HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE
LABORATORY
2
INTRODUCTION
This is written with a view to give information and instruction with regards to the
work environmental side of laboratory operations.
In connection with work environmental law, a variety of rules and instructions have
been prepared that also have relevance for laboratories. These rules are located in Personnel
Room A – 230D.
The University has also prepared a Health & Safety folder. This folder can also be
found in the Personnel Room.
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1. Personnel and premises ……………………………….…………
1.1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Working outside regular working hours …….……………..
Responsibility and duties …………………………………………
2.1
Supervisors ………………………………………………….
2.2
Health & Safety Responsible Person (HMS-ansvarlig)………
2.3
Safety Representative (Verneombud aka VO) ……………….
2.4
The Students’ H&S Representatives (Studentenes tillitsvalgte)
Mapping of H&S situations ……………………………………….
Goal for H&S work ………………………………………………….
Action plan for the H&S Division ………………………………
Regulations and routines within H&S …………………….…..
6.1
Appraisal meeting……………………………………….….
6.2
Advice regarding office/computer workspace ……………..
6.3
The workplace and pregnancy ……………………………..
6.3.1
Chemical substances ………………………………..
6.3.2
Radiation ……………………………………………
6.3.3
Risk of infection ……………………………………..
6.3.4
After pregnancy: breastfeeding ……………………
6.3.5
What does the environment safety law say?………….
6.4
Fire ………………………………………………………...
6.5
Chemicals ………………………………………………….
6.5.1
Strong acids and bases ……………………………...
6.5.2
Combustible and explosive chemicals ………………
6.5.3
Chemical spills ………………………………………
6.5.4
Working with ethidiumbromide ……………………
6.6
Gas …………………………………………………………
6.6.1
General routines …………………………………….
6.6.2
Oxygen sensor in NMR-room A-241 ………………
6.7
Radioactivity / Radiation / UV light ………………………..
6.7.1
General ………………………………………………
6.7.2
Ionizing radiation ……………………………………
6.7.3
Why is ionizing radiation dangerous? ………………
6.7.4
Dosage limits and safety precautions…………………
6.7.5
To whom do these regulations apply …………………
6.7.6
Personal Dosagemeter ………………………………
6.7.7
Screening in order to reduce radiation dosage .………
6.7.8
Radioactive waste …………………………………….
6.7.9
UV light …………………………………………….
6.8
Cleaning ………………………………………………….…
6.9
Technical facilities ………………………………………….
6.10
Actions to take when accidents occur ………………………
6.11
First Aid ………………………………………………….…
6.12
Safety rules …………………………………………….…...
6.13
Room responsibility ………………………………………...
6.14
Special rooms and H&S ……………………………………
Appendix …………………………………………………..…….….
H&S contacts . . . …..………………………………………
Risk clauses / safety clauses and combination clauses ……
Danger symbols ……………………………………………
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1. PERSONNEL AND PREMISES
The rules for H&S operations include all personnel that work in laboratory locations,
regardless of hours and employment conditions. The rules concern all employees and students
of all categories, fellows, guest researchers, employees from cooperating institutions and from
external companies, when the work occurs on the named premises.
1.1 Working outside normal working hours.
The buildings must be empty of personnel before 23:00. The security alarms are set at this
time. In case it is necessary to work after 23:00, you must inform Driftsavdelingen.
Fire regulations require that UiS have a list of all people who are stationed in each of the
various buildings during the evening hours.
To obtain a copy of this list send an email to Driftsavdeling at:
Unni Wold, tlf. 51833040, [email protected]
Sven Andersen, tlf. 51831215, [email protected]
Your notification must reach us by 14:00 of the actual day you intend to work. Notification of
night time work for Saturday and Sunday must be in by Friday 14:00.
Central Security (VAKTSENTRALEN) is located in Kjølv Egelands hus, south entrance
(previously called Bokkafeen) and is manned outside normal working hours from 14:45 until
06:00 and can be of assistance with orientating visitors and users:
Security telephone: mobile 976 96 442 – fax 51831212
2. RESPONSIBILITY AND DUTIES
All employees have a duty to become familiar with and to comply with the current
regulations for their work. They must plan and carry out their own work such that they avoid,
and notify the authorities of, a situation that could be considered dangerous. Injuries,
accidents and mishaps must be reported to your employer in accordance with accepted
directives. There is a prepared form for this (see H&S folder B 6.3.1).
2.1 Supervisors
Supervisors for students, fellows and project workers shall ensure that the work they
lead is carried out without violation of safety decisions. This includes:
•
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•
•
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•
Considering the elements of risk before the work is set in motion. Those who shall
prepare the work obtain information and instruction on work methods, dangers,
protection and regulations.
Instrument inspection and control.
H&S data sheet shall be accessible for all relevant matters.
Knowledge of the general inspection H&S rules.
Regular work inspections when they occur.
Order and maintenance of regular inspections.
Removal of instruments after final use.
Chemicals to be used in accordance with regulations.
5
Supervisors of foreign language speakers have a special responsibility to ensure that
regulations are understood.
2.2 Health &Safety Responsible Person (HMS-ansvarlig)
The laboratory leader/institute leader is responsible for H&S. This person has the
overall responsibility for H&S work and together with the safety officer, employees and
students provide that the activity is taking place in accordance with the relative rules. This
person shall also take new suggestions into consideration that can prevent accidents and
health risks.
To achieve this goal, the H&S Responsible Person must, among other things:
•
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•
Make yourself known with the regulations concerning H&S and of activities that
contain a risk for health, environment and safety.
Ensure that regulations and guidelines are easily accessible and that employees and
students know where these regulations are posted.
Inform employees and others (students, cleaning personnel, service personnel and
similar) about elements of risk in the workplace.
Prepare important additional regulations within a safe area and make this known to
the group.
Assist employees with awareness of risks associated with their work.
Consider the need for instruction within the H&S sector (fire safety, first aid and
so forth), and take initiative to cover these needs.
Ensure that necessary safety equipment is purchased and is accessible.
Inspect activity and offices within the safety area regularly, alone and together
with the safety officer.
Summon participants to take part in the yearly H&S rounds.
2.3 Safety Representative (Verneombud a.k.a VO)
The Safety Representative is the employees’ representative for safety and environmental
questions and shall, together with the H&S Responsible Person, the leader, employees,
students and apprentices, cooperate in order to ensure that activities occur in accordance with
relevant regulations and will consider new suggestions that can help prevent accidents and
health risks.
In order to achieve these goals, the Safety Representative must, among other things:
•
•
•
Work together with the H&S Responsible Person regarding H&S work within the
safety area.
Participate in H&S rounds and inspections within his/her safety area.
Assist employees with awareness of risks in their workplace and eventually
promote their demands in safety cases to the H&S Responsible Person and other
actual instances.
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2.4 Students’ H&S Representatives (Studentenes tillitsvalgte)
The Students’ H&S Representatives are the students’ special representatives, also in H&S
cases. They have the duty and the right to take up cases within health, environment and safety
that concern the students. The main rule in such cases is to first take it up with whoever is
responsible for the actual laboratory or with the H&S Responsible Person for the actual area.
3. MAPPING OF H&S PROCEDURES
Current laws and regulations: Regulation of systematic health, environment and safety in
work-related activity ( internal control regulations ), order number 544 by ordering from the
Labour inspection.
In keeping with internal control regulations shall the work-related activity ”mapping of
dangers and problems and in light of further risks, together with preparing plans and
precautions in order to reduce risky conditions”. This shall be documented in writing.
Mapping of dangers and problems in the laboratory happens with yearly H&S rounds and risk
inspection.
Each year a H&S round and risk inspection will be organised.
A H&S round is the unit’s own mapping of the work environment. The purpose of risk
inspection is to contribute to preventing and possibly reducing the size of accidents. This is
done by first undertaking a risk analysis, through to mapping accidents, and consequences of
these. Thereafter, further analysis of the basic risk factor with reference to the probability that
the occurrence can arise. See chapter 5.1 in the H&S folder.
4. GOAL FOR HEALTH & SAFETY WORK
H&S work at the Laboratory at Mat.Nat. includes preparation of guidelines in order to take
care of safety at the faculty’s operations, with regards to a good physical working
environment and to the social atmosphere in the laboratory. The laboratory’s H&S work is a
part of UiS’s H&S work and internal control. The goal with laboratory’s H&S is to develop a
systematic and continuing action such as:
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Lessen personal injuries and equipment damage.
Safer physical working environment.
Lessen dangerous and unwanted waste.
Advancement of safety and environment in all work.
Show that safety and the environment are taken care of both inwards and outwards.
Promote that H&S be included and used actively in training.
Document that relevant laws and regulations are followed.
Create a good social atmosphere with a collective responsibility for all co-workers.
Explain that there is a leadership responsibility to follow up H&S guidelines.
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5. ACTION PLAN FOR THE H&S DIVISION
With the starting point of mapping and suggestions from employees at H&S meetings, H&S
rounds, risk assessments, etc., the laboratory leader shall, in cooperation with the Safety
Representative, prepare priority action plans. See Chapter 5.1 in H&S folder.
The systematic H&S process:
1. Mapping H&S status/
carry out risk assessment
compare ”H&S activities/methods”, p. 4 and
”Risk Assessment”, p. 7
Deadline: 15.10
4. Follow up and evaluation
cf. ”Yearly reporting – status report”, p. 8
2. Prepare action plan
cf. ”Handlingsplan”, p. 8
Deadline: 31.01
Deadline: 20.10
3. Carrying out of action plan
cf. ”Execution of precautions and follow up of action plan”, p. 8
6. REGULATIONS AND ROUTINES WITHIN H&S
6.1 Appraisal meeting
Current laws and regulations: Arbeidsmiljøloven (the work environment laws) ( §14 ) 197702-04 nr04 on www.lovdata.no.
For more information: www.arbeidstilsynet.no, and chapter A 5.1/B6.3.8 in H&S Handbook.
An important part of the work to create a good social work environment is ascribed to the
Laboratory leader / Institute Leader, who have personal responsibility. This means that those
who are H&S responsible shall:
•
•
Motivate, stimulate and inspire the employees to high quality and productivity and
ensure that the staff have the necessary competencies.
Work to establish cooperation and teams and have performance appraisals with the
employees.
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The goal is to give co-workers that do a good job, a well-functioning operation, so that each
of the units reaches their goal. For this to work it is necessary that:
•
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The conditions are clear and ready
The conditions are laid out properly
There is good communication
Leader and co-workers have joint goals and result demands and that the
expectations they have of each other are clear.
Performance appraisals are an important tool in this work and should contribute to a realistic
picture of the current situation and a view to the way forward. Performance appraisals shall be
carried out once yearly. If necessary, there can be one or more follow-up discussions. It is the
Laboratory Leader or Institute Leader who shall carry out the performance appraisals.
6.2 Advice regarding office/computer workspace
Current laws and regulations: Working with datascreens order no. 528 by ordering from
Arbeidstilsynet.
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Arrange for a suitable worktable, depth should be 100 vcm where screen and
keyboard will be placed. Sight distance to the screen should be 60-100cm. It is
important to have support for the whole lower arm, especially when using a mouse.
Arrange for correct position of the chair such that it is suitable for you and works
well together with the other technical aids you have in your office/computer
workspace.
The screen should not be placed higher than on table height.
The PC should be placed under the table, preferably mounted under the tabletop
level both to reduce noise and for easy cleaning.
Arrange so that you avoid direct light and reflection from windows or glare on the
screen. Also make sure that you have enough light in your workspace.
Arrange for cleaning of the workspace:
- Clean desk/table top.
- Loose cables and leads should be fastened under the table.
Arrange for the ability to vary between use of right-handed and left-handed use of
the mouse.
Take many breaks from the computer screen, and a big one each hour – rest your
eyes for at least 8 minutes.
Move around when you can. Plan your day so that you have breaks away from in
front of the PC.
The H&S coordinator can obtain ergonomist to contribute to the correct layout of
the workspace.
6.3 The workplace and pregnancy
Current laws and regulations: Regulations about reproduction injuries and the work
environment, order no. 535 by ordering from Arbeidstilsynet. The work environment and
pregnancy, order no. 474 by ordering from Arbeidstilsynet.
The Institute’s objectives are to ensure a safe physical working environment for employees.
This means, among other things, that the working environment shall normally be organised
such that pregnant women are not hindered to continue their normal work.
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In pregnancy, the fetus is protected against most types of stress. This also includes stresses
that a pregnant woman is exposed to in her work environment. In some work environments
there are nevertheless situations that can represent a danger both to the fetus and to the
pregnant woman.
As a general rule one can say that the fetus is best when the pregnant woman is as well as
possible and escapes hereditary diseases. Conditions in the pregnant woman’s work
environment that can have an affect on the fetus’ development and for the pregnant woman’s
general health are:
6.3.1 Chemical substances
•
Chemical substances that get into the mother’s blood, can reach the fetus. This is
also true for chemical substances in the mother’s work environment. Generally,
little is known about how such substances in the work environment affect the fetus.
We know that the fetus is more sensitive than the mother for harmful effects from
single substances. It is therefore always important that this influence is kept as low
as possible.
In some workplaces where there is normally little contact with chemical
substances, there can, for short periods, be high concentrations of such substances
because of leakage or other sudden accidents. Such work environments are
unsuitable for pregnant women. If there is an accident for the adult, it can become
a disaster for the fetus. Often is can be difficult to carry out a correct assessment of
what is a safe work enivornment for the pregnant woman. The University’s health
services (Bedriftshelsetjenesten) can be of assistance with assessing what in the
work environment is safe.
6.3.2 Radiation
•
Ionizing radiation is high-energy radiation, for example from radioactive
substances and x-ray apparatus. This type of radiation is dangerous to the fetus.
•
For safety’s sake, pregnant women should not work with NMR, or move within
the prohibitory line.
6.3.3 Risk of infection
•
In some workplaces is there an increased risk for employees to be become infected
with infectious diseases. In case a pregnant employee has a job where she is
continuously exposed to risk of infection, and the infection can lead to fetal harm,
the employer has the duty to adjust the work so that the employee is not exposed to
this risk. This also concerns planned pregnancies, and especially in the case of a
medical certificate that shows there have been special problems in connection with
earlier pregnancies (abortion/miscarriage, congenital deformities in earlier births).
6.3.4 After pregnancy: breastfeeding
Chemical substances that enter the mother’s bloodstream, can cross over into the mother’s
milk and reach the child in that way. Often will it be such that a workplace that is unsuitable
while pregnant because of chemical substances, is also unsuitable while breastfeeding.
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6.3.5 What does the environment safety law say?
Pregnancy is often not ascertained before the fetus is a couple of months old. Therefore the
ordinary standard for the working environment must be such that pregnant women can work
there without risk to the fetus. Relocating and other special arrangements for a pregnant
woman must be something one does in exceptional cases.
Workplaces with chemicals or physical work environment problems can at times imply risk
for the fetus and for the mother even if Arbeidstilsynets administrative norms of
contamination and other influences are complied with. Many of the administrative norms are
set without consideration for risk of fetal injury.
The employer has the duty to adjust the work and the workplace according to individual
conditions ( § 14e ). If the pregnancy leads to the woman being temporarily unable to carry
out her usual work, and work cannot be adjusted, the employer shall try to find other suitable
work for this period.
Adaptation of work and possible relocation of the employee can also be appropriate before
pregnancy. This applies to, for example, planned pregnancy after earlier miscarriage/abortion,
or congenital deformities in earlier births, and medical treatment of infertility. It can be
demanded that the employee submits a medical certificate that confirms problems in
connection with earlier pregnancy.
6.4 Fire
When the fire alarm goes off, a continuous ringing sound means that there is a fire in your
area. A pulsating ringing means that the fire is in another part of the building. The area must
be evacuated regardless of ringing sound. It is important to turn off the gas supply and to
close all doors and windows. It is everyone’s duty to know how to find fire-fighting
equipment, and to assist in making sure the building is evacuated quickly.
All laboratories are equipped with fire extinguishers. In A-232 there is also a fire blanket. Fire
hoses are located in each end of the hall.
The correct choice of fire-fighting equipment is important.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hair or clothing on fire: fire blanket or wool blanket dampened with water,
emergency shower, hand-operated CO2 extinguisher.
Spraying directly into the face should be avoided because of high pressure and
freezing outputs. If you are alone and there is no emergency shower nearby, roll
around on the floor in order to put out any burning clothing.
Fire in an open container: Lay something tight over the opening. Container cover
is hanging on the wall in A-232.
Fire in organic matter on laboratory bench or floor: Primarily use CO2. Use
powder extinguisher only if the fire cannot be put out with CO2.
Fire in electrical equipment: Primarily use CO2, alternatively, use powder
extinguisher.
Phosphorous fire: damp sand.
Alkali fire or ground-alkali metal: dry sand, NaCl (or in mixture)
Timber fire: water is best when it can be used risk-free. Water can also be used to
keep gas bottles (radioactive cylinders) sufficiently cool, but they should be moved
far enough away from the fire before the fire can spread.
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It is important to become acquainted with the correct use of fire-fighting equipment.
When using a fire extinguisher, you should begin away from the fire and go nearer with
the spray directed towards the bottom of the flames (but not down in to burning liquid)
Move the spray forwards and backwards over the source of the fire. It takes 20-30 seconds
to empty a fire extinguisher. The stream must not come in contact with a person as it can
cause great harm.
6.5 Chemicals
Current laws and regulations: Chemical regulation, order number 566 for orders from
Arbeidstilsynet.
Most materials and products that are used in the laboratory are of a greater or less
degree of danger to your health. Everyone that works here shall become familiar with health
dangers associated with materials that are used each and every time. Chemicals must be
handled with caution, and most of them are poisonous and many of them react with air, water,
alcohol, etc. Read the H&S data sheet before opening the chemical container and before use.
Be aware that the contents in a new chemical container of a specific product can be more
reactive than the contents in an old. The user of each individual user space shall maintain their
own folder with H&S data sheets in paper form.
For student laboratories, there is a folder that contains data sheets for the chemicals
that are used in the various courses.
All chemicals are registered with Chess, an electronic data sheet system. It is important to
send notification when new chemicals are purchased so that they can be registered. When a
new chemical arrives in the laboratory, the packing slip must be faxed to chemtox to be
registered in the database (fax number is: 51574001) and marked “Anja”. The packing slips
are collected in trays in the microbiology lab, before they are faxed at regular intervals. Mark
on the packing slip which room the chemical shall remain in and put the packing slip in the
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folder marked “faxed”. They are then collected by the person responsible for ensuring that
materials are registered with Chess.
Sabina Kazazic is responsible for Chess. The main storage for chemicals is A-239.
The storage also contains two locked poison cabinets for storage of poisonous and flammable
chemicals.
Chemicals must be put back after use.
Research laboratories have an additional selection of chemicals for special use.
In A-233 you will find a closet for solvents/flammable chemicals/solutions. In addition, there
are three closets in room D-259 (fire room). One closet is for waste; the other two are for
solvents.
Each person is required to mark solutions sufficiently, with the following: contents, strength,
date and signature.
Cryogenic liquids (for example liquid nitrogen) must be kept in a container with a
locked lid for increased safety because of risk of explosion. One must avoid skin contact with
cryogenic liquids, and the skin must not come in contact with objects that are cooled down to
these low temperatures.
If an elevator is used to transport cryogenic materials, no one should be in the elevator
at the same time.
Thermos flasks for cryogenic liquids must be without visible defects and must be
handled carefully so as not to cause scratches in the glass, which can lead to implosion. Avoid
pouring liquid on the rim of the vat. Do not pour large quantities of liquid cryogen in a
container that is not cold. The liquid can boil on impact and squirt out of the container. If use
of dry ice, similar security consideration should be used.
6.5.1 Strong acids and bases
•
Always use safety goggles.
•
Never pour water on acid. Remember: Acid in water goes together. Water in acid
becomes a disaster. Pour acid slowly into water.
•
Protect acid flasks against both heat and sun. Flasks must be rinsed well when they
are empty.
•
Ensure that both the outside of the flasks and the plugs are kept clean and dry.
•
Watch out for spurts when opening an acid flask.
•
Preferably use measuring cylinders or burette when measuring out strong acids and
other dangerous liquids.
•
Small amounts of acid can be diluted in a lot of water, neutralising is efficient
when pH is between 6 and 9, then pour in the sink.
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6.5.2 Combustible and explosive chemicals
Current laws and regulations: Regulations on reprocessing and handling of waste, nr. 930.
www.lovdata.no.
Flammable liquids are divided into the following danger categories:
Danger Category
A
B
C
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Flammable Point
<23°C
23°C - 55°C
>55°C
Never use flammable liquids near an open flame. Always work in flowhood when
you use liquids with a low flammable point.
Never distil flammable liquids over an open flame. Use steambath, waterbath,
electric plate or electrical heating mantel.
It is a good idea to carry out a trial experiment with small amounts of materials
beforehand.
Many organic chemicals, of which dietyleter is the best known, can form an
explosive peroxide. Peroxides in dietyleter can be detected with KI-solution:
yellow colour on account of isolated iodine shows the presence of peroxides.
Peroxides can be removed with iron (II) sulfate. Remember that protective
measures can prevent the formation of peroxides, but they cannot prevent
peroxides that are already formed.
In strong sun, flasks can act as a lens and thus start a fire. Remove from direct
sunlight.
De-stilling flasks should not be filled to more than 1/3 and after filling should
always be at room temperature. Ball, flint glass should be added to liquid before
heating, alternatively stir with magnetic stirrer. Never heat up too quickly and
avoid local overheating.
6.5.3 Chemical spills
Any spills should be cleaned up as soon as possible and normally by one who caused it. Take
care to have adequate amounts of absorbent material accessible before taking care of it. Read
the H&S data sheet in order to find out how the spill should be removed before you begin.
6.5.4 Working with ethidiumbromide
•
Use gloves (nitrile) when you work with electrophoresis equipment. This also
refers to the surrounding area that is also defined as contaminated. (In A-238 this
applies to the flowhood and marked cabinet under the sink, in A-228 this applies to
everything that is on the tray in the electrophoresis area and the drawers
underneath).
•
Do not use the same gloves when you touch clean equipment. Clean equipment
includes everything that is not located within the contaminated area.
•
Change gloves before you use pipettes that are located outside the contaminated
area.
•
Pay special attention to things such as door handles, water taps, centrifuge and
microwave oven. These things must remain clean. Use clean hand, dirty hand
principle.
•
Do not place clean items in the contaminated area, or vice versa.
14
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Ethidiumbromide steam is poisonous, all used gels must be placed in the
flowhood. Tips that were used with ehtidiumbromide should be thrown in a sealed
container. The entire container will be disposed of with special waste when it is
full.
When the gel is transferred to the geldoc room it should be placed in a suitable
metal box. The box must be clean underneath so that it won’t cause contamination
on the bench. Do not handle anything with dirty gloves while you move from one
room to another (doorhandle, etc).
Use gloves when using geldoc and PC.
After washing the equipment put it back in the contaminated area.
In case of contact with eyes or skin, rinse with clean water for 15 minutes. In case
of inhalation or ingestion, seek medical help immediately. In case of spillage use
absorption pillow to mop up the liquid. Carefully sweep up any dry materials.
In case of spillage of large amounts of ethidiumbromide, contact the laboratory
leader/H&S Officer for cleaning proceedings.
6.6 Gas
Current laws and regulations: Fire and explosion safety law with regulations: www.dsb.no
6.6.1 General Routines
•
Liquids and gases in pressurized bottles shall be preserved and handled as per valid
laws and regulations.
•
Rooms that contain gas bottles are marked with a sign on the door.
•
All gas bottles shall be fastened securely. Check this before you open the bottle.
Check the pressure on the bottle. If it is too low, there is not enough pressure in the
bottle and you must not use it. Containers must not be exposed to temperatures
higher than 45°C.
•
Bottles for different gases must be kept separate. The distance between oxygen
bottles and bottles containing flammable gas should be at least 5 meters when in
storage. While in use there are no limitations.
•
Use the correct reduction ventilator with the container. The gases and ventilators
are colour-coded. Never allow oils or fat to come in contact with ventilators or
connections for compressed oxygen.
•
The gas bottles should be handled carefully, and you must use a bottlecart when
transporting. Top valve must remain closed, and reduction ventilator disconnected
when transporting.
•
Establish a propane inspection by external authorities once a year.
6.6.2 Oxygen sensor in NMR room A-241
For information, see proceedings for A-241, NMR room.
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6.7 Radioactivity / radiation / UV light
Radiation protection is mainly regulated through laws on radiation safety, radiation protection
regulations and regulations for working with ionising radiation.
Read more information about working with radioactive materials before you begin to work
with them. This information can be found in Lab A-235. Work with radioactive materials is
limited to this laboratory. You can also find more information at www.uio.no/miljoforum/,
click on “temahefter om stråling og miljø” (theme issue about radiation and environment).
Information is given in Norwegian.
6.7.1 General
Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating and magnetic fields. Radiowaves,
microwaves, infrared radiation (hot), visible light, UV-radiation, X-rays and gamma-radiation
are electromagnetic radiation with different wavelengths. When electromagnetic radiation
meets biological tissue, damage/injury can occur.
It is normal to group radiation according to different properties and characteristics.
The main difference is decided upon by the radiation’s energy:
•
Ionised- and
•
Non-ionised (difference between ionised and non-ionised radiation is defined in
radiation protection connection of 100 nm)
Ionised radiation has the ability to ionise the material it comes in contact with, i.e. strike at
electrons from atoms and molecules. In this way it creates ions that result of the energy
absorption. Ions are reactive and can lead to chemical and, with that, also biological changes.
These can in addition cause different types of biological damages or changes in biological
functions, that can appear after short or long periods of time. Typical examples of ionised
radiation are X-rays and radiation from radioactive matter. Non-ionised radiation lacks the
ability to cut loose electrons in the irradiated material. Ordinarily will the absorption of these
radiation layers bring about heating alone, but there are exceptions where absorption of nonionising radiation chemical/biochemical changes of health-related significance. An example is
ultra-violet radiation (UV) that counts as an important factor in the development of skin
cancer. Health risks can further appear with use of strong sources with laser, visible light, heat
radiation (IR), radiowaves, microwaves, ultrasound, etc.
6.7.2 Ionised radiation
Radiation can be divided into many main components: alpha (α ), beta ( β ), neutron, gamma
(γ) –radiation and x-ray. Alfa-radiation consists of a positively charged helium nucleus, betaradiation of electrons (β--radiation) or protons (β+-radiation), neutron-radiation of neutrons,
while gamma-radiation and x-ray are shortwave, electromagnetic radiation (photons). X-ray
radiation comes from an x-ray apparatus that we can turn on and off. A radioactive source has
an activity of, for example, γ-radiation that decreases depending upon the material’s half-life.
16
6.7.3 Why is ionised radiation dangerous?
It has been known for a long time that working with ionised radiation can lead to damages to
your health.
These damages can be divided into three categories:
•
•
•
Acute radiation damage: These health injuries occur if the radiation dose received
is over 1 Gy (One radiation dose is the energy amount that is deposited in the
matter that has been irradiated: 1 Gy=1J/Kg). The extent of the injury increases
with increased radiation dosage. Injuries appear in a relatively short time after
irradiation (days, weeks). Acute radiation damage can only happen during a
serious accident with radiation sources and will never be able to happen here at
UiS because the radiation sources we use are relatively weak.
Latent damages: These health injuries occur after a certain latent period. They can
be different forms of cancer or damage to ribonucleic acid. The injuries can appear
several years after irradiation, and injury to parents’ RNA can cause hereditary
illness and disease. One theory is that there isn’t any lower threshold values for
such injuries. The extent of the injury depends not on the amount of radiation
dosage, but the risk of injuries that shall occur rises with radiation dosage.
Fetal injuries: A fetus is 100 times more sensitive to ionising radiation than a
grown person. Radiation sensitivity is biggest in the first months of pregnancy.
The risk of injury and injury occurrence rises with increased radiation dosage.
6.7.4 Dose limits and safety precautions
The most important protection against radiation principle is that the radiation dose is kept as
low as possible, called ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle. This implies
that dose-reducing measures shall be implemented as long as the profit in keeping the dose
reduced is greater than the costs of the measures. Associated costs include both economic
aspects and health.
Category
Exposed through direct
work; Permanent employees,
engineers and fellows.
Not exposed through direct
work; Students, office
personnel and cleaning staff.
Irradiation
Irradiation over the whole or
large parts of the body.
Irradiation of each of the
following organs:
Eye lense:
Skin, hands, feet:
Pregnant
Irradiation over the whole or
large parts of the body.
Dose limits
20 mSv/year
150 mSv/year
500 mSv/year
1 mSv/year
1 mS/year
6.7.5 To whom do these regulations apply?
Legislation says that radiation work must have a certain scale in order that regulations
decisions shall be applicable. In work where one uses protective measures and good work
methods receives an effective dose of 1 – 2 mSv/year, and provided that there is a risk to
receive an effective dose of more than 6 mSv/year accidentally, shall the rules in this manual
apply.
17
It is possible to apply for dispensation for individual persons where that, out of consideration
to the work, is not possible to determine a yearly dose of 20 mSv/year. The effective dose in
the meantime shall not exceed 100 mSv during the course of a five-year period with a
maximum effective dose of 50 mSv for each year.
6.7.6 Personal dosagemeter
Those who work with ionising radiation shall carry a personal dosage meter to control
exposure and shall report the results of the dosage readings. Dosage meters can be obtained
by application to the Safety Officer.
Geiger counters are located in A-235, and are used to show whether we have a radioactive
source nearby. This counts first and foremost γ-radiation. Some can count high energy βradiation, while α-radiation cannot penetrate the counter.
6.7.7 Screening in order to reduce radiation dosage.
Alpha particles
Alpha particles are the easiest to stop and are therefore the easiest to protect yourself from. As
a rule they will be completely stopped after travelling for 5cm in the air. They need energy of
at least 7.5 MeV in order to penetrate the outermost layer of skin (0.07mm). Nonetheless
screening should be used if there is a danger of spillage and the splash of these particles is
especially dangerous in the case that the source penetrates the body, for example through the
mouth or nose. Gloves protect the skin effectively against radiation.
Beta particles
The range of beta particles in air is 4 m pr. MeV (for example the range of 32P irradiation is
ca. 1.71 MeV*4m/MeW≈6.8m). They need energy of at least 70 keV in order to penetrate the
outermost layer of skin (0.07 or more). Plexiglass is an effective shielding material.
6.7.8 Radioactive Waste
Minimising the amount of radioactive waste
Keep the amount of waste as low as possible! It is important to work with the least possible
amount of radioactive reagents in order to reduce the waste problem afterwards. Some ways
to minimise the amounts are to:
•
Design experiments such that there is as little waste as possible.
•
Use isotopes with as low radiology, toxicity and/or short half-life as possible. For
example replace 32P with 33P.
•
Make experiments as uncomplicated as possible in order to reduce risk of
contamination.
•
Use techniques without ionising radiation sources when it is possible.
•
Measure contamination and dispose of as little as possible. In the event it is only a
small spot that is contaminated, cut out the spot instead of disposing of the whole
paper.
18
Regular radioactive waste
This consists of powder, paper, pipette sharpeners, gloves, cloths, etc.
Regular waste shall be disposed of in their own container.
Moving radioactive waste
Radioactive liquid waste includes all solutions which contain radioactive substances. Gather
up the waste in its own container that can withstand the different solutions and radioactivity.
Delivering of radioactive waste
At UiS we have waste from the following nuclides:
Isotope
Radiation T1/2
type
Shielding Storage
time
3H
β
12,3 years Plexi
Maks.
14C
β
3 months
32P
β
5760
Plexi
years
14,3 days Plexi *
Max
Max
disch. /
disch.
day
/month
400 MBq 40
MBq
40 MBq 4 MBq
½ year
40 MBq
33P
β
25,6 days Plexi
1 year
40 MBq
Disposal
-sink
-haz.waste
-count.sol.
dang.waste
4 MBq -inactiv.
-sink
4 MBq -haz.waste
-count.sol.
dang.waste
•
For larger amounts 32P must one use protection with lead, remember plexiglass
nearest the source.
Small amounts of colloidal radioactive solutions can be emptied in the marked sink in case
that the waste does not contain other materials that requires handling as dangerous waste. Mix
the radioactive liquid waste with a minimum of 1l water. Before and after the spill it must be
flushed with lots of water. The permitted limit is not to be exceeded.
Regular waste under emissions limits and that do not contain other waste that requires another
handling, can be disposed of as regular waste.
Regular waste under waste limits and that requires another handling shall be handled
accordingly.
For example: Countingsol. from the scintillation counter is disposed of in its own canister in
the unventilated cabinet in A-235. This is marked with the date and contents, and placed in
the incendiary room (brannrom) for delivering to special waste when it is full.
32P is stored in a lead box and keeps for ½ year.
All symbols for radioactivity shall be removed from all radioactive waste after complete
radioactive decay. This is because the waste shall be disposed of as high-risk/dangerous waste
and therefore should not contain magnetic labelling.
High-risk waste can deposited by calling the State’s Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) in
Kjeller. Website: www.ife.no
19
6.7.9 UV-light
UV-light can cause erytem (flushing of the skin) and an infection-like reaction in the cornea
and conjunctiva. The wavelengths between 240 and 300 nm are those of the highest degree in
causing these injuries.
Use safety glasses when using a UV lamp.
6.8 Cleaning
Cleaning of laboratory worktops and ventilation cabinets together with cleaning of
other miscellaneous hazardous areas in the laboratory, should not be undertaken by the
untrained.
With regard to chemical spills, these should be removed by laboratory personnel.
Always notify cleaning personnel if a spill has occurred.
Cleaning personnel shall be made known with the placement of the following within their
areas:
•
First Aid cabinet
•
Bottles for eye flushing
•
Emergency shower
For chemical spills on the skin one should:
•
First rinse with cold water (in order to close the pores in the skin).
•
Thereafter, wash completely with lukewarm water and soap.
For chemical spills on clothing one should:
•
Remove the clothing as quickly as possible.
•
Wash the clothes before using them again.
Only tidy benches and other workplaces will be cleaned.
•
Apparatus and equipment shall not be moved.
20
•
•
•
Ventilation cabinets count as laboratory equipment, and should not be washed by
cleaning personnel.
Cleaning personnel will not clean chemical spills or broken glass, even if they
caused it themselves.
Spills and messes must be reported to the responsible person.
Cleaning personnel shall be oriented about dangers and safety precautions.
6.9 Technical Facilities
•
•
Autoclave: There is an instruction manual hung up on the wall next to the
autoclave. You should be instructed in the use of the autoclave before you start to
use it.
Ultrasound equipment: Ultrasound is not comprehendible by the human ear, but in
conjunction with the ultrasound there also arises an audible sound. With long
exposure in the boarder area between the audible sound and the ultrasound, hearing
damages can occur.
There are hearing protectors located near the ultrasound apparatus.
It is dangerous to push fingers down in the ultrasound bath because injury can occur to
blood vessels and tissue.
•
Microwave oven: The microwave ovens in A-241 and A-228 must not be used for
food. These are used with poisonous chemicals.
6.10 Action to take when accidents occur
Most accidental occurrences are mishaps, almost accidents or lesser accidents. It is especially
important that apparently insignificant occurrences be reported.
Only in this way can attention be maintained to avoid accidents, and ensure the best possible
learning from what happens and what could have happened.
When an accident happens:
Take control
•
Appear calm and decided.
•
Organise the work and helpful tasks.
•
Give direct and clear orders.
•
Call out a warning to others.
Get an overview
•
Personal injuries, what kinds of injuries, how many people?
•
Must/Can the person/people be moved?
21
Helpful tasks
•
Move the injured to safety. Extinguish any burning clothing.
•
Determine the injuries and initiate first aid.
•
Injuries that affect consciousness, breathing and blood circulation should be treated
first.
•
Set off the fire alarm in case of fire or gas leak.
•
The following are the important emergency numbers:
110 Fire (Brann)
112 Police (Politi)
113 Ambulance (Medisinsk nødhjelp)
It is adequate to ring one of the numbers.
Remember to give the following:
Who name and address you are calling from
What happened, how many presumed injuries
Where exact location of the accident
How many are injured
•
•
•
•
Inspect the premises for new dangers, turn off equipment and similar.
Those who don’t have any helping tasks to do should be asked to leave the scene.
Advise your supervisor.
Call the central board 51831000
People who would like to assist, can if needed. People that have special competence in first
aid should report this to the supervisor or person in charge.
6.11 FIRST AID
First aid equipment can be found in all teaching laboratories.
A – 232
A – 238
A – 242
A – 246
In medicine cabinet
In the case
In the cabinet
In medicine cabinet
Eyewash bottles are located in all laboratories.
Fundamental rules for injuries are:
1.
2.
3.
Flush thoroughly with cold water.
Quickly notify one of the staff.
For chemical accidents state which material is circulating.
22
Eye injury:
•
In case of splash of caustic chemicals in the eye, immediately flush with large
amounts of water. Use the eyewash bottle that contains room temperature distilled
water. This should be changed frequently.
Flush for at least 20 minutes. With serious injuries continue to flush on the way to
the doctor. It is important to seek medical attention immediately.
Splash on the skin:
•
In case of splash of caustic chemicals, flush with large amounts of water. In every
laboratory you will find an emergency shower, if an ordinary water tap is not
sufficient.
Remove any chemically-soiled clothes, shoes and jewellery.
Skin contact with clothing soaked with chemicals often gives more injury severity
than chemical direct on the skin.
•
BROMIDE (BROM) ( Br2 )
NB! Br2 is caustic and creates a wound that heals late.
Flush the skin with large amounts of sodium thiosulphate solution (Na2S2O3 ).
Subsequently flush with 60% ethanol and polyethylene glycol (Possibly use ointment,
pyriseptsalve, with polyethylene glycol as an ointment base). The dangerous Brom is
reduced by thiosulfate to relatively undangerous bromide.
•
PHENOL (FENOL) ( C6H5OH )
Fenol is toxic on skin contact. It is caustic.
Flush with water. Subsequently wash the skin repeatedly with glycerol or hydrous
polyethylene glycol (PEG). Spread pyriseptsalve over the skin.
•
MERCURY (KVIKKSØLV) ( Hg )
Suck up metallic mercury with a medicine dropper and put it into a container.
Sprinkle sulphur powder ( S ) over the contaminated area ( Hg + S = HgS ). Let
it stay a while (over night), before placing everything in the collection container.
Mercury absorbent can be used instead of Sulphur (S). The collection container is to
be delivered as chemical waste (heavy metals, mercury).
Swallowing of chemicals
•
Drink lots of water ( dilution effect ). Seek medical attention.
Ring Poison Information (Giftinformasjonen) ( tlf. 22591300 )
Inhalation of poisonous gas, fumes or dust
•
Fresh air and complete rest. Contact doctor/ambulance.
If breathing stops, give artificial respiration (mouth to mouth).
23
Wound from cut glass or similar
Flush the wound thoroughly with cold water, in order to remove possibility of
contamination and to cool down skin and blood vessels so that they join back
together. Try to stop/limit the bleeding by applying a plaster/sterile bandage.
For big or relatively deep wounds always contact Legevakt (Emergency
Doctor) for checking and possibly stitching.
Burns
•
Cool off immediately and continuously with cold water for at least 20 mins.
and possibly transport to a doctor (if needed).
Electric shock
•
If the heart has stopped, give a powerful blow to the chest. If necessary start
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately and artificial respiration
(mouth to mouth).
Fainting/shock/indisposition
Ensure the airways are free, lay the casualty in a comfortable position (stabile
and on their side “recovery position”), loosen tight clothing, check breathing. If
needed: heart/lung rescue with heart massage and artificial respiration. Do not
leave the person alone.
Accidents with biological material
•
A mess of cultures or another biological material on the floor or workbench
Use gloves and remove the mess with paper moistened with 70% alcohol.
Moisten the dry surface with 70% alcohol and let it stand several minutes. Dry
off. Throw paper and gloves in the container for autoclaving.
Gas poisoning:
•
Bring the person out into fresh air. It is important to keep them warm.
Gas masks can be found in the copier room, A-217.
24
6.12 Safety Rules
•
In order to ensure that the laboratory shall be a safe place to work, all must
follow the rules and strict procedures.
•
Use protective equipment (gloves, glasses, flowhoods etc.) where it is
necessary.
•
Follow user instructions when using equipment.
Remember that cleanliness and tidiness are also important for a safer workplace.
Laboratories must be locked (and windows closed) when everyone has left for the day, so that
no unauthorised persons can gain access.
Chemicals/equipment must not be borrowed/removed from its location without approval from
the person responsible for the equipment and/or the room (Instrument-/romansvarlig).
Instrument-/romansvarlig must be notified about defective equipment.
Personal protection equipment
Personal protection equipment will be available in the laboratory and should be used in
situations where needed. Facemasks / safety gloves are divided between the laboratories as
needed.
Other personal protection equipment (for example respiratory equipment) can be procured as
needed.
First Aid equipment
First Aid equipment shall be easily accessible in each and every laboratory.
Emergency showers are installed in or near the laboratory.
1. Eyewash. One in each research laboratory.
Several in the teaching laboratories.
2. First Aid cabinet/box shall contain at least the minimum contents.
3. Fire blanket is found in lab A-232.
Laboratory experiments
Laboratory experiments shall be risk-evaluated and discrepancies shall be noted in journals.
The folder for discrepancies is located in the break room A-230d.
Risk evaluation: A systematic evaluation in order to find out which accidents can occur, what
one can do to avoid these and what one must do to ensure that the consequences will be as
least as possible in the case that, regardless, something happens.
Order
Each person is responsible for order in their own laboratory and for tidying up after
themselves in other rooms. The laboratories should be kept clean and tidy.
The name of the romansvarlig is located on the entrance doors. Romansvarlig has a special
responsibility to follow up the activities in the room and to ensure that the users tidy up after
themselves.
It is not the romansvarligs responsibility to tidy up after others.
25
Chemicals/equipment must not be borrowed/removed from their user place without
permission from romansvarlig or instrumentansvarlig. Instrumentansvarlig/romansvarlig must
be informed about any defective equipment.
Each laboratory will have a folder with H&S data sheets that are visible and easily accessible.
There will also be a ventilation cabinet for working with dangerous chemicals.
Poisonous chemicals are locked in their own cabinet with ventilation. This also applies to
solvents.
Larger storage of solvents, and storage for chemicals that shall be delivered for disposal can
be found in D-259, fireroom (brannrom).
Supervisors
Supervisors for students and research fellows will ensure that the work tasks they are given
are carried out within the frame of systematic H&S work. This involves:
•
Ensuring that data sheets are read.
•
That safety equipment is used.
•
That waste is properly handled.
•
Ensuring that equipment is used in the correct manner.
The course-responsible person (Kursansvarlig)
Kursansvarlig will ensure that safety is taken care of while completing a laboratory
course/other types of courses.
6.13 ROOM RESPONSIBILITY
For each room there is one person chosen to be responsible (romansvarlig).
Romansvarlig will:
•
•
•
•
•
Have supervision and knowledge of the activities that occur in that room.
Be accessible when a safety round occurs in the room.
Notify about activities that are in conflict with the established routines and
rules of UiS.
Ensure that cleaning personnel and employees from drift or external companies
can carry out their work unhindered and risk-free.
Romansvarlig’s name will be posted on the entrance door to the room.
ROOM
(in Norwegian)
Generell kjemi
Mikrobiologi
Analytisk
Instrumentrom
Veierom
Vaskerom
Autoklavrom
Kjemikalielager
Geldocrom
NMR-rom
ROOM
(in English)
General chemistry
Microbiology
Analytical chemistry
Instrument room
Weighing room
Washing room
Auto clave room
Chemical storage
Geldoc room
NMR-room
ROOM
NR.
A-232
A-238
A-246
A-241
A-237
A-228a
A-235
A-239
A-231
A-241
RESPONSIBILITY
Xiaoping Zhang
Camilla Sletten
Grete Falkeid
Liv M Aksland
Sabina Kazazic
Dorde Nicolic
Dorde Nicolic
Sabina Kazazic
Grete Falkeid
Liv M Aksland
26
6.14 SPECIAL ROOMS AND H&S
All employees
All employees have the duty to become acquainted with and to comply with the current
health, environment and safety directives for their activities. They shall plan to carry out their
own work so that danger is avoided, and notify their manager about situations they consider
dangerous. Injuries, accidents and almost accidents must be reported in accordance accepted
guidelines. The forms for this can be found in the H&S folder located in the break room.
Students
Students will also carry out health, environment and safety precautions. They have a duty to
carry out their work in connection with their studies in accordance with orders and guidelines
from the Institute.
Students must be informed about their duties for actively partaking in systematic health,
environment and safety work, among other things, in order to lessen and limit their work
when it cannot continue without danger for their life and health.
27
PROCEDURE FOR THE RESEARCH LABORATORIES (GENERAL)
Main/room responsibility: User and supervisor
Training responsibility: Supervisor
Activities:
- Research
- Use of instruments
General rules:
- Each user must keep order in their own laboratory
- Ventilation cabinets that are not in use should be closed.
- Chemicals should not be stored outside the chemicals cabinet/refrigerator
- Chemical spills should be removed immediately
- Turn off the lights when the last person has left for the day.
- The weights should be cleaned after use.
- When weighing of powder materials, use a mask. See instructions on this in your lab.
28
PROCEDURES FOR PLANT ROOM
Main/room responsibility: User and supervisor
Training responsibility: Supervisor
Activities:
-
Growing of plants
General rules:
-
See instructions for plant room.
The inner door cannot be opened when the outer door is open. Should you forget to
close the outer door and have closed the inner door, you will find an emergency key
(nødbryter) in the inner room. This is in a green box on the right side of the door when
you are in the inner room.
Instructions for working with genetically modified plants
Students and employees that work with genetically modified plants shall go through
guidelines for this work together with someone that knows the routines ( Cathrine Lillo ).
Genetically modified plants that are grown in the laboratory are Arabidopsis thaliana. These
are grown in containment level S3 in room A130a, the innermost room. The outer room
serves as a lock.
The entrance door to the outer room and the door in to the growing room must not be opened
at the same time (this is as a rule rather than not possible because of electronic controls of the
doors).
Before one goes in to the S3 room (innermost plant room)
In the outer room, you must change shoes or put on cover socks. There are lab coats hanging
in the outer room – put one on.
Be especially careful when you sow seeds in order not to spill any. Lay a large white sheet of
paper on the bench where you are working so you can see if any are outside of the pots. Such
paper (A3) is located within the room on the shelves.
Always clean up after yourself in the plant room before you leave it. Perlite, earth that spilled
on the benches and floor must be vacuumed. Benches and trays are to be cleaned with
papertowels dampened with water or spirits. Used paper is put in the autoclave bag in the red
box within the room.
When the vacuum bag is changed, the old one must be autoclaved.
Before you leave the S3 room disinfect your hands with 70% spirit that is next to the sink.
Dry hands on paper then put in the autoclave bag.
Destruction of plant materials, earth, etc.
All plant materials, earth, perlite, plant sticks, flowerpots and other shall be put in the
autoclave bag and gathered in the box for autoclaving in A-235.
29
The autoclave bags are taped with autoclave tape and brought to the autoclave. This is
ordinarily done by the laboratory assistant in the laboratory, but it must be agreed that you
will notify him/her that there is waste. The temperature recorder for the autoclave must be
connected when plant waste is autoclaved. A little pipe with some seeds from wild type
Arabidopsis is enclosed. After autoclaving, sow these on double layered filter paper
dampened with water in a petridish in order to control that they can no longer sprout. After
autoclaving put the waste in the designated rubbish bag that is marked before it is thrown into
the ordinary waste container in the rubbish room at the west entrance. A collection sack is
located in A 228c.
Accidents in the laboratory. In the event that earth/plant materials are lost/spilled outside of
S3 inclusion area, it must be removed with care. Get the brush and tray that are in the S3
room. Brush up and put it in the autoclave bag. Afterwards, dry the floor/area with 70% spirit.
30
PROCEDURE FOR DARK ROOM
Main/room responsibility: user and supervisor
Training responsibility: Supervisor
Activities:
- Research
- Developing
General rules:
-
In case of an ongoing experiment no one should go into the room. This is marked with
a warning notice on the door.
The inner door cannot be opened when the outer door is open. Should you forget to
close the outer door and have closed the inner door, you will find an emergency key
(nødbryter) in the inner room. This is in a green box on the right side of the door when
you are in the inner room.
31
PROCEDURES FOR THE COURSE LABORATORIES (GENERAL)
Main/room responsibility:
Teaching responsibility:
Course-responsible person / senior engineer
Course-responsible person / course supervisor
Activities:
-
Course activities
General rules:
-
-
-
-
-
-
Only course participants, supervisors and laboratory assistants connected with the
course have admittance to the course laboratories.
Safety glasses and lab coats must be used.
Instruction from staff must be followed.
Eating and/or drinking is not allowed in the laboratories.
Everyone must comply with current regulations for handling of chemicals and
laboratory equipment. Be extra careful with use of concentrated acids and bases, and
other caustic or extremely reactive substances. Ventilation cabinets must be used when
working with dangerous chemicals.
In case of injury, one must immediately, after first aid has been initiated, notify the
supervisor.
Respect all warning notices.
Ensure that gas burners function properly. They must not burn unnecessarily and they
must be turned off when the laboratories are vacated.
Private laboratory experiments are not allowed. Staying in the laboratories outside of
course time is not allowed for course participants, and in cases where special
permission is not given.
Everyone must make themselves known with fire fighting equipment, fire
announcements, emergency exits, emergency showers, first aid equipment, H&S data
sheets and notices about warning routines.
In case of fire alarm, gas flames must be switched off, hot plates and electrical
apparatus must be turned off. Then begin immediate evacuation and shut the door
(general fire instructions).
Avoid hurry. Never run in the laboratory or in adjacent areas.
Keep workspace tidy.
Only for A-232,General chemistry : H2S-gas. This is located in the ventilation cabinet
that is locked. There is a detector with alarm in the ventilation cabinet.
32
PROCEDURES FOR a-241: INSTRUMENT LAB
Main/room responsibility:
Training responsibility:
Activities:
- Use of muffel kiln.
- Use of instruments.
General rules:
-
Workbenches shall be tidied and cleaned after use.
With usage of gas, the user should notify the person responsible for the instruments so
that they can order more.
Do not place solutions in the vicinity of the muffel kiln.
Acids must be stored in the ventilation cabinet.
If an instrument is missing or defective, notify the person responsible for the
instruments. Users should also write this in the operation manual for the instrument.
33
PROCEDURES FOR A- 239 :
CHEMICAL STORAGE
Main/room responsibility:
Training responsibility:
Activities
- Deposit and withdrawal of chemicals.
General rules:
-
Personal protective equipment must be used in connection with handling of the
chemical containers.
Chemical spills must be cleaned up immediately.
When using the last container the laboratory leader will give a written message for a
new order.
34
PROCEDURES FOR A – 230d BREAK ROOM
Main/room responsibility: Users
Training responsibility: Users
-
Everyone is responsible to keep the kitchen tidy.
If you use the refrigerator, remember to remove any food or beverages before they
spoil.
After making food, clean up after yourself.
All dirty dishes/cups must be put in the dishwasher.
If there is a notice on the dishwasher ”washed”, you can put the clean dishes/cups in
the cabinet. If the dishwasher is full you can add detergent and start the machine. If
you don’t know how, ask.
35
PROCEDURES FOR A – 241: NMR – ROOM
Main/room responsibility:
Training responsibility:
Activities:
- Operation of NMR
- Running gels
- Nanopur
General rules:
-
Chemical spills must be cleaned up immediately.
Use your own safety equipment
Follow current regulations for NMR.
In case of any instrument problems notify instrumentansvarlig. The user must also
write this in the operation manual for the instrument.
With usage of gas, the user must notify the instrumentansvarlig for ordering more.
Oxygen sensor.
The sensor alarm goes off when the oxygen level becomes too low. This can occur with a spill
of helium/nitrogen from NMR.
The sensor has three alarms connected to it. The alarm blinks a red light and has a loud sound.
One is in the ceiling of NMR room A-241, the second is in A-241b, the third is in the corridor
outside of NMR room. If the alarm sounds, the NMR room must be evacuated immediately.
In A-241b, the windows must be opened, breathe in fresh air or jump out the window.
The sensor must be checked once a month. Procedure for this is in the H&S folder.
36
PROCEDURES FOR A – 231 : GELDOC ROOM
Main/room responsibility:
Training responsibility:
Activities:
-
PCR
Geldoc
Fluorescence microscope
General rules:
-
Follow existing rules for use of ethidium bromide.
Remember that others that work here don’t necessarily use gloves, but they might
touch the same things.
Have the cover for the panel light down when the UV light is turned on.
37
PROCEDURES FOR A – 228a : WASHING ROOM
Main / room responsibility:
Training responsibility:
Activities:
- Withdrawal of glass equipment
- Wash of equipment
- Fetching of ion exchanged water
- Drying chamber
General rules:
-
Keep tidy
38
7. Appendix
H&S Contacts
Bjørn Hjertager
Gunn Solheim
Nina Horve Stava
Gunnar Dirdal
Liv M Aksland
Instituttleder
Laboratorieleder
HMS-koordinator
Verneombud
Varaverneombud
Drift
Tor Åge Berg
31205
Statsbygg
Reidar Horve
90590310
31807
31865
31720
31891
31866
39
Risk clauses / safety clauses and combination clauses
Risk clauses
Ved advarselsmerking av farlige kjemikalier, skal setninger som benyttes for å beskrive
faremomenter (R-setninger) ha følgende ordlyd:
R1
Eksplosjonsfarlig i tørr tilstand.
R2
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved støt, gnidning, ild eller andre antennelseskilder.
R3
Meget eksplosjonsfarlig ved støt, gnidning, ild eller andre antennelseskilder.
R4
Danner meget følsomme eksplosjonsfarlige metallforbindelser.
R5
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved oppvarming.
R6
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved og uten kontakt med luft.
R7
Kan forårsake brann.
R8
Brannfarlig ved kontakt med brennbare stoffer.
R9
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved blanding med brennbare stoffer.
R10
Brannfarlig.
R11
Meget brannfarlig.
R12
Ekstremt brannfarlig.
R14
Reagerer voldsomt med vann.
R15
Reagerer med vann under dannelse av ekstremt brannfarlige gasser.
R16
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved blanding med oksiderende stoffer.
R17
Selvantennelig i luft.
R18
Ved bruk kan brennbare damper/eksplosive damp-luft-blandinger dannes.
R19
Kan danne eksplosive peroksider.
R20
Farlig ved innånding.
R21
Farlig ved hudkontakt.
R22
Farlig ved svelging.
R23
Giftig ved innånding.
R24
Giftig ved hudkontakt.
R25
Giftig ved svelging.
R26
Meget giftig ved innånding.
R27
Meget giftig ved hudkontakt.
R28
Meget giftig ved svelging.
R29
Ved kontakt med vann utvikles giftig gass.
R30
Kan bli meget brannfarlig under bruk.
R31
Ved kontakt med syre utvikles giftig gass.
R32
Ved kontakt med syre utvikles meget giftig gass.
R33
Kan opphopes i kroppen ved gjentatt bruk.
R34
Etsende.
R35
Sterkt etsende.
R36
Irriterer øynene.
R37
Irriterer luftveiene.
R38
Irriterer huden.
R39
Fare for alvorlig varig helseskade.
R40
Mulig fare for kreft.
R41
Fare for alvorlig øyeskade.
R42
Kan gi allergi ved innånding.
R43
Kan gi allergi ved hudkontakt.
R44
Eksplosjonsfarlig ved oppvarming i lukket rom.
R45
Kan forårsake kreft.
R46
Kan forårsake arvelige skader.
40
R48
R49
R50
R51
R52
R53
R54
R55
R56
R57
R58
R59
R60
R61
R62
R63
R64
R65
R66
R67
R68
Alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning.
Kan forårsake kreft ved innånding.
Meget giftig for vannlevende organismer.
Giftig for vannlevende organismer.
Skadelig for vannlevende organismer.
Kan forårsake uønskede langtidsvirkninger i vannmiljøet.
Giftig for planter.
Giftig for dyr.
Giftig for jordlevende organismer (jordbunnsorganismer).
Giftig for bier.
Kan forårsake uønskede langtidsvirkninger i miljøet.
Farlig for ozonlaget.
Kan skade forplantningsevnen.
Kan gi fosterskader.
Mulig fare for skade på forplantningsevnen.
Mulig fare for fosterskade.
Kan skade barn som får morsmelk.
Farlig: kan forårsake lungeskade ved svelging.
Gjentatt eksponering kan gi tørr eller sprukket hud.
Damp kan forårsake døsighet og svimmelhet.
Mulig fare for varig helseskade.
41
Risk clauses in combination
Når flere setninger kombineres i én setning, skal ordlyden på setningene være som angitt
nedenfor. Kombinasjonen regnes som en setning:
R14/15
Reagerer voldsomt med vann under dannelse av ekstremt brannfarlige gasser.
R15/29
Reagerer med vann under dannelse av giftige og ekstremt brannfarlige gasser.
R20/21
Farlig ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R20/22
Farlig ved innånding og svelging.
R20/21/22 Farlig ved innånding, hudkontakt og svelging.
R21/22
Farlig ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R23/24
Giftig ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R23/25
Giftig ved innånding og svelging.
R23/24/25 Giftig ved innånding, hudkontakt og svelging.
R24/25
Giftig ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R26/27
Meget giftig ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R26/28
Meget giftig ved innånding og svelging.
R26/27/28 Meget giftig ved innånding, hudkontakt og svelging.
R27/28
Meget giftig ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R36/37
Irriterer øynene og luftveiene.
R36/38
Irriterer øynene og huden.
R36/37/38 Irriterer øynene, luftveiene og huden.
R37/38
Irriterer luftveiene og huden.
R39/23
Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding.
R39/24
Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved hudkontakt.
R39/25
Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved svelging.
R39/23/24 Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R39/23/25 Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding og svelging.
R39/24/25 Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R39/23/24/25
Giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding, hudkontakt og
svelging.
R39/26
Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding.
R39/27
Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved hudkontakt.
R39/28
Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved svelging.
R39/26/27 Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R39/26/28 Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding og svelging.
R39/27/28 Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R39/26/27/28
Meget giftig: fare for alvorlig varig helseskade ved innånding, hudkontakt
og svelging.
R42/43
Kan gi allergi ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R48/20
Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding.
R48/21
Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved hudkontakt.
R48/22
Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved svelging.
R48/20/21 Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R48/20/22 Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding og svelging.
R48/21/22 Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R48/20/21/22
Farlig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding,
hudkontakt og svelging.
R48/23
Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding.
42
R48/24
Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved hudkontakt.
R48/25
Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved svelging.
R48/23/24 Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R48/23/25 Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding og svelging.
R48/24/25 Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R48/23/24/25
Giftig: alvorlig helsefare ved lengre tids påvirkning ved innånding,
hudkontakt og svelging.
R50/53
Meget giftig for vannlevende organismer, kan forårsake uønskede
langtidsvirkninger i vannmiljøet.
R51/53
Giftig for vannlevende organismer, kan forårsake uønskede langtidsvirkninger i
vannmiljøet.
R52/53
Skadelig for vannlevende organismer, kan forårsake uønskede langtidsvirkninger
i vannmiljøet.
R68/20
Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved innånding.
R68/21
Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved hudkontakt.
R68/22
Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved svelging.
R68/20/21 Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved innånding og hudkontakt.
R68/20/22 Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved innånding og svelging.
R68/21/22 Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved hudkontakt og svelging.
R68/20/21/22
Farlig: mulig fare for varig helseskade ved innånding, hudkontakt og
svelging.
43
Safety clauses
Ved advarselsmerking, skal følgende setninger benyttes for å beskrive nødvendige
forholdsregler for en forsvarlig håndtering og bruk av kjemikaliene:
S1
Oppbevares innelåst.
S2
Oppbevares utilgjengelig for barn.
S3
Oppbevares kjølig.
S4
Må ikke oppbevares i nærheten av bolighus.
S5
Oppbevares under ...
(En egnet væske som angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S6
Oppbevares under ...
(En inert gass som angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S7
Emballasjen skal holdes tett lukket.
S8
Oppbevares tørt.
S9
Oppbevares på et godt ventilert sted.
S12
Emballasjen må ikke lukkes tett igjen.
S13
Må ikke oppbevares sammen med næringsmidler, drikkevarer eller dyrefôr.
S14
Oppbevares adskilt fra ...
(Uforenelige kjemikalier som angis av produsent, importør eller
omsetter.)
S15
Må ikke utsettes for varme.
S16
Holdes vekk fra antennelseskilder - Røyking forbudt.
S17
Holdes vekk fra brennbart materiale.
S18
Skal behandles og åpnes med forsiktighet.
S20
Det må ikke spises eller drikkes under bruk.
S21
Det må ikke røykes under bruk.
S22
Unngå innånding av støv.
S23
Unngå innånding av gass/røyk/damp/sprøytetåke.
(Den eller de aktuelle betegnelser angis av
produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S24
Unngå hudkontakt.
S25
Unngå kontakt med øynene.
S26
Får man stoffet i øynene; skyll straks grundig med store mengder vann og kontakt
lege.
S27
Tilsølte klær må fjernes straks.
S28
Får man stoff på huden, vask straks med store mengder ...
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S29
Må ikke tømmes i kloakkavløp.
S30
Vann må ikke tilsettes.
S33
Ta forholdsregler mot utladning av statisk elektrisitet.
S35
Produktet og emballasjen skal uskadeliggjøres på en sikker måte.
S36
Bruk egnede verneklær.
S37
Bruk egnede vernehansker.
S38
Ved utilstrekkelig ventilasjon, må det benyttes egnet åndedrettsvern.
S39
Bruk vernebriller/ansiktsskjerm.
S40
Gulv og tilsølte gjenstander rengjøres med ...
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S41
Unngå innånding av røyken som oppstår ved brann eller eksplosjon.
S42
Bruk egnet åndedrettsvern ved utgassing/sprøyting.
(Den eller de aktuelle betegnelser angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
44
S43
S45
S46
S47
S48
S49
S50
S51
S52
S53
S56
S57
S59
S60
S61
S62
S63
S64
S210
Ved brannslukning, bruk ...
(Produsent, importør eller omsetter skal oppgi korrekt type av
brannslokningsutstyr. Hvis bruk av vann øker faren, tilføy: « Bruk ikke vann ».)
Ved uhell eller illebefinnende er omgående legebehandling nødvendig; vis
etiketten om mulig.
Ved svelging, kontakt lege omgående og vis denne beholderen eller etiketten.
Må ikke oppbevares ved temperatur som er høyere enn ... ° C.
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
Skal holdes fuktig med
... (Egnet materiale angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
Må kun oppbevares i den originale emballasjen.
Må ikke blandes med ... (Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
Må bare anvendes på godt ventilerte steder.
Bør ikke benyttes på større flater i beboelses- eller oppholdsrom.
Unngå direkte kontakt - innhent spesielle opplysninger før bruk.
Ta hånd om dette kjemikaliet og dets emballasje og lever til godkjent
avfallsbehandlingsanlegg.
Oppbevares/håndteres slik at forurensning i miljøet unngås.
(Sørg for forsvarlig emballering for å forebygge miljøforurensning).
Innhent opplysninger om gjenvinning og ombruk hos produsent, importør eller
omsetter.
Dette kjemikaliet og dets emballasje skal behandles som farlig avfall.
Unngå utslipp til miljøet. Se helse-, miljø- og sikkerhets- (HMS) datablad for
ytterligere informasjon.
Ved svelging må ikke brekning fremkalles: Kontakt lege omgående og vis denne
etikett eller emballasje.
Ved uhell ved innånding bringes den skadelidende til frisk luft og holdes i ro.
Ved svelging skylles munnen med vann (bare dersom personen er ved bevissthet).
Bruk trykkluft- eller friskluftsmaske i trange rom.
45
Safety clauses in combination
Når flere setninger kombineres i én setning, skal ordlyden på setningene være som angitt
nedenfor. Kombinasjonen regnes som en setning:
S1/2
Oppbevares innelåst og utilgjengelig for barn.
S3/7
Emballasjen oppbevares godt lukket på et kjølig sted.
S3/9/14
Emballasjen oppbevares på et kjølig, godt ventilert sted adskilt fra
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S3/9/14/49 Må kun oppbevares i den originale emballasjen på et kjølig, godt ventilert sted
adskilt fra
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S3/9/49
Må kun oppbevares i den originale emballasjen på et kjølig, godt ventilert sted.
S3/14
Oppbevares kjølig og adskilt fra ... (Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S7/8
Emballasjen skal holdes tett lukket og oppbevares tørt.
S7/9
Emballasjen skal holdes tett lukket og oppbevares på et godt ventilert sted.
S7/47
Emballasjen skal holdes tett lukket og oppbevares ved en temperatur som ikke er
høyere enn .. ° C.
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S20/21
Det må ikke spises, drikkes eller røykes under bruk.
S24/25
Unngå kontakt med huden og øynene.
S27/28
Tilsølte klær må fjernes straks, og får man stoff på huden, vask straks med store
mengder (Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.)
S29/35
Må ikke tømmes i kloakkavløp, produktet og emballasjen skal uskadeliggjøres på
en sikker måte.
S29/56
Må ikke tømmes i kloakkavløp; ta hånd om dette kjemikaliet og dets emballasje
og lever til godkjent avfallsbehandlingsanlegg.
S36/37
Bruk egnede verneklær og vernehansker.
S36/37/39 Bruk egnede verneklær, vernehansker og vernebriller/ansiktsskjerm.
S36/39
Bruk egnede verneklær og vernebriller/ansiktsskjerm.
S37/39
Bruk egnede vernehansker og vernebriller/ansiktsskjerm.
S47/49
Må kun oppbevares i den originale emballasjen ved temperatur som ikke er
høyere enn ... ° C.
(Angis av produsent, importør eller omsetter.
46
Danger Symbols
POISONOUS
VERY POISONOUS
CORROSIVE
DANGEROUS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
HARMFUL TO YOUR HEALTH
EXPLOSIVE
IRRITANT
VERY FLAMMABLE