals, manufacture of computer equipment, electronic and optical products, and aircraft
manufacturing. It also indicated a concentration in the regions of the three metropolitan states,
and the Oeste of Paraná State.
The medium-high technology industries include the manufacture of chemicals,
manufacture of machinery, electrical equipment and materials, manufacture of machinery and
equipment, manufacture of motor vehicles, and manufacture of other transport equipment,
except motor vehicles. In this sector was also observed a concentration in the metropolitan
mesoregions of the three states and the Noroeste and the Nordeste of Rio Grande do Sul State.
Figure 8 - Location quotient for the sectors with medium-low importance in terms of weight
in the total employment and whose dynamic of growth during the period of 2000 to 2010 was
almost zero or negative
Primary sector
High technology industries
Medium-high technology industries
Source: Results of the research.
5 THE STRUCTURAL-DIFFERENTIAL DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CENTURY
The results of the differential and proportional variation are shown in Figure 9. We
visualized that the total positive structural variation occurred in a few mesoregions. The
metropolitan mesoregions, mainly of Porto Alegre and Curitiba, Grande Florianópolis and
followed by the Norte Central Paranaense were the mesoregions with the largest absolute
18
positive structural component. In addition to these, only the Oeste Paranaense, Centro
Oriental Paranaense, Norte Catarinense, Sul Catarinense, Sudoeste Rio-grandense and Central
Ocidental Rio-Grandense showed positive values, but with lower absolute values. The fact
that they presented positive total values shows that in the initial base year these regions had
sectors that occupied many people and evidenced a significant variation in sectors across the
South Region that were dynamic (PUS, LIKS - Other activities, Knowledge -intensive and
high-technology services, Medium-low technology industries, Knowledge-intensive services,
LIKS - TOTAL, LIKS - TRADE, and Construction industry), ie, in 2000 these mesoregions
already had a productive structure that contributed favorably to the mesorregional
performance. This characteristic was not present in other mesoregions, and especially not in
the Noroeste Rio-Grandense which was the mesoregion that obtained the highest negative
absolute value.
Figure 9 - Structural and differential variation by mesoregions of the South of Brazil 2000/2010
TOTAL Structural Variation (SV)
TOTAL Differential Variation (DV)
Source: Results of the research.
The mesoregions of Centro Oriental Paranaense, Metropolitana de Curitiba,
Metropolitana de Florianópolis, Norte Catarinense and Sul Catarinense presented a positive
structural variation as well as positive values for the sum of differential variations, ie, what
explains the variation in the number of employed people in these mesoregions for the
19
analyzed period was not only the fact that they already presented a favorable production
structure, but also the fact that they had local characteristics that positively influenced this
dynamism. These characteristics may be the most diverse possible and deserve to be
investigated in the other research.
In addition to the five mesorregions mentioned above, the mesorregions of the
Sudoeste, Centro-Sul and Sudeste of Paraná State, as well as the Vale do Itajai and Oeste of
Santa Catarina State, and Nordeste Rio-Grandense, also presented positive values for the
differential component. Once again, the Noroeste Rio-Grandense was among the last
mesorregions to evidence negative values of greater magnitude.
In Table 1 (Appendix 1) is provided detailed information on the differential
variation. We realized that most mesorregions that compose the group 1 are those that have
regions or metropolitan centers. In this group are included the mesoregions with positive
structural and differential variation. The only exceptions are the mesoregions Vale do Itajai
and Nordeste Riograndense that presented positive values in the differential variation and a
small negative structural variation, but that did not compromise the positive values of
Structural Differential Variation. This group of seven mesoregions presented positive
contribution mainly from Less intensive knowledge services, butall the knowledge-intensive
services have also contributed, and most of the medium-high technology industries were also
significant.
In Group 2 was presented a negative differential variation but positive differential
structural variation (the sum of the total of differential variation and the total of structural
variation), ie, the Norte Central Paranaense and the Oeste Paranaense showed a positive
structure composed of dynamic sectors which offset the negative differential variation. The
low-tech industries, but also the knowledge-intensive services and the medium-high
technology industries, and the high technology industries were the main sectors that
contributed more.
In Group 3 we observed a positive differential variation, but the sum of the
differential structural variation was negative, or in other words, the performance of these
mesoregions were not better because they had no productive structure based on dynamic
sectors. The local sectors were diverse but we recognized the presence of medium-high
technology industries and knowledge-intensive services in several mesoregions.
Group 4 and 5 showed the worst performance. In both groups the sum of the
differential sectoral variation was negative, and in the majority so was the sum of structural
variation. What distinguishes group 4 is that in these three mesoregions the structural
20
variation was positive but with low absolute value, which was not enough to offset the large
magnitudes of negative values of differential variation. In group 5 the structural variation was
negative in all mesoregions. It is noticed that in these two groups the sectors that contributed
positively to the differential variation were related to industrial and primary sectors. Few
tertiary sectors contributed positively, ie the sectoral performance of the tertiary sector in
general was below of macroregional average in most of these mesoregions.
Based on the results above (QLs and Shift-Share) we can classify the group of
mesoregions according to the sectoral performance presented for the period from 2000 to
2010, highlighting which have a productive structure grounded on traditional sectors (old
geographies) or on differentiated production structures, the new geographies. This grouping is
shown in Figure 10.
We found 6 groups of mesoregions in which four of them are associated with the old
geographies and the others to new geographies. However, there is a group of metropolitan
mesoregions which are associated to the two types of regions.
The metropolitan mesoregions all present knowledge-intensive services and high
technology industries, together with the trade and transportation sector. The location of these
mesoregions and the profile of their economic and demographic agglomerations have helped
explain the location of these sectors.
In the group of Old Geographies are still the mesoregions which have a productive
structure that is slightly intensive in knowledge and low-tech, and in general are mesoregions
where the primary sector/mining industries and public services (PUS and Public
Administration) have greater participation in the generation of employment.
On what respects the set of New Geographies of mesoregions there are two
interesting features to highlight:
The first is the mesoregion of Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense, which has a
production structure where knowledge-intensive services and less knowledge-intensive
services are directly related to the primary sector. We would expect that the primary sector
were more related to specialized tertiary activities, such as transportation or trade.
The last group of mesoregions presents a productive structure that includes high
technology industries sectors associated to transportation and/or trade, and public sectors or
low-tech industries. There were three mesoregions that had these characteristics: Nordeste
Rio-Grandense, Oeste Paranaense and Noroeste Rio-Grandense.
21
Figure 10 - Mesorregional Profile - Old Geographies and New Geographies - 2010
Source: Results of the research.
Notes: HTI = High technology industries, LTI = Low-tech industries, KIS = Knowledge-intensive
services, LIKS = Less intensive knowledge services.
Are high technology industries present in the previous mesoregions? The response to
this question is detailed in Table 2 that follows below.
22
Table 2 - Activities with more employed people in selected sectors, by selected mesoregions 2010
Mesoregions
Nordeste Rio-Grandense
Oeste Paranaense
Noroeste Rio-Grandense
HTI
LTI
KIS
Manufacture of cabins, truck
bodies, trailers and parts to
automotive vehicles.
Manufacture of pharmaceutical
chemicals and pharmaceutical
products
Manufacture of machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of metal products,
except machinery and
equipment
Preschool and elementary
school (education)
Slaughter and manufacturing of
meat and fish products
Preschool and elementary
school (education)
Slaughter and manufacturing of
meat and fish products
Manufacture of metal products,
except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of metal products,
except machinery and
equipment
Manufacture of footwear and
parts for footwear, of any
material
Manufacture of footwear and
parts for footwear, of any
material
Preschool and elementary
school (education)
Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense
Manufacture of machinery and
equipment
Metropolitana de Curitiba
Manufacture and assembly of
automotive vehicles
Metropolitana de Porto Alegre
Manufacture of machinery and
equipment
Grande Florianópolis
Construction of boats
Undergraduate Education
Juridical activities, accounting
and auditing
Juridical activities, accounting
and auditing
Juridical activities, accounting
and auditing
Source: Results of the research.
Notes: HTI = high technology industries, LTI = Low-tech industries, KIS = Knowledge-intensive services, LIKS
= Less intensive knowledge services.
Based on Table 2, we can argument that the activities that occupy most people in
each regarded mesoregions as the New Geographies are different, especially when we
evaluate the high-tech sectors. While there is a predominance of construction and assembly of
vehicles/vessels in the metropolitan regions, the high-tech sector of the remaining
mesoregions is related to manufacturing machinery and equipment, or pharmaceutical
chemistry, or the manufacture of cabins. This may be related to the low-tech industries
existing in these mesoregions that, in general, also relate to the existing agricultural practices.
CONCLUSION
The results of the shift-share method showed interesting results: the metropolitan
mesoregions, including Norte Central Paranaense, Centro Oriental Paranaense and the Oeste
Paranaense, e o Norte Catarinense e Sul Catarinense and the Sudoeste Rio-Grandense and the
Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense evidenced a positive structural variation, demonstrating that
these mesoregions were already specialized in activities with good performance between 2000
and 2010. Moreover, the differential variation was positive in the mesoregions Nordeste RioGrandense forming a line passing through the Centro Oriental Paranaense to Oeste
Catarinense. In these mesoregions local factors were responsible for the good performance.
23
Considering the main objectives of this paper, we conclude that the restructuring process in
Southern Brazil is related to the growth of technological and knowledge sectors, mainly
concentrated in the metropolitan areas and their surrounding urban poles, configuring a
metropolization process.
Despite this metropolitan concentration of new sectors, medium-sized cities emerge in
relation to high and medium technological industries specialization or the presence of high
knowledge intensive services. The second are the regions which concentrate mainly
national/regional capital. Here, there is the transformation of the productive regions where
some specialize in knowledge-intensive services and high technology industries (with a higher
volume of capital concentrated in these regions, usually in the metropolitan areas), and
others specialize in sectors less knowledge-intensive and low tech (lower concentration of
capital, usually in the more peripheral regions).
These patterns represent new geographies of economic activities that are strongly
related to the metropolization process and to the reinforcement of functional urban regions.
Nevertheless, behind these new tendencies that reflect globalization and high
integration of these regions in global networks, some regions maintain their dependency on
lower technological sectors, such as primary production, labour intensive industry sectors in
fordist logic, non-specialized tertiary activities like trade, transportation and services and also
public services, depicting "Old Geographies", as they represent traditional sectorial and
organizational structures. New and old geographies are living together largely commanded
by urbanization process of Brazil.
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27
Appendix 1 (Table 1) Main sectors which contributed positively and negatively on structural differential variation by mesoregions of the South of Brazil 2000/2010
Groups
Mesos
Centro Oriental
Paranaense
Metropolitana de
Curitiba
Norte Catarinense
DSV_
Total
6.588
131.735
82.180
DV_
Total
3.694
49.971
81.622
Pop. Total
2010
689.279
3.493.742
127.740
128.733
Sul Catarinense
Nordeste Rio-grandense
GROUP 2
Norte Central
Paranaense
86.094
31.052
18.003
61.863
30.249
28.912
Região
Metropolitana
Sudoeste Paranaense
Primary sector
LIKS- trade
Knowledge-intensive services
LIKS- accommodation and food
LIKS- transportation
6. Construction industry
7. Medium-low technology industries
8. PUS
9. Medium-high technology industries
10.High technology industries
7. LIKS- accommodation and food
8. LIKS- other activities
9. PUS
10. LIKS- total
11. Construction industry
12. Medium-low technology industries
13. LIKS- trade
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LIKS- total
LIKS- other activities
Primary sector
LIKS- accommodation and food
LIKS- transportation
6. Knowledge-intensive services
7. Mining industries
8. PUS
9. Medium-high technology industries
10.High technology industries
4. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
5. High technology industries
6. LIKS- accommodation and food
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
LIKS- total
Knowledge-intensive services
LIKS- trade
Primary sector
LIKS- other activities
Medium-low technology industries
Construction industry
LIKS- total
LIKS- other activities
LIKS- trade
Knowledge-intensive services
Low-tech industries
Construction industry
LIKS- transportation
8. LIKS- public administration
9. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
10.Medium-high technology industries
11.LIKS- accommodation and food
12.PUS
13.Mining industries
8. LIKS- public administration
9. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
10.LIKS- accommodation and food
11.Medium-low technology industries
12.PUS
13.Medium-high technology industries
14.primary sector
7. Construction industry
8. LIKS- transportation
9. Primary sector
10.Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
11.Mining industries
12.Medium-high technology industries
7. Knowledge-intensive services
8. Medium-high technology industries
9. LIKS- public administration
10.Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
11.LIKS- accommodation and food
12.High technology industries
6. LIKS- accommodation and food
7. LIKS- public administration
8. Knowledge-intensive services
9. PUS
10.LIKS- transportation
6.
7.
8.
9.
Primary sector
LIKS- total
LIKS- trade
LIKS- outras actividades
1.508.980
Núcleo
metropolitano
4. LIKS- accommodation and food
5. LIKS- trade
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
994.095
Núcleo
metropolitano
1. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
2. LIKS- accommodation and food
3. LIKS- public administration
4. PUS
5. Knowledge-intensive services
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LIKS- total
Knowledge-intensive services
LIKS- trade
LIKS- accommodation and food
Low-tech industries
LIKS- public administration
Núcleo
metropolitano
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mining industries
Medium-low technology industries
Low-tech industries
Construction industry
5. PUS
6. LIKS- trade
7. LIKS- transportation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LIKS- total
LIKS- other activities
Low-tech industries
LIKS- trade
Construction industry
Primary sector
1. Medium-low technology industries
2. Medium-high technology industries
3. Low-tech industries
4. Indústrias extractivas
5. LIKS- transportation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LIKS- total
LIKS- other activities
Medium-low technology industries
Primary sector
LIKS- trade
6.
7.
8.
9.
LIKS- total
LIKS- transportation
LIKS- accommodation and food
Construction industry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Low-tech industries
LIKS- transportation
Knowledge-intensive services
Medium-low technology industries
5.
6.
7.
8.
5.
6.
7.
LIKS- total
primary sector
LIKS- other activities
Construction industry
LIKS- transportation
PUS
LIKS- trade
925.065
1.054.203
-
12.730
-2.919
2.037.183
Região
Metropolitana
1.283
-4.482
1.219.558
-
-13.158
5.066
497.127
-
GROUP 3
DSV - e DV +
Positive Contribution in Differential Variation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Low-tech industries
2. Medium-low technology industries
3. Construction industry
DSV + e DV Oeste Paranaense
Mining industries
LIKS- transportation
Construction industry
LIKS- accommodation and food
PUS
High technology industries
Mining industries
Medium-high technology industries
Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
5. LIKS- transportation
6. Knowledge-intensive services
Núcleo
metropolitano
1.212.843
DSV + e DV +
Grande Florianópolis
-
QLs>1 in 2010
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Medium-high technology industries
2. Medium-low technology industries
3. Low-tech industries
GROUP 1
Vale do Itajaí
Metropolis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Low-tech industries
High technology industries
LIKS- trade
LIKS- other activities
Knowledge-intensive services
High technology industries
PUS
LIKS- trade
LIKS- accommodation and food
LIKS- public administration
LIKS- other activities
LIKS- total
High technology industries
Construction industry
LIKS- trade
LIKS- total
5. PUS
6. Medium-high technology industries
7. High technology industries
1. Low-tech industries
2. Knowledge-intensive services
3. Primary sector
4. Construction industry
5. Medium-high technology industries
6. High technology industries
1. Low-tech industries
2. Construction industry
3. Knowledge-intensive services
7. PUS
8. LIKS- public administration
9. High technology industries
28
4. Primary sector
Centro-Sul Paranaense
Sudeste Paranaense
-11.929
-6.586
2.521
10.265
544.190
404.779
-
-
Oeste Catarinense
-27.554
15.892
1.200.712
-
Centro Ocidental Riograndense
-22.689
-22.759
536.938
-
GROUP 4
DSV - e DV –
(com SV +)
GROUP 5
1. Primary sector
1. Primary sector
2. Low-tech industries
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
LIKS- public administration
Primary sector
LIKS- other activities
High technology industries
Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
Knowledge-intensive services
Medium-low technology industries
LIKS- accommodation and food
Low-tech industries
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary sector
Construction industry
LIKS- public administration
LIKS- trade
5. Knowledge-intensive services
6. PUS
7. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
8. LIKS- total
2. Indústrias extractivas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Primary sector
LIKS- total
LIKS- trade
LIKS- transportation
Medium-high technology industries
Construction industry
7. LIKS- other activities
8. PUS
9. Mining industries
10.LIKS- public administration
11.High technology industries
3. LIKS- transportation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LIKS- total
Low-tech industries
LIKS- trade
LIKS- other activities
Construction industry
Knowledge-intensive services
7. LIKS- public administration
8. LIKS- accommodation and food
9. Medium-high technology industries
10.PUS
11.Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
12.LIKS- transportation
4. LIKS- Total
5. Knowledge-intensive services
1. Primary sector
2. PUS
3. Mining industries
7. PUS
8. LIKS- public administration
9. LIKS- transportation
10. LIKS- trade
11. LIKS- total
12. Construction industry
1. Primary sector
2. Mining industries
-60.777
151.245
4.742.302
Sudoeste Rio-grandense
-49.591
-57.520
723.005
-
1. Primary sector
2. Construction industry
Noroeste Paranaense
-17.069
-6.447
678.319
-
1. Low-tech industries
2. Primary sector
3. PUS
4. LIKS- public administration
Centro Ocidental
Paranaense
-14.674
-9.729
334.125
-
1. Primary sector
2. LIKS- trade
3. LIKS- outras actividades
Norte Pioneiro
Paranaense
-36.861
-25.190
546.224
-
1. Primary sector
2. PUS
3. LIKS- public administration
-9.435
-6.523
406.741
-
1. Primary sector
2. LIKS- public administration
3. LIKS- transportation
4. LIKS- total
-154.523
-89.644
1.946.510
-
1. Primary sector
2. Mining industries
3. LIKS- Public administration
4. Medium-high technology industries
1. Medium-high technology industries
2. Low-tech industries
3. Construction industry
2. Low-tech industries
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
DSV - e DV –
(com SV -)
Noroeste Rio-grandense
Centro Oriental Riograndense
-33.907
Sudeste Rio-grandense
-38.651
-5.179
-37.152
778.841
912.130
-
-
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Primary sector
1. Primary sector
2. Mining industries
3. LIKS- public administration
10.Medium-high technology industries
11.LIKS- accommodation and food
3. Construction industry
4. LIKS- public administration
Metropolitana de Porto
Alegre
Serrana
Região
Metropolitana
1. Primary sector
2. PUS
4. LIKS- Trade
5. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
6. Medium-low technology industries
4. LIKS- outras actividades
5. LIKS- transportation
6. LIKS- total
Source: Results of the research.
Notes: DV = differential variation; DSV = differential structural variation; SV = structural variation.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Primary sector
LIKS- other activities
Low-tech industries
Construction industry
Medium-low technology industries
Medium-high technology industries
Low-tech industries
Construction industry
Medium-low technology industries
Low-tech industries
Medium-high technology industries
LIKS- trade
Primary sector
LIKS- trade
LIKS- accommodation and food
LIKS- trade
Primary sector
Construction industry
Knowledge-intensive services
PUS
1. Primary sector
3. Mining industries
5. PUS
6. Mining industries
7. Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
4. Mining industries
5. High technology industries
4. PUS
5. High technology industries
4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Construction industry
Medium-high technology industries
Mining industries
LIKS- TRANSPORTATION
Medium-low technology industries
Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
LIKS- public administration
Knowledge-intensive and hightechnology services
LIKS- transportation
High technology industries