WOLVES REDUCE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
J U A N I TA M . C O N S T I B L E
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LUKE H. SANDRO
RICHARD E. LEE, JR.
Table 1. Brief history of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park.
1872
Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is established by an act of the U.S. Congress.
1872-1917 Wolves in and around YNP are killed for pelts, to protect humans and livestock, and for sport.
1918
The newly-formed National Park Service takes control of YNP and continues to hunt wolves.
1926
Wolves are extirpated from YNP.
1973
The U.S. Government lists the gray wolf as an endangered species.
1995-1996 Thirty-one wolves are reintroduced into YNP.
Source: Phillips and Smith, 1996
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Carrion – It’s What’s for Dinner:
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CLIMATE CHANGE
95
Figure 1. The wolf is a keystone species in Yellowstone National Park.
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Figure 2. An elk forages in a stream during winter.
Photograph courtesy Ed Thomas.
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96
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008
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Figure 3. After wolves killed this bison and had eaten their fill, the carcass was picked clean by scavengers. Note how the snow around the carcasses has been churned up by a large number of animals. Photograph courtesy
Ed Thomas.
Table 2. Internet resources for introducing Carrion – It’s What’s for Dinner.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
97
STUDENT WORKSHEET
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Figure A. Dr. Wilmers uses radio telemetry to locate wolves in
Yellowstone National Park. Photograph courtesy Chris Wilmers.
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Figure B. Change in snow depth from 1950-2000 at two weather stations in Yellowstone National Park. Note: Each graph shows a different scale
on the y-axis! Modified from Wilmers and Getz (2005).
98
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008
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Figure C. Change in length of snow season from 1950-2000 at two weather stations in
Yellowstone National Park. Note: Each graph shows a different scale on the y-axis! Modified from
Wilmers and Getz (2005).
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Figure D. Change in number of warm days from 1950-2000 at two weather stations in
Yellowstone National Park. Note: Each graph shows a different scale on the y-axis! Modified from
Wilmers and Getz (2005).
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Figure E. Ravens feeding on carrion.
Photograph courtesy Yellowstone Wolf Project.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
99
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Equation 1:
Also expressed as:
Amount of carrion
without wolves
=
(21.04 x Snow depth)
+
-14.48
Cwithout wolves
=
(21.04 x S)
+
-14.48
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S
(Snow depth)
15 cm
10 cm
5 cm
E
(Proportion eaten)
0.29
0.31
0.32
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K
(Kill rate)
E
(Proportion eaten)
Cwith wolves
(Amount of carrion)
15 cm
10 cm
5 cm
11
11
11
8 kg/wolf/day
8 kg/wolf/day
8 kg/wolf/day
0.29
0.31
0.32
kg
kg
kg
8IZEPZPVUIJOLUIJTNJHIUPDDVS /PUF5IJOL
BCPVUIPXTOPXEFQUINJHIUBGGFDUUIFIVOUJOH
BCJMJUZPGXPMWFT3FNFNCFSUIBUXPMWFTXFJHIBMPU
MFTTUIBOFMLEP
NPOUI JO UIF XJOUFS PG 5IFO UIFZ TFMFDUFE SBOEPN
TOPX EFQUI WBMVFT GPS FBDI NPOUI JO UIF XJOUFS PG 5IF
TDJFOUJTUT VTFE FBDI PG UIFTF WBMVFT JO &RVBUJPO *O PUIFS
XPSET JOTUFBE PG DBMDVMBUJOH $XJUIPVU XPMWFT UISFF UJNFT MJLF ZPV
EJEJO5BCMF"UIFZDBMDVMBUFE$XJUIPVUXPMWFT UJNFT'PSFBDI
SVOPGUIFTDFOBSJP8JMNFSTBOE(FU[DBMDVMBUFEUIFEJGGFSFODF
CFUXFFOUIFBNPVOUPGDBSSJPOJOBOEUIFBNPVOUPGDBS
SJPOJO'JOBMMZUIFZHSBQIFEUIPTFBWFSBHFNPOUIMZEJGGFS
FODFTTFF'JHVSF'
0ODF XF IBWF VTFE 4 UP HFU & XF DBO DPNQMFUF &RVBUJPO 5IF OVNCFS SFGFST UP UIF FEJCMF QSPQPSUJPO PG FBDI FML
DBSDBTT
= Pack size x
=
P
x
30
30
x
x
Kill rate x
K
x
*O UIF MBUF XJOUFS FBDI XPMG JO :FMMPXTUPOF LJMMT BO BWFSBHF PG
LHXPMGNPOUIKVTUPWFSFMLQFSNPOUI
5IFSFBSFPWFS
FMLTQFOEJOHUIFTVNNFSTJOUIFQBSLBOEPWFS
100
5IF TDJFOUJTUT JODMVEFE UXP TDFOBSJPT JO
UIFJS NPEFM *O 4DFOBSJP UIFZ BTTVNFE
UIFSF XFSF OP XPMWFT JO UIF QBSL XIJDI
JOGBDUXBTUSVFVOUJM
5IFZTFMFDUFE
SBOEPN TOPX EFQUI WBMVFT GPS FBDI
P
(Pack size)
)PXEPXPMWFT
DIBOHFUIFJSFBUJOH
CFIBWJPSXIFOUIFSF
JTMFTTTOPX
Cwith wolves
8JMNFSTBOE(FU[VTFEUIFFRVBUJPOTZPV
KVTUXPSLFEXJUIUPDSFBUFBNBUIFNBUJDBM
NPEFMPGUIFDIBOHFJODBSSJPOBWBJMBCJMJUZ
CFUXFFO BOE " NBUIFNBUJDBM
NPEFM JT B UPPM GPS FYBNJOJOH IPX B TZT
UFN PS QSPDFTT XPVME CFIBWF EJGGFSFOUMZ
VOEFS EJGGFSFOU DPOEJUJPOT *O UIJT DBTF
UIF ²TZTUFN PS QSPDFTT³ JT UIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ
PGDBSSJPOUPTDBWFOHFSTBOEUIF²EJGGFSFOU
DPOEJUJPOT³ BSF DMJNBUF DIBOHF BOE UIF
QSFTFODFPSBCTFODFPGXPMWFT
S
(Snow depth)
B
Also expressed as:
.PEFMJOHUIF&GGFDUTPG
$MJNBUF$IBOHFPO$BSSJPO
Table C. Estimate of the amount of carrion available to scavengers per month with wolves present in
Yellowstone National Park. At the time of the Wilmer and Getz study, the average pack size was 11
wolves. In 2006, packs ranged from 4-19 animals (average = 10).
-PPL BU 5BCMF # XIJDI TIPXT
IPX TOPX EFQUI BGGFDUT UIF FBU
JOHCFIBWJPSPGXPMWFT
Amount of carrion
with wolves
$PNQBSF BOE DPOUSBTU UIF BWBJMBCJMJUZ PG
DBSSJPOBUEJGGFSFOUTOPXEFQUITXJUIBOE
XJUIPVUXPMWFT
Table B. Proportion of elk carcass eaten by a typical wolf pack in Yellowstone National Park.
#FGPSF XPMWFT XFSF SFJOUSPEVDFE
UP :FMMPXTUPOF UIF NBJO DBVTF
PG FML EFBUIT EVSJOH UIF XJOUFS
XBTTUBSWBUJPOEVFUPEFFQTOPX
0ODF XPMWFT XFSF SFJOUSPEVDFE
UP UIF QBSL IPXFWFS QSFEBUJPO
CFDBNF UIF NBJO DBVTF PG EFBUI
JO FML 4JODF SFJOUSPEVDUJPO UIF
BWBJMBCJMJUZ PG DBSSJPO GPS TDBW
FOHFST IBT EFQFOEFE PO UISFF
UIJOHT TOPX EFQUI XPMG QBDL
TJ[F BOE IPX NVDI PG B DBSDBTT
FBDIXPMGQBDLFBUT
Equation 2:
&YQMBJO UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO TOPX
EFQUIBOEUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGDBSSJPOXIFO
UIFSFBSFXPMWFTQSFTFOU
Table A. Estimate of the amount of carrion available to scavengers per week with no wolves present in Yellowstone National Park.
S
Cwithout wolves
(Snow depth)
(Amount of carrion)
15 cm
kg
10 cm
kg
5 cm
kg
'JMM JO UIF WBMVFT GPS $XJUIPVU XPMWFT
JO5BCMF"BOEUIFOBOTXFSUIJT
RVFTUJPO
C
'JMMJOUIFWBMVFTGPS$XJUIXPMWFTJO5BCMF$BOEUIFO
BOTXFSUIFTFRVFTUJPOT
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008
(1-Proportion Eaten)
(1-E)
x
x
0.68
0.68
"OTXFSUIJTRVFTUJPO
)PXIBTUIFBWBJM
BCJMJUZPGDBSSJPO
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(FU[BTLFE²8IBUJG ³BOEQSFUFOEFEUIBUXPMWFTIBECFFOQSFT
FOUJOUIFQBSLGPSUIFFOUJSFZFBST5IFZVTFEUIFTBNFTOPX
Figure F. Estimated monthly change in carrion between
1950 and 2000, in the absence of wolves. Note: The model was
run only for 1950 and 2000, not any of the years in between. Each
point on the line represents the difference between the two years.
Modified from Wilmer and Getz (2005).
"TTFTTNFOU&YUFOTJPOT
5IFDPSSFDUBOTXFSTGPSUIFTUVEFOUXPSLTIFFUTBSF
5BCMF"°LHLHLH
5BCMF$°LHLHLH
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NFBOIPXFWFSXFTVHHFTUQSPWJEJOHBSVCSJDUPTUVEFOUTBUUIFTUBSU
PG UIF BDUJWJUZ UIBU JODMVEFT QFSGPSNBODF DSJUFSJB PO EBUB JOUFSQSFUB
UJPOBOEMPHJDBMTDJFOUJGJDFYQMBOBUJPOT'JHVSF
:PVNBZXJTIUPFYUFOEUIJTMFTTPOCZIBWJOHZPVSTUVEFOUTDPO
TJEFSBOPUIFSFDPTZTUFNJOXIJDIUPQDBSOJWPSFTDBOBNFMJPSBUFUIF
FGGFDUTPGDMJNBUFDIBOHF4JODFUIFSFIBWFCFFOEP[FOTPGNBT
TJWFCMFBDIJOHFWFOUTJOXIJDISFFGGPSNJOHDPSBMTMPTUUIFJSTZNCJPUJD
BMHBF JO SFTQPOTF UP IJHI UFNQFSBUVSFT 3FDPWFSZ XIJMF QPTTJCMF JT
JNQFEFE CZ PUIFS FOWJSPONFOUBM UISFBUT TVDI BT QSFEBUJPO CZ UIF
DSPXOPGUIPSOT TUBSGJTI 1PQVMBUJPOT PG TUBSGJTI BSF LFQU JO DIFDL
QBSUMZ CZ UISFF DPNNFSDJBMMZQSJ[FE QSFEBUPST JODMVEJOH UIF USJUPO
TOBJM.BLFTPNFQSFEJDUJPOTBCPVUIPXDMJNBUFDIBOHFXPVMEBGGFDU
DPSBMSFFGTJOUIFQSFTFODFBOEBCTFODFPGTUBSGJTIQSFEBUPST:PVDBO
HFUNPSFJOGPSNBUJPOGSPNUIFTF8FCTJUFT
Figure G. Estimated monthly change in carrion from 1950 to
2000, with and without wolves. Note: The model was run only
for 1950 and 2000, not any of the years in between. Each point on
the line represents the difference between the two years. Modified
from Wilmers and Getz (2005).
… "*.4 3FTFBSDI±$PSBM #MFBDIJOH XXXBJNTHPWBVQBHFT
SFTFBSDIDPSBMCMFBDIJOHDPSBMCMFBDIJOHIUNM
… $P3*4±)B[BSET UP $PSBM 3FFGT XXXDPSJTOPBBHPWBCPVU
IB[BSET
… $3$ 3FFG 3FTFBSDI $FOUFS XXXSFFGDSDPSHBVEJTDPWFS
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TVSWJWBMDPSBMQSFEBUPSTIUNM
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SBNJGJDBUJPOTPGXPMGSFJOUSPEVDUJPOCZJNBHJOJOHXIBUFBDIPGUIFGPM
MPXJOHTUBLFIPMEFSTNJHIUIBWFUPTBZBCPVUXPMGSFJOUSPEVDUJPO
… "SBODIFSXIPSBJTFTTIFFQPOUIFCPSEFSPGUIFQBSL
… "OFOWJSPONFOUBMJTUXIPXBOUTUPQSFTFSWFUIFOBUVSBMFOWJ
SPONFOUPGUIFQBSL
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TFFXJMEMJGF
… " TDJFOUJTU XIP TUVEJFT JOUFSBDUJPOT CFUXFFO QSFEBUPST BOE
UIFJSQSFZ
… "IVOUFSXIPIBTTQFOUBMBSHFTVNPGNPOFZGPSBHVJEFEFML
IVOUOPSUIPGUIFQBSL
EFQUIWBMVFTBTJO4DFOBSJPCVUBMTPDIPTFSBOEPNXPMG
QBDLTJ[FTGSPNUP0ODFBHBJOUIFZDBMDVMBUFE$XJUI
XPMWFT UJNFT VTJOH &RVBUJPO DBMDVMBUFE UIF EJGGFS
FODFTCFUXFFOBOEBOEHSBQIFEUIFBWFSBHF
NPOUIMZEJGGFSFODFTTFF'JHVSF(
"OTXFSUIFTFRVFTUJPOT
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IPXXPVMEUIFBWBJMBCJMJUZPGDBSSJPOIBWFDIBOHFE
CFUXFFOBOE
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C 8IZPSXIZOPU
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IPX EP ZPV UIJOL DMJNBUF DIBOHF BOE SFTVMUJOH
TIPSUFS XJOUFST
XPVME BGGFDU FBHMFT CFBST BOE
PUIFSTDBWFOHFSTXIPEFQFOEPODBSSJPO
JOUIF
GVUVSF
$PODMVTJPO
5IJTBDUJWJUZJTBHPPEGJUGPSNVMUJQMFBTQFDUTPGUIFIJHITDIPPM
MJGF TDJFODF DVSSJDVMVN BOE DPVME CF FBTJMZ NPEJGJFE GPS VTF JO B
DPMMFHFMFWFM FDPMPHZ PS FOWJSPONFOUBM TDJFODF DPVSTF 5IF MFTTPO
BEESFTTFT TDJFODF FEVDBUJPO TUBOEBSET PO QPQVMBUJPOT FDPTZTUFNT
BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM DIBOHF /3$ BOE TUVEFOUT MFBSO UIBU
NBUIJTBVTFGVMUPPMGPSBOTXFSJOHDPNQMJDBUFERVFTUJPOTBCPVUUIF
OBUVSBMXPSME'JOBMMZDMJNBUFDIBOHFMFTTPOTBSFPGUFOCZOBUVSFGVMM
PGEPPNBOEHMPPN5IJTBDUJWJUZTVHHFTUTUPMFBSOFSTUIBUCZQSPUFDU
JOHUIFJOUFHSJUZPGFDPTZTUFNTIVNBOTDBONJUJHBUFUIFFGGFDUTPGB
XBSNJOHXPSME
"DLOPXMFEHNFOUT
5IJT XPSL XBT TVQQPSUFE CZ /BUJPOBM 4DJFODF 'PVOEBUJPO
(SBOUT 011 BOE *#/ 5IBOLT UP $ISJT 8JMNFST
BOE%PVH4NJUIGPSTIBSJOHUIFJSFYQFSUJTFPOXPMWFTBOEGPSQSPWJE
JOH QIPUPHSBQIT &E 5IPNBT QSPWJEFE BEEJUJPOBM QIPUPHSBQIT 8F
UIBOL )FBUIFS .BSTIBMM BOE -VLF 4BOESPµT TUVEFOUT 4QSJOHCPSP
CLIMATE CHANGE
101
Photo courtesy Yellowstone Wolf Project.
Figure 4. Assessment rubric. Adapted from Lantz (2004).
Date: __________________________________________________________________
Student Name(s):___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
My mathematical calculations are accurate.
I described all trends, patterns, and relationships described by each graph and table.
I made appropriate inferences and/or conclusions based on prior knowledge, background information,
and the available data.
I expressed my ideas clearly and logically.
My spelling and grammar are correct.
TOTAL
NOTES:
POINTS
POSSIBLE
5
10
SELF
TEACHER
15
15
5
50
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GPSQJMPUJOHUIJTBDUJWJUZ&WFMZO%JFU[/BUF
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8PMGSFJOUSPEVDUJPOQSFEBUJPOSJTLBOE
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/CPCIGOGPV
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OJWPSFQSFEBUJPOPOVOHVMBUFT*O58$MBSL"1$VSMFF4$.JOUB
1. ,BSFJWB &EJUPST
%CTPKXQTGU KP 'EQU[UVGOU 6JG ;GNNQYUVQPG
'ZRGTKGPEGQQ
/FX)BWFO$5:BMF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT
#BLFS#8%VDIBSNF)$.JUDIFMM%$44UBOMFZ531FJOFUUJ)3
*OUFSBDUJPOPGCFBWFSBOEFMLIFSCJWPSZSFEVDFTTUBOEJOHDSPQ
PGXJMMPX'EQNQIKECN#RRNKECVKQPU
#BSOFUU 51 "EBN +$ -FUUFONBJFS %1 1PUFOUJBM JNQBDUT PG
B XBSNJOH DMJNBUF PO XBUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ JO TOPXEPNJOBUFE SFHJPOT
0CVWTG
#FSHFS+4NJUI%8
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SFDPWFSJOHDBSOJWPSFT(BJOTBOEVODFSUBJOUJFT*O+$3BZ,)3FEGPSE
344UFOFDL+#FSHFS&EJUPST
.CTIG%CTPKXQTGUCPFVJG%QPUGTXCVKQP
QH$KQFKXGTUKV[QQ
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$SBCUSFF 3- 4IFMEPO +8 5IF FDPMPHJDBM SPMF PG DPZPUFT PO
:FMMPXTUPOFµTOPSUIFSOSBOHF;GNNQYUVQPG5EKGPEG
$SFFM 4 8JOOJF + .BYXFMM # )BNMJO , $SFFM . &ML BMUFS
IBCJUBU TFMFDUJPO BT BO BOUJQSFEBUPS SFTQPOTF UP XPMWFT 'EQNQI[ (FTF&.3VGG3-$SBCUSFF3-
'PSBHJOHFDPMPHZPGDPZPUFT
%CPKUNCVTCPU
5IFJOGMVFODFPGFYUSJOTJDGBDUPSTBOEBEPNJOBODFIJFS
BSDIZ%CPCFKCP,QWTPCNQH<QQNQI[
+FOLJOT,+4UBSLFZ&&
8JOUFSGPSBHFTBOEEJFUTPGFMLJOPME
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#OGTKECP/KFNCPF0CVWTCNKUV
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-BOU[)#
4WDTKEUHQT#UUGUUKPI5VWFGPV#EJKGXGOGPVKP5EKGPEG)TCFGU
-5IPVTBOE0BLT$"$PSXJO1SFTT
/BUJPOBM 1BSL 4FSWJDF /14
8JOUFS XFBUIFS JO :FMMPXTUPOF
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1IJMMJQT ., 4NJUI %8 6JG 9QNXGU QH ;GNNQYUVQPG 4UJMMXBUFS
./7PZBHFVS1SFTT
102
THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 70, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008
4NJUI%8
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