CHAPTER~II
NOUN~ PRAKRTI(NOMINAL
BASES)
•
2.0. Introduction
The structure of word and its constituents have been a major area of
investigation in the pre and post Par:tinian periods. In the Par:tinian system, the
sentence has been conceptually divided into various sections and sub-sections. To
describe the language, Par:tini has defined and used several linguistic terminologies
and grammatical devices which make the grammar operational. The terminologies
use-d in his grammar are either his own creation or received from the grammatical
tradition, but all of them have been defined/ re-defined in order to compose a
grammatical text in Sanskrit language. The pada 'inflected word', the basic 1unit of
analysis - consists of two types: Subanta 'Word ending in nominal inflection' and
Tbianta 'Word ending in verb inflection'. Subanta is constituted by prakrti 'base' and
pratyaya 'affix'. In such case, upasarga, nipiita and priitipadika belong to prakrti
category. Since upasarga and nipiita are indeclinables, they don't go for further
modification. Priitipadika is a meaningful element other than a verb, an affix, or an
item that ends in an affix (P.I.2.45), for example, go 'cow'. In such domain,
priitipadika also includes the derived noun bases, i.e. krdanta, taddhit, samiisa and
dvirvacana. But Pa9ini has mentioned them separately in the following rule (P.I.2.46)
to distinguish them from the basic noun bases. Thus, the noun bases, termed
priitipadika are of five kinds: miilabhiita, krdanta, taddhita, samiisa and dvirvacana.
On the other hand, Par:tiniyas distinguish two types of nominals: 1 niyataga'!-a or
visi.f.faga'!-a and
iikrtiga~za. Niyataga~za
is the group whose members are exhaustively
listed and belongs to a closed class of words. For the case of iikrtigal}a, the words are
_generally derived from other words and belong to open class. In such classification,
the derived nominals, i.e. krdanta, taddhita, samiisa and dvirvacana are included in
the iikrtiga~J-a, where as the basic nouns i.e. miilabhiita are in the niyataga~J-a.
The lexicons used in Oriya language are of various types- tatsama, tadbhaba,
desaja and videsi. It is a fact that Indian languages have two sorts of lexicons:
borrowed and native. In the sense of borrowed I loan words, most of them belong to
Sanskrit. Among these words, the grammatical word forms have gone but the word
form remains. In such notions, whenever Oriya is analysed through various
grammatical processes, words can be broadly divided into two groups: Sanskrit words
1
Yudhi~~hira Mimamsaka, Samskrta Vyiikar~za Siistra kii ltihlisa, Varanasi: I 983, Pg: 291.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
with gi ve:n phonetic variations used in Oriya and typical Oriya words originated in
Oriya s:peech community. The native Oriya words are subject to prakrti and pratyaya
classifi<:ation. List oftlhe pratyayas and prakrtis used in Oriya and its applications are
discuss(!d in the following sections.
2.1. Mii.labltiita 'Basic nouns'
Hn word formation processes and morpho-syntactic units, i.e. pada formations,.
mulabhJ.tta nominals are the basic units which can take both derivational and
inflectional affixes. Taking into account such categorisation, Oriya nouns can also be
classified and listed in the
Ga~wpa!ha
manner. Some of the basic Oriya nouns are
cited as below:
Basic Oriya Nouns
(2/1) Ra~u:z 'Ram' (proper noun)
2.2.
bahi 'book' (common noun)
Ga~1iga 'The Ganga' (proper noun)
Bharata 'India' (proper noun)
md~zi~a
chua 'child' (common noun)
'man' (common noun)
ghara 'house' (common noun)
sukha 'happy' (abstract noun:)
sundara 'beawty' (abstract noun)
parbata 'mountain' (common noun)
bhqya 'fear' (abstract noun)
sadhuta 'honesty' (abstract noun)
gahali 'crowd' (collective noun)
Himalaya 'Himalaya (proper noun)
dalir:z 'team' (oollec:tive noun)
kii!ha 'wood' (common noun)
Dt"~rived
Nouns
As ~iisc~Jssed earli~:r (2.0.), derived nominal bases are classified into four types:
krdanta,
~addhita,
samasa and dvirvacana. The nature and operations of such word
formation processes are presented in the following sections.
2.:2.1. I(rdanta '.Primary Derived Nominals'
Since krdanta nominals are derived from verbs, they have directly I indirectly
the verbal sense for its interpretation.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
(2/2) For instance,
+
pafh
aka > piiJhaka
read.V.
KSF
+ aka
si~
teach.V
KSF
>
reader.N
siksaka
teacher.N
The lexical framework in which krdanta can be interpreted as
[X]v- [[X]v + [X]KSF ]N- 'V related N'
In krdanta formation, some sound changes that take place are as gulJa, vrddhi,
lopa, iigama and iidesa. All these are technical terms defined by Pal).ini in his saf!l)iiii
prakara~w.
(a) gu~w- Gu~w (P.1.1.2), a morphophonemic process in which the simple
vowels a, i and f, u and il,
r, al are substituted by the gulJa vowels a, e, o,
ar and al respectively.
(2/3) e.g.
sru
+ ana >
listen. V
ji
win.V
Iistening.N
KSF
+
>
a
sraba~w
KSF
jaya
victory.N
(b) vrddhi- Vrddhi (P .1.1.1 ), a grammatical device in which ii, ai, au, iir and
iil are substituted for the simple vowels a, i and f, u and il, f, and l
respectively.
(2/4) e.g.
+
pafh
study.V
dhr
+
hold.V
.a
KSF
> piifha
study.N
ani'ya > dhiiralJfya
KSF
hplder.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
(c) lopa- Th'e disappearance of a partial/ full form of a word in the formation
of a deri:Ved lvord is calilecl as lopa (P .1.1.52). n of man and m of gam are
lopa in the following examples:
(2/5)
man
+
wish.V
ta
> mata
KSF
gam
+ ta >
go.V
KSF
opinion.N
gata
past thing.N
(d) agama- Agama, augment, a word element which is added to the basic
word during the proc•ess of the formation of a complete word. ta is the
agama in the formation of bhrutya (brother).
(2/6)
----
For instance:,.
+
bhru
ta
+ ya >
take care of Augment
KSF
bhrutya
servant.N
(e) iidesa- The substitute, either prakrti or pratyaya which takes the place of
the bas;ic. original form is called ade§a (P.l.l.56). j becomes iidesa of g
in the following instance:
tyaj.. + a >
(2/7)
abandon. V KSF
tyiiga
abandon.N
The krt pr~rtyayas are added with pra/q'tis in different contexts which can be
classified into kiirirka viicya and bhava viicya. Whenever pratyayas are contextualized
with prakrtis in th'e :sense of karaka, six types of nominal relationships with the verb
are formulated, i.e. six types of Aiirakas: karla, karma, karaf}a, sampradiina, apiidana
and adhikarana
(i)
kart:-viicya :
(2/8) e.g.
pafh
read.V.
+
aka
> piifhaka
KSF
reader.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
kaf
+ ali
cut.V
>
kafali
KSF
(ii)
cutter.N
karma vacya :
e.g
(2/9)
+ ya >
puj
worship. V
pujya
KSF
whom worshiped.N
likh
+ ta >
likhita
write.V
KSF
something written.N
kara~J-a
(iii)
vacya :
e.g.
(2/10)
+
likh
ana (fern.)
write.V
KSF
+
khel
play.V
(iv)
lekhanf
>
through which writte.N
a'!-a
>
KSF
through which played.N
khela!J-a
sampradana vacya:
e.g.
(2/1 I)
da
+ anfya >
give.V
KSF
(v)
danfya
to whim given.N
apadana vacya:
e.g.
(2/12)
+ i>
jhar
flow.V
(vi)
KSF
jhari
from which comes water.N
adhikara'!-a vacya:
(2/13)
e.g.
so
+ ana >
sleep.V
KSF
sayana
where somebody sleeps.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
bha.va is defined as completed :action which is shown not by a verb, but by a
verbal derivative noun./In addition, it has the verbal meaning which is independent of
number, gender and ca'se:. Such bhava denoted by krdanta is called bhava vacya. It is
represeAted in all tenses, i.e. past, pre.sent and future .
Like,
Past tense:
(2/14)
+ illi
haj
Iose.V
>
lost something.N
KSF
+
so
>
ilii
sleep.V
hajila
soila
slept somebody.N
KSF
Prese:nt tense:
(2/15)
da
give.V
+ ana > dana
::
KSF giving, gifting.N
+ ana > sayana
so
sleep.V
KSF
sleeping.N
pacjh
+ iba >
pacjhiba
study.V
KSF
studying.N
Future tense:
(2116)
2,.2.1.1
bas
+ JiM.
sit.V
KSF
>
basiba
sitting.N
Krt Prt~tyayas 'Pdm:ary Derived Affixes'
Like Sanskrit, Ot·iya lqdanta words are also formed by adding pratyayas to
prakrtis in dif{erent circumstances changing the word class I meaning. List of the
pratyayas used in Oriya and its applications are cited below:
2
Kasikiion 'bha!~e' P.3.3.l8
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
2.2.1.1.1 Oriya krdanta Pratyayas 'Oriya Primary Deived Affixes'
1. a pratyaya is used in bhiiva viicya.
(2/17)
e.g.
kill. V
KSF
has
+ a
laugh.V
killing.N
> hasa
KSF laughing.N
2. ana pratyaya is added in the sense of bhiivaviicya, kart,rviicya and
karmaviicya.
(2/18)
e.g.
Jlbv +
life.V
> jfbana
ana
KSF
grah
life.N
+ ana > grahaf!a
accept.V
KSF
acceptance.N .
pat + ana > patana
faii.V
KSF
downfaii.N
3. anfya pratyaya is used to form karma viicya and bhiiva viicya.
(2/19)
e.g.
pii
+ anfya > piinfya
drink.V
pa,th
read.V
KSF
drinkable.N
+ anfya > pa,thanfya
KSF
readable.N
4. a'! pratyaya is added in bhiiva viicya.
(2/20)
e.g.
kar
do. V
+ ana > karana
KSF
instrument.N
Chapter-11
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
+
mag
+ ana
har
vacya ;and
(2/2i)
kara~za
collection.N
>
pratyaya is added in the sense of bhava vacya, kartr vaqa, karma
vacya.
e.g.
kiind + ana >
weep.V
play.V
6.
a~1i pratyaya
kiinda7Ja
KSF
+
khel
(2/2?.)
hara7Ja
kidnapping.N
KSF
lkidnap.V
a~za
mdga~za
KSF
collect.V
5.
>
a~w
a7Ja
weeping.N
>
khela7Ja
KSF
toy.N
is used in bhava vacya, kartr vacya and karma vaqm.
e.g.
+ ani >
khat
work.V
working.N
KSF
kar + an! >
do.V
khafa~zi
karani
instrument.N
KSF
7. at pratyaya is used in the present tense of kartr vacya.
(2/2:3)
e.g.
cal
+ at >
run.V
KSF
}val
burn.V
calat
sth running.N
+ at > jvalat
KSF sth burning.N
8. ati pra~yaya is added in bhava vacya .
.(2/24)
e.g.
gal}a
count.V
+ ati
KSF
>
ga~zati
counting.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
9. anta pratyaya is used in kartr vacya and karma vacya.
(2/25)
e.g.
burn;V
jf
jalanta
+ anta >
)a!
KSF
burning thing.N
+ anta >
live.V
KSF
jfanta
Jiving thing.N
10. anti pratyaya is used in kartr vacya and karma vacya.
(2/26)
e.g.
jal + anti >
burn.V
}a/anti
KSF
burning thing.N
cal
+ anti >
calanti
move.V
KSF
moving thing.N
11. aka pratyaya is used in the context of kartrkaraka vacya.
(2/27) e.g.
pa_th + aka > pa_thaka
read.V
12.
(2/28)
KSF
reader.N
ii~
+ aka >
si~aka
teach. V
KSF
teacher.N
a prqtyaya is added in the sense of bhavavacya.
e.g.
seb
serve.V
dhar
+
a >
KSF
+ a >
catch. V . KSF
seba
service.N
dhara
caught.N
lekh + a > lekha
write.V
KSF
writte.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
13. a!Ja pratyaya is used to form bhava vacya .
.. (2/29)
e.g.
mii + a!Ja > misiina
add.V
addition.N
KSF
+ G!Ja > phef/ii!Ja
phetj
deduct.V
KSF
deduction.N
14. a~zi pra(vaya is added to form bhava vacya.
(2/30)
e.g.
+ ani > sunani
.fUIJ
hear.V
KSF
+
ufh
heard.N
>
ani
1rise.V
ufhii1J.i
KSF
rising up.N
15. a1J.ia pra~vaya is added in the sense of kartr vacya.
(2/31)
e.g.
+
bhul
iinia
forget.V
bhula~ziii
>
forgetfui.N
KSF
16. ali pratyaya is added to form kartr viicya.
(2/32)
e.g.
+ ali
bik
>
KSF
sale.V
+
jag
salesman.N
ali
>
KSF
watch.V
bikali (sales man)
jagali
watchman.N
17. i pratya~'a is used in the sense of bhiiva vacya.
(2/il3)
e.g.
khii
+ i >
khiii
eat.V
KSF
eaten.N
so
sleep.V
+
i
KSF
>
!}oi
slept.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-If
18. iba and ibara pratyayas are added to form bhava vacya.
(2/34)
e.g.
+ iba
bas
sit. V
>
basiba
KSF
sitting.N
+ ibara >
kha
eat.V
'
khaibara
KSF
eating.N
19. ithiba and ithila pratyayas are used in the sense of kartr vacya, karina
vacya and bhava vacya.
(2/35) e.g.
+ ithiba > padh!!thiba
parj,h
study.V
+
de
KSF
>
ithiba
give.V
studying- boy.N
KSF
deithibii
given- book.N
+ ithila > dharithila
dhar
catch.V
KSF
caught- thing.N
20. Ia and ila pratyayas are used in karma vacya, adhikaral}a vacya and
bhava vacya.
(2/36)
e.g.
+
haj
>
ita
lose.V
KSF
+
ila >
so
sleep.V
Ja
+
go.V
KSF
Ia
>
KSF
hajila
lost- cloth.N
soila
slept- child.N
gala
gone- word.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter- II
2 I . u pratyaya is used in the sense of kartr viicya and karana viicya.
(2/3 7) e:.g.
+ u >
jijiiiis
eager to know.V
KSF
+ u >
jhiitj
c:lean. V
KSF
jijiiiisu
somebody eager to know.N
jhiitju
broom.N
22. uii pratyaya is added to form kartr viicya.
(2/38)
e.g.
+ uii
dar
fear.V
>
tjaruii
KSF
fearfui.N
ladh +
ua
fight. V
KSF
>
latjhuii
fighter .N
23. uka pra~ya_ya is used in kartr viicya.
(2/39) e.g.
+ uka > bhiibuka
bhr
think.V
KSF
thinker.N
+ uka >
nind
blame.V
ninduka
KSF somebody who blames.N
24. u~Ui pratyaya is used in bhiiva vacya and karma viicya.
(2/40)
e.g.
gli
+
sing.V
pii +
getV
25.
u~i pratyaya
U~Iii
>
giiu~zii
KSF
Uflii
KSF
singing.N
>
pau~zii
something to get.N
is added to form kartr viicya and
kara~a
vdcya.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
(2/41)
e.g.
+
para~
>
w;i
distribute.V · KSF
, ¢hfi1ik + uni >
/
cover.Y·
para~w:zi
distributor.N
dha.nkuni
.
.
cover.N
KSF
26. ua.la pratyaya is used in kartr vficya.
(2/42)
e.g.
khel + ufila >
play.V
jag
KSF
khelua.la
player.N
+ ua.la > jagua.la
watch.V
KSF
watchman.N
27. el}i pratyaya is added to form bha.va vficya, karma vficya and karal}a
vficya.
(2/43)
e.g. -
+ eni > kha.,te!li
kha.,t
work. V
KSF
jfil +
eni >
burn. V
KSF
band +
tie. V
workload.N
ja.lel}i
wood for burning.N
eni >
KSF
ba.ndeni
something to tie.N
28. rfi and ¢a pratyayas are added to form kart,rvficya, karmavficya and
adhikara'.lavficya.
(2/44)
e.g.
cinha +
ra.
mark.V
KSF
khas
>
cinhara.
marked.N
+ da. > khasada.
sleepry.V
KSF
sleepry.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
29. ya pratyaya is used in the sense of karmaviicya and bhiivaviicya.
(:2/45)
e.g.
kar
+ ya > kiirya
do.V
KSF workable.N
pa!h
+ ya > pii!hya
read.V
KSF
readable.N
+ ya > nrtya
nrt
dance.V
KSF
dance.N
30. ra pratyaya is used in the sense of kartr vacya.
(2/46) e.g.
nam + ra >
namra
delicate.V KSF
+
ksud
soft, delicate.N
>
ra
make small.V
ksudra
KSF
small.N
31. ti p.ratyaya is added to form bhava vacya.
(~l/47)
e.g.
gam + ti >
move.V
KSF motion.N
brs + ti >
rain. V
gati
br~!i
KSF
rain.N
32. mana pratyaya is used in the present tense of kartr vacya.
(:2148)
e.g.
bhas
+ mana > bhasamii.na
float. V
KSF
floating.N
daw;faya
+ mana >
datJtfayamana
stand.V
KSF
standing.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
2.2.2. Taddftita 'Secondary Derived Nominals'
Taddhita, is a word formation process in which prakrtis are the nominal
bases· and pratyayas are added to them as suffixes. The prakrti and its derived
e.
nominals, though belong to nominal class, they contrast 'fach other semantically. In
some of the instances, if the base is noun then its counter part taddhita becomes
adjective and vice versa. Otherwise, the derivative nouns and adjectives retain the
same word class.
(2/49) For instance,
bana + ya > banya
jungle.N TSF
jungle.ADJ
sundara + ya > sundarya
beauty .ADJ TSF
beautifui.N
The lexical framework in which taddhita can be interpreted as
[X]N ~ [[X]N + [XhsF ]N ~ 'N related N'
[X]AoJ ~ [[X]ADJ+ [XhsF ]N ~ 'ADJ related N'
[X]N ~ [[X]N + [XhsF ]ADJ ~ 'N related ADJ'
The taddhita affixes are added in various contexts resulting morphophonemic
changes. The following general observations can be cited for the types of changes:
(i) The first vowel of the prakrti often takes its vrddhi substitute in the taddhita
formation.
(2/50)
e.g.
+ eka > aitihasika
itihasa
history.N
siva
Siva.N
hema
cold.N
TSF
+ a
>
historicai.ADJ
saiva
TSF devotee of Siva.ADJ
+ a >
TSF
haima
cold wind.ADJ
Cha'pter-11
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
(ii) The last vowd of the pralq-ti is deleted when pratyaya is added to form the
taddhita.
(2/51)
e.g.
kiifha + uii > kii.thuii
, wood.N
TSF wood collecter.N
+ iii >
lw:za
salt.N
luniii
TSF salty taste.ADJ
(jii) Whenever the affix ja is added to the base, the last vowel of the base and
the following} are replaced by y.
(2/52)
e.g.
sabhii + ja >
meeting.N
TSF cultured.ADJ
kantha + ja >
velar.N
sabhya
kar:z.thya
TSF related to velar.ADJ
(iv) In the case of gender distinction, affix enning is changed according to the
t~ender
it is assigned. mat becomes man in masculine gender and for
fern inine, it becomes mati.
(2/53)
e.g.
niti
+ mat >
ruJe,}~
niti
TSF
+ mat >
rule.N
nitiman
having rule bound.M.N
nitimati
TSF having rul,e bound.F.N
(v) LujJ is_prescribed only in the taddhita section, which is described as 'in the
case of the e lision of a taddhita suffix by the word !up, the gender and
1
nutf1ber of the word formed with the suffix are the same as those of the
orig.nal word' (P.L2.5l).
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
2.2.2.1. Taddhita pratyayas 'Secondary Derived Affixes'
The following Oriya taddhita pratyayas are added with prakrti in
different contexts with certain phonological changes:
2.2.2.1.1. Oriya Taddhita Pratyayas 'Oriya Secodary Derived Affixes'
I. a pratyaya-
a pratyaya is added in the context of:
(a) descendant I origin.
(2154)
e.g.
jadu + a >
Jadu.N
jadaba
TSF son of Jadaba.N
manu + a >
manaba
Manu.N TSF son ofManu.N
kuru + a
Kuru.N
>
kauraba
TSF descendant ofKuru.N
I
l
(b) devotee I follower.
(2155)
e.g.
siva + a
Siva.N
sakti
>.
saiva
TSF devotee ofSiva.ADJ
+ a >
Energy.N
sakta
TSF devotee ofSakti.ADJ
(c) forming abstract noun.
(2156)
e.g.
muni + a >
silence.N
TSF
mauna
s'ilent.ADJ
(a} modification I change of form.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Ghapter-11
(2/57)
e . g.
tila + a
>
taila
oii.N
TSF
hema
+ a > haima
cold.N
oily .ADJ
TSF cold wind.ADJ
(d) product I related product.
(2i58)
e.g.
+ a >
ara~1ya
jungle.N
iira~1ya
TSF related to jungle.ADJ
(e) time I astronomy.
(2159)
e.g.
bisakha
+ a >
baisakha.N
TSF Indian month's name.N
+
srabal}ii
baiiiikha
srabana.N
a
>
sriibana
TSF Indian month's name.N
(f) relation.
(2160)
e.g.
nisii
+ a > naisa
night.N
paiu
TSF related to night.ADJ
+ a
animai.N
>
pii.Saba
TSF re:lated to animai.ADJ
(g) knowledge I studying.
(2/61)
e.g.
vyakarww
grammar.N
+ a > vaiyiikaral}a
TSF
grammarian.N
(h) interest.
(2/62)
e.g.
bandhu
relative.N
+ a > biindhaba
TSF
relative.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
2. ii pratyaya- is added with the prakrti in the sense of:
a. having I possession.
(2163)
e.g.
diir;fhi
+ ii
beard.N
danta
>
TSF
+
ii
big teeth.N
diir;fhiii
having beard.ADJ
>
dantii
TSF having big teeth.ADJ
b. origin.
(2164)
e.g.
south.N
pokharf
TSF
+
ii
pond.N
originated from south.ADJ
>
TSF
pokharfii
originated from pond.ADJ
c. quantity I length.
(2165)
e.g.
+ ii > duikejiii
duikeji
two Kg.N
TSF
+ ii
iahetmiki
one hundred rupees note.N
two Kg.ADJ
>
iahe_tankiii
TSF
one hundred rupees note.ADJ
ii >
ekii
d. interest.
(2166)
e.g.
eka
one.N
+
TSF
saru + ii >
thin.N
TSF
alone.ADJ
saruii
thin.ADJ
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-U
e. disregard.
(2/67)
e.g.
+ ii >
hari
Hari.N
hariii
TSF disrespect to Hari.ADJ
+ ii >
riima
Ram.N
riimii
TSF disrespect to Rama.ADJ
f. painting I decoration.
(2/68)
e.g.
dhali
+ a > dhalia
dust.N
TSF dusty .ADJ
miiti + ii
mud.N
>
TSF
miifiii
muddy.ADJ
g. small form ofthe object.
(2/69)
e.g.
thiili + a
plate.N
>
thalia
TSF small plate.N
3. iili alfitd iila pratyayas- are used in the following contexts:
a.relation to.
(2170)
e.g.
bhiii
+ iili >
brother.N
TSF
bhiiiiili
relative like brother.N
b. profession.
(2/71)
e.g.
khela
+ ali > kheliili
·"
play.N
TSF
player.N
dhiinakatii + iili
paddy cutting.N
TSF
>
dhiinakatiili
paddy cuttimg.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
c. minimizing the object.
(2/72)
e.g.
+ iili > dlpiili
dfpa
· pot.N
TSF
small pot.N
d. looking after something.
(2/73)
e.g.
+ iila >
hiitf
elephant.N
TSF in charge of elephant.N
+ iila >
giif
· cow.N
hiitfiila
giifiila
TSF in charge of cow.N
4. iilu pratyaya- is used in the context of possession of abstract qualities.
(2/74)
e.g.
+ iilu > dayiilu
dayii
kind.ADJ
TSF
kindness.N
+ iilu > nidriilu
nidrii
sleepy.ADJ
TSF
sleepness.N
5. iiniaha pratyaya- is added with the prakrti in the context of signifying
elderhood.
(2/75)
e.g.
pitr + iimaha
father.N
>
TSF great grand father.N
+ iimaha >
miitr
mother.N
pitiimaha
TSF
miitiimaha
great grand mother.N
6. iini pratyaya- is used in the sense of profession/ authority.
(2/76)
e.g.
biibu
master.N
+ iini >
biibuiini
TSF showing authority .N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
7. iimi pratyaya- is added in the context of forming abstract n<i>un.
(2/77)
e.g.
piigala
+ iimi > piigaliimi
mad.ADJ
TSF
murkha
+ iimi
fooi.ADJ
8.
madness.N
>
TSF
murkhiimi
foolishness.N
iiri pratyaya- is used in the sense of profession I occupation.
(2/78)
e.g.
pujii
+ iiri > pujiirf
worship.N
bhikha
TSF worshipper.N
+
beg.N
iiri >
bhikhiiri
TSF
begger.N
9. iilu pratyaya- is used in kartr viicya.
(2/79)
e.g.
dayii + iilu >
kind.V
dayiilu
KSF very kind (person).N
nidrii + iilu >
sleep. V
KSF
nidriilu
very sleepy (person).N
I 0. i pratyaya- is used in the sense of:
a.descendent I origin of.
(21f!O)
e.g.
dasaratha
Dasaratha.N
pabana
Pabana.N
+ i >
diisarathi
TSF son of Dasaratha.N
+
>
TSF
piibani
son ofPabana.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
b. profession.
(2/81)
e.g.
+ i >
tela
\
oii.N
teli
TSF oil man.N
c. abstract I work done.
(2/82)
e.g.
+ i >
miistara
teacher.N
ciikara
TSF teaching job.N
+ i >
servant.N
TSF
+ i >
diiktari
¢iiktara
doctor.N
miisfari
ciikiri
service job.N
TSF doctorhood.N
d. comparatively smaller than the base object.
"- (2/83)
e.g.
kafha +
i >
wood.N
TSF small wood.N
caka
'
+ i >
wheei.N
ka_thi
caki
TSF small wood.N
11. The pratyaya iii is affixed in the context of:
a. inhabitant..
(2/84)
e.g.
anagula
+
Angui.N
ka_taka
Cuttack.N
>
iii
anaguliii
TSF inhabitant of Angui.N
+
iii
>
ka_takiii
TSF inhabitant of Cuttack.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-·11
b. quantity I cost.
(2/85)
e.g.
+ iii
tinihiita
three hand.N
duifankii
>
TSF
tinihiitiii
three hand length.ADJ
+ iii >
two rupees.N
duifankiii
TSF two rupees note ..ADJ
c. its counterpartpralq-ti meaning.
(2/86)
e.g.
+
madhura
iii >
sweet.ADJ
madhuriii
TSF
sweet.N
+ iii > kaiiliii
kaiila
soft.ADJ
TSF
soJft.N
d. profession.
(2/87)
e.g.
+
mula
labour charge.N
TSF
+
hala
double.N
>
iii
iii
mil/iii
labourer.N
>
haliii
TSF
worker.N
e. possession.
(2/88)
e.g.
diirj.ha + iii
edge.N
diicjhiii
TSF having beard.ADJ
+
luna
>
salt.N
iii
>
lu~ziii
TSF salty taste.ADJ
12. iara pratyaya- is used in the sence of possession/ belonging.
(2/89)
e.g.
hos
+
iiira
>
hosiiira
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
TSF having awake.N
awake.N
bala
+
iiira >
strength.N
baliiira
TSF having strength.N
13. ita pratyaya- is added in the sense of origin or derived from the base.
(2/90)
e.g.
garba + ita
proud.N
citra
>
garbita
TSF
proudy.ADJ
+ ita > citrita
picture.N
TSF
decorated.ADJ
14. ika pratyaya- is added in the following instances:
a. knowledge I study.
(2/91)
e.g.
+
darsana
ika >
philosophy.N
ga~1ita
+
diirsanika
TSF
ika
mathematics.N
philosopher.N
gii~itika
>
TSF
mathematician.N
b. origin.
(2/92)
e.g.
loka
+ ika >
people.N
bar~a
TSF
laukika
popul~r.N
+ ika > biir~ika (yearly)
c. relation.
(2/93)
e.g.
mula
+ ika >
foundation.N
TSF
maulika
fundamentai.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
+ ika >
sarfra
physic.N
siirfrika
TSF
physicai.N
d. profession.
(2/94)
e.g.
tila + ika > tailika
oil.N
TSF related to oii.N
e. nature.
(2/95)
e.g.
dharma +
ika >
religion.N
TSF
dhiirmika
religious.ADJa
15. ila, in- are affixed with the base in the context of having I possession.
(2/96)
e.g.
+ in >
sukha
happiness.N
}a!ii
TSF
sukhi
happy.ADJ
+ · ila > }a!ila
rounded.N
TSF
difficult.ADJ
16. ila and in pratyayas- are used in the sence of possession.
(2/97)
e.g.
panka + ila > pmikila
mud.N
TSF
dhana + in >
rich.N
dhanf
TSF rich person.N
palqa · + in >
wing.N
muddy.N
pa~f
·
TSF who has wing, bird.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
17. imii pratyaya- is used to denote the abstract.
(2198)
e.g.
+ imii >
ba¢a
great.ADJ
TSF
ba¢imii
greatness.N
18. The pratyaya f is added with the base in the following contexts:
a. profession.
(2199)
e.g.
+
dokiina
shop.N
tanta
>
f
dokiinf
TSF shopkeeper.N
+
cloth.N
>
f
tantf
TSF
weaver.N
b. resident I relation.
(211 00)
e.g.
o¢isii
+
>
f
Orissa.N
o¢i.fi
TSF related to Orissa.ADJ
+
ka!aka
Cuttack.N
katala-
>
f
TSF resident of Cuttack.ADJ
c. having I possession.
(21101)
e.g.
+
bhiira
heavy.N
riiga
>
f
bhiirf
TSF having heavy.ADJ
+
anger.N
f >
riigf
TSF having angry .ADJ
d. related I similarity.
(211 02)
e.g.
goliipa
rose.N
+
f
>
goliipf
TSF rose colour.ADJ
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
'e. quantity.
~~.g:.
(211 03)
+
lifhahiita
f
>
athahatf
TSF eight hand in measure.ADJ
eiigbt hand.N
f. minimizing.
(211 04)
e.g.
+
nada
river.N
>
f
nadi-
TSF
river.N
19. jna pratyaya- is added in the sense of origin I relative.
(2/1 05) e.g.
grfima
+
vi!Iage.N
prlica
fna >
gramflJa
TSF related to village.N
+
ear!ier.N
fna
TSF
> pracfna
old.ADJ
20. fya pratyaya- is used in the following circumstances:
li.origin.
(2/1 06)
(~.g.
utlwla
+
Utkai.N
deJfa
+
fya >
utkalfya
TSF origin ofUtkai.ADJ
fya
>
desfya
country.N TSF country originated.ADJ
iLrelate:d.
(2/il07) e . g.
jala
+
water.N
hanla
family.N
iya >
jallya
TSF water related.ADJ
+
fya .>
bansfya
TSF family related.ADJ
21 .. rnha and ijJas pratyayas- are used in the excessiveness of something .
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
(211 08) e.g.
bala +
energy.N
i~.tha
bali~fha
>
TSF very energetic.ADJ
laghu + fyas >
heavy.N
TSF
laghfyiin
most heavy thing.ADJ
22. ei pratyaya- is added with the prakrti in the sense of:
(a) having I possession.
e.g.
(21109)
+ ei
mifhii
sweet.N
(b)
(2111 0)
>
mifthei
TSF sweet containing object.N
related work.
e.g.
saphii +
clean.N
>
ei
TSF
saphei
cleaning.N
23 .eya pratyaya- is used in the sense of:
i. origin I descendant.
(2111 I)
e.g.
riidhii + eya >
Radha.N
riidheya
TSF follower ofRadha.N
ii.related.
(21112)
e.g.
agni + eya >
fire.N
iigneya
TSF related to fire.N
24. The pratyaya uii is added wit.il the prakrti in the sense of:
a. profession.
(211 13)
e.g.
nata +
dance.N
ua
TSF
>
niifuii
dancer.N
Chapter-II
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
+
stipa
uti >
snake.N
stiputi
TSF snake charmer.N
b. habitual practice.
(2/114)
e.g.
mada
+ uti >
maduti
TSF
drunkard.N
wine.N
+
micha
uti
lie.N
>
michuti
TSF
Iiar.N
c. relation.
(2/115)
e.g.
+
sakiila
morning.N
uii
>
sakiiluti
TSF morning time.ADJ
d. having I possession.
(21116)
e.g.
megha
cloud.N
ptifha
study.N.
+
uti
>
TSF
+ uti >
TSF
meghuti
cloudy.ADJ
ptifhuti
studious.ADJ
e:. habitant.
(2/117)
e.g.
gtita
hole.N
+ uti >
gtituti
TSF who lives in the hole.N
ciila
+ uii >
roof.N
TSF
ctiluii
who lives in the roof.N
[~
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
f. caste.
(2/118)
e.g.
+
ba~za
>
uii
TSF
jungle.N
bm.zuii
who lives in jungle.N
25. urii pratyaya- is used in the sense of:
i. having/ possession.
e.g.
(2/119)
+ urii > diinturii.
diinta
teeth.N
11.
(2/120)
TSF
having teeth.ADJ
habitual practice.
e.g.
+
kiinda
urii >
weep.N
TSF
kiindurii
who weeps.ADJ
26. uriii pratyaya- is used in the context of profession.
(2/1 21)
e.g.
+
kiitha
uriii >
wood.N
+
nii
boat.N
TSF
kiithuriii
wood cutter.N
> niiuriii
uria
TSF
boatman.N
27. uli pratyaya- is added in the sense of:
(2/122)
a. relation/ community
ga +
village.N
>
uli
gauli
TSF village settleo person.N
(2/123)
b. minimal object.
khata
+ uli >
bed.N
TSF
khatuli
small sitting chair.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
28. ka pra~Fa.Ya- is added in the following senses:
a. knowledge I studying.
e . g.
(2/124)
+ ka >
si~a
teaching.N
TSF
si~aka
teacher.N
b. relation.
(2/125)
e.g.
pitr + ka > paitrka
father.N TSF related to father.N
29.
kalpa pratyaya- is added with the base in the context of comparative I
equality.
(2/126)
e.g.
guru + kalpa > gurukalpa
teacher.N
TSF
equal to teacher.N
bhratr + kalpa > bhratrkalpa
brother.N
TSF
equal to brother.N
30. ka pratyaya- is used in the sense of origin/ relation.
(2/127)
e.g.
+
kali
yesterday.ADV
aJi
+
today.ADV
kii
>
kiilikii
TSF yesterday related
kii
>
aJikii.
TSF today related
31. kula pratyaya- is added in thcJsense of attributive I nature.
(21128)
e.g.
dara
fear.ADJ
+ kula > rj.arakulii
TSF
fearful person.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
32. khora pratyaya- is added in habitual practice context.
(2/129)
e.g.
+
ni.Sii
addiction.N
khora
>
TSF
somebody addicted.N
gaiijii
+ khora >
opium.N
TSF
ni.Siikhora
gafijiikhora
somebody addicted.N
33. khiinii pratyaya- is added in the context of working place.
(2/130)
e.g.
diiktara
+ khiinii >
diiktarakhiinii
doctor.N
TSF
hospitai.N
jail
+ khiina > jailkhiina
jaii.N
TSF
jail premises.N
34. giri and gara pratyayas- are used in profession sense.
(2/131)
e.g.
mii~tara
+ giri >
mii~_taragiri
master.N
TSF
teachership.N
kiiri
+ gara >
kiirigara
work.N
TSF
carpenter.N
35. cana and cit pratyayas- are used in the context of uncertainty.
(2/132)
e.g.
kadii +
cana >
kadiicana
rare.N
TSF
rarely.ADJ
kadii + . cit >
rare.N
TSF
kadacit
rarely.ADJ
Chapter-II
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
36. fii pra~yaya- is used in disrespect context.
(2/133)
e.g.
+
buflhii
!ii >
old.ADJ
bu¢hii!ii
TSF
oldman.N
+ !ii > murkhatii
murkha
fooi.ADJ
TSF
foolishman.N
37. fha pratyaya- is used in the context of expertise.
(2/134)
e.g.
karma +
work.N
_tha >
TSF
karmatha
eager to work.N
3 8. _ti pratyaya- is added in the sense of respect.
(2/135)
e.g.
gal
+ .ti >
ga~ti
cow.N
TSF
cow.N
ghara
+ .ti > ghara.ti
house.N
TSF
house.N
39. fiii pra~yaya- is used in the following contexts:
i. plenty.
(21136)
e.g.
dhaa + ria > dhuafia
smoke.N
TSF like smoke.ADJ
ii. similarity.
(2/137)
e.g.
luhii
iron.N
+ !iii > luhii.fiii
TSF
like iron.ADJ
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
iii. relation.
(2/138)
e.g.
kharii + !iii > kharii.tiii
sun shine.N
TSF sun shiny .ADJ
40. rjii pratyaya- is added in the sense of relation.
(2/139)
e.g.
cama + dii
skin.N
>
camarjii
TSF
skin.N
41. ara pratyaya- is added in the context of comparison between the two.
(211 40)
e.g.
priya + tara > priyatara
lovely.N
k~udra
smali.N
TSF
more lovely.N
+ tara>
ksudratara
TSF
more smali.N
42. tama pratyaya- is added in the sense of superlative form.
(211 41)
e.g.
priya + tama > priyatama
lovely.N
TSF
most lovely.N
ksudra + tama >
smaii.N
TSF
~udratama
most smaii.N
43. tana pratyaya- is used in sense of comparative.
(2/142)
e.g.
pilrva + lana > pilrvatana
earlier.N
ciran
eternai.N
TSF
most earlier.N
+ lana > cirantana
TSF
most eternai.N
44. tab pratyaya- is used in the following instances:
(21143)
e.g.
anta + tab >
antatah
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases}
Chapter- II
TSF
last.N
at least.N
pradhiina + tah > pradhiinata(t
basic.N
TSF
basically .N
45. tva pratyaya- is added in the sense of abstractness.
(21144)
e.g.
mahan + tva > mahatva
great.N
TSF
greatness.N
prabhu + tva > prabhutva
God.N
TSF
Godness.N
46. tii pratyaya- is used in the sense of:
1.
collectivity.
(2/145)
e.g.
)ana + tii > janatii
person.N TSF
11.
person.N
forming abstract: nouns.
(2/146)
e.g.
upakiiri + tii >
upakiiritii
help.ADJ
helpful.N
TSF
udiira + tii > udiiratii
kind.ADJ TSF
kindness.N
47. t!ya pratyaya- is added in the sense of fulfillment.
(2/147)
e.g.
dvi + t!ya > dvitfya
two.N
TSF
second.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
48. tha pratyaya- is used in the case of nature I kind.
(2/148)
e.g.
anya + tha > anyathli
other.N
TSF
otherwise.N
sarba + tha > sarbatha
ali.N
TSF
everywhere.N
49. dli pratyaya- is used in the sense of temporality.
(2/149)
e.g.
eka + da
one.N
> ekada
TSF
once.N
sarba + da > sarbada
ali.N
TSF
always.N
50. dara pratyaya- is used in the sense of having I ownership.
(21150)
e.g.
dokiina
+ diira > dokiinadara
shop.N
bhaga
share.N
TSF
shop owner.N
+ dara > bhagadara
TSF
shareholder.N
51. pafJa and pafJili pratyayas- are added in case of nature I
condition.
(2jl51)
e.g.
bada
+ paf}a >
great.ADJ
TSF
sundara
beauty .ADJ
barjapa~w
greatness.N
+ pafJili > sundarapaf}ili
TSF
beautyness.N
Noun- Prak'[ti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
52. picha pratyaya- is added in the context of distribution among a
group.
(2/152)
e.g.
ghara
+ picha >
gharapicha
house.N
TSF
each household.N
+
}a~J-a
picha > }a!J-apichii
one- person.N
TSF
each person.N
53. ba pratyaya- is used in belonging sense.
(2/153)
54. bala pratyaya-
e.g.
IS
ga1;1.¢i
+ ba >
gii~z¢iba
bow.N
TSF
Arjun's bow.N
added in the context of showing strength in
something.
(21154)
e.g.
bidya + bala > bidyabala
TSF intellect power.N
intellect.N
+ bala >
agriculture.N
TSF
krsibala
agriculture power.N
55. bin pratyaya- .is used in the sense of belonging I possession.
(21155)
e.g.
maya + bin > mayabf
mystery.N
TSF mysterious.N
tejas + bin > tejasvf
bright.N
TSF
brightness.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
56. bat pratyaya- is added in case of belonging I possession. bat
for masculine gender becomes ban and for feminine it
becomes bati.
(211 56)
e.g.
dhana + bat >
wealth.N
dhana
TSF
dhanaban
being rich.M.N
+ bat > dhanabatf
wealth.N
TSF
being rich.F .N
57. balii pratyaya- is added in the sense of having I possession.
(21157)
e.g.
gar;fi
+ bala >
vehicle.N
TSF
+
paisa
biila
money.N
58.
banta pratyaya-
IS
gar;fibala
having vehicle.N
>
TSF
ppisiibala
having money.N
used in the context of belonging I
possession.
(21158)
e.g.
+
gu~Ja
banta
quality .ADJ
>
gu~Jabanta
TSF having good quality .N
59. baja pratyaya- is used in case of habit I abstractness.
(21159)
e.g.
dhapa +
Iiar.N
baja >
TSF
dhapabaja
regular Iiar.N
60. ma pratyaya- is used in origin sense.
(21160)
e.g.
iidi + ma >
old.N
iidima
TSF old origin.N
Chapter-II
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
61. mat pratyaya- is added in the context of belonging I possessiion.
mat !becomes man in masculine gende;r and for feminine it
becomes mali.
(2/161)
e.g.
+ mat >
nfti
rule.N
nftiman
TSF having rule bound.M.ADJ
nfti +
matf >
rule.N
nftimatf
TSF having rule bound.F.ADJ
62. maya pratyaya- is used in case of modification and prevalence.
(21162)
e.g.
svarna + maya >
gold.N
TSF
svarlJ.amaya
gold covered.ADJ
jala + maya .> jalamaya
water.N
TSF
water covered.ADJi
-63. manta pratyaya- is used in the context of belonging I
possession.
(21163)
e.g.
+
gu~w
manta
quality.ADJ
TSF
>
gu!J.amanta
having good quality . N
64. ja pratyaya- is added in the following contexts:
I.
(21164)
profession.
e.g.
banika
+ ja >
business man.N TSF
bii~1ijya
business.N
ii. devotee.
(21165)
e.g.
gm;apati + ja >
Ganesa.N
gli!Japatya
TSF devotee of Ganesh.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
iii. relation.
(2/166)
e.g.
+ }a >
ka~J-fha
velar.N
go
ka~J-.thya
TSF related to velar.N
+ ja > gabya
cow.N
TSF related to cow.N
iv. origin.
(2/167)
e.g.
bana + }a
jungle.N
TSF jungle originated.N
griima + }a
village.N
banya
>
>
griimya
TSF village related.N
v. cultured sense.
(2/168)
e.g.
sabhii
+ ja > sabhya
meeting.N
VI.
TSF
cultured.N
quality and condition.
(2/169)
e.g.
sundara + ja
beauty.N
biila
>
TSF
saundarya
beautiful.N
+ }a > biilya
child.N
TSF
childhood.N
65. ra pratyaya- is added in the sense of belonging I possession.
(2/170)
e.g.
madhu + ra >
madhura
sweet.N
sweety .ADJ
TSF
·
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter·-II
dhii.ma + ra > dhilmra
smoke.N
TSF
smoke.N
66 . la pratyaya- is used in the case of belonging l possession.
(21171)
e.g.
sfta + Ia >
cold.N
TSF
sftala
cold.ADJ
mansa + Ia >
flesh.N
TSF
mansala
.fleshy .ADJ
67. sa/in pratyaya- is used in belonging I possession context.
(21172)
e.g.
bala + siilin >
strength.N
balasalf
TSF having strength.ADJ
dhana + .Salin > dhanasall
wealth.N
TSF
having wealth.ADJ
6:3. sat pratyaya- is added in the sense of:
vii. result I consequence.
(21173)
e.g.
dhuli + sat >
dust.N
TSF
dhulisat
destroyed Jiike dust.N
bhasma + sat >
ash.N
TSF
bhasmasat
destroyed like ashes.N
viii. selfcontrol.
(21174)
e.g.
atman + sat >
self.N
TSF
atmasat
captured by self.N
69. sthanfya pratyaya- is used in the context of comparis<m.
(21175)
e.g .
matr + sthanfya
mother.N
TSF
>
matrsthanfya
like mother.N
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
70. he pratyaya- is added in oneness sense.
(2/176)
e.g.
+ he > duhe
dui
two.N
TSF
two in one.N
2.2.3. Samiisa 'Compounding'
Samasa in Oriya can be classified into six sections:
(a) dvandva 'copulative'
(b)
tatpuru~a
'determinative'
(c) bahuvrfhi 'attributive'
(d) avyayfbhava 'adverbial'
(e) dvigu 'numeral appositional compound'
(f) karmadharaya 'appositional compound'
The basic features followed in compound formation are:
(i)
Final vowels or consonants of the preceding members of
compounds combine with the initial letters of the succeeding
members on the basis of sandhi rules.
(ii) . The final word takes the case form as used in its grammatical
position; the remaining words generally retain its base form.
(iii) The sequence ofthe components, sometimes get altered as,
(2/1 77)
rti.trira
night
madhya >
mid
madhyarti.tri
midnight
(iv) Sometimes, agama, augmentation ofpratyayas takes place.
(2/1 78)
e.g
rti.jti.nka
king.GEN
putra >
son
rajaputra
king's son
(v) In compound formation, apart from the basic nominals, a compound
may be compounded with another compound to form a new one.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-ll
2.2.3.1. Dvandva Samiisa 'Copulative Compound'
The dvandva compound consists of two or more nouns in which
each component's meaning remain unaffected in the composite meaning.
(2/1 79)
e.g.
phula
o
phala
flower
and
fruit
>
phulaphala ·
fruitflower
The copulatives o, ebam are also used in the bhyiisa viikya of the
dvandva compound. ·
e.g.
(2/1 80)
riima
o
hari
Ram
and Hari
riimahari
>
Ram and Hari
Broadly, dvandva compounds are of two types: (i) itaretara dvandv.a and (ii)
samiihiira dvandva.
(i) Itaretara dvandva: The components viewed separately, retaining its base
meaning is termed as itaretara dvandva.
(2/18 I)
e.g.
khfradahi 'milk and curd'
mahughia 'honey and ghee'
Samiihiira dvandva: It is also an aggregate of nouns but provides a
(ii)
complex meaning.
(21182)
e.g.
giitji
o
vehicle and
ghotj.ii
>
giitj.ighotj.ii
horse chariot horse, means of transport
piina ebam guii ebam cuna > piinaguiicuna ' betel addicted
components'
TL'lere are some im;tances of irregular dvandvas cited below:
(2/183)
jiiyii
o
pati
wife and husband
>
dampati
husband and wife
i[Iill
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
para
para > paraspara
o
each and
each other
each
2.2.3.2. Tatpurw1a samiisa 'Determinative Compound'
When a compound consists of two members and the preceding one
determines the sense of the other, it is called
tatpuru~a
samasa. Accounting the lopa,
deletion of the vibhakti and case inflection in the first component,
tatpuru~a
is divided
into six types:
tatpuru~a-
dvitfya
(i)
The
tatpuru~a
in which the accusative case is deleted in
the preceding component, is termed as dvitfya
tatpuru~a.
The major
following bases in such compounding are: prapta, gata, kafibii, dhara,
asrita etc.
(2/184)
e.g.
grhaku
agata
grhagata
>
home.ACC coming
dhanaku
kafiba
paddy.ACC
cutting
home coming
dhanakii.Jiba
>
paddy cutting
trtfya tatpuru-!a- When the instrumental case is deleted m the first
(ii)
component, that is called trtfya
(2/185)
e.g.
rogare
disease.INST
jfianare
intelligence.INST
(iii)
tatpuru~a.
akranta >
affected
hfna
poor
rogakranta
disease affected
>
jfianahfna
poor intelligent
caturthf tatpuru~a- The deletion of the dative case in the preceding
component is t~rmed as caturthf tatpuru~a.
(2/186)
e.g.
piiba
nimante
drinking.DA T
for
pii.IJ.l > piibapii.IJ.i
water
drinking water
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
gtidhuti
nimante
bathing.DA T
paricamif
(iv)
tatpuru~a-
ghara >
for
Paficamf
room
tatpuru~a
ablative case in the first component of the
(2/187)
bath room
is the deletion of the
tatpuru~a
compounding.
e.g.
mukta >
ragaru
raga mukta
disease.ABL
free
disease free
janmaru
andha >
janmtindha
birtlh.ABL
~a~fhf tatpuru~a-
(v)
gadhutighara
The
blind
tatpuru~a
blind by birth
in which genitive case is deleted
in the first component is termed as ~a~.thf tatpuru~a.
(2/188)
e.g.
grtimara
!aka
village peo~le
village.GEN people
mtimura
ghara
uncle.GEN
house
miimughara
>
uncle's house
saptamf tatpuru~a- In such
(vi)
grtimalaka
>
tatpuru~a,
the locative case of
the preceding component is deleted.
(2/189)
e.g.
jaim-e
magna
water.LOC merged
banare
basa
jungle.LOC ~iving
>
>
jalamagna
merged in water
banabtisa
living in village
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
2.2.3.2.1. Naii 'Negative
Tatpuru~a'
The negative particle na changed to a before a consonant and an before a
vowel, may be compounded with a noun to form a negative tatpurusa. Contrast to
tatpuru~a,
other
the succeeding noun determines the sense of the whole with
negativity in the negative
(2/190)
tatpuru~a.
e.g.
na
ucita >
NG
fair
na
ja~1a
anucita
unfair
>
NG ·known
aja~a
unknown
The Sanskrit an particle sometimes changes to
a~a
in some Oriya desaja
words.
(2/191)
e.g.
na
haladia > . a~ahaladiii
NG
yellow
non yellow
The na in some instances remain unchanged.
(2/192)
e.g.
2.2.3.2.2. Upapada
na
ati dura
NG
very
>
far
natidiira
not very far
Tatpuru~a
When the succeeding component of a tatpuru~a compound is a noun derived
from the verb taking krt affixes by virtue of the presence of the preceding one, is
called upapada tatpuru~a.
(2/193)
e.g.
kumbhaku
pot
kare
je
>
do.KSF who
kumbhakara
potter
(v)
mithya
kahe
je
lie
speak.KSF
who
>
mithyabadf
liar ,
Noun- Pralq-ti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
2.2.3.3. Bahuvnhi Samiisa 'Attributive Compound'
A bahuvrfhi compound consists of two or more nouns in which the composite
meaning becomes something else than the aggregate meaning. None of the
components have semantic determination in producing the whole sense.
(2/194)
e.g.
dasa
jiihiira >
iinana
ten
hands
whose
dasiinana
Ravana
~
'(
tri
locana
three
eyes
jiihiira >
whose
Siva
Bahuvrfhi compounds are divided into- (i)
(ii)
Vyadhikara~w
trilocana
Samiiniidhikara~w
bahuvrfhi and
bahuvrfhi.
(i) Samiiniidhikara~Ja bahuvrfhi- It is such a bahuvrfhi in which both the
members are in apposition to each other, i.e. have the same case relation
before compounding.
(2/195)
e.g.
pfta
yellow
ambara jiihiira > pftiimbara
dress
whose
Krsna
(ii) Vyadhikara~w bahuvrfhi- The components, in such circumstance, are not
iin apposition to each other, i.e. have the different case relation before
compounding.
(2/196)
e.g.
cakra
wheel
pii~Jire
jiihiira
hand.LOC whose
>
cakrapii~1i
Bi.snu
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-U
Besides the above classification, some instances of bahuvrfhi compounds are cited
below:
(i) The particle saha may be compounded with another noun in the bahuvrfhi
compound, called sahiirthaka bahuvrfhi. In this case, saha becomes sa.
(2/197)
e.g.
paribiira saha
with family
>
thibii
saha
strength with
(ii)
saparibiira
with posessing
family
bala
>
thibii
saba/a
possessing with strength
If na followed by consonants and vowels of the succeeding component, then it
becomes a and an respectively in the bahuvrhi samasa.
(2/198)
e.g.
niihf mulya jiihiira
tiihii >
NG
that
non- valuable
se >
ananta
value
whose
niihf
anta jiihiira
NG
limit whose
that
amulya
non- limit
(iii) Sometimes, the particles nira, ni, bi, a~, are used in the negative sense of
bahuvrhi.
(2/199)
e.g.
niih'i
bhul
jiihiira
NG wrong
whose
>
nirbhula
not wrong
(iv) samiina ts replaced by sa if the former is one of the components in the
bahuvrhi.
(2/200)
e.g.
samiina
ba17Ja
jiihiira
same
colour
whose
>
sabar~a
same colour
samiina
gotra
jiihiira
>
same
family God
whose
same family God
sagotra
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-ll
(v)
In case of quantity I value based, i,ia pratyayas are added in the
madhyapadalopf bahuvrfhi.
(2/201)
1e.g.
panea
five
fankii
millya }ahara>
rupees
cost
whose
paiica.tankia
cost five rupees
(vi) jliya ofthe foUowing word becomesjani in the bahuvrfhi.
(2/202)
(vii~
e.g.
jubatf
jaya
young
wife
}ahara > jubajani
whose
young wife
'fliibha is used in place of nabhi, the succeeding word in the bahuvrfhi.
(2/203)
e.g.
padma
lotus
(viii) alqi
becom1~s
nabhire }ahara > padmaniibha
navel
whose
Bisnu
alqa in the bahuvrfhi.
(2/204)
e.g.
birupa
aksi }ahara > birupiilqa
uncommon eye
whose
Siva
2.2.3.4. Avyayfbhiiva Samiisa 'Adverbial Compound'
An avya);fhhava compound consists of two components in which, most of
tr1e cases, an indeclinable (a preposition or an adverb) is followed by a noun. The
ti1eaning of suc:h compounds is basically determined by the indeclinable. The
iudeclinables us1ed in the avyayfbhiiva <;ompounds have the foHowing senses:
(i)
sadrsya 'similarity'
(2/205)
e.g.
bha~ara
sadrsa >
language
like
banara
sadrsa
jungle
like:
upabha~a.
like language, dialect
>
upabana
like jungle
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-11
(ii)
samfpya 'vicinity'
(2/206)
e.g.
kulara
samfpa
(iii)
upakula
near the shore
shore
near
padara
samfpa
word
>
>
upapada
near the word
near
abhiiba 'absence'
(2/207)
(iv)
e.g.
bhiksiira
abhiiba
begging
absence
>
durbhi~a
draught
dvandva ra
abhiiba >
confusion
absence
nirdvandva
non- confusion
jogyatii 'fit, suitable'
(2/208)
e.g.
jogya > anurilpa
rilpara
appearance
suitable like that
(v) byiipti 'durability, still that sth'
~
(2/209)
e.g.
paryanta_ >
marana
death
till
till death
samudra paryanta
sea
iimaraf!a
till
> iisamudra ·
till the sea
(vi) bipsii 'repetition'
(2/21 0)
e.g.
thara ku thara > pratithara
once
to once
ghara ku ghara
house to
house
every time
>
pratighara
every house
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
(viij iitisqjya 'excess'
(2/211)
e.g.
atisaya
ghaiica
excess
dense
nighaiica
>
y,ery dense
(viii) pasciita 'after'
(2/212)
e.g.
pa.fciita
sandhiina >
after
anusandhiina
search
pasciita
karana
after
doing
research
>
anukarana
copy of something
(ix) k.yudriirtha 'smallness'
(2/213)
e.g..
ksudra
graham >
small
planet
upagraha
smaiJI planet
(x) anatikrama 'not beyond limit'
(2/214)
e.g.
saktiku
atikrama na
energy
cross
kari
> jathiisakti
NG doing within limited energ)!
(xi) biparfta 'opposite'
(2/215)
e.g.
pak.yara
side
biparfta >
opposite
bipak.ya
opposite side
2.2.3.5. Dvigu Samiisa 'Numeml Appositional Compound'
a
When the first component of karmadhiiraya denotes the number, iti is
called dvigu.
(2/216)
e.g.
naba ratnara
nine
samiihiira >
metal's composition
nabaratna
nine metals
Giill
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
>
sata
samudrara
samiihiira
seven
sea's
composition
pafica
seven sea
sainahiira >
pii~ujabara
siitasamudra
paiicupti1J-¢aba
five Pandavas
pandava's composition
five
2.2.3.6. Karmadhiiraya Samiisa 'Appositional Compound'
Piil).ini defines a karmadhtiraya as samanadhikarm.zal:z
tatpuru~al:z
(P.1.2.42)
that means both the components are in the same case relations. Both the components,
noun and adjective quality each other in the compound.
(2/217)
e.g.
pur~w
ate
candra
full
is
moon
saphti
are
luga
clean
is
cloth
pur~wcandra
>
full moon
>
saphiilugii
clean cloth
A word, used for comparison, may be compounded in a karmadharaya with
another word denoting the ground
as upamana
of comparison
is termed
dhabala >
tusiiradhabala
purvapadakarmadhtiraya.
(2/218)
e.g.
tusiira pari
snow
like
white
ghana
pari
syiima > ghanafyiima
cloud
like
dark
The deletion of the middle term
white like snow
dark like cloud
is said to be madhyapadalopf
karmadhiiraya.
(2/219)
e.g.
balada
bullock
tanii
gtirjl >
pulled cart
baladagiirji
bullock cart
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
pola >
kiifha
tiari
kiifhapola
wood
made bridge wooden made bridge
On the basis of noun and adjective configuration, karmadharaya is divided
into three ways:
(i)
(2/220)
'adjective' + bise~ya 'noun'
biSe~alJa
e.g.
pradhana afanti mantrf > pradhanamantrf
prime
is
minister
Primeminister
'("
(ii)
(2/22 I)
cira
a{e
torn
is
kana >
cfR.kana
cloth
torn cloth
'adjective' + bise~a~za 'adjective'
bise~a!Ja
e.g.
je
narama
se
which
cold
that
je
ucca
se
high
that
which
(iii)
(2/222)
bife~ya
garama >
hot
cold and hot
nfca >
uccanfca
low
high and low
'noun'+ bife~ya 'noun'
e.g.
ramaya~za
afe grantha >
Ramayan
(iv)
(2/223)
naramagarama
is
text
ganga
afe
nadf >
ganga
is
river
bise~ya
Ramiiya~zagrantha
The Ramayana text
gmiganadf
The Ganga river
-
'noun' + bise~ya 'noun'
e.g.
nara
a.te
person
is
srestha >
great
q
narafre~_tha
great person
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
Besides above formulations, some specific changes also occur in the
karmadharaya as,
(i) If ku is followed by initial letter as vowel of the second word, it
becomes kat.
(2/224)
e.g.
ku
iikiira
>
shape
-----
kadiikiira
awkward shape
(ii)ii miitr of sakhii becomes a in the karmadharaya.
(2/225)
e.g.
priya
sakhii
dear
friend
>
priyasakha
dear friend
2.2.4. Dvirvacana 'Reduplicated Nouns'
Like krdanta, taddhita and samiisa, dvirvacana is also a word formation
process. It is the repetition of a segment, a syllable, or some part or whole of a lexical
or phrasal unit leading to a semantic or grammatical modification.
3
In such
formation, the derived word is constituted of two elememts: the base form and the
reduplicant. The base form.might be a lexical item or not, but the derived form is a
lexical item. Generally, the base form of the onomatopoeic constructions is syllables.
The reduplicant has some resemblance, i.e. phonological and morphological with the
base form which categorizes the total process into total or partial.
2.2.4.1.
Total Reduplication
(2/226) For instance,
basi basi 'siting siting'
lekhi lekhi 'writing writing'
ghara ghara 'house to house'
3
PKS. Pandey, Reduplication in South Asian Languages- A Typological Study, unpublished.
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter-II
2.2.4.2. Par·ltial Reduplication
(2/227)
For instance,
k:hili pili ' eat and drink'
bulii calli 'roaming etc'
rnada pfu?.i 'drink etc'
On the othe:r hand, reduplic_ation can be defined in terms of simple and complex.
In case of simplle reduplication, the reduplicant is a faithful copy of the base or its
piart.
(2/228) Like,
ciili ciili 'walking walking'
giii giii 'singing singing'
But, the reduplicant is a modified form of the base or its part in complex
n·:dluplication.
(2/229) Like,
bhata phata 'rice etc.'
riistti ghiifa 'road etc.'
au~adha phau~adha
'medicine etc.'
The changes that occur to form reduplicated words are in the domain of phonological,
le:xncal and phrasal.
Plhonological:
Onomatopm::ias are generally considered to be lexical items which are constituted
by the natural sounds.
{2/230) For instance,
bho bho 'barking etc.'
su su 'wind blowing'
cing cing 'making noise by the birds'
Lexical:
The reduplication which is associated with a lexeme, whether total or partial
cian be interpret,ed in terms of morphological point of view.
Chapter-II
(2/231)
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Like,
bahi phai 'book etc.'
naca tamasa 'dance etc'
basa u_tha 'siting standing'
But the phrasal reduplicated form is not used in Oriya language.
2.2.4.3. Functions ofReduplication
Two types of function: (i) grammatical function, and (ii) new word formation.
(i) Since reduplication is a very word productive process in South Asian languages,
it has different grammatical roles to play. As we have discussed in the previous
section, various types ofwords are formed. In such derivation, reduplicated words are
semantically motivated. Different forms of lexical items express different meanings in
the following manner:
Nouns:
a. Distributive:
(2/232)
For instance,
sahara sahara 'town town'> 'every town'
gaga 'village village' > 'every village'
ghara ghara 'house house' > 'every house'
b. Exclusive:
(2/233)
e.g.
bhai bhai 'brother PL brother PL' >'only brothers'
chua chua 'child PL child PL' >'only children'
rama ramajaa 'Ram, Ram go'> 'only Ram go'
Adjectives:
a. Intensifier:
(2/234)
Like,
suneli slineli 'blue blue' > 'very blue'
lalla/ 'red red' > 'very red'
sundara sundara 'beautiful beautiful'> 'very beautyful'
Noun- Prakrti (Nominal Bases)
Chapter·-II
b. Attentive:
(2/235)
e.g.
gala gala 'gone gone'> 'gone like'
hajila hajila 'lost lost'> 'lost- like'
malii mala 'died died' > 'died like'
Numerals:
a. Emphasis:
(2/236)
For instance,
car car loka' four four person(PL)' >'four (emph) persons'
dui dui chiitra 'two two student(PL)' > 'two (emph) students'
b. Di!;tributive:
(2/237)
e.g.
dui dui kari 'two two CONI PART'> 'in a group oftwo'
eka eka kari 'one one CONJ PART'> 'in a group of one'
It can be concluded from the above analysis that nominal bases are constituted
of two groups: basic and derived. Basic nominals are enumerated and listed. But
derived nominals are formulated through various grammatical processes. The base
nouns whkh are subject to derivation comprise both verb and noun. Though, these are
word formation processes, but the whole process is syntactically motivated. A pat' from
the word class, meaning also gets affected of the base form. Moreover, the methodology
adopted by Pat;tini accommodates various Oriya nouns and its derivational processes.
Such methodological model has been analysed and interpr;eted through a wide range of
data.