Bell Ringer
Your parents go out of town and you stay
home to care for your siblings. List four
activities you’re finally able to do with your
parents away. What would you most miss
about them being away? Explain
Agenda:
Bell Ringer / Attendance
England’s 13 Colonies
Nacirema
• Top
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Final copy
Rough draft
Pink editing sheet
Pre-write/brainstorm
• Bottom
• Highlight
– Creative title
– Thesis sentence (last in intro. and first in conclusion)
Bell Ringer
Colonists settling in the New World lived
under Mother England’s rules and had
obligations and responsibilities. Still, England
was a great distance away, providing settlers
tremendous freedoms.
The Columbian Exchange
• Explorers created contact between Europe and Americas.
• Interaction with Native Americans led to big cultural changes.
• Contact between the two groups led to the exchange of plants, animals,
and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
The Exchange of Goods
Sharing Discoveries
• Plants, animals developed in very
different ways in hemispheres
• Arrival of Europeans in Americas
changed all this
• Europeans—no potatoes, corn,
sweet potatoes, turkeys
• Previously unknown foods taken
back to Europe
• People in Americas—no coffee,
oranges, rice, wheat, sheep,
cattle
• Familiar foods brought to
Americas by colonists
The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant
development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Different Foods

Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies

Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans

Foods provided nutrition, helped people live longer
Economics and Gastronomics

Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without
Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World

Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Italian Food Without Tomatoes?

Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes

Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous

By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks
Impact on Native Americans
•
Colonization brought the spread
of disease

Europeans brought measles,
mumps, chicken pox, and
small pox

Diseases devastated Native
American communities

Nearly 1/3 of Hispaniola’s
approximately 300,000
inhabitants died during
Columbus’s time there

By 1508 fewer than 100,000
survivors lived on the island

The European disease was the
ultimate conqueror of America
Impact on Africa

The Slave Trade Begins


With disease devastating the
native workforce Europeans
turned to Africa for slaves
African Losses

African slave trade devastated
many African societies

Before the slave trade ended in
the 1800s Africa lost at least 12
million people
Impact on Europe
 New types of food and
animals were brought back to
Europe
 This had both positive and
negative aspects:
◦ Positive because they served as
a valuable source for food
◦ Negative because they
destroyed their croplands
 Plants carried back to Europe
enriched nutrition in the Old
World and this resulted in
major population explosions
• Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in
Europe, Americas
• China
– Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population
grow tremendously
– Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
• Africa
– Two native crops of Americas—corn, peanuts—still among
most widely grown
• Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grown
in world are of American origin
Where did it
originate?
Impact
Animal
Horse
Old World
Allowed Native Americans to
shift to a nomadic lifestyle
Animal
Turkey
New World
Provided new food source for
Europeans
Animal
Chicken
Old World
Provided new food source for
New World inhabitants
Plant
Tomato
New World
Staple of Italian cuisine today,
world wide use
Plant
Maize
New World
World’s most important cereal
crop (plant with edible seeds)
New World
World staple crop; failure of
Irish crop lead to massive
American migration
Disease
Syphilis
New World
First outbreak after 1492
believed to have killed more
than 5 million Europeans
Disease
Smallpox
Old World
Devastated Native populations
who were not resistant
Plant
Plant, Animal, and Disease
Potato
England’s Thirteen Colonies
Motivations
• Colonists had many reasons for leaving
Europe and coming to the New World.
– Space: lack of space in Europe to farm,
especially in England.
– Stability: frustration with wars and
rebellions that went on in Europe that
made the region unstable.
– Wealth: Easy to make money and get
rich quickly in America.
• Gold, iron ore, timber, wood
• Farmers in the south saw a chance to
earn a lot by growing and selling
tobacco.
– Religious Freedom: Religious
differences between Catholics &
Protestants caused many Protestants
to move to the New World.
Regions
• Three Geographic Regions:
– New England Colonies
– Middle Colonies
– Southern Colonies
• Three Ownership Types:
– Proprietary Colony: owner or
proprietor owned the land and
controlled the land-appointed
by King of England
– A Charter- written document
granting land and authority to
set up colonial governments.
– Royal Colony - owned and ruled
by the King directly.
New England Colonies
•
•
•
•
PRODUCTS
Subsistence Farming
Timber and Ship
Building Supplies (Rope,
Masts, Tar)
Dried Fish
Rum and other
Manufactured Trade
Goods
PEOPLE
• Puritans and Pilgrims
who believed in
working hard and
following strict rules.
• Merchants,
Manufacturers, and
Lawyers.
Govt: The Mayflower Compact
The Middle Colonies
•
•
•
•
PRODUCTS
Called the bread •
basket colonies
Farmed staple
crops: wheat, oat,
barley and rye.
•
Made homespun
products.
Traded very little.
PEOPLE
People from:
England, the
Netherlands,
France, Germany
and others.
Puritans, Quakers,
Anglicans,
Catholics, and
Jews.
Southern Colonies
ENVIRONMENT
PRODUCTS
• Atlantic and Gulf • Farmed cash crops:
Coastal Plains.
tobacco, rice,
indigo, and cotton.
• Long growing
season and fertile • Trade “cash crops”
land.
farmed on
Plantations.
• Warm for most of
the year
• Purchase
manufactured
goods.
Southern
Colonies
Culture
• Anglicans
• English Plantation
Owners, Indentured
Servants, Transported
Criminals, and Slaves.
III: The Economies of the 13 Colonies
• A: New England Colonies
– 1. Fishing
– 2. Shipbuilding
B: The Middle Colonies - The
Bread Basket
1. Farming- wheat, other staple
crops for food
C: Southern Colonies
1. Cash crops (grown for sale)
a. tobacco
b. rice
c. indigo
The Beginning of Slavery
• 1. Plantation system: large scale agriculture.
– More work than indentured servants could do.
• 2. Triangular Trade: the pattern of trade that
developed among the Americas, Africa, and
Europe.
• 3. The Middle Passage: Voyage from Africa to
the Americas.
Triangular Trade
Slaves traded
for sugar,
molasses,
rum, and
tobacco
beads,
copper,
cloth,
hardware,
guns and
munitions
Slaves to
work in
Caribbean
and America
The Middle Passage
• The leg of the trade between Africa and
American colonies.
– Slaves were transported in below-human
conditions.
• mortality rates were 12% or higher and were
considered the “cost of the business”.
The Middle
Passage
Mercantile Theory
Mercantilism: is an economic policy…Wealth is
power, key to wealth is export more than import
European countries competed for world power and
needed colonies to provide necessary raw
materials.
Colonies’ role: provide raw materials (so mother
country does not have to import from other
nations) and markets for exports
Favorable balance of trade for England
Trade
Commodities
•Lumber
•Tobacco
•Rice
•Indigo
•Furs
•Sugar
To England