JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
68(2)suppL, 1995, pp. 18^1
Description
Robert
in Karst,
of Benthic Communities
Streams of North Central Florida
John H. Epler,2
A. Mattson,1
Spring-Fed
and Michael
K. Hein3
is dominated
North-central
Florida
gives rise to
by a karst geology which
streams. These
systems are fed by a regional aquifer
springs and spring-influenced
stream
The periphyton
communities
of spring-influenced
the Floridan
system;
Aquifer.
are characterized
and lower Santa Fe rivers,
such as the lower Suwannee
systems,
by an
73% of the taxa list). Beds
dominated
by diatoms
(comprising
typically
algal community
abstract:
numerous
in spring-influenced
stream systems,
of submergent
aquatic vegetation
(SAV) are common
dominated
kurziana,
plants
spp.) and vascular
(Sagittaria
by macroalgae
(primarily Chara
are dominated
and others).
Benthic
invertebrate
communities
Vallisneria
americana,
by
on woody
and Trichoptera
substrata
chironomids,
(as suggested
by data
Ephemeroptera
the
molluscs
and crustaceans
with
from Hester-Dendy
samplers),
gastropod
(primarily
amphipod
dominated
Hyalella
azteca)
communities
on SAV
are
abundant.
substrata
being
relatively
Sandy
Our data
molluscs
and bivalve
and oligochaetes.
gastropod
is associated
hard substrata
with
rich community
(such as
invertebrate
than with
soft-bottom
communities.
Epiphytic
occasionally
by chironomids,
that a more
indicate
species
and limestone
wood
shoals)
are dominated
is a major
structuring
benthic
invertebrate
species
ence
force
by chironomids
in stream
systems
and ephemeropterans.
in north-central
Florida.
influ
Spring
in
Increases
in the periphyton
of diatoms
and a higher proportion
critical management
issues regarding
spring
input. Two
of groundwater
from the
in the region are the allocation
and spring fed streams
uses versus
needs
Floridan
for human
spring and stream ecosystem
consumptive
Aquifer
from overlying
land uses.
and prevention
of groundwater
contamination
community
the springs
are associated
richness
with
The
of northern Florida
is dominated
by karst features (Stubbs,
physiography
to
karst
form the
The
rise
this
limestones
topography
1940).
giving
underlying
a regional aquifer system which covers a large
for the Floridan Aquifer,
container
through portions
portion of the southeastern U.S., from southern South Carolina,
of southeastern
of Georgia,
and portions
Alabama
all of Florida,
(Rosenau et al.,
1977; Ceryak et al., 1983). This aquifer exists under both confined
(artesian) and
are responsible
These geologic characteristics
conditions.
unconfined
(nonartesian)
et al., 1977; Nordlie,
for the large number of springs found in Florida
(Rosenau
and most of which
1990), most of which are associated with stream ecosystems,
occur in the northern
in the Suwannee River
central part of the state, particularly
drainage.
In this paper we provide a descriptive
review of the flora and fauna of benthic
streams in north central Florida.
communities
of spring-fed and spring-influenced
Most
of the data for this report came from unpublished
reports and data from
Dis
the
River
Suwannee
Water
of
the stream monitoring
programs
Management
from the files of other State of Florida
data were obtained
trict. Supplemental
literature. This summary will be valuable
agencies and from the grey and published
to be made and
to researchers working
in similar systems to enable comparisons
additional
1
Suwannee
questions
developed.
Route
River Water Management
3, Box 64, Live Oak,
District,
32327.
Florida
Rt 3, Box 5485, Crawfordville,
Entomologist,
Systematic
3
Florida
101 Terrace,
3210 S.W.
Gainesville,
Consultant,
Algal Taxonomic
Florida
2
32607.
32060.
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
Table
1.
19
of watershed
Summary
and hydrologie
of stream
characteristics
systems
of north-central
Florida.
Discharge (mVsec)
Watershed area
Stream (km2) Mean
Suwannee
River
River
Alapaha
Withlacoochee
Santa
River
Fe
River
River
Aucilla
Econfina
Waccasassa
5931
48.52.0-2248.6
45.5
2279
780
1052
6.1
River
1502
1373
17.2^81.44
16.5 0.45-211.3
River
River
83.8-2398.7
45
0.88-532.4
3585
River
Fenholloway
Steinhatchee
299.9
25,771
4766
4.1
0.07-71.9
9.4
0.07^198.4
1.1-38.5
8.5
b-345.5
a
Tributaries
of Suwannee
River.
b
reverses
due to tidal action.
Flow
Description
of the Region
hydrography:
regional
The primary
feature of north-central
hydrologie
in the Okee
is the Suwannee
Florida
River drainage. This river system begins
in southern Georgia
and runs 378 km to the Gulf of Mexico.
fenokee Swamp
a basin area of over 25,000 km2, the Suwannee
is the second largest river
With
in Florida
in terms of freshwater discharge. Mean
range from
daily streamflows
near the mouth
42 mVsec
in the upper reaches to 300 mVsec
1992).
(USGS,
Other drainages
in the region (Table
the
1; Fig.
River,
1) include the Aucilla
streams (the Econfina,
Fen
Coastal Rivers
includes three major
system, which
and Steinhatchee
and theWaccasassa
River. All of these streams
Rivers),
holloway
are low gradient systems with a channel morphology
dominated
by sand bottom
et
with low riffle/pool
Brussock
al., 1985).
development
(after
REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGY AND STREAM PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
All streams in this region are heavily
influenced by groundwater
inflow from the
a
Floridan Aquifer when
lie
of
known as
feature
topographic
they
downgradient
two major
the Cody Scarp (Fig. 1). This feature is the boundary
between
g?o
the Northern
and the Gulf Coastal Lowlands
districts:
morphologie
Highlands
streams
the potentiometric
surface of the
(Fig. 1). In the Lowlands,
intercept
in this region) and receive inflow from it
Floridan
(which is generally unconfined
via numerous
streams
springs and general baseflow
through the channel. Many
are captured by sinkholes where they cross the scarp (e.g., the Santa Fe and Alapaha
re
Rivers), which may at times take the entire stream flow. They subsequently
as
an
conduit
emerge
springs after flowing through
underground
(where they mix
streams may be captured by sinks and not
with the Floridan Aquifer).
Smaller
or several small sinking streams may form part of the recharge area
re-emerge,
for a spring or spring group downgradient
of the stream sinks.
The influence of these geologic features on stream environments
is represented
of the Suwannee River and its tributaries. The upper reaches
by characteristics
of streams in this drainage
exhibit variable,
fed primarily
streamflows,
"flashy"
land
and
runoff
from
shallow
sand
Once
seepage
by
aquifers (Fig. 2).
crossing the
to
from
the
Floridan
contributes
substantial
Cody Scarp, spring input
Aquifer
20
1. Map
Fig.
Arrows
(-).
in this paper.
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
of the region,
showing
reaches where
indicate
of the Cody Scarp
streams,
major
( ), and the location
springs
intensive
has been conducted
for the data reported
sampling
in flow and a more even, predictable
increases
flow
al. (1982) also noted the stable flow regime exhibited
in the southeastern
U.S.
et
regime (Fig. 2). Wharton
river
systems
by spring-fed
Water
in this region is characterized
quality of the Floridan Aquifer
by high
concentrations
of calcium, magnesium
and bicarbonates
(Ceryak et al., 1983;
Crane,
1986). The input of this hard, calcareous water dramatically
changes the
streams
of
when
the
and
receive
aquifer
chemistry
they intercept
spring inflow.
Most begin as acidic, poorly mineralized
streams (particularly
if orig
blackwater
but spring input alters stream water quality
inating in the Northern
Highlands),
to those of alkaline, hardwater
streams (Table 2), called calcareous
characteristics
streams in Beck's classification
streams in this
of the major
(Beck, 1965). Most
lower Suwannee
and Santa Fe) have been classified
region (the Aucilla, Alapaha,
as calcareous
streams (Nordlie,
and Wac
1990), and others (the Withlacoochee
casassa Rivers,
are influenced
and the streams of the Coastal Rivers
drainage)
heavily by spring input from the Floridan.
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
21
A. STREAM HYDROLOGY - UPPER SUWANNEE DRAINAGE (ABOVECODY SCARP)
iratWhiteSprings
SantaFeRivernear
Springs
Worthington
B. STREAM HYDROLOGY - LOWER SUWANNEE DRAINAGE (BELOWCODY SCARP)
White
SantaFeRivernearFort
Riv<
Suwannee
100000
10000
1000
100
I I l ll II II l ll III ll l ll
?FJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOF
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19{
I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I
OFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJOFJ
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
stream flows for a ten-year
at four U.S.
Fig. 2. Mean monthly
period
and Santa Fe Rivers,
gauging sites on the upper (A) and lower (B) Suwannee
in the upper and lower portions
of the drainage.
Geological
reflecting
stream
Survey
stream hydrology
and chemical
spring physical
characteristics:
et al. (1977) pro
Rosenau
to date of hydrologie
vide the most detailed
and water quality char
summary
to
acteristics
of the springs of Florida. They employed
the Meinzer
Classification
rates springs based on mean
describe
which
spring hydrology,
daily discharge,
to eighth magnitude
m3/
(>2.83 mVsec)
ranging from first magnitude
(<0.00001
sec). Nine
springs in the region are classified as first magnitude
springs or spring
et al., 1977), most
others are second
groups. Based on limited data (Rosenau
or third (0.028-0.28
(0.28-2.83
mVsec)
mVsec) magnitude.
Whitford
(1956) classified Florida
springs into six types based on water chem
More
istry and associated
algal communities.
recently, Woodruff
(1993) recog
nized four types of spring water chemistries
in Florida
based on multivariate
analysis of existing water quality data; calcium bicarbonate
springs, salt springs,
mixed
springs and low ion springs. Most of the spring systems in the north-central
Florida region are Whitford's
calcium bicar
hard, freshwater
type or Woodruffs
bonate type.
Periphyton
and Submerged
Macrophyte
Communities
periphyton
communities:
The periphyton
communities
of Florida spring hab
itats were sampled by Whitford
the algal communities
(1956). He characterized
streams (such as the Itchetucknee
of hard, freshwater
and
springs and spring-fed
as a Cocconeis-Stigeoclonium
lower Santa Fe Rivers)
type, dominated
primarily
to be characteristic
of hard freshwater
by diatoms. Algae found by Whitford
springs
and spring streams were diatoms
of the genera Synedra, Achnanthes,
Cocconeis,
and green algae of the genera Stigeoclonium,
and Gomphonema
and
Oedogonium
Cladophora.
recent data from the Suwannee
More
and Santa Fe Rivers have been collected
Table
2.
conducted
of water
Ranges
February
quality
1989-January
exhibited
pH
(units)
Upper
Santa
County)
River
reaches
in different
regions
of the Suwannee
River
Alkalinity
(mg/liter)
Conductivity
(micromhos)
Color
(Pt/Co units)
5.0-7.7
6.30-92.0
95.0-273.0
40.0-430.0
3.2-7.4
0.50-23.0
50.0-122.0
200.0-600.0
6.6-7.8
(at state
line)
15.0-120.0
82.0-258.0
10.0-250.0
Fe River
Lower
Santa
Lower
Suwannee
(at Rock
stream
Fe River
(Bradford County)
River
Suwannee
Upper
(Hamilton
Withlacoochee
by
1991.
Bluff)
7.6-8.1
(atHwyl29)
110.0-160.0
7.1-8.3
44.0-150.0
297.0-411.0
0.50-150.0
River
138.0-364.0
15.0-250.0
drainag
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
A.
LOWER SANTA FE RIVER
fSIOther
CO
X
CO
r
B.
45
H
Bacillariophyceae
D
Chlorophyta
I
Cyanophyta
LOWER SUWANNEE RIVER
-r
E3 Other
Seasonal
Fig. 3.
species richness
periphyton
Santa Fe and (B) lower Suwannee
Rivers.
on glass
slide
settling
racks
S
Bacillariophyceae
?
Chlorophyta
I
Cyanophyta
incubated
in the (A) lower
using glass slide settling racks. A total of 168 species of algae have been
from the spring-influenced
portions of the Suwannee drainage
(Appendix
were employed
in order to make
these data
taxonomic
identifications
a new species
with historically
collected data. From these collections,
comparable
was described
the first freshwater
of Anorthoneis
by Hein
(1991) as A. dulcis\
quarterly
collected
1). Older
it appears to be
of this marine
genus. In the Suwannee
representative
drainage,
to the spring-influenced
confined
portions
(Hein, 1991).
and Santa Fe Rivers
These
of the lower Suwannee
portions
spring influenced
the year, in
diatoms
communities
dominated
support periphyton
throughout
by
24
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
A.
2500000
T
2000000
--
1500000
--
cd 1000000
O
-
E
o
cr
LOWER SANTA FE RIVER
Other
Bacillariophyceae
500000
B.
?
1200000
1
1000000
4
D
Chlorophyia
I
Cyanophyta
LOWER SUWANNEE RIVER
Other
800000 J
C/)
Bacillariophyceae
IZIChiorophyta
(D
O
B
^? O)
CD
UL
Fe
>.
<j> Wo?o^^-^t~0) CT> ^>0^>
CO
O
^
Z
<
Seasonal
abundance
Fig. 4.
periphyton
and (B) lower Suwannee
Rivers.
terms
_qCD
CD
U-
on glass
Cyanophyta
?
Q_
CD
CD
t
C/) ?_ Q
>> CT> "o) CD ^>cj>
^
52
<
slide
settling
O
Z
racks
incubated
in the (A) lower Santa
of both species richness and abundance
genera most
(Figs. 3, 4). Diatom
collected
included Achnanthes,
Cocconeis,
Melosira,
frequently
Gomphonema,
and Synedra.
collected
Nav?cula, Nitzschia
green algae include Pro
Frequently
toderma viride, Scenedesmus
acuminatus
and a Stigeocolonium
sp. Higher
algal
taxa richness was seen in winter
summer
on the Santa Fe (Fig. 3) and in
and
in
spring on the Suwannee
(Fig. 3). Peak algal densities were generally observed
on
the winter
the Santa Fe and in the summer-fall
period on the Suwannee
(Fig.
25
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
Table
3.
List
in north-central
of Natural
of common
Florida.
Resources
submerged
Sources: Dutoit
unpublished
in springs and spring-influenced
streams
found
macrophytes
and Hoyer
(1979), Canfield
(1988) and Florida Department
data.
Bryophyta
Chlorophyta
Chara
Fontinalis
spp.
filamentous
Various
sp.
forms
Tracheophyta
Alismataceae
Najadaceae
kurziana
Sagittaria
Najas
Sagittariasubulata
Nymphaeaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllum
Cabomba
Myriophyllum
Myriophyllum
Onagraceae
repens
Ludwigia
heterophylum
laxum n
spicatum
Hydrocharitaceae
Egeria
caroliniana
demersum
Halogoraceae
Myriophyllum
guadalupensis
Potamogetonaceae
Potamoget?n
. f.
,.
diversifohus
illinoensis
Potamoget?n
pectinatus
Potamoget?n
densa
verticillata
Hydrilla
americana
Vallisneria
relative abundance
except during a very low flow
dominating
4), with diatoms
event on the Suwannee
when green algae dominated
in mid-1990,
algal relative
abundance
(Fig. 4).
biomass
(AFDW)
Periphyton
ranged from < 1 to 19 g/m2 Ash-Free
Dry Weight
on the lower Suwannee
on the lower Santa Fe. Pe
and < 1 to 17 g/m2 AFDW
biomass was generally highest
the year on the latter stream
riphyton
throughout
rates appear to be highest
A.
Mattson,
production
(R.
unpubl. report). Periphyton
in the spring-influenced
streams
in
of
due to a
this
portions
region, probably
combination
of high water clarity, generally high nitrate concentrations,
and con
stant flow and temperature
A.
conditions
Mattson,
unpubl.
(R.
report). More
stream
these
and
studies
of
systems would be
comparative
spring
spring
rigorous
valuable
for their management
and protection.
Since the older study of Whitford
or ecological
studies of the algae of Florida
(1956) very few systematic
springs
streams have been conducted.
and spring-influenced
submerged
MACROPHYTE communities:
The spring-fed
streams of Florida are
characterized
by stands of submergent macrophytes
(Clewell,
1991). The stone
common
wort Chara
and common
vascular
sp. is the most
algal macrophyte
include Sagittaria
Vallisneria
Cerato
kurziana,
americana,
plants
submergent
and one or more
demersum
species of Myriophyllum
phyllum
(Table 3). In the
lower Santa Fe drainage, macrophyte
V.
coverage was dominated
by S. kurziana,
M.
and
laxum
Chara
of Natural
americana,
sp. (Dutoit,
1979; Florida Department
such as Hydrilla
verticillata, Myr
Resources,
unpubl. data). Exotic submergents
are
streams
and
densa
also
in many
in the
present
spicatum,
iophyllum
Egeria
cover.
region and may dominate
submerged macrophyte
of
Species specific above-ground
standing crops
submerged
macrophytes
on the
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
26
Itchetucknee
River
tributary of the lower Santa Fe River)
(a spring-run
ranged
from 67.2 to 996.8 g dry weight/m2
the highest
(Dutoit,
1979), with
standing
and Canfield
crops being exhibited
(1990) found submerged
by Chara. Duarte
to
7.1
in several
from
25.6
standing crops ranging
kg/m2 wet weight
macrophyte
runs
was
most
in
that
the
influenced
the
and
by
degree
region,
standing crop
spring
of canopy
standing crops in the
shading of the channel. They measured
highest
because
Wacissa
this stream is generally wider
River,
(less shaded by
probably
current
has
than the other
the riparian
shallower
and
slower
velocities
canopy),
pers. obs.).
systems sampled
(R. A. Mattson,
rates of macrophytes
in the Itchetucknee
River
leaf growth
Species
specific
to
0.46
with
from
13.25
Chara
g dry wt./m2/day
(Dutoit,
1979),
exhibiting
ranged
the highest
highest growth rates in the spring
growth rate. This alga exhibited
while vascular plants such as Sagittaria
tended to exhibit higher
(March-May),
summer
Pri
rates
in
the
(Dutoit,
1979). Daily Maximum
(June-August)
growth
in spring stream systems
in the region
rates (as g 02/m2/hour)
mary Production
1990).
ranged from 1.18 to 13.43 (Duarte and Canfield,
Benthic
Macroinvertebrate
Communities
streams
communities
of calcareous
Beck (1965) found benthic macroinvertebrate
in Florida were characterized
ephemeropterans
(primarily baetids
by chironomids,
molluscs
the
and the heptageniid
the snail Elimia),
Stenonema),
(particularly
and crustaceans
shrimp Palae
trichopteran
(the freshwater
Cheumatopsyche,
monetes paludosus
and the amphipod Hyalella
azteca). Thompson
(1968) noted
a
the
with
that
rich molluscan
fauna is associated
springs and spring-influenced
streams of Florida,
exhibit a high
and that many
snails in the family Hydrobiidae
a
area or even
to
in
localized
restricted
of
endemism,
spring groups
degree
being
of up to 17,000/m2
to a single spring. Nordlie
densities
(1990) reported Elimia
in the Itchetucknee
River.
data indicate that stream benthic macro
collected
semiquantitative
Recently
are dominated
invertebrate
communities
2,
by various aquatic insects (Appendix
in
Fe
made
Suwannee
and
Santa
the
lower
Collections
Rivers,
quarterly
Fig. 5).
samplers,
suggest that Diptera
(primarily Chiro
multiplate
using Hester-Dendy
and Tricorythidae)
Baetidae
Ephemeroptera
(primarily Heptageniidae,
nomidae),
on woody
substrata. Other
dominate
and Trichoptera
(primarily Hydropsychidae)
on Hester-Dendy
of benthic communities
samplers deployed
groups characteristic
in the spring-influenced
reaches of these rivers
include molluscs
(primarily gas
and freshwater
the
limpets in
family Hydrobiidae,
tropods of the genus Elimia,
more
H.
A
crustaceans
and
the family Ancylidae)
species rich
azteca).
(primarily
with
substrata
is
associated
invertebrates
of
benthic
(as sug
woody
community
compared with soft substrata
(Fig.
samplers)
gested by data from Hester-Dendy
streams in the
from low gradient blackwater
6). This is similar to data collected
U.S.
southeastern
1988).
(Benke et al., 1984; Benke and Meyer,
in the lower Santa Fe River with a petite ponar grab indicate that
Collections
infaunal chironomids,
taxa on sandy substrata (Fig. 7) include various
the
and
sp. and the exotic
molluscs,
gastropod Campeloma
including
oligochaetes,
include sphaeriid
Native
bivalves
asian clam Corbicula fluminea.
(Sphaerium,
and Villosa spp.). Heard
and unionid clams (primarily Elliptio
(1979)
Musculium)
clams in the Suwannee
lists 13 species of unionid
drainage. One, Medionidus
dominant
VOLUME 68, NUMBER
A.
27
2
LOWER SANTA FE RIVER HESTER-DENDY SPECIES COMPOSITION
100%
M Other
80%
60%
0
Trichoptera
H
Ephemeroptera
40%
E3 D?ptera
13 Cole?ptera
20%
Not
Sampled
in 1989
D
Crustacea
H
Mollusca
0%
00
LL
B.
CD
00
<
00
00
O
O
LOWER SUWANNEE RIVER HESTER-DENDY SPECIES COMPOSITION
SOther
El Trichoptera
HI Ephemeroptera
0
D?ptera
Il Cole?ptera
macroinvertebrate
species
composition
Fig. 5. Benthic
(as cumulative
on Hester-Dendy
three replicate
incubated
samples)
multiplate
samplers
reaches of the (A) Santa Fe and (B) Suwannee
Rivers.
relative
in the
Q
Crustacea
1
Mollusca
abundance
from
spring-influenced
in areas influenced by calcareous
is an endemic,
found primarily
walkeri,
ground
on the
water
have been observed
of Corbicula
up to 6458/m2
input. Densities
lower Suwannee
(SRWMD,
unpubl. data), and it is unknown how this exotic clam
has affected native bivalve populations.
of benthic
inver
summaries
Qualitative
on natural substrata in the spring-influenced
tebrate species composition
reaches
of other streams in the region indicate some of the same general trends (Fig. 8)
of Environmental
Protection,
unpubl. data). In terms
(from Florida Department
are a dominant
of species richness,
chironomids
feature of these communities;
and crustaceans
molluscs
ephemeropterans,
trichopterans,
comprise most of the
of the species richness. Woodruff
remainder
(1993) found a benthic community
28
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
A. LOWERSANTA FE RIVER
Hester-Dendy
40
--
35
--
30
x
03
.
-
20
15
10
5
---
\
y
--
0i?.J-h
03
^
Ponar
y
o
Q.
o
CO0
_Q CJ)
CD
Q_
CD
CO ?
?) CD
O
cp
03
O
CD
>
O
CD
03
CD
i
>
O
<
B. LOWERSUWANNEERIVER
40
-r
20
--
03
X
j2
*
Hester-Dendy
Ponar
15 -10
--
13
O
-Q CD
CD
LL
^>> o
OS
CD
Q.
CD
CO o
^O) CD
13
<
?
CD
O
CD
O
Q
taxa richness
of mean macroinvertebrate
Fig. 6. Comparison
at one
and petite ponar grab collections
in 1990-1991
Dendy
and in 1990 at one site on the lower Suwannee
River
(B).
O
cd
h
CD
LL
O
CD
i
03
samples)
(three replicate
site on the lower Santa
O
CD
?)
O
CD
i
>
O
<
from Hester
Fe River
(A)
leeches and isopods on benthic
sediment
dominated
amphipods,
by oligochaetes,
cores from Manatee
Spring in the lower Suwannee.
are another major
in many
of limestone
type of hard substratum
Outcrops
found in shoal and riffle areas
spring-fed rivers in this region and are frequently
of the river channels. Mason
(1991) typically found highest Empirical Biotic Index
in the lower
in rock basket collections
values
(vs. ponar and dip net collections)
29
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
100%
M Other
80%
:
H
Trichoptera
111Ephemeroptera
60%
; iD?ptera
40%
^
20%
Cole?ptera
?l Crustacea
<
0%
?J Oligochaeta
o
cp
-Q
Q)
LL
Mollusca
I
Species
composition
Fig. 7.
three replicate
from
samples)
the Santa Fe River.
of benthic
macroin
ponar
petite
grab
vertebrates
sampling
relative abundance
from
(as cumulative
in the lower, spring
of
influenced
portion
Suwannee
influenced by spring inflow). Hydropsychid
and psychomyiid
(heavily
in these basket collections
caddisflies were "common
inhabitants"
(Mason,
1991).
The Florida Game
Fish Commission
and Fresh Water
(unpubl. report) found
on limestone
invertebrate
densities
shoal areas (2109.6-4553.5/
higher benthic
on
areas
in the lower Suwannee
than
sand-bottom
and
m2)
(230.6-421.6/m2)
lower Santa Fe Rivers.
are also a major
in the
Beds of submerged macrophytes
invertebrate
habitat
streams
In
the
Marks
of
and
the
St.
River, Bar
springs
region.
spring-influenced
were
found
that
macroinvertebrate
communities
epiphytic
todziej (pers. comm.)
the
dominated
68%
of
chironomids
by
(principally Dicrotendipes
spp.), averaging
on
He
five
of
measured
invertebrate
species composition
species
macrophyte.
160
m
140
Other
?1 Trichoptera
120
ID Ephemeroptera
100
<
x
<
\.~] D?ptera
80
^
60
Crustacea
40
20
! J Oligochaeta
0
I
Econfina
Aucilla
Fig.
8.
Comparison
of benthic
in the Aucilla,
group)
of Environmental
partment
major
Cole?ptera
macroinvertebrate
Econfina
Protection
and
Steinhatchee
study.
Mollusca
Steinhatchee
species richness
Data
Rivers.
of
(as numbers
from unpublished
taxa
in each
Florida
De
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
30
Table
4.
Suwannee
collected
of cave crustaceans
Inventory
in Florida.
River
from
Compiled
drainage
Order
submerged
1982.
cave
and
sink
habitats
in the
hobbsi
(Hobos'
cave
amphipod)
hobbsi
(Hobos'
cave
isopod)
Isopoda
Caecidotea
Order
Franz,
Amphipoda
Crangonyx
Order
from
Decapoda
Palaemonetes
Procambarus
Procambarus
Procambarus
Troglocambarus
cummingi
erythrops
(Florida
(Red-eyed
cave
shrimp)?
cave
crayfish)
cave crayfish)
(Light-fleeing
(Pallid cave crayfish)
pallidus
cave crayfish)
maclanei
(McLane's
lucifugus
densities of 500 to 3000 individuals/2000
cm2 of plant surface area, with Sagittaria
due to higher chi
kurziana
primarily
supporting
significantly
higher densities,
invertebrate
ronomid densities. Other taxa which form a large part of the epiphytic
are Ephemeroptera,
communities
Baetidae
pers.
comm.)
primarily
(Bartodziej,
un
and Tricorythodes
and the amphipod H. azteca (R. A. Mattson,
albilineatus
not
larvae
of
abundant,
aquatic
lepidoptera
publ. data). Although
(the family
are commonly
in submerged macrophyte
beds.
collected
Pyralidae)
An additional
of the benthic
fauna of the region is the troglobytic
component
cave habitats
fauna of the submerged
associated
with
the springs and spring
are
streams
All
the cave
with
associated
influenced
1992).
(Hobbs,
obligately
and lack of pig
habitats and exhibit characteristic
such as Mindless
adaptations
are
Most
and
mentation.
of these are crustaceans
many
(Table 4),
by
designated
or threatened,
the State of Florida as endangered
primarily due to highly restricted
cave system (Franz, 1982).
some are endemic
to a single submerged
distributions;
40
CO35
CD
c
-C 30
?
ir 25
03
X
03 20
I
?
15
X
c
10
03
CD
200
150
100
50
0
250
Alkalinity(mg/Liter)
on the Suwannee
taxa richness
and mean macroinvertebrate
alkalinity
on three replicate Hester-Dendy
taxa richness
col
consist
of mean
samplers,
measure
1989-1991
from five sites on the river mainstem,
plotted
alkalinity
against
Fig. 9. Relationship
River mainstem.
Data
lected
ment
quarterly
taken when
between
samplers
deployed.
Data
from
SRWMD
unpublished
report.
31
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
flushed
Most appear to be omnivorous
detritivores,
surviving on organic material
into the caves through spring vents and sinkholes
(Hobbs,
1992). Many may be
around organic inputs such as sinks or cave entrances
found concentrated
(Franz,
1982; Hobbs,
1992). During river flooding in the Suwannee drainage, many springs
or take surface water when the river stage exceeds the potentiometric
"backflow"
and
of introducing
is probably one means
surface of the aquifer, which
particulate
carbon into the cave systems. Streever (1992) recently reported on large
dissolved
of Corbicula
populations
selected spring systems
caves associated
in the submerged
(up to 2820/m2)
in both the lower Suwannee
and Santa Fe Rivers.
Biodiversity
and Spring
with
inflow
stream
in this paper have come mainly
from regional ambient
reported
stream
have
been
collected
from
main
the
data
Most
of
programs.
monitoring
has
been
conducted
reaches influenced by springs. Very little biological
sampling
no experimental
in the actual spring areas. Almost
studies have been done to
stream community
biodi
and
evaluate
the relationships
between
spring input
will
have
of
this
Studies
impli
important management
type
extremely
versity.
cations for these lotie systems.
In north-central
Florida,
spring influence appears to be a major structuring force
in communities
in species richness
of benthic
in stream communities.
Increases
are associated with input of quantities
of hard, alkaline spring
macroni vertebrates
show
water
in the Suwannee
River mainstem
groups which
(Fig. 9). Particular
include ephemeropterans,
and/or relative abundance
increases in species richness
factors postulated
for these trends include
molluscs
and oligochaetes.
Causative
rates
increased buffering, higher nutrient availability,
higher primary production
conditions.
Stream periph
and more constant
("predictable")
physical/chemical
with spring input; from
yton communities
undergo a shift in species composition
communities
dominated
by
algae to those dominated
by green and blue-green
streams of Florida are
diatoms
report). The spring-influenced
(Mattson, unpubl.
Data
one of the few Florida
stream
habitats
to support
substantial
coverages
of sub
mergent
aquatic vegetation
(Clewell,
1991).
In this region, the Floridan Aquifer,
the primary water source for most of the
source of water for human
is a primary
and
streams,
springs
spring-influenced
state to
will
that
Florida
be
the
first eastern U.S.
It
is
needs.
consumptive
likely
same
water
that
have
with
the
of
been
allocation
issues
characteristic
types
grapple
in Florida are now working
of western U.S. states for many years. Water managers
to develop
instream flow policies
and criteria for the allocation
of groundwater
of necessary
for human versus natural system needs. Maintenance
of
quantities
at this time) will be critical
is currently unknown
input (how much
groundwater
to the preservation
characteristics
of springs and spring-influenced
of biodiversity
streams.
A second major
threat to biodiversity
is groundwater
pollution with excessive
nutrients and/or toxics due to land development.
Many of the areas in the Coastal
are regions where
Lowlands
the Floridan Aquifer
These areas are
is unconfined.
to
to
contamination
moderately
groundwater
(Suwannee River WMD,
highly prone
to sinking streams also represent a threat to
unpubl. data). Watersheds
draining
cave areas may
thus be threatened by ground
groundwater
quality. Submerged
or polluted
water
contamination
via
may
impact surface waters
groundwater
32
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
efforts are currently
spring discharge. Management
focusing on better land use
areas
in
contamination
prone to groundwater
(either high recharge areas
planning
or stream to sink watersheds)
to
of best management
and development
practices
reduce nutrient
and toxics loadings from existing
land uses which
appear to be
threatening
quality.
groundwater
Acknowledgments
Services
Fieldwork
for SRWMD
sampling was performed
by Environmental
and Santa Fe Rivers
and Permitting,
Inc. Funding
for the work on the Suwannee
in this paper came from the Surface Water
and Manage
Improvement
reported
ment Trust Fund and the Suwannee River Water Management
District.
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W.
M.
Bartodziej,
cillata
Personal
and Egeria
densa
versus
of the Florida
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1965. The streams
Jr.
Annual
Beck, W. M.,
A. C,
Benke,
Cited
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Epiphytic
submersed
macrophytes.
Communication.
native
Lake Management
of Florida.
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on Hydrilla
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at the Second
populations
Paper
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FL. March,
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State Museum
1992.
10(3):91-126.
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and F. K. Parrish.
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Arsdall,
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river: the importance
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assimilation
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capacity
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for Aquatic
submitted
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and T. Q. Burnson.
1983. The geology
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Ceryak,
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Resources.
River Basin, Florida.
Bureau
Florida Department
Suwannee
of Geology,
Canfield,
E.,
River.
Clewell,
of Investigation
Report
A. F.
1991.
Florida
No.
87:1-165.
rivers:
Studies
Ecological
1986. An investigation
J. J.
Crane,
Suwannee
River
Florida
No.
96:1-205.
of Investigation
and D. E. Canfield.
C. M.,
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University
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Heard,
1990. Macrophyte
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Water
26(6):927-934.
spring-runs.
of the Itchetucknee
1979. The carrying
Springs
capacity
FL. 173 pp.
of Florida,
Gainesville,
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6. Rare
and Endangered
1982.
Invertebrates.
FL.
131 pp.
Press, Gainesville,
Clams
Manual
of the Freshwater
1979.
Identification
of Environmental
K.
M.
and
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productivity
primary
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the vegetational
mosaic.
(ed.), The Rivers
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289 pp.
83, pp. 47-63.
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hydrogeology,
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and Sons, New York, NY.
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ronmental
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1992.
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F. G.
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Florida
1982.
Snipe.
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FWS/OBS-81/37.
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and
The
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spring
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Service,
133 pp.
streams
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Ecology
37(3):433^42.
A.
Woodruff,
Master's
1993.
Florida
Thesis.
University
Appendix
List of periphytic
algae collected
wannee River drainage,
1990-1991,
DIVISION CYANOPHYTA
Anabaena
sp.
delicatissima
Aphanocapsa
sp.
Chamaesiphon
Chroococcus
dispersus v minor
limneticus
Chroococcus
minutus
Chroococcus
sp.
Fremyella
nana
Lyngbya
sp.
Lyngbya
Oscillatoria
angustissima
Oscillatoria
geminata
Oscillatoria
limnetica
Oscillatoria
limosa
Oscillatoria
sp.
DIVISION
and
chemical
classification
Springs
of Florida, Gainesville,
FL.
CHLOROPHYTA
nannoselene
Ankistrodesmus
Bulbochaete
sp.
Characium
ambiguum
Characium
pringsheimii
sp.
Chlamydomonas
Closterium
moniliferum
Closterium
parvulum
Closterium
sp.
Coelastrum
sphaericum
Cosmarium
sp.
Crucigenia
tetrapedia
pulchellum
Dictyosphaerium
Dispora
crucigenioides
aquatic
117 pp.
biological
communities.
1
in the spring-influenced
reaches
by the Suwannee River WMD.
of the Su
Eudorina
elegans
lunaris
Kirchneriella
Kirchneriella
obesa
sp.
Oedogonium
morum
Pandorina
viride
Protoderma
Scenedesmus
abundans
acuminatus
Scenedesmus
armatus
Scenedesmus
Scenedesmus
bijuga
Scenedesmus
obliquus
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Schroederia
setigera
sp.
Spirogyra
sp.
Stigeoclonium
minimum
Tetraedron
Tetraedron
trigonum
DIVISION CHRYSOPHYTA
Bacillariophyceae
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
clevei
curvirostrum
delicatula
exigua
exigua var. constricta
exigua var. heterovalva
hauckiana
hungarica
lanceolata
lanceolata
var. apiculata
34
lanceolata
lanceolata
lanceolata
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
toides
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
Achnanthes
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
var. dubia
var. haynaldii
var.
lanceola
linearis
minutissima
oestrupii
wellisiae
sp.
pellucida
Amphipleura
libyca
Amphora
ovalis var. affinis
Amphora
perpusilla
Amphora
v?neta
Amphora
dulc?s
Anorthoneis
Bacillaria
paradoxa
laevis
Biddulphia
crucicula
Capartogramma
Cocconeis fluviatilis
Cocconeis
pediculis
Cocconeis
placentula
var. euglypta
Cocconeis
placentula
var. lineata
Cocconeis
placentula
atomus
Cyclotella
comta
Cyclotella
Cyclotella
meneghiniana
Cymbella affinis
Cymbella
Cymbella
Cymbella
Cymbella
Cymbella
Cymbella
Diploneis
Diploneis
Epithemia
Epithemia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Eunotia
Fraguar?a
Fraguar?a
Fraguar?a
Fragilaria
minuta
silesiaca
t?mida
t?rgida
turgidula
sp.
oblongella
oculata
adnata
t?rgida
arcus bidens
curvata
naegelii
pectinalis
var. minor
pectinalis
vanheurckii
sp.
var. mesolepta
capuana
construens
pinnata
sp.
Frustulia
rhombo?des
acuminatum
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
affine
angustatum
augur
clevei
gracile
grovei var.
parvulum
subclavatum
lingulatum
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
Gomphonema
tergestinum
sp.
Gomphonema
attenuatum
Gyrosigma
eximium
Gyrosigma
Melosira
ambigua
Melosira
distans
roeseana
Melosira
Melosira
Meridion
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Nav?cula
Neidium
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
varions
circulare
angusta
capitata
cari
confervaceae
cryptocephala
exigua var. capitata
gastrum
graciloides
heufleri var. leptocephala
lanceolata
latens
lateropunctata
pupula
radiosa
radiosa var. parva
radiosa var. tenella
seminulum
viridula
viridula var.
linearis
sp.
affine var.
acicularis
bacillum
constricta
fonticola
frustulum
gracilis
kuetzingiana
obtusa var.
longiceps
scalpelliformis
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
35
Nitzschia
palea
Nitzshia
paleacea
Nitzschia
perminuta
romana
Nitzschia
subtilis
Nitzschia
Nitzschia
tryblionella var. victoriae
Nitzschia
sp.
var. subundulata
Pinnularia
abaujensis
viridula var. linearis
Pinnularia
delicatissima
Stenopterobia
rumpens
Synedra
rumpens var. familiaris
Synedra
soda
Synedra
ulna
Synedra
var. contracta
ulna
Synedra
var.
ulna
Synedra
oxyrhy. f mediocon
tracta
Terpsinoe
m?sica
DIVISION EUGLENOPHYTA
Euglena
Phacus
sp.
orbicularis
Appendix 2
in the spring-influenced
List of benthic macroinvertebrates
collected
reaches
the Suwannee River drainage,
the
WMD.
Suwannee
River
1989-1991,
by
CNIDARIA
Hydrazoa
Hydra
sp.
PLATYHELMINTHES
Dugesia
sp.
NEMERTEA
Prostoma
sp.
ASCHELMINTHES
Micromenetus
sp.
Neritina
reclivata
Notogillia
wetherbyi
sp.
Physella
Planorbella
scalaris
Planorbella
trivolvis
Planorbella
sp.
Pomacea
paludosa
Pseudosuccinea
columella
Pseudosuccinea
sp.
Viviparus
Viviparus
georgianus
sp.
Nematoda
Bivalvia
Unidentified
species
MOLLUSCA
Gastropoda
Amn?cola
sp.
sp.
Campeloma
Elimia
athearni
Elimia floridensis
Elimia
sp.
Ferrissia
sp.
Corbicula fluminea
sp.
Elliptio
Musculium
lacustre
Musculium
sp.
Pisidium dubium
Pisidium
sp.
sp.
Sphaerium
Villosa villosa
Villosa sp.
Gyraulus parvus
sp.
Gyraulus
excentricus
Hebetancyclus
Unidentified Hydrobiidae
Laevapex
sp.
Lioplax pilsbryi
Micromenetus
dilatatus
Micromenetus
floridensis
ANNELIDA
Oligochaeta
Aelosoma
Aulodrilus
Bratislavia
sp.
piqueti
unidentata
Chaetogaster
Dew fur cata
sp.
of
36
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Dero tr?fida
Dero
vaga
Dero
sp.
Neumon?a
Piona
sp.
sp.
Sperchon
sp.
Sperchonopsis
Unionicola
sp.
sp.
Eclipidrilus
templetoni
Ilyodrilus
Isochaetides
freyi
Chelicerata?Araneae
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Nais behningi
Nais
Nais
Nais
Dolomedes
Dolomedes
communis
okefinokensis
triton
Crustacea?Amphipoda
elinguis
variabilis
Gammarus
Pristina leidyi
sp.
Enchytraeidae
Immature
Tubificid
Tubificid
sp.
azteca
Hyalella
Pristina
synclites
Pristina
sp.
Pristinella
osborni
Slavinia
appendiculata
Spirosperma
ferox
lacustris
Stylaria
Haber
cf. speciosus
chaetae
Immature
chaetae
sp.
Crustacea?Isopoda
Asellus
Lirceus
sp.
sp.
Crustacea?Decapoda
w/o
capelliform
Procambarus
Procambarus
Procambarus
Palaemonetes
Bourletiella
Desserobdella
phalera
spp.
Erpobdellidae
Helobdella
elongata
Helobdella
fusca
Helobdella
stagnalis
triserialis
Helobdella
Helobdella
Placobdella
Placobdella
Unidentified
Isotoma
sp.
sp.
Podura aquatica
Willowsia
sp.
unidentified
Isotomidae
species
ARTHROPODA
Chelicerata?Acari?a
Atractides
sp.
Arrenurus
sp.
Agasicles
hygrophila
Krendowskia
Lebertia
sp.
Curculionidae
Lissorhoptrus
Listronotus
sp.
sp.
complex
nigrirostris
Onychylis
Stenopelmus
rufinasus
lemnae
Tanysphyrus
Dryopidae
Helichus lithophilus
sp.
Eylais
sp.
Geayia
sp.
Hydrodroma
sp.
Hygrobates
Koenikea
sp.
sp.
sp.
Insecta?Cole?ptera
Chrysomelidae
sp.
paras?tica
sp.
paludosus
Insecta?Collembola
w/capelliform
Hirudinea
fallax
paeninsulanus
sp.
Pelonomus
obscurus
Dytiscidae
Agabus johannis
Bidessonotus
longovalis
Celina
sp.
Coptotomus
interrogatus
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2 37
Copelatus
caelatipennis
princeps
Cybister fimbriolatus
carolinus
Hydroporus
lobatus ?
Hydroporus
vittatipennis
Hydroporus
?
undulatus
Hydroporus
sp.
Hydroporus
compressus
pustulatus
Hydrovatus
proximus
Laccophilus
sp.
Laccophilus
Liodessus
affinis
Liodessus fuscatus
ovatus
Matus
Thermonectus
bassilaris
Elmidae
variegatus
Ancyronyx
vittata
Dubiraphia
sp.
Dubiraphia
Macronychus
glabratus
pusillus
Microcylloepus
Stenelmis
convexula
Stenelmis fuscata
Stenelmis
hungerfordi
Stenelmis
sinuata
Stenelmis
sp.
Hydrophilidae
Berosus
exiguus
Berosus peregrinus
Derallus
altus
Enochrus
cinctus
consors
Enochrus
Enochrus
ochraceus
Enochrus
nebulosus
pygmaeus
striata
Helobata
Helochares
maculicollis
casta
Hydrobiomorpha
nanus
Paracymus
Sperchopsis
Tropisternus
Tropisternus
Hydrocanthus
Notomicrus
Suphisellus
Suphisellus
Dineutus
Dineutus
Dineutus
Dineutus
Gyrinus
Gyrinus
Gyrinus
Gyrinus
angustus
carolinus
ciliatus
discolor
analis
elevatus
pachysomus
woodruffi
regius
nanulus
gibbulus
puncticollis
Scirtidae
sp.
Cyphon
Prionocyphon
Scirtes sp.
sp.
Insecta?Diptera
Ceratopogonidae
sp.
Gyrinidae
blatchleyi
collaris striolatus
Noteridae
Psephenidae
Ectopria
tessellatus
sp.
Alluaudomyia
sp.
Atrichopogon
group
Bezzia/Palpomyia
Culicoides
sp.
sp.
Dasyhelea
sp.
Forcipomyia
Mallochohelea
(?) sp.
Probezzia
sp.
sp.
Sphaeromias
spp.
Chironomidae?Tanypodinae
Haliplidae
annulata
mallochi
Peltodytes floridensis
Ablabesmyia
Ablabesmyia
Ablabesmyia
Ablabesmyia
Clinotanypus
Peltodytes
Peltodytes
Peltodytes
scapularis
Coelotanypus
sp.
Conchapelopia
Labrundinia
johannseni
Haliplus
Haliplus
Haliplus
annulatus
punctatus
sp.
lengi
oppositus
sexmaculatus
ramphe
sp.
sp.
group
38
Labrundinia
Labrundinia
Larsia
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
pilosella
sp.
Cryptochironomus
fulvus group
sp.
Cryptochironomus
sp.
Cryptotendipes
sp.
Demicryptochironomus
Dicrotendipes
lucifer
modestus
Dicrotendipes
neomodestus
Dicrotendipes
nervosus ?
Dicrotendipes
sp.
Natarsia
sp. A
fimbriatus
sp.
Nilotanypus
Nilotanypus
Pentaneura
Procladius
inconspicua
sp.
sp. A
Rheopelopia
carinatus
Tanypus
group
Thienemannimyia
spp.
Chironomidae?Orthocladiinae
sp.
Corynoneura
Cricotopus/Orthocladius
bicinctus
Cricotopus
Cricotopus
politus
sp.
Cricotopus
group
sp.
annectens
sp.
Parakiefferiella
Parametriocnemus
sp.
elatus
sp.
sp.
robacki
Rheocricotopus
sp.
Rheocricotopus
Rheosmittia
sp.
Stilocladius
sp.
sp.
Synorthocladius
Thienemanniella
sp.
Tvetenia discoloripes
group
Zalutschia
sp. A
Chironomidae?Diamesinae
Potthastia
longimana
group
Chironomidae?Chironomini
elachistus
Apedilum
truncatus
Beardius
Chernovskiia
sp.
Chironomus
decorus
Chironomus
sp.
Cladopelma
sp.
group
pedellus
sp.
sp.
Pagastiella
Parachironomus
carinatus
Microtendipes
Nilothauma
claripennis
sp.
sp.
sp.
crassicornus
Eukiefferiella
Eukiefferiella
Hydrobaenus
Lopescladius
Nanocladius
Nanocladius
Orthocladius
Psectrocladius
Psectrocladius
Pseudosmittia
spp.
Dicrotendipes
simpsoni
tritomus ?
Dicrotendipes
sp.
Dicrotendipes
Endochironomus
nigricans
Endotribelos
hesperium
Goeldichironomus
holoprasinus
dux
Kiefferulus
group
Paracladopelma
Paralauterborniella
Phaenopsectra
Phaenopsectra
sp.
nigrohalterale
group
punctipes
sp.
aviceps
Polypedilum
convictum
Polypedilum
Polypedilum
fallax
halterale
group
Polypedilum
illinoense
Polypedilum
scalaenum
group
Polypedilum
tritum
Polypedilum
sp.
Polypedilum
Robackia
claviger
Saetheria
tylus
perpulchra
Stelechomyia
Stenochironomus
sp.
Stictochironomus
caffrarius group
Stictochironomus
sp.
Tribelos fuscicorne
Tribelos jucundum
marmorata
Zavreliella
Chironomidae?Tany
sp.
Cladotanytarsus
sp.
Paratanytarsus
exiguus
Rheotanytarsus
sp.
Rheotanytarsus
sp.
Stempellina
sp.
Stempellineila
tarsini
group
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2 39
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
Tanytarsus
sp. A
sp. C
sp. D
sp. E
sp. G
sp. I
sp. K
sp. L
sp. M
sp. O
sp. P
Baetis
Baetis
Baetis
Baetis
Tanytarsus
sp.
maculatus
Brachycercus
sp.
Brachycercus
Caenis amica
Caenis diminuta
Caenis
sp.
etowah
Cercobrachys
Procloeon
Procloeon
hobbsi
viridocularis
Baetiscidae
Baetisca
obesa
Caenidae
sp.
Diptera?Culicidae
Reifes
feotes
propinquus
Callibaetis floridanus
Chironomidae?Pseudochironomini
Pseudochironomus
ephippiatus
frondalis
intercalaris
vexais
sp.
Ephemerellidae
sp.
Anopheles
Diptera?Empididae
Hemerodromia
temporaiis
Eurylophella
Ephemeridae
sp.
Diptera?Muscidae
sp.
Limnophora
bilineata
limbata
Hexagenia
Hexagenia
Hexagenia
sp.
Diptera?Simuliidae
Simulium
sp.
Diptera?Stratiomyidae
sp.
Odontomyia
Diptera?Tabanidae
Chrysops
Tabanus
Stenonema
sp.
sp.
sp.
Ormosia
sp.
Prionocera
T?pula
hubbelli
Choroterpes
Leptophlebia
bradleyi
sp.
Leptophlebia
volitans
Paraleptophlebia
sp.
Neophemeridae
sp.
Athericidae
Atherix
sp.
Leptophlebiidae
Diptera?Tipulidae
Limonia
Heptageniidae
Stenacron floridense
Stenacron
interpunctatum
Stenacron
sp.
Stenonema
exiguum
Stenonema
smithae
compressa
Neoephemera
Oligoneuriidae
sp.
Insecta?Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Acerpenna
pygmaea
Baetis alachua
Baetis armillatus
Isonychia
arida
Isonychia
sp.
Tricorythidae
Leptohyphes
Tricorythodes
dolani
albilineatus
40
Insecta?Hemiptera
Belostoma
lutarium
testaceum
Belostoma
Belostoma
sp.
Gerris conformis
Gerris nebularis
Hydrometra
Limnoporus
Merragata
sp.
canaliculatus
sp.
Mesovelia
mulsanti
Metrobates
hesperius
Micracanthia
sp.
Microvelia
sp.
hesione
Neogerris
striola
Neoplea
sp.
Neoplea
Notonecta
irrorata
Notonecta
sp.
Pelocoris femoratus
Ranatra
australis
Ranatra
buenoi
Ranatra fusca
choreutes
Rhagovelia
obesa
Rhagovelia
Rheumatobates
tenuipes
Rheumatobates
sp.
Saldula
sp.
Sigara zimmermanni
sexcincta
Trichocorixa
Trichocorixa
sp.
Insecta?Lepidoptera
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Lestes
sp.
Nehalennia
Anisoptera
Anax
sp.
pallidus
Arigomphus
sp.
Arigomphus
vinosa
Boyeria
transversa
Didymops
armatus
Dromogomphus
spinosus
Dromogomphus
sp.
Dromogomphus
Epitheca
princeps
sp.
Epitheca
simplicicollis
Erythemis
connata
Erythrodiplax
cavillaris
Gomphus
dilatatus
Gomphus
Gomphus
pallidus
sp.
Gomphus
Hagenius
L?bellula
Macromia
sp.
Nasiaeschna
pentacantha
Neurocordulia
virginiensis
Neurocordulia
sp.
Orthemis ferruginea
Pachydiplax
longipennis
obscurus
Progomphus
sp.
Progomphus
Stylurus plagiatus
sp.
Stylurus
sp.
sp.
Insecta?Orthoptera
Insecta?Megaloptera
Chauliodes
Corydalus
Sialis
sp.
min?scula
brevistylus
sp.
Tramea
Parapoynx
sp.
Ellipes
minutus
rastricornis
cornutus
Neotridactylus
Insecta?Odonata
Acroneuria
Acroneuria
apicalis
Insecta?Plecoptera
Zygoptera
Argia apicalis
Argia sp.
sp.
Calopteryx
sp.
Enallagma
Hetaerina
titia
Hetaerina
sp.
Ischnura
sp.
Attaneuria
arenosa
sp.
ruraiis
phormidia
Hydroperla
Neoperla
clymene
sp.
Neoperla
Perles?a placida
(complex)
Perlinella
sp.
Paragnetina
Paragnetina
kansensis
sp.
VOLUME 68, NUMBER 2
41
lita
Taeniopteryx
Taeniopteryx
sp.
Insecta?Trichoptera
Helicopsychidae
Limnephilidae
argus
Hydatophylax
sp.
Helicopsyche
Hydropsychidae
Cheumatopsyche
Hydropsyche
Hydropsyche
Macrostemum
sp.
sp.
Nectopsyche
Triaenodes
sp.
simulons
sp.
Carolina
Molannidae
Molanna
Philopotamidae
Chimarra
Chimarra
Chimarra
Hydroptilidae
sp.
Hydroptila
ayama
Mayatrichia
Neotrichia
sp.
Ochrotrichia
sp.
Orthotrichia
sp.
sp.
Oxyethira
tryphena
florida
moselyi
sp.
Polycentropodidae
Cyrnellus fraternus
sp.
Neureclipsis
Phylocentropus
Phylocentropus
Polycentropus
Psychomyiidae
Leptoceridae
Ceraclea
Oecetis
Oecetis
Oecetis
Oecetis
sp.
sp. 1
sp. 2
sp. 3
sp. 4
candida
Nectopsyche
Nectopsyche
Nectopsyche
exquisita
pavida
placidus
sp.
sp.
Lype
diversa
Rhyacophillidae
Rhyacophila
sp.
BRYOZOA
Pectinatella
magnifica