Toward Enhanced and Sustainable
Agricultural Productivity in the 2000's:
Breeding Research and Biotechnology
Proceedings of
The 7th lnternational Congress of
the Society for the Advancement of Breeding
Researches in Asェa and Oceanla
(SABRAO)
and
lnternatiollal SymposiuHl of WVorld
Sustainable Agriculture Association
(H/SAA)
Present Status ofttVood Vinegar Studies in Japan for Agricultural Usage
θ
五 ンbs/J力竹θど
pp.811∼ 820
Published by
Taichung District Agricultural lmprovement Station
ith
in association l庫
The Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchesin Asia and Oceani
1994
PRESENT STATUS OF WOOD VINEGAR STUDIES
IN JAPAN FOR AGRICULTURAL USAGE
T Y o s l ■i m o t o l
ABSTRACT
Crowih of Plal■
tS are usually acceleratcdヽ
Vhen wood vinegar was drenchcd in fiold
soll TI■ e grovFth will be suPPOSed to be induccd by decreasil■
mainly and
d scarcely by hormOne influence oII Plants Thcre
Partly by decrease of Pathogellic Fungus al■
vood vinegar but PraCtlCally they will bc usually
■ibitlng substances in 、
are growth ilせ
g oF nematode′
absorbed on soil surface and chcllucally cl■
anged
INTRODUCTION
l re FarIIung Wood Vinegar is
予Vttod vinegar is used as imPortant ll■ aterial oF nat■
A′
hich was produced by heatlng of wood under air less conditlon
obtaincd froni the gas′ 、
The gas is cooled by air and the obtained liquor(upper layer)is collected as wood vinegar
ths Production of wood vinegar in Japan is only 40 11■ illion liter per
aFter leaving For 6 1nol■
Half of tl■cm′ howvever′ is used FOr agriculturaI PurPoseS(SOil imPrOVing materials′
ariZing some
d growth accelerating substal■ ces) The presel■ t author is sullllfl■
pcsticide aI■
year
.
sttldies of wood vinegar for agricultural PurPOSes in JaPal■
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF WOOD VINEGAR
d on ‐
ical constituents oF wood vinegar depel■
Cl■eTI■
988)(Table■
tempcrattre Yatagai(■
)studied wood vinegar froll■
ood species and gas
4 coniferous and l broad
comPol■ ents
ged FrOII■ 6 to 41%_ The Fnail■
vever′
voods.
Ho、
7.9%)fOr
residual、
for larix and acetic acid(3.5∼
leaves woods and found that total organics ral■
、
vas methanol(54_49り
s oF colrm■ ercial、 vood vinegar froll■
YoshiII■ oto comPared gas chromatograPhiC Patterl■
oaks al■ d found that obtail■
ed siIII1lar pattern but had big difFerence on acetic acid contents
049%)′
(0■ 6∼65%)and On methanol contents(003∼
other rePortS Ol■
chen■ ical compositlon of、
FOul■d il■then■ by Abe(1959)′
P′
″″s sP
Total org_
81
Acetic acid
3 9
Wlethan01
reSPect■ Ve(Table 2) There are many
vood vinegar and IIlore than 200 compounds、
and Yasuhara(1987)
Kishilnoto(1987)′
vood vinegars(%)
Table■ . Organic components ofヽ
Tree species
8
C,45 SP
Q″でア
Iッ
ク/ど
I sP
16.2
413
07
8.0
0 , 9
3 9
224
l Nattre Farn■Il■
g foundatlon/〕 aPan
8■1
″s sP
S Errc″ rじ
C‐
77r777r″
βごy″r7/ど
ゃと
64
288
3 6
78
1 0
0.0
vere
「able 2 PIュ ysical data()f cOIIll■ ■
ercial wOOd vinegars
Kinds
ravit
Tar r%
Acetic acid
WIethanol
A
1058
2_.0
9 2
6 9
049
B
1007
31
0 _ 8
3 6
0.19
C
1007
27
0 8
46
0_27
H
D
■007
2.9
0 5
2.1
011
E
0,999
27
0_2
0,2
002
F
■ 005
32
08
33
026
G
1003
29
1 3
24
016
FIELD TEST oFヽ
VOOD VINEGAR FOR SOIL IMPROVING
Saigusa(1955)(Table 3)cultiVated POtatOes in nematOde―
rich Field aFter tteatl■
■
ent of
original wOOtl vinegar alld FOund that weight OF the leaves and roots increased at vinegar―
treatcd field′ cOmParing′
cOmparing with nOn treated Field The efFect was less than one Of
sylnthesized chenlicals D―
D
Table 3 EFFect Of wOOd vil■
TreatIInel■ t Non treatl■
Fields
egarin nematode一
■ent
Leave POtato
rich Fields(Yield′
20 Hu
Lcave
301■ ■
l
PotatO
Leave Potato
kg)
501■ ■
l
El―
D
Leave POtato Leave Potato
1
15
16
16
18
16
18
18
II
13
15
15
17
16
15
17
18
III
■6
12
17
15
■6
■7
17
17
■5
14
16
17
16
16
18
19
21
27
24
21
22
22
18
23
21
Tuzuki(1989)inveStigated eFFects OF sOil treatII■
ent by II■ixttlre of wOOd vil■ egar and
charcOal(1:4)as a basal dressing in grOwth and yield Of rice at Field and labOratOry
el■
vironn■ el■
tin 1987 and 1988 Hefound thel■
umber OF panicle and grain yield increased in
1987 but was nOt changed in 1988 1sil(1990)invesugated the efFects in growth and yield of
vegctables On three kinds Of wOOd vinegars fractiOned by gas temperattlre(Table 4). There
Fractions″ Io、γOr(ul■ der 9o oc)′ ntddle(90∼
150° c)′ al■
d higher(uPPer 150°
c)were used
Drenching in sOi1 0F l■ ■
■
ddie and higher fracuOns gave gOOd results at the llniddle and later
seasol■ Of growtl■ ′cOmparil■
The governmel■
g with standard(nOn_位
eament)
t agricultural research center recently
eflect thc Of wOOd vinegar as a growth acceleratlng substance
techniques in sustainable agriculture The eFFects On hvO crOPs′
carrot(Kanto and TOkadi disttict)fieldS are being exalIIIned.
812
(1992)began to il■
vestlgate
al■
d as a pestlcide fOr One Of
radish(TOhOku district)and
ent with wood vincgar
ll■
ato recordctl by soil trcatll■
丁ablc 4 Yiclds oft(〕
Harvest date
０
９
８ ３
０
９
２ ■
2
Nul■ ■ber
３ ４
Standard
032
Wcigl■ t(kg)
4
13
9
050
329
151
5
9
25
4
479
040
7
083
1265
Tl・eatn■ cnt
2
1
Nurl■ bcr
Weittht(k定
)
■ 5
030
031
INFLUENCE OFヽ
■
3
95
106
039
■
■
67
24
0
433
■ 70
11
188
Arith vvatcr
als in soi1/thOugh l■ umber ofl■ ematodes did l■
LDers of anill■
incrcased nul■ ■
egar lt was′
crease(Table
ot il■
D has ten tlmes Of kllling Power Of l■
vll that nematocide D―
much as one of wood vil■
1433
V00D VINEGAR ON ORGANISMSIN SOIL
Saigusa (1992)found that addition of wood Vinegar diluted 1/25 、
5) it waS alsO sho、
4
074
ematode as
thcreFore′ assumed thatthc increased growth of Plant
al al■d fungi′ antl the decreased
Plal■t′al■iII■
c al■be il■duced by the interaction benveol■
lnumber of Pathogells by ttvood vinegar
Table5 N■
d vvorll■s Found before and aFter soil
lmber of IIllcro anill■als al■
treattnent with ttvood vinegar l
ent2
AFter treatl「 I■
Before tteatll■ ent
736
1′
1′
700
622
0
Turbellarian(uzumusl)
69
0
RotiFer(、vamusi)
17
0
lsi)
Ciliatc(zohrill■ ■
■4
0
Iaterbear rkumamu
■0
0
Disclosure
Ncmatode(senttu)3
?(・ tZukemusi)
1 l kg ofsoil was tleated with 300 Hll of1/25 wood vinegar
2 50 of soil was investlgated on l■
al aFter air drying For 16 hours
u mber of anil■■
ユJaPanesc I■an■e forthe worms
EFFECT OF WOOD VINEGAR AS A PESTICIDE
Ful■gi
Terasita(■ 957)found that wood vinegar diluted 1/5∼
fungicide for 6 of pathogenic Fungus in soil(Table 6).
813
1/25 with wateF effeCted as
Table 6 Effects OF wOOd vinegar Ol■
the ll■
ycelia deve10Pment Of F″
sα/2″772 SP Rど Zθで及"77筋 sP
and Rο 5ご″″
″ra sP.in、 vet sOil_
PositiOn oF inoculum
COncentratiOn of
under sOil surFace
Deve10pment Of mycelia
wood vinegar Fθ
ェンS ″οれ″
″7
■
＋
1
″? 何 を
/歳
十
＝¨
¨
1/5
■/25
025
■
¨
一
“ 一
■
尺
十 ＋ ＋
■
1/5
1/25
0 5
R sθ ″
α7 7 r
十
1
十 ■ ＋
1(lI・Ch)
1/5
NOhara(1960)cOmPared eFFect Of three PestICides wOOd vinegar′
and usbulun(dil.800 1iq 8 1.lII■
holside(751/1n2)
2)On damping―
Off Of seedlings oflarches and fOund that wOOd
vinegar had the best eFFect.
MiyamotO (1962)FOund inactlvatlon oF Pc″
damping―
off On warn■
′
ご7rrr7/炉″
″772277±
Osで a f■lngus causing
beat/by treatn■ ent Of Original wOOd vinegar
TorikOsi(1990)FOund as elFects in hvO Hy″
ご″αOf wOOd vinegar as a Pest■
Cide that
vas killed aFter One week. Further′
the
vas reduced by halF at diPPing in 1/1o吊
Vood vil■ egar
SPOreS Were not kiIIed by dipPing For Four hOurs but吊
growing oFfungus、
YoshilnOtO(Table 7)shOttVed that吊
vOOd vinegar oF Oaks diluted■
water exhibited silnilar fungicidal eFfects tO One l%aqueOus sOlut■
Table 7 1nhibit■
ng effects OF Original、
vOOd vinegar to II■
1/100 with
ycelium (EfFect Of
100 PPII■ OF cyclohexil■ ■
id is shOwn as 100)
Kinds of wOOd vinegar
/50∼
On OF cyc10hexintde
cenus OfFungus
F″ s2rrrι777
Pで
″ど
ご″
Z,7/777
ム
″
セ/777″
77r7
Cθ
″延 と
θ古
/ど
c′
2″″″
A
291
B
124
39
75
169
C
206
37
■3 0
201
D
248
46
140
178
E
30
0
35
28
F
167
45
162
175
G
■1 1
393
96
171
102
173
324
Bacteria
Tarasita(■
960)fOund that the number Of bacteria were
seedlings Of cOnifer by sPraying woOd vinegar.
8■4
reduced in the field
OF
Virus
seVCral ttays before Planting
btRrlcy seeds(Table 8) Acetic acid(a main constlttlent of,vood vll■
cgar)did n()t show
′
ｎ 寸 Ｏ
borI■n■osaics
ArOOd vilnegar for soll―
Miyamoto(1961)shoWed sterilized efFect of、
al or diluted oncs(61/1112)il■
ched、 Arith its origil■
sOil drel■
egar ol■the diseases
ron■arkable eFFect as、Aroott vil■
Table S Effcct of、
vood vinegar al■ d acetlc acid in soil―born cereal n■ osaics at virus
otlse
festcd soll il■glass I■
il■
Dllution、
Vヽア
ood vil■ ettar drel■ ched
Arith water
0/164
2 times
6/176
4 times
10/180
8 tin■es
16 times
Standard
Acetlc acld drel■
そ̀サ7ェ
C/θ
No oF plal■
十 十
Origil■ al
t☆
ched
t★ Growvth
十キ一一中
No of plal■
25/172
29/191
30/167
■0/192
+十 ■
26/182
22/177
十■
33/155
63/168
十■
☆Infested Plants/1 otal Plallts
Growth inhibiting compounds in vinegar
Miyamoyo(1965)sho、
Ved that formaldehyde、
tainil■
g10 comPOunds showed klllil■
vincgar′ because artiFicial 、 vood vinegar col■
e ol■es col■tainil■
ol■ly at tl■
g over 2 5%forll■
ce in,vood
vas the most toXiC substal■
aldehyed but in thc ones containiI■
g cffect
g under O_5%
The samc inclination was found at effectto tobacco lnosalc vlrus
Crowth promoting compound forfungiin wood vinegar
esPeCially
Teeratal■i (1989) and YosiIIlura (1991)fOund that wood vinegar′
995∼ 104.5 distilled compounds′
PrOmoted gro、
vth of Basidomycetes fungus and growtl■
r tpr7れ
ィ
s increased l.7∼ 9 2 tlmes by addition of、
PIで,rrο
F!rs osよ
vood vil■ egar(Table 9)
掬致71,ど
0 )Of the
/θr″s Osを
Table 9 Mycelia growth acceleratlon effect on a Fungus(P!?″
distilled wood vinegar il■ a synthetlc ll■edia
Fraction
Concel■ trat■on(%)
Fr.1
Fr_2
Fr 3
Mycelia gro、
Ci Fr 2,990-995°
Rato
00■
3.2±024
246
0■
7.2±024
554
0 2
7.8±018
600
001
41± 019
315
0■
74± 021
569
0.2
8■ ±0.26
623
0.01
6.■±0.30
469
0 . 1
■■ 5±0.27
885
0.2
119± 0.27
9■5
13± 0.05
100
Control
Fr l:under 99°
vth
C
C, Fr 3:995-104。
8■5
of
YOshirl■ ura(1993)showed that the acceleratlng substance were l∼
acid′ 2-InethoxyPhen。
1/ terahydro_2-furylll■
thOse substances promoted growth of ful■
Of lactlc
MiXttre of
g■ls Of 1 7 tlmes more than woOd vinegar did′
though additiOn Of wOOd vinegar prOmoted then■
INFLUENCE OFヽ
1′000 PPn■
ethanOl al■ d 3/5-dill■ ethylPhenOI
4 3 till■
es ll■
oro than non addition
VOOD VINEGAR ADDITION ON GROW「
H oF CROPS
Effect Of wOOd vinegarin grOwing of crOPs
ltikawa(1982)fOund fOr additiOn of wOOd vinegar to increase the length Of leaF
sheath and shOOt Of rice(Table 10)
Tuzuki(1989)fOund that wOOd vinegar induced tO from newly branched root and
eloI■gated rOOts and assumed the actiOn to be hormonal′
lshii(■
990)itterred that the existel■
because Of its lOw cOncentratlon
ce oF growth il■
IIuddle Fractlon oF wOOd vinegar, could give good chal■
l■ibiung Substances/ such as
ge tO the growth of Old rOOts′
formatiOn of new branched rOOts and increment oF amOunt Of roび
t at tomato water culture
(Table 12)
Table 10. Effect OF wOOd vinegar on growth and rOOt actlvlty Of rice seeding
Wood vinegar
(g)per sOil
(40kg)
Length of
Fresh、
■
)
shOOt(cェ
vt Of
tOP(mg)
Length of rOOt
・
)
(c■
No ofne、
Fresh PIant
ャ
root
(mg)
0
■
38± 02
■653± 34
4.46± 0■ 6
4_8±0.2
1342±
4
166±
02
1528± 37
46■ ±0.12
5.3±02
155,7± 24
8
17.6±
02
1630± 3.7
4.25± 012
5,4±0.2
1441±
20
185±
05
163.0± 34
425± 0.11
55± 02
158.4± 2.9
40
19.3±
0.2
1513± 3.9
4.81± 012
6.2±0.2
1622±
Table l■
EfFect oF wOOd vil■
Treatl■ ■el■t
Wood vil■
e
賛
部ネ
登
盤ダ
為 __:語 精苫
269± 49
35.5± 3_1
ヽ4ed=単 Tediun■,3ma=3mall,01∼
22
No_of root
Lengtl■ of
root
l■
d Under ttrOund
51± 9
6■±8
9±4
12± 2
52± 24
111± 32
56± 3.9
52± 37
05=Concentltatlon of WOOd vinegar
lnfluence Of w00d vinegar On germi■
lshii(199o)examined gerll■
were obtained seParately on the temperat■
Middle Fraction(90∼
21
egar On growth and rOOt branching Of rice seeding
Upper
No of tlteat
2_8
lation Of Plant
lnation oF vegetables by each OF、
vOOd vinegar which
lre′at which gases were FractOnated(Table■
150°c)diluted into 1/1′ o00∼■00′000 with water was found tO PrOmote
inatiol■
_
ger■■
816
3)
vth Oftomato root On water culture
Table 12 EFfect oftested ttvood Vinegar on the gro、
Crowth Of 01d DeveloPment Of Amount ofroot
v root
root
ne、
Trcatl■ ■ent
☆
()_19る
Medium
VVhite
Big
VVhite
VVhite
Big
Big
02%
Big
Big∼ Med
Big
03%
Mediull■
Medium
Big
Med∼
0_5%
文
Percentage oF wood Vil■
予Vhite
Light yellOWV
Medium
Medium
MIedium
0_4%
VVhite
臣Ied_∼ 3ma
NIed.∼ Big
Medium
Acetic aCid
r υΨ｀
oot
・
WIedium
Medium
Standard
CO10r of old
t vellow
Med.∼ 3ma
3ma
egar
Table 13 Effect of woOd vinegar on gerlIIInaton of vegetable seedS
Days after gerIIIl■
ation
8
3
Concel■ tratlon oFヽ VOOd vinegar 0 1
Standard
47″でたr″ビ″5[s
t‐
Br7/″ss″
(Cl・inese cabbage)
005
005 01
005 0.■
005 0.1
14
10
Standard
Yatagai(■
vlnegar
'Ssど7 7Zr7
Q″ 2rC"S r7ご″と
Dlluton
Tillles
1′000
■0′000
■00/000
Effect of chen■
63.3
96.2
80.0± 0.3
87.5±
0■
83.5
■00.0
93.3± 0.4
94.2±
0■
924
960± 03
835
14
1188
966
1133±
■0′000
1344
96.7
■493± ■.■
■000
■44.4± ■.2
0,■
107.7±
0_1
75,3±
99,4±
80.2±
0■
0.■
■
lation
icalcompounds in wood Vinegar on germination and growth reg■
WOod vinegar is invest■
Yatagai(■
vvth
da
■43.8
ヽ
VOOd
on of radish
■′
000
■00/000
■7
20
broad leaF ttees(Table 14)
vood vinegar on gerIIIInat■
Source of wOod
17
19
On of radish Seeds ttVas accelerated by
987)found that the gernunat■
vinegar froll■ 4 conifers but was notfron■
Table 14 Effect of、
17
■9
B7r7SSOご″7′
″a(Koll■ attlna)
gated On chellllcal COmPoundS having bioaCtiVe efFects
989a)FOund that 5 acid used and neuttal compounds tested inhibited gerIIunaton
and gro、 vth of radish and other PlantS at l∼
cOmpounds among■
0■ %Concenttatlon(Table■
5 ones tested inhibited gerlll■
8■7
5) Seven・
natlon of radish and other plants at■
■euttal
-0.1%
c()incel■
trati()1■ Etl■yl valeratc sh()、 AFOd tl■
c grcatcst grow[1■
s()Itlti()1■
′・
「aいle 15 EfFect OF acids ol■
accelerati01■ cffect in a 0 1%
■
ination of Chinese cabbage
gcrl■
mtttlatltjn
Cl■ cl■■icaI
AcOtic tlcid
1
0
0
01
0
0
001
85
90
1
0
0
P r o p l ( 〕n i c a
731
01
0
0
001
879
950
173
1
90
983
587
01
941
1002
95_5
001
98
1015
982
1036
120.5
Mcthyctl■ yI
kctOntj
632
54_9
1005
994
Ethvi n_
1
1264
1553
valerate
()1
1193
1357
1′
4847
4076
00■
841
947
1268
1288
(〕
Yatagai(1989b)fO・
lnd tl■ at the gerl■ ■lllatIOn and
st■
■all()1‐ all■■()st l■il a,■d thc gro、
adtlitiOn Of、
γOOd vil■ egar ilc alsO fO■
gerl■■inatiOn and growtl■
Table 16 Effcct OFl■
C h e l ■n i c a l
(%)
NTethanol
l
alcOh01
After
__=基 型旦塾a ti()1玉
坐)
l
day
01
119
001
1047
day
0 01
95
inhibitiOli Oln
■
105
865
947
l
80
?'
101
98
■4
82_9
532
93_8
190
863
o
303
95
loo
31
921
0
。
)
Hypocけ
1■2
95
O
Growth rate(°
grOwth
98
90
l
Radictt
1oo
944
00■
ContrOI
4
0
0 1
Maltol
AFter
142 9
o.1
Cylotel■ e
01ic COl■■POul■ dS had al■
cutrals(〕 n gorl■lil■
atio子■()f(]1■
il■
ese(]abbagc seeds
1
FurFuryl―
11■
d that phel■
inhibit101■ effects Of alcOhOl were
as l■yPocotyl Was accelerated by
OF Chil■ ese cabbagc(TablC 16)
c01■ cel■
tration
COmPOund
Tatrahybro_
Artl■OF radicle as well
■
101
26.4
■553
120_5
0 1
1 ■9 3
135,7
14847
0 0 1
841
947
■26_8
100
100
100
818
42
723
407
1288
■00
grOWtl■
Effcct of wood vinegar sPraying on surface oF croPs
W()otl vinegar dilutet1 1/1000ヽ
Vith water arc PractiCally sPrayed on surface oF crOPs/
f()1‐
a ccelel・
ation(〕 f Plal■
t grOvvth Those effcct was exallllned by Hayashi(■
17) /ヽ lll・
O Stl■ol■―
damage for tca growth and accelerating efFect、
W()()tl Vilnegar diluted 1/200-300 with、
990)On tCa(Table
vere observcd at sprayil■
g of
A/a ter
Tablc 17 11■flucl■
cc of sprayil■
g of wood vil■egar on tea leaF sIIrFace
Dllution
Growth
Dailla
1()()
A
l i t t l c
Good
200
Nonc
300
Nonc
Cood
Nonc
Not chanttcd
1.000
(Sood
Yoshirl■ oto s unpublished data sl■
owed that the effcct of diluted wood vinegar il■
aractor of water′
grovFth of crops IInigl■ t be caused by change of PhysiCal cl■
a homol■
alぎ fect()f ll■inor colnstittents of wood vil■
予vid th′H%)Of lア (D―NM R was observetl on original and dilutett wOOd vil■
showed that the value(〕
Tablc 18
egar and the result
f diluted wood vinegar indicated different physical character from
city watcr Dllutctl wood vil■
hyPothcsis ol■
in addition to that
egar(Table 18) Then line width(half
egar(300 tin■
es)n・ ight be bio― act■ve foT croP on the base of ol■
activeヽ Arater.
1iho lil■
e vvidth(halfヽ
ヤitlth Hz)OfO NMR (36 63MHz)iS recently assumed that
wierl■
avil■g low valuc oFllI■
28:20.1992)
e wide is biologically active (K Mattsita Pharmacia
Line
Pure
City
Line Charged
予
vidtl■
water
water
,Arittth
water
Woott
VVell
v il■
eHtlr
water
Well
water
128_7
1/000
118.8
■
０
9■ 2
500
１
1
561
1277
１
819
0
100
■
1′
000
０
０
514
１
１
500
１
１
505
１
１
576
１
■
１
0
100
Line
width
1316
0
510
100
847
500
82.2
■′
000
80.5
1
9■ 2
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Fujii et al 1966 Shokuhil■
Eisegakkaishi_7:396-■ 98
1■
ayasi et a] 1990 Mokutan/MOkusakueki/Shinyoto Kaihattkenkyu Seikasyu. 343-362
(NCttV tOChI■
ology for usage of charcoal and wOOd vil■
〔
sl■
ii ct al 1990 Mokutan′
Mokusakueki/Shinyoto Kathat■
techl■ology for usage of charcoal al■
d wood vinegar)
819
egar)
lkendyu Seikasyu_ 343-362(New
e
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l t192
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■)1 156-159 T()kyo′
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XXVI. 90-97
7
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Rin Cakkai Kal■
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Yoshill■ oto et al(UnPubliShed)
Yoshillloto et al(1」
l■
PubliShed)
Yoshill■ oto et al_ 199■
Tral■ s MycoI Soc )aPan 32:55-64
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820