Improved Extraction and Analysis of Hexavalent
Chromium from Soil and Water
Richard F. Jack,1 Jinshui Che, 2 Lipika Basumallick,1 and Jeffrey Rohrer1
1
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA; 2Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Overview
Purpose: Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) refers to chemical
compounds that contain the element chromium in the
+6 oxidation state. All CrVI compounds are strong
oxidizing agents, and are considered toxic and potentially
carcinogenic. Hence, chromates are regulated in drinking
water and the environment in the U.S. and many countries
around the world. For example, the state of California
established a public health goal (PHG) of 0.2 µg/L (ppb) for
CrVI and 2.5 µg/L for total chromium in 1999. The PHG is
based on an estimated one-in-a-million lifetime cancer risk
level. However, U.S. EPA Method 3060A does not allow
sufficient sensitivity for routine analysis at the recently
proposed California PHG level of 0.02 µg/L. Modifications
to this EPA method presented here result in a 0.003 µg/L
limit of quantitation (LOQ), which is more than sufficient for
analysis at the proposed California PHG level.
Water is not the only exposure source for CrVI, as it is also
prevalent in soils and many other matrices. Therefore, as
an alternative to the labor-intensive EPA Method 3060A,
a faster, easier procedure for extracting CrVI from soil
matrices by using a Thermo Scientific Dionex ASE 350
Accelerated Solvent Extractor is shown here.
Introduction
Improvements described here to both analysis and
extraction of CrVI are based on the conditions detailed in
EPA Method 218.6. This includes use of the column in the
2 mm format and a smaller reaction coil to increase method
sensitivity. By using Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AG7
Guard (2 × 50 mm) and Dionex IonPac™ AS7 Analytical
(2 × 250 mm) columns, an eluent of 250 mM ammonium
sulfate/100 mM ammonium hydroxide at a flow rate of
0.36 mL/min, a 1000 µL injection volume, and postcolumn
reaction with 2 mM diphenylcarbazide/10% methanol/1 N
sulfuric acid (using a 125 µL reaction coil) followed by
visible absorbance detection at 530 nm, a 0.001 µg/L,
minimum detection limit (MDL) for chromate is achieved.
Although the efficacy of an automated method to extract
CrVI from soil using accelerated solvent extraction (as
an alternative to EPA Method 3060A) has previously been
demonstrated,1 the removal recovery was limited. This
was due to the lower pH of the sample extraction buffer
than that specified in the EPA method. This lower pH was
required in earlier experiments due to the stainless steel
(SST) accelerated solvent extraction cells, which are less
resistant to high pH buffers. But the Dionium™ (Zr) cells in
the Dionex ASE™ 350 overcome this limitation. Reported
here is the use of the same pH with cells able to withstand
higher pH values.
Methods
Ion Chromatography
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-2100, ICS-1600,
ICS-1100, or ICS-5000 system including:
–  SP Single Pump or DP Dual Pump module
–  DC Detector/Chromatography module
§  Injection loop, 1000 µL
§  Reaction coil, 125 µL
§  Sample syringe, 5 mL
§  ICS Series VWD Variable Wavelength Absorbance
Detector
Postcolumn Reagent (PCR) Delivery:
§  PC-10 pneumatic delivery or AXP pump if not using
the DP
§  AS Autosampler
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex Chromeleon Chromatography
Data System (CDS) software
2 Improved Extraction and Analysis of
Reagents and Standards
Prepare all solutions from analytical reagent-grade
chemicals (when commercially available). Note, there is a
possibility of the presence of trace levels of chromate in
some commercially available chemicals.
§  Deionized (DI) water, 18 MΩ-cm or better
§  Ammonium sulfate (Mallinckrodt General P/N
AR 7725)
§  Ammonium hydroxide (Sigma P/N A6899)
§  Sulfuric acid, 95-98% (JT Baker Instra-Analyzed
P/N 9673)
§  Methanol,from
HPLC
grade
Hexavalent Chromium
Soil
and(Fisher
Water Optima P/N A454-4)
§  Potassium dichromate (JT Baker P/N 4765-01)
Method
Columns:
Dionex IonPac AG7 Guard 2 × 50 mm
(PN 063099), Dionex IonPac AS7 Analytical
2 × 250 mm (PN 063097)
Eluent:
250 mM Ammonium sulfate and 100 mM
ammonium hydroxide
Flow Rate:
0.36 mL/min
Inj. Volume:
1000 µL (Full loop)
Temperature: 30 °C
Back Pressure: 1700–2000 psi
PCR:
2 mM diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol,
1 N sulfuric acid
0.12 mL/min
Visible absorbance, 530 nm
6–8 µAU
25 min
Flow Rate:
Detection:
Noise:
Run Time:
Eluent
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  100 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 66 g of ammonium sulfate in ~1 L of DI water and
add 13 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide solution. Dilute to
2.0 L with DI water.
PCR
§  2 mM Diphenylcarbazide
§  10% Methanol
§  1 N Sulfuric acid
Sample Adjustment Buffer
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  1000 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 3.3 g of ammonium sulfate in ~75 mL of DI water
and add 6.5 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide. Dilute to
100 mL with DI water.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Conditions
Solvent:
10 mM NaOH, 4 g/L NaCl (pH > 11.5)
Temperature: 100 °C
Preheat Time: 5 min
Static Time:
5 min
Cycle Time:
2
Flush Volume: 60%
Purge Time:
90 s
Cell:
66 mL Zr cell
Total Time:
Approximately 20 min
Sample Pretreatment:
Dry soil samples at 50 °C and pulverize. Place 10 g of soil
sample mixed with quartz sand into a 66 mL Zr extraction
cell, and insert into the Dionex ASE 350 system with
an extract constant volume of 100 mL. Filter through a
0.45 µm membrane and inject into the Dionex ICS system.
Results
Blank of SST Cell and Zr Cell
By filling the 66 mL blank sample in both SST and Zr cells
with quartz sand, five parallel extracts yielded a background of approximately 19.1 µg/L. The background of the
blank in the 66 mL Zr cell was approximately 0.9 µg/L, lower
than the LOQ of 1.6 µg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was
0.5 µg/L.
2.5
mAU
-0.5
0.1
2
4
6
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
FIGURE 1. Chromatograms of blank extractions using
either an SST cell (2:66 mL) or a Zr cell (1:66 mL)
the DP
§  AS Autosampler
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex Chromeleon Chromatography
Data System (CDS) software
Reagents and Standards
Prepare all solutions from analytical reagent-grade
chemicals (when commercially available). Note, there is a
possibility of the presence of trace levels of chromate in
some commercially available chemicals.
§  Deionized (DI) water, 18 MΩ-cm or better
§  Ammonium sulfate (Mallinckrodt General P/N
AR 7725)
§  Ammonium hydroxide (Sigma P/N A6899)
1 (JT Baker Instra-Analyzed
1
§  Sulfuric acid, 95-98%
P/N 9673)
§  Methanol, HPLC grade (Fisher Optima P/N A454-4)
§  Potassium dichromate (JT Baker P/N 4765-01)
§  Sodium and potassium salts, ACS reagent-grade, for
preparing the anion standards
§  1,5-diphenylcarbazide (JT Baker K620-03)
2.5
mAU
mproved Extraction and Analysis of Hexavalent Chromium from Soil and Water
Jack,1
Che,2
ichard F.
Jinshui
Lipika Basumallick, and Jeffrey Rohrer
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA,
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Overview
urpose: Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) refers to chemical
ompounds that contain the element chromium in the
6 oxidation state. All CrVI compounds are strong
xidizing agents, and are considered toxic and potentially
arcinogenic. Hence, chromates are regulated in drinking
ater and the environment in the U.S. and many countries
ound the world. For example, the state of California
stablished a public health goal (PHG) of 0.2 µg/L (ppb) for
rVI and 2.5 µg/L for total chromium in 1999. The PHG is
ased on an estimated one-in-a-million lifetime cancer risk
vel. However, U.S. EPA Method 3060A does not allow
ufficient sensitivity for routine analysis at the recently
oposed California PHG level of 0.02 µg/L. Modifications
this EPA method presented here result in a 0.003 µg/L
mit of quantitation (LOQ), which is more than sufficient for
nalysis at the proposed California PHG level.
Water is not the only exposure source for CrVI, as it is also
evalent in soils and many other matrices. Therefore, as
n alternative to the labor-intensive EPA Method 3060A,
faster, easier procedure for extracting CrVI from soil
atrices by using a Thermo Scientific Dionex ASE 350
ccelerated Solvent Extractor is shown here.
ntroduction
mprovements described here to both analysis and
xtraction of CrVI are based on the conditions detailed in
PA Method 218.6. This includes use of the column in the
mm format and a smaller reaction coil to increase method
ensitivity. By using Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AG7
uard (2 × 50 mm) and Dionex IonPac™ AS7 Analytical
× 250 mm) columns, an eluent of 250 mM ammonium
ulfate/100 mM ammonium hydroxide at a flow rate of
36 mL/min, a 1000 µL injection volume, and postcolumn
action with 2 mM diphenylcarbazide/10% methanol/1 N
ulfuric acid (using a 125 µL reaction coil) followed by
sible absorbance detection at 530 nm, a 0.001 µg/L,
inimum detection limit (MDL) for chromate is achieved.
though the efficacy of an automated method to extract
rVI from soil using accelerated solvent extraction (as
n alternative to EPA Method 3060A) has previously been
emonstrated,1 the removal recovery was limited. This
as due to the lower pH of the sample extraction buffer
an that specified in the EPA method. This lower pH was
quired in earlier experiments due to the stainless steel
SST) accelerated solvent extraction cells, which are less
sistant to high pH buffers. But the Dionium™ (Zr) cells in
e Dionex ASE™ 350 overcome this limitation. Reported
ere is the use of the same pH with cells able to withstand
gher pH values.
Methods
n Chromatography
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-2100, ICS-1600,
ICS-1100, or ICS-5000 system including:
–  SP Single Pump or DP Dual Pump module
–  DC Detector/Chromatography module
§  Injection loop, 1000 µL
§  Reaction coil, 125 µL
§  Sample syringe, 5 mL
§  ICS Series VWD Variable Wavelength Absorbance
Detector
ostcolumn Reagent (PCR) Delivery:
Method
Columns:
Dionex IonPac AG7 Guard 2 × 50 mm
(PN 063099), Dionex IonPac AS7 Analytical
2 × 250 mm (PN 063097)
Eluent:
250 mM Ammonium sulfate and 100 mM
ammonium hydroxide
Flow Rate:
0.36 mL/min
Inj. Volume:
1000 µL (Full loop)
Temperature: 30 °C
Back Pressure: 1700–2000 psi
PCR:
Flow Rate:
Detection:
Noise:
Run Time:
2 mM diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol,
1 N sulfuric acid
0.12 mL/min
Visible absorbance, 530 nm
6–8 µAU
25 min
-0.5
0.1
2
4
PCR
§  2 mM Diphenylcarbazide
§  10% Methanol
§  1 N Sulfuric acid
Sample Adjustment Buffer
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  1000 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 3.3 g of ammonium sulfate in ~75 mL of DI water
and add 6.5 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide. Dilute to
100 mL with DI water.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Conditions
Solvent:
10 mM NaOH, 4 g/L NaCl (pH > 11.5)
Temperature: 100 °C
Preheat Time: 5 min
Static Time:
5 min
Cycle Time:
2
Flush Volume: 60%
Purge Time:
90 s
Cell:
66 mL Zr cell
Total Time:
Approximately 20 min
Sample Pretreatment:
Dry soil samples at 50 °C and pulverize. Place 10 g of soil
sample mixed with quartz sand into a 66 mL Zr extraction
cell, and insert into the Dionex ASE 350 system with
an extract constant volume of 100 mL. Filter through a
0.45 µm membrane and inject into the Dionex ICS system.
Results
Blank of SST Cell and Zr Cell
By filling the 66 mL blank sample in both SST and Zr cells
with quartz sand, five parallel extracts yielded a background of approximately 19.1 µg/L. The background of the
blank in the 66 mL Zr cell was approximately 0.9 µg/L, lower
than the LOQ of 1.6 µg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was
0.5 µg/L.
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
FIGURE 1. Chromatograms of blank extractions using
either an SST cell (2:66 mL) or a Zr cell (1:66 mL)
Recovery and Reproducibility
The recovery experiment was carried out by filling the
66 mL Zr cell with the quartz sand, adding the standard
solution of CrVI, then performing the accelerated solvent
extraction. The results are shown in Table 1. The average
recoveries were 105.2% and 105.1%, with the relative
standard deviation (RSD) 2.2% and 0.4% (n = 3) for the
different added levels.
TABLE 1. Recoveries and their RSDs (n = 3) at different
added amounts of CrVI
Amount Added
(µg/L)
Recovery %
RSD
10
105.2
2.2%
100
105.1
0.4%
Eluent
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  100 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 66 g of ammonium sulfate in ~1 L of DI water and
add 13 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide solution. Dilute to
2.0 L with DI water.
6
Sample Detection
Only one soil sample was used to evaluate this method.
The chromatogram below in Figure 2 shows a CrVI content
of 39.4 ng/g.
.9
Cr(VI)
mAU
0
-.1
0.1
2
4
6
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
FIGURE 2. Chromatogram of CrVI from a soil sample
known to be contaminated.
Conclusion
The preliminary results shown here for the extraction of
CrVI from soil using accelerated solvent extraction
demonstrates the potential for a faster extraction that is easy
to use with minimal background contamination. The use
of the Dionex ASE 350 is potentially a viable alternative to
the labor-intensive EPA Method 3060A for compliance
monitoring. Data showing improvements to the detection
limits have been previously reported.2,3
References
1. Giuriati, C.; Abballe, F.; Cristoforia. M.C.; and Gorni, A.
Accelerated and Automated Extraction of Hexavalent
Chromium from Solid Waste Materials Coupled with Ion
Chromatography Determination. LC/GC Eur. 2005, 18 (4)
220–224.
2. Dionex (now part of Thermo Scientific) Application Note
144: Determination of Perchlorate in High Ionic Strength
Fertilizer
Extracts
by Ion
Chromatography,
2002 [Online].
• PN70094_e 05/12S
3
Thermo
Scientific
Poster
Note
www.dionex.com/en-us/webdocs/4096-AN144_LPN1425.pdf
(accessed Apr. 9, 2012).
Methods
on Chromatography
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-2100, ICS-1600,
ICS-1100, or ICS-5000 system including:
–  SP Single Pump or DP Dual Pump module
–  DC Detector/Chromatography module
§  Injection loop, 1000 µL
§  Reaction coil, 125 µL
§  Sample syringe, 5 mL
§  ICS Series VWD Variable Wavelength Absorbance
Detector
monitoring. Data showing improvements to the detection
limits have been previously reported.2,3
Results
1. Giuriati, C.; Abballe, F.; Cristoforia. M.C.; and Gorni, A.
Accelerated and Automated Extraction of Hexavalent
Chromium from Solid Waste Materials Coupled with Ion
Chromatography Determination. LC/GC Eur. 2005, 18 (4)
220–224.
References
Blank of SST Cell and Zr Cell
By filling the 66 mL blank sample in both SST and Zr cells
with quartz sand, five parallel extracts yielded a background of approximately 19.1 µg/L. The background of the
blank in the 66 mL Zr cell was approximately 0.9 µg/L, lower
than the LOQ of 1.6 µg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was
0.5 µg/L.
ostcolumn Reagent (PCR) Delivery:
§  PC-10 pneumatic delivery or AXP pump if not using
the DP
§  AS Autosampler
§  Thermo Scientific Dionex Chromeleon Chromatography
Data System (CDS) software
eagents and Standards
repare all solutions from analytical reagent-grade
hemicals (when commercially available). Note, there is a
ossibility of the presence of trace levels of chromate in
ome commercially available chemicals.
1 18 MΩ-cm or better
1
§  Deionized (DI) water,
§  Ammonium sulfate (Mallinckrodt General P/N
AR 7725)
§  Ammonium hydroxide (Sigma P/N A6899)
§  Sulfuric acid, 95-98% (JT Baker Instra-Analyzed
P/N 9673)
§  Methanol, HPLC grade (Fisher Optima P/N A454-4)
§  Potassium dichromate (JT Baker P/N 4765-01)
§  Sodium and potassium salts, ACS reagent-grade, for
preparing the anion standards
Method
§  1,5-diphenylcarbazide (JT Baker K620-03)
Columns:
Dionex IonPac AG7 Guard 2 × 50 mm
(PN 063099), Dionex IonPac AS7 Analytical
2 × 250 mm (PN 063097)
luent:
250 mM Ammonium sulfate and 100 mM
ammonium hydroxide
low Rate:
0.36 mL/min
nj. Volume:
1000 µL (Full loop)
emperature: 30 °C
ack Pressure: 1700–2000 psi
sample mixed with quartz sand into a 66 mL Zr extraction
cell, and insert into the Dionex ASE 350 system with
an extract constant volume of 100 mL. Filter through a
0.45 µm membrane and inject into the Dionex ICS system.
2. Dionex (now part of Thermo Scientific) Application Note
144: Determination of Perchlorate in High Ionic Strength
Fertilizer Extracts by Ion Chromatography, 2002 [Online].
www.dionex.com/en-us/webdocs/4096-AN144_LPN1425.pdf
(accessed Apr. 9, 2012).
3. Dionex (now part of Thermo Scientific) Application Note
179: Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Analysis Using 3-D
Amperometry, 2007 [Online]. www.dionex.com/en-us/
webdocs/56256-AN179_released032707.pdf (accessed Apr.
9, 2012).
2.5
mAU
lysis of Hexavalent Chromium from Soil and Water
asumallick, and Jeffrey Rohrer
A, USA,
ople’s Republic of China
CR:
low Rate:
Detection:
Noise:
Run Time:
2 mM diphenylcarbazide, 10% methanol,
1 N sulfuric acid
0.12 mL/min
Visible absorbance, 530 nm
6–8 µAU
25 min
-0.5
0.1
2
CR
§  2 mM Diphenylcarbazide
§  10% Methanol
§  1 N Sulfuric acid
ample Adjustment Buffer
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  1000 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 3.3 g of ammonium sulfate in ~75 mL of DI water
and add 6.5 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide. Dilute to
100 mL with DI water.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Conditions
olvent:
10 mM NaOH, 4 g/L NaCl (pH > 11.5)
emperature: 100 °C
reheat Time: 5 min
tatic Time:
5 min
Cycle Time:
2
lush Volume: 60%
urge Time:
90 s
Cell:
66 mL Zr cell
otal Time:
Approximately 20 min
ample Pretreatment:
Dry soil samples at 50 °C and pulverize. Place 10 g of soil
ample mixed with quartz sand into a 66 mL Zr extraction
ell, and insert
the Dionex
ASE 350
system
with of Hexavalent
4 into
Improved
Extraction
and
Analysis
n extract constant volume of 100 mL. Filter through a
.45 µm membrane and inject into the Dionex ICS system.
6
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
PO70094_E 05/12S
Recovery and Reproducibility
The recovery experiment was carried out by filling the
66 mL Zr cell with the quartz sand, adding the standard
solution of CrVI, then performing the accelerated solvent
extraction. The results are shown in Table 1. The average
recoveries were 105.2% and 105.1%, with the relative
standard deviation (RSD) 2.2% and 0.4% (n = 3) for the
different added levels.
TABLE 1. Recoveries and their RSDs (n = 3) at different
added amounts of CrVI
Amount Added
(µg/L)
Recovery %
RSD
10
105.2
2.2%
100
105.1
0.4%
Sample Detection
Only one soil sample was used to evaluate this method.
The chromatogram below in Figure 2 shows a CrVI content
of 39.4 ng/g.
.9
Cr(VI)
mAU
0
-.1
0.1
2
4
6
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
FIGURE 2. Chromatogram of CrVI from a soil sample
known to be contaminated.
Conclusion
The preliminary results shown here for the extraction of
CrVI from soil using accelerated solvent extraction
demonstrates the potential for a faster extraction that is easy
to use with minimal background contamination. The use
of the Dionex ASE 350 is potentially a viable alternative to
the labor-intensive EPA Method 3060A for compliance
monitoring. Data showing improvements to the detection
limits have from
been Soil
previously
reported.2,3
Chromium
and Water
References
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries.
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manners
that might infringe the intellectual property rights of others.
FIGURE 1. Chromatograms of blank extractions using
either an SST cell (2:66 mL) or a Zr cell (1:66 mL)
luent
§  250 mM Ammonium sulfate
§  100 mM Ammonium hydroxide
Dissolve 66 g of ammonium sulfate in ~1 L of DI water and
dd 13 mL of 29% ammonium hydroxide solution. Dilute to
.0 L with DI water.
4
ent:
perature:
eat Time:
c Time:
e Time:
h Volume:
e Time:
Time:
10 mM NaOH, 4 g/L NaCl (pH > 11.5)
100 °C
5 min
5 min
2
60%
90 s
66 mL Zr cell
Approximately 20 min
FIGURE 2. Chromatogram of CrVI from a soil sample
known to be contaminated.
Conclusion
ple Pretreatment:
soil samples at 50 °C and pulverize. Place 10 g of soil
ple mixed with quartz sand into a 66 mL Zr extraction
and insert into the Dionex ASE 350 system with
xtract constant volume of 100 mL. Filter through a
µm membrane and inject into the Dionex ICS system.
sults
nk of SST Cell and Zr Cell
lling the 66 mL blank sample in both SST and Zr cells
quartz sand, five parallel extracts yielded a backnd of approximately 19.1 µg/L. The background of the
k in the 66 mL Zr cell was approximately 0.9 µg/L, lower
the LOQ of 1.6 µg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) was
µg/L.
The preliminary results shown here for the extraction of
CrVI from soil using accelerated solvent extraction
demonstrates the potential for a faster extraction that is easy
to use with minimal background contamination. The use
of the Dionex ASE 350 is potentially a viable alternative to
the labor-intensive EPA Method 3060A for compliance
monitoring. Data showing improvements to the detection
limits have been previously reported.2,3
References
1. Giuriati, C.; Abballe, F.; Cristoforia. M.C.; and Gorni, A.
Accelerated and Automated Extraction of Hexavalent
Chromium from Solid Waste Materials Coupled with Ion
Chromatography Determination. LC/GC Eur. 2005, 18 (4)
220–224.
2. Dionex (now part of Thermo Scientific) Application Note
144: Determination of Perchlorate in High Ionic Strength
Fertilizer Extracts by Ion Chromatography, 2002 [Online].
www.dionex.com/en-us/webdocs/4096-AN144_LPN1425.pdf
(accessed Apr. 9, 2012).
3. Dionex (now part of Thermo Scientific) Application Note
179: Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Analysis Using 3-D
Amperometry, 2007 [Online]. www.dionex.com/en-us/
webdocs/56256-AN179_released032707.pdf (accessed Apr.
9, 2012).
2
4
6
8
10
12 14 16
Minutes
18
20
22
24 25
URE 1. Chromatograms of blank extractions using
er an SST cell (2:66 mL) or a Zr cell (1:66 mL)
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries.
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manners
that might infringe the intellectual property rights of others.
PO70094_E 05/12S
©2016 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries.
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