Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Jun 16th, 9:00 AM - 10:20 AM Multiscale Spatial Sensitivity Analysis for AgentBased Modelling of Coupled Landscape and Aquatic Systems Arika Ligmann-Zielinska Michigan State University, [email protected] Wei Liu Michigan State University, [email protected] Daniel B. Kramer Michigan State University, [email protected] Kendra Spence Cheruvelil Michigan State University, [email protected] Patricia A. Soranno Michigan State University, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Data Storage Systems Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, and the Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Arika Ligmann-Zielinska, Wei Liu, Daniel B. Kramer, Kendra Spence Cheruvelil, Patricia A. Soranno, Piotr Jankowski, and Seda Salap, "Multiscale Spatial Sensitivity Analysis for Agent-Based Modelling of Coupled Landscape and Aquatic Systems" ( June 16, 2014). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Paper 2. http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2014/Stream-C/2 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Presenter/Author Information Arika Ligmann-Zielinska, Wei Liu, Daniel B. Kramer, Kendra Spence Cheruvelil, Patricia A. 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