POPULATION DENSITY AND AREA WEIGHTED SOLAR IRRADIATION: GLOBAL OVERVIEW ON SOLAR
RESOURCE CONDITIONS FOR FIXED TILTED, 1-AXIS AND 2-AXES PV SYSTEMS
Ch. Breyer1,2, Jürgen Schmid2
1
Q-Cells SE, Sonnenallee 17 - 21, 06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen OT Thalheim, Germany,
Phone +49 (0) 3494 66 99-0, Fax +49 (0) 3494 66 99-199, E-mail: [email protected]
2
Universität Kassel, Wilhelmshöher Allee 73, 34121 Kassel, Germany,
Phone +49 (0) 561 804 6201, Fax +49 (0) 561 804 6434, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Annual available solar resource is dependent on global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and PV systems. Relevant
tracking and non-tracking PV systems are presented based on Hay-Davis-Klucher-Reindl (HDKR) approach. Results
of the analysis are shown for all PV systems and all regions in the world. Solar resources are weighted by global
population distribution, regarded per country, continent and region and compared to area weighted, maximum and
minimum irradiation per geographic entity. Global electricity weighted irradiation for fixed optimally tilted PV
systems is about 1,690 kWh/m²/y, significantly less than global population and area weighted irradiation of about
1,850 and 1,780 kWh/m²/y, respectively.
Keywords
Solar Radiation, Solar Atlas, Global Potential Analysis, Modelling, PV Systems, Tracking
1
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) is the fastest growing electricity
generation technology in the world.[1] A fast PV cost
reduction can be observed for more than three decades
which is a consequence of a constant high learning rate
and constant high growth rates of installed PV
systems.[2] PV market diffusion is characterized by four
major diffusion phases. Solar PV technology started as
space technology in 1950s, was introduced as reliable
and inexpensive solution for off-grid applications in
1970s, has been adapted for on-grid systems typically
installed on roof-tops in 1990s and first large utility-scale
PV power plants have been built in late 2000s.[2,3]
Best possible, i.e. lowest cost, configuration of PV
systems in general and PV power plants in particular is
needed for an optimised cost structure which enables fast
growing markets for PV systems. Different PV system
applications have been developed over the decades,
especially in the field of PV tracking systems.[4] Fixed
tilted, 1-axis and 2-axes tracking module surfaces receive
different total irradiation over the year. Different PV
tracking or non-tracking system solutions might be best
suited for a specific site, depending on geographic,
climatic and PV system cost structure. In this paper we
do not discuss consequences of different irradiation
levels of various tracking and non-tracking PV systems
on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). PV LCOE
concept is discussed in general elsewhere.[3]
Besides different irradiation potentials of respective
tracking and non-tracking PV systems, there is a lack of
available data for averaged solar resource data per
country and region. The purpose of the presented work is
a global overview on population and area weighted mean
irradiation on fixed tilted, 1-axis and 2-axes tracking
module surfaces for all countries, continents and major
regions in the world. This conference contribution
presents results of Q-Cells research done in close
cooperation with Universität Kassel as part of a
comprehensive analysis of hybrid PV power plants.
2
METHODOLOGY
Measurement stations all around the world record solar
irradiation on the ground. The irradiance consists of the
direct irradiance of the sun, and diffuse irradiance of
different sources, e.g. the rest of the hemisphere or
ground reflection. Another valuable source of solar
irradiation data are meteorological satellites in space.
Combining satellite data and ground measurements as
reference enables global solar irradiation data. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) compiled
several global datasets for different meteorological
observables, so for global horizontal irradiation (GHI)
and its diffuse fraction on global scale for a 1°x1° mesh,
i.e. average data is available for every 1° step of latitude
and longitude, respectively. In this work NASA SSE 6.0
dataset is taken for all calculations.[5,6]
2.1 SOLAR RESOURCE FOR TRACKING AND
NON-TRACKING PV SYSTEMS
GHI needs to be transferred to irradiation data received
by a tilted PV module. For well adapted calculation of
direct and diffuse irradiation Hay and Davis [7]
introduced a model which takes into account the
circumsolar diffuse and horizon-brightening diffuse
components of diffuse irradiation on a tilted surface.
Reindl [8] practically improved the horizon-brightening
part after suggestion of Klucher [9]. This standard model
for describing direct and all relevant diffuse parts of solar
irradiance on a tilted surface is called Hay-DavisKlucher-Reindl (HDKR) model (Equation 1) deeply
discussed in Duffie and Beckmann.[10] Great advantage
of HDKR model are good output results using only very
limited input data, i.e. monthly data for global horizontal
irradiation, diffuse horizontal irradiation, geographic
coordinates and system geometry.
 1 − cos β 
IT = (I b + I d ⋅ Ai ) ⋅ Rb
+ I ⋅ ρg ⋅ 
+
 24244
4
3
144
42444
3 144
= direct and circumsolar diffuse
(Eq. 1)
= ground reflected
 1 + cos β  
3  β 
I d ⋅ (1 − Ai ) ⋅ 
 ⋅ 1 + f ⋅ sin  
2
2 


 4444 4
14444444244
3
cosϑ = 1 − cos2 δ ⋅ sin 2 ω
β = arctan(tan ϑz ⋅ cos γ s )
= diffuse sky and horizon
Equation 1: Total radiation on a tilted surface according
to Hay-Davis-Klucher-Reindl (HDKR)
model. Abbreviations stand for: irradiance
tilted surface, IT, irradiance beam
horizontal, Ib, irradiance diffuse horizontal,
Id, anisotropy index (function of Ib and
extraterrestrial irradiance), Ai, geometric
factor (function of time, position of sun and
surface), Rb, irradiance global horizontal, I,
reflection of ground, ρg, tilt angle, β, and
modulating factor (function of Ib and I), f.
Equation 1 is nearly free of geometric considerations,
which are all summarized in the geometric factor, Rb.
Geometric information comprises site location, tilt angle
of module, day of the year and time of the day. This
geometric set of information is summarized in general
for all tracking and non-tracking variations in Equation
2. Following equations are discussed in Duffie and
Beckmann [10] and by Braun and Mitchell [11].
cos ϑ
cos ϑz
cosϑz = cosφ ⋅ cosδ ⋅ cosω + sin φ ⋅ sin δ
(Eq. 2.1)
Rb =
 cos ϑz ⋅ sin φ − sin δ
sin ϑz ⋅ cos φ

γ s = sign(ω ) ⋅ arccos
ω = (tsol − 12) ⋅ 15
°
h
Equation 4 describes the specific formulation for 1-axis
east-west horizontal continuous tracking PV systems.
Direction of axis is from east to west.
(Eq. 2.2)



(Eq. 2.3)
(Eq. 2.4)
Equation 2: Geometric factor and its contributing
functions. Abbreviations stand for:
geometric factor (function of time, position
of sun and surface), Rb, angle of incidence
(beam and surface normal), θ, zenith angle,
θz, latitude, φ, declination of earth axis, δ,
hour angle, ω, solar azimuth angle, γs, and
solar time, tsol.
General geometric considerations in Equation 2 are
expanded by Equation 3 for fixed tilted non-tracking
PV systems:
cosϑ = cosϑz ⋅ cosβ + sinϑz ⋅ sin β ⋅ cos(γ s − γ ) (Eq. 3.1)
β = const.
(Eq. 3.2)
+ 90° if γ s > 0
γ =
− 90° if γ s ≤ 0
(Eq. 3.3)
Equation 3: Specific geometric considerations for fixed
tilted
non-tracking
PV
systems.
Abbreviations stand for: angle of incidence
(beam and surface normal), θ, zenith angle,
θz, tilt angle, β, solar azimuth angle, γs, and
surface azimuth angle, γ.

γ =
0° if γ s < 90
(Eq. 4.1)
(Eq. 4.2)
(Eq. 4.3)
 180° if γ s ≥ 90
Equation 4: Specific geometric considerations for 1-axis
east-west horizontal continuous tracking
PV systems. Abbreviations stand for: angle
of incidence (beam and surface normal), θ,
declination of earth axis, δ, hour angle, ω,
tilt angle, β, zenith angle, θz, solar azimuth
angle, γs, and surface azimuth angle, γ.
1-axis north-south horizontal continuous tracking PV
systems are described by Equation 5. Direction of axis is
from north to south.
cosϑ = cos2 ϑz + cos 2 δ ⋅ sin 2 ω
(Eq. 5.1)
β = arctan(tan ϑ z ⋅ cos(γ − γ s ) )
(Eq. 5.2)
+ 90° if γ s > 0
− 90° if γ s ≤ 0
γ =
(Eq. 5.3)
Equation 5: Specific geometric considerations for 1-axis
north-south horizontal continuous tracking
PV systems. Abbreviations stand for: angle
of incidence (beam and surface normal), θ,
zenith angle, θz, declination of earth axis, δ,
hour angle, ω, tilt angle, β, surface azimuth
angle, γ, and solar azimuth angle, γs.
Formulas for 1-axis north-south tilted continuous
tracking PV systems are more difficult than the others
here explicitly introduced. A good description of
respective coordination transformation procedures is
given by Braun and Mitchell.[11]
Specific geometric description for 1-axis vertical tilted
continuous tracking PV systems is given in Equation 6:
cosϑ = cosϑz ⋅ cosβ + sinϑz ⋅ sin β
β = const.
γ =γs
(Eq. 6.1)
(Eq. 6.2)
(Eq. 6.3)
Equation 6: Specific geometric considerations for 1-axis
vertical optimally tilted continuous tracking
PV systems. Abbreviations stand for: angle
of incidence (beam and surface normal), θ,
zenith angle, θz, tilt angle, β, surface
azimuth angle, γ, and solar azimuth angle,
γs.
Highest possible irradiation on modules can be achieved
by 2-axes non-concentrating tracking (Equation 7)
hence module surface is always perpendicular to direct
radiant beam of the sun, but for non-concentrating
systems additional diffuse irradiance can be converted.
This highest possible solar resource is defined as global
normal irradiation (GNI).
cosϑ = 1
β = ϑz
γ =γs
(Eq. 7.1)
(Eq. 7.2)
(Eq. 7.3)
Equation 7: Specific geometric considerations for 2axes non-concentrating continuous tracking
PV systems. Abbreviations stand for: angle
of incidence (beam and surface normal), θ,
tilt angle, β, zenith angle, θz, surface
azimuth angle, γ, and solar azimuth angle,
γs.
For 2-axes concentrating tracking PV systems
Equation 1 need to be adapted, as diffuse part of solar
resource cannot be converted. Tracking formulas are
identical to 2-axes non-concentrating PV systems and are
summarized in Equation 8. This solar resource is defined
as direct normal irradiation (DNI).
I T = I b ⋅ Rb
cosϑ = 1
β = ϑz
γ =γs
(Eq. 8.1)
(Eq. 8.2)
(Eq. 8.3)
(Eq. 8.4)
Equation 8: Total radiation on a tilted concentrating
surface according to Hay-Davis-KlucherReindl (HDKR) model and specific
geometric considerations for 2-axes
concentrating continuous tracking PV
systems. Abbreviations stand for: irradiance
tilted surface, IT, irradiance beam
horizontal, Ib, geometric factor, Rb, angle of
incidence (beam and surface normal), θ, tilt
angle, β, zenith angle, θz, surface azimuth
angle, γ, and solar azimuth angle, γs.
A detailed model based on the Hay-Davies-KlucherReindl (HDKR) approach (Equations 1 - 8) is applied for
analysing global optimal irradiation characteristics of
fixed tilted, 1-axis and 2-axes PV systems. Data source of
NASA SSE 6.0 is available for all coordinates on earth in
a 1°x1° mesh and a time resolution of every so-called
mean day of all months of the year. A respective mean
day best describes the entire month. Dataset comprises
the mean values for 22 years from July 1, 1983 through
June 30, 2005, i.e. climatologic and not meteorological
weather conditions, which is important for best averaged
future estimates.[7] Description of transformation of
mean average day to hourly data can be found in Duffie
and Beckmann.[10]
2.2 WEIGHTED IRRADIATION
Mean irradiation values for countries and regions can be
derived by population and area weighted procedures.
NASA SSE 6.0 [5] and CIESIN GWP3 [12] datasets for
global horizontal irradiation and global population
density, respectively, are taken for all calculations.
CIESIN GWP3 dataset comprises expected population
data for the year 2010 and is provided by the Center for
International Earth Science Information Network
(CIESIN) of Columbia University in New York.
Calculated population and area weighted mean
irradiation for countries, continents and regions can be
used for estimates of solar resources, in particular if one
is interested in mean solar resources where people live.
Mathematical description for population and area
weighted mean irradiation values for all considered
geographic entities is given in Equation 9:
∑ irrad
irrad pop ., entity =
annual
(lat , lon ) ⋅ population (lat , lon ) (Eq. 9.1)
∀lat , lon ∈ entity
∑ population (lat , lon )
∀lat , lon ∈ entity
∑ irrad
irrad area,entity =
annual
(lat , lon ) ⋅ area(lat , lon )
(Eq. 9.2)
∀lat , lon ∈ entity
∑ area(lat , lon )
∀lat , lon ∈ entity
Equation 9: Population and area weighted irradiation
values per considered entity. Abbreviations
stand for: irradiation (of respective PV
system), irrad, population, pop, latitude of
respective coordinate, lat, longitude of
respective coordinate, lon, and area, area.
Commercial PV systems have to be designed for
minimum levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), hence a
trade-off between maximum irradiation and minimum PV
system cost has to be optimised. Calculations performed
in much detail for fixed optimally tilted PV systems
clearly shown for Central European conditions, that cost
optimised and irradiation optimised tilt angles
significantly deviate whereas irradiation values differ
only by a few percent.[13] Therefore, irradiation
optimised population and area weighted mean values for
irradiation of respective PV systems are a good
approximation for investigated entities.
3
RESULTS
Solar resource of different PV systems is highly
dependent on global irradiation and its diffuse fraction.
These effects and impact of heterogeneous population
and electricity generation distribution on average
irradiation is presented in following subsections.
3.1 SOLAR RESOURCES FOR TRACKING AND
NON-TRACKING PV SYSTEMS
Annual aggregated monthly global horizontal irradiation
(GHI) (Figure 1) and annual aggregated monthly diffuse
horizontal irradiation are used to calculate best possible
irradiation on module surface for all discussed fixed
tilted, 1-axis and 2-axes PV systems by applying the
HDKR model (section 2). Due to complex interaction of
formulas (Equations 1 - 8) all incident irradiation results
are calculated for tilt angles between 0° and 90°, i.e.
horizontal and perpendicular position of the module, in
tilt angle steps of 1°. This routine is necessary for all tilt
angle optimised PV systems, like fixed tilted, 1-axis
north-south tilted and 1-axis vertical tilted. Annual
incident irradiation on these tilted module surfaces of
respective PV systems is evaluated as a function of
module tilt angle. Tilt angle of highest annual irradiation
is defined as optimum tilt angle which optimises the
incident radiant energy flux over the entire year. All other
tracking PV systems do not need this routine.
Results of optimised annual irradiation are shown for
fixed optimally tilted (Figure 2), 1-axis east-west
horizontal continuous tracking (Figure 3), 1-axis north-
south horizontal continuous tracking (Figure 4), 1- axis
north-south optimally tilted tracking (Figure 5), 1-axis
vertical optimally tilted tracking (Figure 6), 2-axes nonconcentrating tracking (Figure 7) and 2-axes
concentrating tracking (Figure 8) PV systems.
Figure 1: Annual global horizontal irradiation (GHI). GHI input data is provided by NASA SSE 6.0 and used in a 1°x1°
mesh.
Figure 2: Annual irradiation on module surface of fixed optimally tilted PV systems at tilt angle for optimised irradiation.
Every coordinate of a 1°x1° mesh within 65°S and 65°N is separately optimised for maximum annual irradiation
on module. HDKR model is performed by calculating each month of the year and selecting the tilt angle of
maximum annual irradiation. Equations 1 – 3 of section 2 are applied.
Figure 3: Annual irradiation on module surface of 1-axis east-west horizontal continuous tracking PV systems. Every
coordinate of a 1°x1° mesh within 65°S and 65°N is separately optimised for maximum annual irradiation on
module surface. HDKR model is performed by calculating each month of the year and selecting the tilt angle of
maximum annual irradiation. Equations 1, 2 and 4 of section 2 are applied.
Figure 4: Annual irradiation on module surface of 1-axis north-south horizontal continuous tracking PV systems. Every
coordinate of a 1°x1° mesh within 65°S and 65°N is separately optimised for maximum annual irradiation on
module surface. HDKR model is performed by calculating each month of the year and selecting the tilt angle of
maximum annual irradiation. Equations 1, 2 and 5 of section 2 are applied.
Figure 5: Annual irradiation on module surface of 1-axis north-south optimally tilted tracking PV systems. Every
coordinate of a 1°x1° mesh within 65°S and 65°N is separately optimised for maximum annual irradiation on
module surface. HDKR model is performed by calculating each month of the year and selecting the tilt angle of
maximum annual irradiation. Equations 1 and 2 of section 2 and formulas by Braun and Mitchell [11] are
applied.
Figure 6: Annual irradiation on module surface of 1-axis vertical optimally tilted tracking PV systems. Every coordinate of
a 1°x1° mesh within 65°S and 65°N is separately optimised for maximum annual irradiation on module surface.
HDKR model is performed by calculating each month of the year and selecting the tilt angle of maximum annual
irradiation. Equations 1, 2 and 6 of section 2 are applied.
Figure 7: Annual irradiation on module surface of 2-axes non-concentrating tracking PV systems. This solar resource is
identical to global normal irradiation (GNI). HDKR model is performed. Equations 1, 2 and 7 of section 2 are
applied.
Figure 8: Annual irradiation on module surface of 2-axes concentrating tracking PV systems. This solar resource is
identical to direct normal irradiation (DNI). HDKR model is performed. Equations 1, 2 and 8 of section 2 are
applied.
A broad discussion of specific advantages of different PV
systems is not the intention of this publication.
Nevertheless, a short overview might be helpful for
further considerations. Major advantage of solar PV
technology is the need for no moving parts; this is still
the case for fixed optimally tilted systems. To give up
such a great advantage need very good reasons, this
might be given for specific tracking systems. 1-axis eastwest horizontal tracking systems are best adapted for
regions of large seasonal deviation of daily zenith angles,
which is the case for sites in far north and south latitudes.
Advantage of horizontal tracking and fixed tilted systems
is shading in only one direction which significantly
reduces necessary minimum site area thus BOS related
cost are kept at a lowest possible level. 1-axis north-south
horizontal continuous tracking systems follow the sun
over the day. These systems show high additional annual
irradiation in reference to fixed optimally tilted systems
(Table 1). 1-axis north-south optimally tilted tracking
systems are better adapted to respective site latitude but
need a larger plant area than fixed optimally tilted or 1axis north-south horizontal continuous tracking due to
two directional shading. 1-axis vertical optimally tilted
systems also need large plant ground as a consequence of
two directional shading. PV system of highest annual
irradiation is 2-axes non-concentrating tracking system.
Large plant area is needed due to two directional shading
effects and a higher mechanical stress and cost is
effective due to more moving parts and engines. 2-axis
concentrating tracking variation is only needed for high
concentrating PV systems. A comparison of all
mentioned PV systems in respect to their solar resource is
given for two representative locations of moderate and
excellent solar conditions in Table 1.
Fundamental characteristics of solar resource availability
can be discussed for Germany and Egypt (Table 1). As a
consequence of high relative diffuse irradiation in
Germany tracking systems do not receive as much
additional irradiation than respective systems in Egypt. 1axis north-south horizontal tracking might be the
favoured tracking system for sunny regions due to
maximized irradiation, minimised specific space
requirement and lowest additional technical complexity.
Technologies dependent on direct solar resource (DNI)
need to be placed in areas of high GHI and low diffuse
fraction of it, as the latter cannot be converted into
electricity. However, these technologies have to compete
with non-concentrating 2-axes (GNI) systems which can
use diffuse solar resource as well.
3.2 WEIGHTED IRRADIATION
All relevant countries, continents and major regions in
the world are analysed by population (Figure 9) and area
weighted mean irradiation plus maximum and minimum
of any coordinate within geographic extent of respective
geographic entity. All data can be found in the Appendix
Table 1.
Impact of different tracking and non-tracking PV systems
on achievable respective annual irradiation is shown in
Table 1 for two exemplarily weighted countries for
moderate and excellent solar conditions in Germany and
Egypt, respectively. Relative irradiation difference of PV
systems in these two countries indicate the type of PV
system best adapted to respective solar conditions.
Figure 9: Global population density for the year 2010. Areas coloured red show a high and dark red a very high population
density. The unit for population density is persons/km². Data are provided by Center for International Earth
Science Information Network (CIESIN).[12] Population input data is used in a 1°x1° mesh.
GHI
0-axis fixed 1-axis E-W 1-axis N-S
tilted
horizontal horizontal
1-axis
vertical
1-axis N-S
tilted
2-axis
(GNI)
2-axis
(DNI)
[kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y] [kWh/m²/y]
Germany
increase abs GHI
increase rel GHI
increase abs fixed tilted
increase rel fixed tilted
1,046
1,222
176
16.8%
1,320
274
26.2%
98
8.0%
1,356
310
29.6%
134
11.0%
1,534
488
46.7%
312
25.5%
1,548
502
48.0%
326
26.7%
1,573
527
50.4%
351
28.7%
926
-120
-11.5%
-296
-24.2%
Egypt
increase abs GHI
increase rel GHI
increase abs fixed tilted
increase rel fixed tilted
2,054
2,242
188
9.2%
2,412
358
17.4%
170
7.6%
2,871
817
39.8%
629
28.1%
2,993
939
45.7%
751
33.5%
3,047
993
48.3%
805
35.9%
3,143
1,089
53.0%
901
40.2%
2,443
389
18.9%
201
9.0%
1,008
96.4%
1,020
83.5%
1,092
82.7%
1,515
111.7%
1,459
95.1%
1,499
96.8%
1,570
99.8%
1,517
163.8%
Egypt versus Germany
increase abs
increase rel
Table 1: Various solar resources for moderate and excellent solar conditions. Relative diffuse fraction of global horizontal
irradiation is 55% and 25% for Germany and Egypt, respectively. Solar resource for 2-axes GNI tracking provides
70% and 29% more irradiation than 2-axes DNI for Germany and Egypt, respectively. Calculations are performed
under assumption of only one single PV system. Shading losses need to be considered for PV power plants in the
order of 3 – 10% in dependence of PV system technology and ground cover ratio, i.e. ratio of module area to total
plant area. Abbreviations stand for: global horizontal irradiation, GHI, global normal irradiation, GNI, direct
normal irradiation, DNI, absolute, abs, and relative, rel.
Major result of this work is the database itself which can
be used for various estimates. There are specific
outcomes like global population weighted mean
irradiation, i.e. mean irradiation in the world where
people live, of about 1,850 kWh/m²/y, whereas area
weighted mean irradiation is about 1,780 kWh/m²/y for
fixed optimally tilted PV systems (Appendix Table 1).
Africa, MENA and Latin America show irradiation of
more than 2,050 kWh/m²/y for fixed optimally tilted PV
systems (Appendix Table 1). Best ten countries in the
world sorted by their maximum irradiation for fixed
optimally tilted PV systems are: Chile, Bolivia,
Argentina, Saudi Arabia, China, Niger, Chad, Egypt,
Libya and Sudan. Usually, population and area weighted
mean irradiation is quite similar, except countries of
special extreme climate conditions, like Algeria (area
weighted irradiation is significantly higher than
population one, as most people do not live in desert
regions) or Chile (population weighted irradiation is
significantly higher than area one, as most people do not
live in cold parts of the country).
For global estimates of PV market potential it might be of
interest to know the global electricity generation
weighted average fixed optimally tilted irradiation. For
calculating this, population weighted fixed optimally
tilted irradiation per country is weighted by electricity
generation per country.[14] Current global electricity
generation weighted average fixed optimally tilted
irradiation is computed to about 1,690 kWh/m²/y.
Detailed analysis of geo referenced location of world
population (Figure 9) [12], location of generated
electricity and local irradiation on module surface of
fixed optimally tilted PV systems (Figure 2) clearly
shows global imbalance of generated electricity and
world population (Figure 10).
Global maximum solar irradiation is given for Atacama
desert by about 2,770 kWh/m²/y for fixed optimally tilted
PV systems up to 3,870 kWh/m²/y for 2-axes nonconcentrating PV systems (GNI).
Indication is given that high concentrating PV (HCPV)
might not gain large market shares, as non-concentrating
2-axes PV systems receive at least 20%, but often 35 to
40% more solar radiation, even in very sunny countries
like Algeria. This disadvantage of HCPV systems need to
be compensated by higher overall system efficiency at
identical cost structure or even higher system efficiency
for case of higher investment and operation cost of
concentrating versus non-concentrating PV systems.
Figure 10: Global electricity generation in dependence
of respective local solar irradiation on
module surfaces of fixed optimally tilted PV
systems. The line is referred to right axis and
represents distribution of world population.
The bars are referred to left axis and represent
electricity generation.
Despite of diminishing conventional energy resources
poor and developing regions largely have access to good
and excellent domestic solar resources and thus may
catch up with industrialized regions by taping most
abundant energy source on earth, the sun.
5
[3]
[4]
[5]
CONCLUSION
We have presented a comprehensive set of formulas for
describing all relevant PV systems. By applying NASA
SSE 6.0 dataset global maps for respective PV systems
are calculated and depicted. Using CIESIN dataset for
global population distribution, population and area
weighted irradiation is derived.
We have found irradiation of 1,850, 1,780 and
1,690 kWh/m²/y for population, area and electricity
generation weighted global irradiation of fixed optimally
tilted PV systems, respectively.
Finally, database and set of maps is presented for
multiple purposes of further analyses and estimates.
Based on these solar resource data a further work is
planned on economics of respective PV systems and all
relevant countries, continents and regions for investment
decision making.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
[11]
The authors would like to thank Andreas Mohr,
Alexander Schwank, Yves-Marie Saint-Drenant and
Alexander Gerlach for helpful discussions.
[12]
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[13]
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National Aeronautic and Space Administration
(NASA),
Langley,
2008,
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/
P.W. Stackhouse, C.H. Whitlock (eds.), Surface
meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) release 6.0
Methodology, NASA SSE 6.0, Earth Science
Enterprise Program, National Aeronautic and Space
Administration
(NASA),
Langley,
2009,
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/documents/SSE6M
ethodology.pdf
J.E. Hay, D.C. McKay, Estimating Solar Irradiance
on Inclined Surfaces: A Review and Assessment of
Methodologies, Int. J. Solar Energy, 1985, 3, 203240
D.T. Reindl, W.A. Beckmann, J.A. Duffie,
Evaluation of Hourly Tilted Surface Radiation
Models, Solar Energy, 1990, 45, 9
T.M. Klucher, Evaluation of Models to predict
Insolation on tilted Surfaces, Solar Energy, 1979,
23, 111-114
J.A. Duffie, W.A. Beckmann, Solar Engineering of
Thermal Processes, John Wiley & Sons., Hoboken,
2006
J.E. Braun, J.C. Mitchell, Solar Geometry for Fixed
and Tracking Surfaces, Solar Energy, 1983, 31,
439-444
D. Balk and G. Yetman, The Global Distribution of
Population: Gridded Population of the World
Version 3 (GPWv3), Center for International Earth
Science Information Network (CIESIN), New
York, 2005, http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw
Ch. Breyer, J. Schmid, Global Distribution of
optimal Tilt Angles for fixed tilted PV Systems,
this conference
International Energy Agency, Key World Energy
Statistics 2009, International Energy Agency (IEA),
Paris, 2009,
www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2
009.pdf
APPENDIX
Table 1: Dataset of mean irradiation values of various solar resources for all countries, continents and major regions in the
world. Solar resources are for 0-axis fixed optimally tilted, 1-axis east-west horizontal continuous tracking, 1-axis
north-south horizontal continuous tracking, 1-axis vertical optimally tilted continuous tracking, 1-axis north-south
optimally tilted continuous tracking, 2-axes non-concentrating continuous tracking (GNI) and 2-axes concentrating
continuous tracking (DNI). Core data for calculations is global horizontal irradiation (GHI) and diffuse part of it,
provided by NASA SSE 6.0.[5,6] Solar resource data is tabled for population weighted, area weighted, maximum
and minimum resource per geographic entity.
all data:
[kWh/m²/y]
Mio
[1000
km²]
Country
Populatio
n
Area
Afghanistan
29.12
579.5
2164
2165
Albania
3.17
57.1
1923
1959
Algeria
35.42
2383.5
1993
1-axis E-W horizontal
continuous tracking
0-axis fixed tilted
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
1-axis N-S horizontal
continuous tracking
1-axis vertical continuous
tracking
1-axis N-S optimally tilted
continuous tracking
2-axis (GNI) continuous
tracking
2-axis (DNI) continuous
tracking
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
min
2298
1966
2335
2331
2476
2121
2693
2691
2874
2426
2898
2890
3091
2606
2940
2932
3135
2645
3031
3023
3237
2720
2326
2311
2543
2004
2069
1791
2077
2116
2238
1928
2372
2430
2601
2154
2600
2653
2828
2364
2639
2693
2874
2396
2702
2759
2945
2456
2034
2091
2285
1768
2260
2488
1856
2143
2429
2675
1995
2468
2883
3268
2276
2641
3003
3315
2439
2683
3055
3378
2477
2757
3155
3502
2542
2046
2445
2824
1829
1259
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
min
Angola
18.99
1316.8
2084
2128
2398
1677
2212
2260
2570
1762
2601
2659
3081
2015
2617
2684
3125
2004
2642
2711
3164
2017
2747
2819
3296
2089
1959
2044
2574
Argentina
40.67
2953.8
1962
1947
2681
974
2104
2092
2898
1041
2411
2395
3533
1022
2557
2562
3653
1146
2595
2600
3719
1152
2673
2673
3857
1171
1940
1958
3280
608
Armenia
3.09
19.0
1830
1789
1856
1723
1964
1919
1995
1842
2177
2112
2220
2004
2406
2337
2452
2222
2434
2364
2481
2246
2503
2430
2551
2309
1786
1714
1834
1593
Australia
21.51
9113.1
1914
2215
2570
1429
2050
2376
2772
1528
2333
2802
3409
1629
2484
2905
3453
1799
2520
2949
3516
1819
2594
3053
3653
1860
1867
2326
3009
1202
Austria
8.39
67.2
1389
1395
1476
1324
1490
1495
1581
1421
1550
1550
1647
1473
1748
1750
1864
1658
1765
1767
1882
1674
1801
1805
1925
1707
1088
1086
1175
1017
Azerbaijan
8.93
114.0
1685
1695
1968
1482
1806
1819
2117
1582
1978
2023
2378
1685
2177
2212
2621
1863
2203
2242
2653
1883
2260
2297
2729
1928
1562
1609
2013
1255
Bahamas, The
0.35
260.6
2198
2224
2339
2049
2352
2381
2511
2183
2778
2823
3020
2537
2869
2906
3084
2620
2917
2955
3138
2660
3017
3058
3252
2750
2266
2310
2522
1971
Bangladesh
164.43
148.7
1908
1907
2022
1820
2007
2004
2129
1908
2227
2229
2364
2109
2349
2345
2521
2212
2375
2370
2548
2235
2455
2450
2634
2309
1691
1687
1893
1540
Belarus
9.59
200.8
1264
1269
1320
1229
1373
1379
1434
1340
1399
1405
1473
1356
1612
1621
1706
1569
1627
1636
1722
1584
1657
1666
1753
1612
980
987
1063
948
Belgium
10.70
31.6
1203
1243
1364
1200
1299
1344
1480
1297
1336
1396
1573
1331
1509
1576
1778
1507
1522
1591
1798
1521
1545
1614
1823
1543
906
964
1140
905
Belize
0.31
35.6
1807
1893
2094
1757
1905
2001
2228
1849
2207
2345
2662
2138
2217
2354
2673
2141
2250
2391
2718
2173
2323
2471
2815
2241
1507
1662
2019
1425
Benin
9.21
98.0
1895
2008
2135
1809
2001
2127
2270
1904
2332
2500
2696
2203
2327
2502
2703
2193
2347
2526
2733
2211
2435
2624
2841
2291
1611
1811
2040
1458
Bhutan
0.71
33.2
1943
1943
1998
1912
2059
2059
2120
2025
2274
2274
2353
2230
2429
2429
2514
2381
2454
2454
2541
2405
2538
2538
2628
2488
1774
1774
1869
1721
Bolivia
10.03
1041.3
2037
1983
2690
1625
2164
2104
2908
1698
2527
2449
3545
1921
2567
2483
3640
1926
2599
2513
3701
1947
2697
2606
3847
2008
1918
1820
3257
1200
Bosnia-Herzegovina
3.76
72.4
1548
1696
2025
1447
1663
1826
2189
1552
1811
2024
2502
1678
2013
2248
2774
1860
2038
2278
2814
1883
2082
2329
2880
1922
1426
1672
2228
1277
Botswana
1.98
549.3
2302
2315
2363
2237
2462
2477
2539
2389
2887
2915
3009
2796
2990
3012
3118
2886
3031
3054
3165
2927
3145
3170
3284
3038
2411
2437
2569
2276
Brazil
195.42
8927.9
1883
1881
2353
1545
1995
1988
2536
1632
2296
2309
3138
1788
2337
2319
3090
1858
2365
2343
3127
1877
2449
2429
3266
1936
1653
1618
2513
1158
Brunei
0.41
12.4
1915
1915
1915
1915
2030
2030
2030
2030
2409
2409
2409
2409
2376
2376
2376
2376
2399
2399
2399
2399
2493
2493
2493
2493
1651
1651
1651
1651
Bulgaria
7.50
110.2
1606
1607
1703
1569
1722
1724
1828
1680
1883
1887
2015
1827
2085
2089
2225
2022
2111
2115
2253
2046
2159
2162
2307
2092
1486
1490
1622
1420
Burma
50.50
816.2
1939
1917
2047
1625
2034
2009
2165
1710
2297
2261
2487
1809
2386
2351
2562
1943
2413
2379
2593
1957
2495
2458
2686
2023
1735
1702
1909
1279
Burundi
8.52
12.4
1803
1803
1803
1803
1898
1898
1898
1898
2207
2207
2207
2207
2187
2187
2187
2187
2205
2205
2205
2205
2285
2285
2285
2285
1449
1449
1449
1449
Cambodia (Formerly
Kampuchea)
15.05
206.3
1937
1933
2006
1757
2050
2042
2122
1838
2384
2370
2475
2085
2396
2385
2493
2106
2421
2410
2517
2124
2512
2499
2614
2197
1693
1687
1811
1399
Cameroon
19.96
444.5
1875
1889
2157
1580
1980
1996
2292
1651
2304
2330
2725
1858
2298
2320
2729
1855
2306
2331
2756
1848
2403
2427
2867
1925
1589
1610
2073
1123
Canada
33.89
10592.0
1554
1095
1702
1102
1668
1193
1827
1255
1776
1253
1964
1266
2014
1458
2227
1458
2035
1470
2249
1469
2082
1499
2300
1491
1347
931
1579
860
Cape Verde
0.51
107.6
2283
2283
2351
2237
2444
2444
2521
2389
2957
2957
3066
2864
2968
2968
3079
2891
3014
3014
3129
2936
3131
3132
3252
3047
2364
2364
2504
2272
Central African
Republic
4.51
591.7
2031
2080
2237
1840
2155
2208
2382
1944
2550
2622
2852
2267
2538
2613
2859
2248
2550
2630
2890
2256
2662
2742
3007
2351
1849
1936
2232
1516
Chad
11.51
1256.1
2222
2366
2592
2107
2368
2536
2797
2245
2835
3069
3446
2686
2841
3093
3473
2682
2874
3136
3529
2719
2989
3262
3674
2823
2211
2525
3016
2018
Chile
17.13
1188.8
2124
1775
2769
916
2294
1910
3001
990
2704
2175
3672
940
2862
2317
3797
1079
2913
2352
3866
1084
2996
2418
4012
1100
2320
1757
3480
562
China
1,354.69
9759.7
1631
1911
2615
1087
1723
2027
2798
1126
1849
2203
3237
1191
2009
2447
3557
1223
2026
2466
3580
1230
2087
2545
3710
1254
1359
1787
2982
611
Colombia
46.30
1210.5
1732
1725
2454
1375
1825
1814
2640
1422
2110
2096
3252
1568
2093
2079
3241
1559
2108
2094
3288
1563
2185
2170
3427
1606
1354
1344
2703
817
Comoros
0.69
60.4
2287
2277
2297
2247
2449
2434
2458
2400
2980
2943
2986
2887
2966
2943
2981
2891
3007
2982
3022
2927
3131
3104
3145
3047
2362
2339
2385
2273
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the
(Formerly Zaire)
67.83
2383.1
1848
1872
2216
1571
1950
1976
2349
1642
2275
2310
2790
1861
2258
2294
2813
1847
2277
2312
2847
1860
2362
2400
2957
1920
1532
1572
2196
1100
Congo, Republic of
the
3.76
371.6
1638
1724
1897
1517
1717
1815
2008
1581
1966
2100
2361
1781
1946
2077
2339
1766
1960
2092
2359
1778
2027
2168
2452
1833
1199
1333
1612
1020
Costa Rica
4.64
73.4
1735
1899
2222
1537
1819
2003
2368
1597
2095
2349
2850
1798
2090
2343
2844
1792
2112
2370
2880
1811
2182
2454
2995
1862
1369
1653
2215
1058
Croatia
4.41
88.5
1586
1652
1906
1490
1706
1780
2060
1602
1851
1961
2346
1763
2081
2193
2601
1944
2105
2221
2639
1970
2150
2268
2697
2009
1497
1616
2043
1367
Cuba
11.20
416.4
1987
2198
2386
1950
2111
2349
2560
2070
2456
2792
3089
2404
2508
2849
3137
2446
2545
2896
3188
2481
2633
3000
3311
2568
1834
2237
2580
1761
Cyprus
0.88
20.6
2244
2248
2259
2237
2426
2430
2443
2418
2866
2872
2889
2855
3054
3060
3079
3042
3108
3114
3133
3095
3197
3203
3223
3184
2530
2537
2560
2514
Czech Republic
10.41
64.6
1251
1259
1293
1197
1346
1355
1390
1289
1386
1396
1438
1314
1565
1575
1623
1486
1579
1590
1638
1499
1607
1618
1667
1524
946
954
993
881
Denmark
5.53
87.4
1287
1240
1378
975
1422
1381
1544
1118
1474
1429
1649
1119
1711
1664
1916
1321
1727
1679
1936
1331
1752
1702
1961
1345
1088
1055
1270
792
Djibouti
0.88
12.2
2318
2318
2318
2318
2482
2482
2482
2482
3012
3012
3012
3012
3008
3008
3008
3008
3046
3046
3046
3046
3172
3172
3172
3172
2404
2404
2404
2404
Dominica
0.07
36.0
2386
2350
2386
2290
2561
2519
2561
2451
3124
3068
3124
2972
3133
3073
3133
2975
3182
3120
3182
3020
3310
3245
3310
3140
2569
2492
2569
2369
Dominican Republic
10.23
117.6
1995
2115
2393
1930
2122
2256
2570
2046
2478
2673
3118
2378
2513
2706
3164
2408
2548
2747
3219
2441
2640
2849
3340
2527
1833
2063
2619
1713
Ecuador
13.77
384.3
1660
1807
2384
1368
1743
1911
2570
1416
2010
2252
3195
1560
1986
2220
3140
1550
2003
2242
3179
1555
2070
2325
3320
1597
1244
1511
2558
809
Egypt
84.47
1087.9
2242
2374
2589
1964
2412
2555
2790
2108
2871
3071
3398
2482
2993
3177
3481
2583
3047
3235
3542
2631
3143
3345
3676
2705
2443
2660
3033
1982
El Salvador
6.19
12.1
2206
2206
2206
2206
2355
2355
2355
2355
2811
2811
2811
2811
2825
2825
2825
2825
2859
2859
2859
2859
2975
2975
2975
2975
2187
2187
2187
2187
Equatorial Guinea
0.69
49.6
1632
1648
1722
1588
1710
1728
1814
1664
1949
1973
2095
1886
1934
1958
2073
1871
1941
1965
2086
1879
2012
2038
2163
1944
1191
1215
1326
1118
Eritrea
5.22
179.5
2215
2239
2389
2049
2366
2395
2565
2181
2835
2885
3123
2581
2852
2897
3137
2590
2892
2940
3184
2623
3005
3055
3314
2723
2222
2281
2575
1913
Estonia
1.34
71.4
1298
1318
1414
1262
1457
1480
1590
1405
1525
1559
1704
1444
1791
1827
1992
1698
1809
1846
2012
1715
1835
1872
2038
1741
1154
1187
1332
1069
Ethiopia
84.98
1115.7
2205
2183
2365
1927
2348
2325
2526
2034
2816
2790
3051
2385
2814
2782
3067
2374
2844
2811
3105
2398
2960
2927
3232
2487
2174
2136
2486
1657
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
0.00
60.6
1458
1488
1584
1431
1588
1621
1727
1558
1688
1727
1860
1648
1917
1967
2116
1877
1938
1988
2140
1897
1968
2019
2174
1927
1249
1290
1416
1212
Federated States of
Micronesia
0.11
98.6
2016
2010
2039
1972
2142
2135
2169
2093
2564
2555
2603
2501
2534
2524
2573
2466
2566
2555
2606
2490
2664
2654
2706
2592
1835
1823
1880
1756
Fiji
0.85
117.8
1976
Finland
5.35
406.9
France
63.11
732.3
French Guiana
0.23
Gabon
2030
2131
1803
2103
1181
849
1394
1167
1441
1521
2065
1239
111.4
1785
1871
2047
1.50
322.4
1667
1657
Gambia, The
1.75
36.3
2129
Georgia
4.22
83.5
1678
Germany
82.06
398.0
Ghana
24.33
Greece
2163
2278
1908
2471
2560
2717
2198
2488
2576
2734
2215
2523
2615
2776
2243
2616
2711
2882
2322
1813
1347
976
1584
1355
1402
1021
1706
1388
1668
1218
2017
1671
1684
1229
2038
1686
1708
1246
2065
1709
1549
1636
2232
1337
1656
1770
2552
1383
1853
1977
2825
1560
1874
2000
2864
1575
1908
2039
2934
1599
1752
1877
1975
2171
1839
2205
2343
2621
2153
2172
2307
2581
2121
2196
2334
2609
2144
2274
2421
2716
1880
1531
1751
1739
1990
1598
2015
1999
2345
1811
1991
1976
2315
1790
2007
1991
2337
1804
2076
2059
2118
2159
2081
2267
2256
2298
2216
2705
2690
2749
2635
2709
2693
2753
2637
2745
2729
2792
2671
2851
1684
1840
1605
1795
1802
1978
1717
1939
1950
2169
1854
2164
2177
2421
2064
2187
2200
2447
2086
2246
1222
1223
1475
1140
1320
1323
1581
1239
1356
1359
1647
1252
1534
1541
1864
1426
1548
1555
1882
1438
283.1
1852
1921
2087
1709
1954
2030
2218
1794
2272
2375
2621
2055
2264
2368
2627
2044
2278
2386
2653
11.18
325.9
1753
1983
2330
1680
1885
2140
2521
1798
2143
2498
3003
1952
2314
2676
3197
2170
2350
2723
1912
2092
1506
1079
794
1362
1063
1240
1365
2278
948
2219
1440
1588
1896
1386
2426
1860
1239
1226
1582
1041
2834
2898
2774
2049
2030
2102
1964
2259
2516
2141
1541
1556
1803
1443
1573
1580
1925
1459
926
933
1175
838
2046
2367
2480
2758
2130
1539
1657
1951
1301
3255
2195
2406
2791
3348
2249
1721
2125
2710
1561
Grenada
0.10
12.1
2317
2317
2317
2317
2481
2481
2481
2481
3029
3029
3029
3029
3017
3017
3017
3017
3062
3062
3062
3062
3186
3186
3186
3186
2420
2420
2420
2420
Guadeloupe
0.47
47.6
2344
2367
2414
2341
2514
2540
2593
2511
3052
3086
3165
3042
3068
3106
3181
3066
3117
3156
3232
3115
3240
3280
3361
3237
2489
2538
2632
2489
Guam
0.18
24.1
2212
2224
2236
2212
2367
2381
2394
2367
2851
2869
2886
2851
2851
2871
2892
2851
2889
2910
2932
2889
3006
3027
3049
3006
2225
2250
2276
2225
Guatemala
14.38
156.0
1997
2061
2355
1778
2118
2189
2518
1872
2478
2587
3039
2180
2497
2602
3056
2174
2527
2637
3096
2208
2621
2735
3222
2278
1810
1940
2474
1458
Guinea
10.32
244.1
2046
2063
2139
1953
2168
2188
2277
2066
2560
2588
2712
2417
2562
2590
2718
2414
2590
2619
2751
2436
2689
2720
2859
2529
1883
1915
2063
1705
Guinea - Bissau
1.65
60.8
2089
2089
2135
2046
2222
2219
2266
2170
2636
2634
2707
2564
2641
2637
2704
2568
2672
2668
2738
2597
2776
2771
2843
2697
1975
1972
2055
1894
Guyana
0.76
247.1
1784
1844
1948
1749
1875
1943
2061
1834
2193
2290
2454
2134
2165
2259
2419
2109
2190
2285
2450
2135
2265
2367
2539
2205
1425
1526
1703
1365
Haiti
10.19
70.5
2146
2276
2435
2062
2294
2438
2616
2200
2719
2925
3175
2584
2755
2965
3220
2619
2795
3011
3274
2654
2901
3126
3401
2755
2115
2369
2686
1953
Honduras
7.62
155.9
1932
1959
2181
1789
2045
2074
2326
1880
2413
2458
2820
2184
2409
2454
2815
2184
2446
2494
2867
2218
2531
2580
2971
2288
1714
1770
2191
1472
Hong Kong
7.07
23.1
1506
1605
1703
1506
1584
1694
1804
1584
1735
1897
2057
1735
1784
1936
2088
1784
1799
1958
2116
1799
1857
2022
2186
1857
1095
1248
1400
1095
Hungary
9.97
102.1
1445
1448
1500
1339
1550
1553
1607
1435
1644
1647
1724
1480
1841
1845
1923
1673
1861
1865
1945
1688
1894
1898
1979
1720
1185
1189
1264
1030
India
1,214.46
3751.2
2032
2027
2446
1615
2150
2144
2610
1702
2450
2454
3086
1816
2559
2552
3206
1940
2591
2583
3251
1955
2680
2672
3371
2021
1918
1905
2674
1272
Indonesia
233.69
4510.2
1809
1916
2415
1616
1904
2028
2587
1689
2219
2406
3188
1930
2200
2375
3161
1907
2222
2402
3204
1923
2300
2492
3339
1984
1470
1665
2612
1149
Iran
75.08
1798.3
2041
2121
2459
1569
2194
2278
2646
1680
2516
2631
3168
1857
2695
2800
3286
1993
2734
2842
3341
2020
2816
2931
3461
2070
2099
2210
2781
1369
Iraq
31.47
470.5
2073
2096
2190
2022
2232
2257
2362
2179
2593
2651
2798
2510
2756
2797
2947
2659
2801
2846
3000
2702
2882
2928
3089
2785
2171
2224
2399
2049
Ireland
4.59
136.2
1055
1151
1331
1032
1143
1249
1442
1118
1134
1271
1514
1101
1294
1447
1717
1258
1303
1459
1735
1267
1321
1480
1761
1285
729
857
1086
700
Israel
7.29
32.0
2247
2258
2320
2205
2422
2433
2504
2370
2877
2897
2974
2839
3023
3038
3136
2952
3077
3094
3191
3009
3171
3188
3290
3098
2482
2504
2616
2410
Italy
60.13
597.9
1720
1855
2186
1568
1851
2000
2361
1673
2039
2259
2761
1746
2272
2482
2973
1981
2300
2518
3022
2000
2354
2578
3104
2047
1680
1901
2434
1276
Ivory Coast
21.57
344.4
1818
1891
2100
1708
1916
1997
2233
1792
2221
2329
2644
2054
2211
2322
2648
2043
2224
2340
2675
2045
2310
2430
2782
2129
1481
1605
1974
1300
Jamaica
2.73
59.1
2132
2257
2353
2132
2274
2415
2523
2274
2703
2905
3059
2703
2732
2932
3084
2732
2774
2979
3133
2774
2877
3092
3256
2877
2084
2326
2512
2084
Japan
127.00
999.7
1578
1603
1999
1362
1665
1697
2133
1446
1771
1852
2480
1530
1935
1996
2575
1665
1953
2021
2617
1681
2007
2074
2700
1720
1298
1361
1942
1052
Jordan
6.47
85.3
2103
2194
2298
2084
2264
2363
2477
2243
2674
2798
2937
2644
2806
2935
3085
2777
2857
2987
3138
2827
2939
3078
3238
2909
2234
2379
2549
2201
Kazakhstan
15.75
2851.7
1709
1704
1954
1508
1843
1836
2099
1647
2006
2002
2370
1738
2272
2261
2631
2003
2297
2287
2665
2024
2350
2337
2731
2065
1591
1569
2053
1298
Kenya
40.86
619.6
2124
2117
2313
1929
2268
2258
2482
2045
2760
2743
3067
2439
2713
2698
3013
2400
2748
2731
3054
2430
2859
2842
3181
2521
2040
2024
2402
1678
Kiribati
0.10
62.0
2178
2191
2243
2106
2333
2348
2408
2248
2855
2878
2967
2731
2807
2829
2915
2686
2842
2865
2953
2719
2961
2985
3079
2830
2159
2186
2291
2014
Korea, Democratic
Peoples Republic
23.99
220.5
1874
1892
2001
1780
1969
1991
2123
1868
2063
2096
2306
1948
2360
2394
2587
2211
2377
2412
2614
2227
2449
2484
2687
2295
1719
1756
1972
1573
Korea, Republic of
48.50
212.3
1770
1779
1912
1672
1865
1881
2026
1766
1971
2028
2225
1907
2199
2233
2433
2077
2217
2255
2463
2101
2283
2319
2530
2157
1562
1595
1807
1427
Kuwait
3.05
10.8
2134
2134
2134
2134
2290
2290
2290
2290
2719
2719
2719
2719
2823
2823
2823
2823
2876
2876
2876
2876
2963
2963
2963
2963
2248
2248
2248
2248
Kyrgyzstan
5.55
205.3
1840
1880
2007
1698
1975
2013
2148
1819
2200
2227
2411
1993
2442
2488
2679
2219
2471
2514
2708
2243
2539
2586
2789
2304
1831
1861
2081
1599
Laos
6.44
200.1
1829
1827
1949
1656
1919
1917
2052
1738
2168
2165
2353
1951
2226
2224
2395
1990
2252
2249
2419
2014
2327
2324
2507
2076
1535
1533
1712
1281
Latvia
2.24
89.1
1307
1331
1418
1259
1448
1477
1587
1394
1505
1547
1716
1430
1753
1802
1988
1675
1771
1820
2010
1692
1798
1847
2035
1719
1117
1160
1328
1048
Lebanon
4.25
31.2
2159
2262
2334
2159
2327
2442
2521
2327
2754
2892
2998
2754
2909
3068
3172
2909
2961
3123
3228
2961
3045
3214
3325
3045
2362
2546
2666
2362
Liberia
4.10
172.7
1781
1788
1915
1696
1872
1881
2022
1779
2162
2177
2359
2038
2151
2164
2355
2025
2167
2177
2377
2029
2246
2260
2466
2110
1416
1428
1640
1278
Libya
6.55
1734.2
2110
2341
2575
1899
2269
2519
2781
2031
2686
3018
3383
2373
2809
3128
3481
2460
2860
3185
3543
2505
2944
3291
3674
2575
2238
2601
3042
1837
Lithuania
3.26
71.5
1277
1286
1381
1218
1399
1411
1524
1328
1436
1449
1618
1346
1664
1682
1865
1555
1680
1698
1884
1569
1707
1725
1911
1595
1035
1050
1216
941
Macedonia
2.04
28.1
1718
1713
1774
1636
1848
1842
1911
1756
2048
2041
2129
1931
2257
2248
2347
2124
2286
2277
2378
2151
2341
2333
2436
2203
1659
1650
1755
1521
Madagascar
20.15
874.2
2091
2168
2531
1654
2222
2309
2724
1739
2604
2725
3277
1982
2655
2779
3382
1989
2692
2819
3437
2016
2790
2923
3567
2079
2013
2163
2906
1270
Malawi
15.69
60.3
2088
2103
2176
2041
2213
2230
2312
2161
2620
2647
2766
2546
2633
2655
2768
2564
2668
2690
2803
2601
2767
2792
2913
2695
1973
1999
2130
1894
Malaysia
27.91
668.0
1766
1844
2148
1636
1859
1948
2293
1712
2171
2300
2792
1969
2142
2267
2750
1942
2164
2293
2780
1962
2240
2376
2899
2024
1401
1540
2088
1190
Mali
13.32
1292.6
2185
2270
2497
2106
2330
2428
2685
2239
2791
2932
3287
2655
2798
2952
3314
2658
2836
2999
3368
2685
2946
3113
3503
2792
2157
2353
2806
1986
Malta
0.41
10.2
2188
2188
2188
2188
2364
2364
2364
2364
2780
2780
2780
2780
2973
2973
2973
2973
3024
3024
3024
3024
3108
3108
3108
3108
2435
2435
2435
2435
Martinique
0.41
24.2
2323
2323
2359
2286
2489
2489
2530
2448
3031
3031
3091
2971
3027
3027
3086
2968
3072
3072
3133
3012
3196
3196
3260
3132
2433
2433
2506
2360
Mauritania
3.37
1070.7
2202
2267
2443
2098
2355
2428
2622
2237
2841
2926
3168
2681
2850
2964
3229
2682
2898
3016
3283
2726
3006
3126
3408
2825
2230
2375
2699
2026
Mauritius
1.30
23.2
2244
2248
2273
2222
2404
2408
2437
2379
2879
2885
2930
2840
2920
2926
2966
2885
2967
2973
3014
2932
3079
3086
3129
3042
2321
2328
2375
2280
Mexico
110.65
2603.0
2136
2194
2530
1696
2275
2344
2731
1783
2663
2753
3243
2063
2735
2845
3437
2059
2774
2888
3494
2093
2873
2990
3609
2155
2105
2242
2980
1351
Moldova
3.58
34.5
1492
1497
1577
1445
1603
1608
1697
1554
1716
1723
1836
1653
1919
1928
2065
1848
1941
1950
2089
1869
1979
1988
2134
1905
1276
1287
1477
1187
Mongolia
2.70
1587.6
1910
1996
2333
1701
2032
2123
2488
1808
2149
2260
2709
1853
2491
2624
3146
2175
2511
2644
3170
2191
2576
2716
3268
2245
1691
1869
2561
1386
Morocco
32.38
463.4
2153
2194
2410
1938
2316
2359
2595
2061
2682
2735
3036
2332
2863
2916
3232
2458
2907
2960
3281
2492
2995
3053
3391
2571
2283
2342
2713
1801
Mozambique
23.41
952.5
2026
2053
2339
1943
2150
2181
2505
2057
2512
2560
3030
2325
2552
2595
3057
2413
2587
2631
3106
2443
2680
2727
3227
2533
1884
1932
2484
1714
Namibia
2.21
925.5
2352
2355
2521
1952
2520
2528
2718
2075
2992
2998
3273
2369
3067
3089
3381
2446
3108
3134
3433
2476
3231
3254
3559
2565
2505
2536
2908
1773
2019
Nepal
29.85
142.4
2176
2191
2276
2082
2310
2333
2426
2215
2602
2634
2741
2486
2786
2825
2958
2650
2819
2857
2994
2680
2915
2957
3095
2773
2188
2218
2391
Netherlands
16.96
53.1
1242
1259
1325
1153
1352
1372
1449
1251
1409
1436
1537
1267
1596
1630
1749
1443
1612
1646
1768
1456
1635
1669
1791
1477
985
1015
1118
853
New Caledonia
0.25
149.9
2129
2150
2267
2070
2276
2300
2432
2210
2717
2752
2940
2623
2749
2784
2975
2657
2797
2833
3031
2703
2897
2934
3140
2797
2124
2168
2400
2018
New Zealand
4.30
598.2
1644
1644
2017
1309
1756
1760
2169
1398
1914
1913
2463
1451
2094
2110
2678
1610
2119
2135
2715
1625
2173
2188
2790
1655
1468
1492
2083
976
Nicaragua
5.82
205.9
2016
1907
2387
1621
2137
2013
2556
1689
2523
2358
3103
1925
2526
2360
3110
1920
2558
2391
3151
1944
2653
2474
3281
2001
1844
1670
2540
1197
Niger
15.89
1220.5
2382
2450
2599
2170
2556
2632
2801
2311
3111
3210
3445
2762
3118
3238
3472
2767
3162
3290
3526
2801
3292
3420
3672
2912
2550
2711
3012
2114
Nigeria
158.26
979.3
1978
2037
2370
1523
2095
2161
2542
1585
2462
2552
3089
1771
2462
2553
3095
1769
2483
2576
3137
1763
2580
2679
3266
1832
1775
1877
2518
1037
Northern Mariana
Islands
0.09
23.6
2272
2272
2274
2271
2435
2435
2436
2434
2927
2927
2931
2923
2957
2957
2963
2950
3002
3002
3010
2993
3118
3118
3124
3112
2360
2360
2369
2351
Norway
4.86
624.8
1103
575
1378
994
1247
653
1544
1126
1284
671
1649
1128
1514
792
1916
1318
1528
799
1936
1329
1549
809
1961
1347
954
495
1270
770
Oman
2.91
408.0
2239
2336
2511
2167
2397
2502
2698
2317
2837
2999
3293
2721
2915
3058
3329
2805
2960
3106
3382
2848
3068
3223
3517
2951
2313
2485
2822
2179
Pakistan
184.75
982.6
2135
2137
2468
1863
2284
2286
2643
1967
2609
2626
3124
2214
2785
2788
3261
2426
2822
2825
3310
2438
2914
2919
3430
2509
2174
2172
2741
1687
Panama
3.51
221.0
1728
1758
1921
1523
1809
1843
2027
1584
2083
2129
2379
1776
2074
2119
2369
1770
2097
2142
2393
1785
2165
2213
2481
1837
1349
1399
1676
1029
Papua New Guinea
6.89
1279.2
1825
1900
2184
1605
1928
2012
2340
1681
2260
2384
2843
1920
2234
2355
2815
1899
2258
2383
2854
1916
2340
2471
2971
1978
1502
1641
2178
1150
Paraguay
6.46
409.5
1898
1891
1930
1850
2023
2011
2054
1960
2339
2334
2385
2277
2403
2379
2435
2297
2440
2416
2474
2332
2520
2497
2557
2411
1740
1706
1769
1604
Peru
29.50
1608.1
2006
1868
2422
1448
2133
1976
2599
1504
2531
2315
3134
1679
2522
2306
3179
1665
2551
2332
3224
1674
2650
2417
3355
1722
1844
1610
2644
920
Philippines
93.62
1021.2
1842
1977
2219
1689
1943
2093
2362
1772
2271
2488
2801
2052
2265
2474
2846
2037
2295
2509
2886
2067
2374
2600
2995
2131
1559
1791
2232
1317
Poland
38.04
329.3
1235
1236
1326
1173
1338
1340
1457
1275
1366
1372
1544
1291
1558
1566
1766
1480
1572
1581
1785
1493
1598
1606
1808
1515
942
951
1134
884
Portugal
10.73
144.8
1891
1947
2222
1769
2037
2096
2395
1898
2309
2392
2788
2148
2532
2608
3016
2329
2568
2647
3064
2364
2631
2714
3149
2419
1950
2031
2477
1725
Puerto Rico
4.00
82.8
2142
2295
2367
2142
2286
2458
2538
2286
2715
2965
3081
2715
2746
2993
3105
2746
2787
3041
3155
2787
2892
3158
3278
2892
2101
2400
2538
2101
Qatar
1.51
22.5
2065
2223
2381
2065
2211
2386
2561
2211
2616
2843
3069
2616
2680
2926
3171
2680
2728
2977
3226
2728
2818
3079
3341
2818
2062
2352
2643
2062
Republic of Palau
0.02
36.9
2020
2025
2041
2009
2142
2147
2165
2129
2562
2570
2591
2545
2535
2542
2567
2517
2569
2576
2601
2551
2665
2672
2699
2645
1840
1848
1878
1819
Reunion
0.84
23.1
2292
2296
2302
2290
2457
2461
2467
2454
2941
2945
2951
2939
2995
3001
3012
2990
3043
3050
3062
3039
3158
3165
3176
3154
2413
2422
2436
2407
Romania
21.19
235.1
1500
1492
1625
1364
1609
1599
1747
1461
1712
1700
1903
1508
1924
1910
2130
1699
1944
1930
2156
1715
1987
1973
2205
1754
1301
1285
1537
1039
Russia
140.37
19145.0
1403
993
1998
1012
1529
1090
2104
1184
1593
1132
2196
1221
1846
1337
2562
1421
1864
1348
2580
1432
1901
1373
2657
1453
1184
856
1942
831
Rwanda
10.28
24.8
1831
1819
1854
1783
1935
1921
1960
1881
2265
2245
2300
2191
2238
2219
2273
2165
2258
2238
2293
2183
2342
2321
2379
2263
1498
1478
1537
1418
Saudi Arabia
26.25
2145.8
2296
2327
2621
2149
2465
2502
2830
2306
2953
3002
3418
2746
3022
3081
3557
2792
3073
3133
3619
2839
3184
3246
3749
2942
2451
2530
3137
2164
Senegal
12.86
216.5
2126
2160
2329
2039
2266
2304
2496
2171
2713
2769
3031
2610
2714
2768
3040
2593
2754
2810
3087
2638
2858
2917
3209
2733
2059
2125
2453
1928
Seychelles
0.08
12.4
2168
2168
2168
2168
2313
2313
2313
2313
2822
2822
2822
2822
2777
2777
2777
2777
2815
2815
2815
2815
2928
2928
2928
2928
2120
2120
2120
2120
Sierra Leone
5.84
122.9
1861
1888
1994
1757
1959
1987
2105
1844
2278
2319
2480
2121
2273
2313
2474
2115
2295
2337
2504
2133
2377
2420
2595
2206
1557
1604
1793
1384
Slovakia
5.41
65.7
1286
1296
1363
1240
1381
1391
1464
1331
1420
1433
1536
1348
1604
1618
1726
1530
1619
1633
1744
1543
1649
1663
1774
1572
975
987
1085
909
Slovenia
2.02
17.2
1483
1484
1485
1482
1586
1586
1588
1584
1662
1663
1666
1659
1872
1873
1876
1870
1890
1891
1894
1888
1930
1932
1936
1928
1200
1200
1200
1200
Solomon Island
0.54
220.3
1953
1963
2036
1824
2074
2084
2167
1925
2467
2487
2602
2254
2442
2457
2571
2234
2473
2489
2605
2260
2566
2583
2706
2341
1740
1754
1883
1507
Somalia
9.36
874.5
2100
2188
2538
1970
2234
2335
2731
2089
2697
2837
3384
2506
2661
2805
3368
2462
2691
2839
3419
2496
2801
2956
3563
2589
1983
2157
2867
1744
South Africa
50.49
1483.2
2166
2238
2455
1784
2315
2404
2659
1891
2644
2780
3154
2077
2804
2946
3345
2214
2840
2988
3400
2239
2939
3090
3513
2311
2207
2378
2873
1552
Spain
45.32
814.4
1886
1967
2479
1450
2029
2117
2672
1548
2287
2409
3206
1649
2506
2625
3341
1836
2541
2663
3399
1856
2606
2733
3516
1897
1919
2050
2856
1242
Sri Lanka
20.41
135.4
1813
1944
2146
1765
1907
2055
2284
1853
2238
2453
2785
2156
2211
2420
2745
2134
2240
2454
2789
2158
2315
2542
2894
2230
1482
1717
2093
1397
St. Helena
0.00
23.8
2149
2149
2152
2146
2297
2297
2301
2293
2753
2753
2756
2750
2761
2761
2767
2755
2802
2802
2808
2795
2911
2911
2917
2904
2124
2124
2132
2116
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
0.11
12.1
2277
2277
2277
2277
2436
2436
2436
2436
2955
2955
2955
2955
2952
2952
2952
2952
2995
2995
2995
2995
3115
3115
3115
3115
2339
2339
2339
2339
Sudan
43.19
2558.1
2271
2294
2574
1938
2427
2454
2777
2045
2923
2959
3406
2402
2932
2976
3450
2390
2971
3016
3510
2415
3090
3137
3645
2504
2320
2379
2989
1676
Suriname
0.52
198.0
1872
1934
2270
1856
1976
2048
2426
1957
2338
2442
2984
2310
2305
2406
2941
2278
2329
2433
2985
2301
2418
2527
3104
2388
1577
1692
2320
1546
Swaziland
1.20
11.1
1982
1982
1982
1982
2104
2104
2104
2104
2351
2351
2351
2351
2491
2491
2491
2491
2519
2519
2519
2519
2607
2607
2607
2607
1844
1844
1844
1844
Sweden
9.29
608.5
1218
927
1458
1045
1363
1047
1625
1205
1408
1085
1747
1221
1657
1283
2024
1456
1673
1295
2046
1469
1696
1313
2074
1488
1059
825
1356
889
Switzerland
7.59
59.8
1467
1482
1511
1423
1576
1591
1620
1530
1671
1690
1732
1624
1872
1893
1933
1815
1892
1913
1954
1835
1930
1952
1995
1869
1206
1223
1260
1162
Syria
22.51
204.5
2026
2068
2269
1991
2185
2232
2453
2145
2554
2621
2902
2500
2715
2782
3094
2661
2762
2832
3148
2707
2837
2909
3239
2779
2141
2221
2579
2078
Taiwan
n/a
136.9
1632
1628
1920
1407
1725
1719
2040
1468
1951
1966
2390
1659
1990
1991
2420
1676
2017
2023
2460
1709
2079
2082
2542
1745
1309
1320
1747
1018
Tajikistan
7.07
175.6
1996
1987
2238
1777
2152
2132
2389
1902
2469
2434
2694
2125
2688
2664
3010
2328
2728
2695
3033
2355
2801
2773
3132
2423
2115
2048
2369
1696
Tanzania, United
Republic of
45.04
1057.7
2043
2049
2284
1805
2171
2176
2447
1906
2600
2604
2996
2223
2571
2579
2958
2198
2600
2609
2992
2216
2702
2711
3120
2298
1887
1899
2342
1458
Thailand
68.14
709.8
1903
1899
2007
1728
2005
1999
2129
1808
2306
2303
2521
2058
2339
2332
2507
2070
2365
2358
2533
2090
2449
2441
2631
2160
1644
1641
1817
1357
Togo
6.78
86.1
1931
1991
2079
1849
2041
2108
2207
1950
2388
2480
2610
2269
2383
2476
2614
2257
2404
2497
2641
2276
2495
2595
2745
2360
1670
1776
1936
1525
Trinidad and Tobago
1.34
36.6
2136
2242
2320
2136
2274
2395
2484
2274
2742
2913
3040
2742
2722
2894
3021
2722
2761
2937
3067
2761
2868
3053
3190
2868
2058
2268
2422
2058
Tunisia
10.37
266.6
1916
2062
2306
1819
2063
2222
2480
1957
2382
2594
2951
2236
2535
2758
3096
2388
2576
2805
3152
2426
2646
2883
3249
2489
1937
2186
2566
1779
Turkey
75.71
1104.2
1839
1883
2274
1520
1980
2029
2461
1626
2257
2322
2924
1763
2446
2516
3122
1938
2483
2554
3178
1961
2545
2619
3266
2006
1858
1935
2627
1333
Turkmenistan
5.18
503.9
1894
1888
2033
1712
2036
2030
2194
1835
2297
2289
2545
2015
2505
2501
2755
2232
2540
2536
2800
2259
2607
2601
2871
2314
1904
1902
2196
1619
Uganda
33.80
248.0
1980
2015
2179
1815
2105
2143
2329
1919
2512
2567
2835
2247
2477
2531
2793
2217
2501
2555
2821
2237
2601
2660
2943
2320
1764
1828
2129
1473
Ukraine
45.43
727.9
1398
1424
1697
1259
1506
1534
1833
1353
1583
1628
2102
1385
1784
1829
2303
1565
1802
1849
2340
1579
1837
1884
2383
1609
1130
1185
1748
939
United Arab
Emirates
4.71
124.7
2261
2311
2453
2191
2426
2482
2641
2348
2883
2961
3169
2790
2970
3050
3282
2867
3020
3101
3338
2918
3127
3212
3458
3018
2390
2487
2777
2271
United Kingdom
62.26
531.4
1128
1153
1456
984
1225
1263
1571
1070
1238
1288
1695
1047
1411
1478
1900
1199
1422
1491
1922
1206
1442
1511
1951
1222
827
891
1245
657
United States
317.77
11063.0
1796
1657
2442
1067
1921
1784
2628
1163
2137
1975
3208
1119
2324
2177
3249
1312
2353
2204
3308
1320
2418
2262
3434
1341
1702
1595
2733
745
Upper Volta Burkina Faso
16.29
279.2
2164
2166
2352
2081
2306
2309
2523
2211
2754
2756
3063
2610
2759
2761
3072
2616
2792
2795
3115
2642
2903
2905
3242
2747
2105
2109
2490
1939
Uruguay
3.37
227.6
1853
1860
1915
1778
1988
1994
2054
1903
2256
2267
2344
2143
2399
2402
2492
2275
2434
2438
2530
2307
2505
2509
2603
2374
1769
1770
1869
1635
Uzbekistan
27.79
467.9
1976
1907
2080
1787
2129
2052
2243
1920
2413
2305
2549
2114
2657
2551
2819
2369
2694
2586
2856
2397
2764
2650
2935
2456
2076
1963
2247
1766
Venezuela
29.04
1155.3
1934
1951
2463
1582
2048
2065
2649
1652
2412
2444
3280
1868
2399
2425
3257
1858
2427
2451
3307
1873
2517
2544
3446
1932
1687
1719
2722
1112
Vietnam
89.03
597.0
1665
1744
2054
1387
1750
1836
2178
1450
1993
2115
2595
1584
2005
2122
2584
1614
2027
2149
2618
1630
2093
2220
2716
1676
1298
1424
1908
930
West Bank
4.41
10.6
2056
2056
2056
2056
2213
2213
2213
2213
2604
2604
2604
2604
2724
2724
2724
2724
2772
2772
2772
2772
2854
2854
2854
2854
2133
2133
2133
2133
Western Sahara
0.53
383.6
2209
2279
2468
2060
2368
2444
2653
2205
2808
2907
3183
2590
2897
2999
3287
2679
2947
3049
3342
2725
3046
3155
3463
2811
2307
2425
2776
2058
Yemen
24.26
611.5
2295
2375
2525
2162
2456
2548
2720
2311
2952
3091
3365
2758
2973
3109
3354
2772
3011
3153
3403
2809
3133
3282
3545
2920
2367
2538
2851
2123
Yugoslavia
10.48
135.6
1573
1585
1820
1512
1689
1702
1964
1623
1837
1854
2211
1753
2042
2062
2443
1955
2067
2087
2477
1978
2114
2134
2535
2020
1447
1468
1866
1366
Zambia
13.26
805.8
2201
2214
2315
2114
2334
2348
2463
2227
2765
2781
2916
2602
2794
2812
2977
2633
2828
2846
3016
2660
2937
2956
3133
2761
2172
2196
2396
1994
Zimbabwe
12.64
397.5
2221
2220
2331
2072
2364
2362
2486
2205
2784
2783
2940
2561
2847
2844
3016
2631
2887
2884
3058
2667
2995
2992
3175
2764
2234
2231
2441
1981
all data: [kWh/m²/y]
Mio
[1000 km²]
Country
Populatio
n
Area
1-axis E-W horizontal
continuous tracking
0-axis fixed tilted
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
1-axis N-S horizontal
continuous tracking
1-axis vertical continuous
tracking
1-axis N-S optimally tilted
continuous tracking
2-axis (GNI) continuous
tracking
2-axis (DNI) continuous
tracking
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
min
657
EU
420.42
6122.3
1391
1450
2479
975
1502
1575
2672
1070
1591
1711
3206
1047
1789
1914
3341
1199
1808
1937
3399
1206
1842
1977
3516
1222
1182
1342
2856
Europe
736.46
28835.0
1448
1140
2479
772
1565
1245
2672
902
1671
1320
3206
862
1878
1522
3341
1022
1899
1538
3399
1027
1938
1568
3516
1038
1260
1016
2856
573
MENA
435.45
12995.0
2086
2232
2621
1520
2243
2400
2830
1626
2618
2843
3418
1763
2765
2965
3557
1938
2810
3015
3619
1961
2895
3114
3749
2006
2184
2407
3137
1333
Europe-MENA
1,171.90
40727.0
1685
1468
2621
772
1817
1592
2830
902
2023
1779
3418
862
2208
1956
3557
1022
2238
1981
3619
1027
2293
2033
3749
1038
1603
1435
3137
573
Africa
976.14
32492.0
2067
2178
2599
1517
2201
2326
2801
1581
2599
2768
3446
1771
2629
2808
3481
1766
2660
2846
3543
1763
2759
2953
3676
1832
1975
2191
3042
1020
Asia
3,909.00
58038.0
1834
1640
2621
1012
1943
1756
2830
1126
2170
1960
3418
1191
2300
2122
3557
1223
2325
2146
3619
1230
2400
2209
3749
1254
1651
1524
3137
611
611
Pacific Rim
2,004.30
31718.0
1678
1982
2615
1087
1771
2107
2798
1126
1939
2414
3409
1191
2063
2528
3557
1223
2082
2557
3580
1230
2147
2645
3710
1254
1398
1880
3009
North America
302.97
21655.0
1776
1382
2442
1067
1900
1495
2628
1163
2108
1622
3208
1119
2298
1825
3249
1312
2327
1845
3308
1320
2391
1889
3434
1341
1673
1271
2733
745
Latin America
170.16
4638.3
2087
2149
2530
1523
2221
2293
2731
1584
2603
2704
3243
1776
2656
2768
3437
1770
2693
2810
3494
1785
2790
2910
3609
1837
2008
2148
2980
1029
South America
368.80
19724.0
1890
1881
2769
916
2006
1996
3001
990
2321
2315
3672
940
2363
2354
3797
1079
2391
2381
3866
1084
2475
2463
4012
1100
1683
1676
3480
562
Americas
841.93
46017.0
1889
1673
2769
916
2011
1790
3001
990
2301
2028
3672
940
2399
2147
3797
1079
2429
2172
3866
1084
2508
2238
4012
1100
1745
1533
3480
562
World
6,898.07
161930.0
1846
1776
2769
772
1961
1901
3001
902
2217
2175
3672
862
2331
2294
3797
1022
2358
2323
3866
1027
2434
2397
4012
1038
1685
1695
3480
562
GHI
all data: [kWh/m²/y]
Country
Afghanistan
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
1887
1893
2006
diffuse part of GHI
min
1732
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
516
524
568
min
471
French Guiana
1781
1867
2037
1748
761
747
765
709
Gabon
1666
1655
1877
1531
781
779
785
755
Gambia, The
2071
2062
2097
2029
674
677
687
665
Georgia
1396
1402
1524
1345
557
554
564
538
Germany
1046
1043
1222
970
575
573
616
554
Ghana
1826
1888
2032
1693
746
731
768
691
Greece
1546
1756
2064
1416
548
505
559
443
Grenada
2266
2266
2266
2266
615
615
615
615
Guadeloupe
2261
2278
2327
2249
591
580
591
564
Guam
2157
2165
2173
2157
642
636
642
630
Albania
1647
1687
1787
1538
499
497
540
476
Algeria
1765
2070
2361
1649
549
536
587
486
Angola
2015
2045
2278
1664
678
660
772
569
Argentina
1762
1729
2466
857
587
565
697
386
Guatemala
1927
1991
2269
1744
701
677
739
594
Armenia
1538
1504
1561
1447
544
552
565
538
Guinea
1994
2010
2078
1913
696
692
727
669
Australia
1709
2043
2444
1231
586
568
711
466
Guinea - Bissau
2033
2034
2081
1992
682
682
694
667
Austria
1169
1169
1222
1124
605
607
616
596
Guyana
1776
1837
1942
1739
767
758
771
734
Azerbaijan
1443
1466
1657
1273
566
555
578
512
Haiti
2050
2169
2313
1973
646
602
673
543
Bahamas, The
2037
2071
2208
1904
590
586
640
561
Honduras
1888
1912
2124
1744
714
703
740
640
1428
1532
1636
1428
710
708
710
706
Bangladesh
1709
1714
1779
1648
654
656
674
617
Hong Kong
Belarus
1040
1042
1086
1009
571
571
581
562
Hungary
1233
1236
1286
1131
604
604
607
599
Belgium
1036
1068
1161
1029
574
576
580
572
India
1848
1856
2232
1433
634
640
749
489
Belize
1754
1836
2025
1714
729
709
738
665
Indonesia
1793
1907
2376
1615
755
735
788
577
Benin
1861
1960
2073
1785
736
708
757
677
Iran
1801
1884
2256
1407
552
551
632
489
Bhutan
1712
1712
1757
1687
639
639
646
627
Iraq
1853
1894
2008
1774
544
536
584
512
Bolivia
1940
1895
2500
1585
665
680
754
407
Ireland
907
984
1128
887
552
561
579
549
Israel
2035
2051
2086
2032
508
503
518
485
Italy
1443
1585
1910
1286
527
517
622
464
Bosnia-Herzegovina
1316
1433
1697
1241
538
517
544
464
Botswana
2118
2138
2186
2065
579
576
613
535
Ivory Coast
1794
1860
2046
1692
752
737
770
689
Brazil
1792
1827
2349
1442
696
719
787
602
Jamaica
2044
2165
2259
2044
654
614
654
582
Brunei
1911
1911
1911
1911
749
749
749
749
Japan
1364
1414
1848
1182
616
613
677
533
Bulgaria
1368
1371
1452
1342
549
549
560
538
Jordan
1916
1995
2079
1896
539
525
543
505
Burma
1774
1751
1924
1431
656
654
696
613
Kazakhstan
1393
1399
1640
1198
567
579
634
484
Burundi
1791
1791
1791
1791
761
761
761
761
Kenya
2123
2114
2306
1928
695
697
747
633
Kiribati
2178
2191
2243
2104
670
666
694
647
Korea, Democratic Peoples
Republic
1465
1483
1629
1408
555
551
580
531
Korea, Republic of
1464
1506
1615
1415
592
596
624
571
Cambodia (Formerly
Kampuchea)
1879
Cameroon
1845
1870
1935
1862
2099
1690
719
715
736
695
1562
731
732
778
671
Canada
1269
867
1401
867
575
431
624
470
Cape Verde
2208
2208
2270
2145
616
616
627
589
Central African Republic
2000
2043
2171
1828
708
695
754
643
Chad
2158
2275
2485
2059
645
582
679
481
Chile
1909
1595
2546
792
506
542
662
341
China
1414
1577
2185
1052
625
578
736
429
Colombia
1722
1714
2399
1374
766
762
788
561
Comoros
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the (Formerly
Zaire)
Congo, Republic of the
2241
1830
1634
2216
1851
1720
2241
2124
1885
2183
1564
1513
624
750
777
623
745
771
636
782
785
613
635
Kuwait
1972
1972
1972
1972
554
554
554
554
Kyrgyzstan
1532
1540
1649
1414
523
525
551
499
Laos
1712
1710
1848
1577
701
700
726
678
Latvia
1062
1081
1162
1013
551
551
555
545
Lebanon
1945
2018
2088
1945
508
480
508
466
Liberia
1758
1768
1878
1682
759
759
775
734
Libya
1932
2158
2412
1770
542
512
607
444
Lithuania
1048
1052
1141
1006
561
561
562
553
Macedonia
1470
1465
1513
1406
543
544
556
533
Madagascar
1976
2047
2337
1614
650
625
747
483
Malawi
2016
2035
2114
1964
675
672
684
656
Malaysia
1763
1841
2141
1636
769
753
783
684
745
Costa Rica
1705
1862
2169
1515
747
713
766
648
Mali
2121
2184
2392
2049
655
609
687
525
Croatia
1322
1385
1605
1286
524
513
535
478
Malta
1933
1933
1933
1933
486
486
486
486
Cuba
1879
2075
2263
1845
676
612
691
561
Martinique
2263
2263
2299
2228
611
611
624
597
Cyprus
1989
1992
2002
1983
478
477
481
472
Mauritania
2133
2162
2301
2043
632
593
669
537
Czech Republic
1067
1073
1099
1024
583
584
589
576
Mauritius
2136
2141
2170
2111
606
605
611
599
Denmark
1061
1022
1129
813
554
540
559
487
Mexico
1997
2031
2294
1663
630
596
735
429
Djibouti
2262
2262
2262
2262
620
620
620
620
Moldova
1268
1272
1313
1233
586
584
605
529
Dominica
2308
2279
2308
2224
579
596
620
579
Mongolia
1472
1522
1743
1287
622
581
667
432
Dominican Republic
1908
2022
2283
1851
688
651
705
551
Morocco
1904
1941
2124
1749
536
532
638
475
Mozambique
1927
1960
2242
1755
676
672
723
572
Namibia
2201
2186
2362
1817
571
557
675
469
Nepal
1896
1905
1958
1836
577
573
610
540
Netherlands
1063
1073
1121
984
569
568
572
563
New Caledonia
2038
2058
2166
1980
632
623
647
582
New Zealand
1424
1407
1768
1132
590
575
627
521
Nicaragua
1962
1859
2312
1592
699
711
752
589
Niger
2309
2347
2492
2109
585
542
666
481
Nigeria
1935
1990
2299
1505
705
693
764
593
2178
2178
2190
2167
605
605
612
599
Ecuador
1660
1807
2384
1368
771
738
788
607
Egypt
2054
2193
2418
1817
525
504
581
445
El Salvador
2134
2134
2134
2134
651
651
651
651
Equatorial Guinea
1624
1640
1719
1586
771
770
782
758
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Islas
Malvinas)
2137
1042
2151
1228
2165
1063
2136
1247
2307
1145
2280
1323
1990
1011
1895
1200
641
535
656
596
629
536
663
597
690
543
736
605
578
530
598
591
Federated States of
Micronesia
2003
1997
2026
1965
719
722
732
713
Northern Mariana Islands
Fiji
1911
1962
2057
1746
690
677
727
654
Norway
891
467
1129
810
482
257
546
467
Finland
931
669
1122
898
483
342
537
477
Oman
2090
2203
2395
2010
597
576
631
512
France
1228
1293
1735
1065
567
559
606
461
Pakistan
1883
1900
2237
1578
573
578
639
499
Panama
1701
1730
1889
1505
751
746
774
716
Papua New Guinea
1817
1891
2162
1602
758
739
782
657
Paraguay
1786
1799
1835
1742
663
680
709
652
Peru
1971
1838
2301
1447
699
721
786
552
Philippines
1806
1942
2128
1667
729
704
766
622
Poland
1041
1041
1115
991
575
572
588
559
Portugal
1620
1677
1923
1533
517
516
555
477
Puerto Rico
2051
2201
2272
2051
651
601
651
578
Qatar
1947
2074
2201
1947
613
566
613
519
Republic of Palau
2000
2005
2016
1990
715
715
718
708
Reunion
2168
2168
2168
2167
587
584
589
579
Romania
1256
1250
1359
1143
566
569
607
530
Russia
1125
767
1500
822
562
385
644
467
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
1827
2158
2071
2161
1825
1815
2178
2104
2161
1851
1849
2410
2254
2161
1948
1781
1962
2005
2161
1730
763
568
669
679
737
765
547
658
679
730
772
633
685
679
754
GHI
all data: [kWh/m²/y]
Country
Pop Area
weight weight max
ed
ed
diffuse part of GHI
Pop Area
min weight weight max
ed
ed
min
EU
1181
1229
2261
813
561
516
622
443
Europe
1221
918
2261
666
560
424
644
437
MENA
1880
2043
2465
1316
546
536
660
418
Europe-MENA
1466
1257
2465
666
555
457
660
418
Africa
1985
2078
2492
1505
661
624
785
442
Asia
1643
1426
2465
822
631
540
788
418
Pacific Rim
1501
1802
2444
1052
650
624
788
429
North America
1533
1143
2326
863
575
476
669
443
Latin America
1973
2020
2327
1505
652
621
774
429
South America
1802
1799
2546
792
688
685
788
341
Americas
1740
1513
2546
792
640
580
788
341
World
1677
1608
2546
666
630
567
788
341
759
418
601
679
699
Slovakia
1092
1100
1165
1047
590
592
599
585
Slovenia
1244
1244
1244
1244
610
610
610
610
Solomon Island
1937
1951
2022
1808
725
726
752
707
Somalia
2088
2168
2481
1970
699
669
742
529
South Africa
1925
1993
2182
1585
579
545
654
442
Spain
1616
1695
2261
1233
527
517
575
452
Sri Lanka
1802
1933
2132
1753
755
727
763
675
St. Helena
2085
2085
2085
2084
652
652
655
650
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
2218
2218
2218
2218
628
628
628
628
Sudan
2200
2214
2455
1906
627
611
735
473
Suriname
1866
1929
2255
1849
754
738
758
643
Swaziland
1767
1767
1767
1767
637
637
637
637
Sweden
981
742
1192
834
515
387
562
470
Switzerland
1245
1257
1283
1218
606
606
608
602
Syria
1815
1854
2008
1773
531
520
546
469
Taiwan
1560
1570
1842
1376
697
691
716
669
Tajikistan
1718
1686
1815
1511
506
517
551
481
Tanzania, United Republic
of
2027
2028
2270
1801
706
702
765
632
Thailand
1816
1816
1978
1674
708
706
762
641
Togo
1896
1952
2031
1826
731
717
753
693
Trinidad and Tobago
2102
2202
2276
2102
682
645
682
618
Tunisia
1719
1843
2088
1628
558
529
573
488
Turkey
1606
1642
2010
1316
534
525
572
447
Turkmenistan
1634
1625
1767
1450
545
540
581
487
Uganda
1977
2011
2173
1815
734
725
769
683
Ukraine
1181
1206
1470
1068
595
585
607
493
United Arab Emirates
2103
2149
2258
2050
572
556
595
497
United Kingdom
966
975
1248
843
560
550
591
507
United States
1556
1408
2326
863
575
518
669
443
Upper Volta - Burkina Faso 2105
2106
2279
2025
667
666
693
596
Uruguay
1664
1678
1737
1604
600
605
619
586
Uzbekistan
1672
1603
1770
1465
506
514
540
483
Venezuela
1905
1927
2421
1568
733
727
780
560
Vietnam
1620
1698
2014
1336
731
722
749
690
West Bank
1884
1884
1884
1884
562
562
562
562
Western Sahara
2053
2115
2302
1915
577
563
634
505
Yemen
2211
2290
2465
2093
618
585
660
524
Yugoslavia
1334
1342
1546
1281
544
541
554
509
Zambia
2104
2113
2205
2015
638
634
666
595
Zimbabwe
2084
2084
2173
1937
619
620
651
584