Town of Wasaga Beach
Beach and Dune Conservation and
Protection Discussion Paper
Prepared by David Featherstone
Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority
July 2005
Executive Summary
Background
In spring 2004, the Town of Wasaga Beach entered into an agreement with the Nottawasaga
Valley Conservation Authority (NVCA) to undertake a Natural Heritage System Update and
Review (NVCA, 2004). This review includes a broad, landscape scale natural heritage modeling
exercise covering the entire Town as well as four more detailed study components: Eastern Hognosed Snake Discussion Paper, Shoreline Study, Dune Outlier Study and South Bank Study.
The purpose of this review is to provide the Town with the information and tools necessary to
strike an appropriate balance between land and resource use and the protection of the Town’s
significant natural features and their functions.
Introduction
The beach and dune system along the Wasaga Beach shoreline have been subject to intense
pressures from tourism and development activity for decades. Despite these pressures, dune
systems remain along the shoreline. These systems provide important shoreline protection,
aesthetic and natural heritage functions along the shoreline. However, they remain vulnerable to
disturbance from human activities.
Recent recognition of the important attributes of beach and dune systems and their sensitivity to
human impacts has resulted in efforts to effectively manage beach and dune areas to
accommodate recreational use and protection of these shoreline features. Within the Town of
Wasaga Beach, the Ministry of Natural Resources (Wasaga Beach Provincial Park (WBPP)), the
Town, Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority (NVCA), local residents and tourists all have
a role to play in the protection of the beach/dune system.
Beach and Dune Formation
Prevailing northwest winds have concentrated beaches and dunes along the south and southeast
portions of Nottawasaga Bay. Similar to dynamic beach systems found along the eastern shores
of Lake Huron, these nearshore features formed over the last 3000 to 4000 years following the
recession of post-glacial Lake Nipissing (Peach, 2003).
Sand is continually being eroded and deposited on the shore by wave action. Dry beach sands are
transported inland by strong winds where they are deposited in foredune areas which are
stabilized by dune vegetation. The aboveground portions of dune vegetation assist in retaining
sand on the dune while root masses serve to bind and consolidate sand. Marram grass
(Ammophila breviligulata), a common dune grass along the Wasaga Beach shoreline, thrives on
incoming sand and is adapted to “rise above” these conditions which would thwart most other
plant species. Marram grass and other dune-adapted grasses, herbs and shrubs stabilize shoreline
dunes. Without this vegetation, windblown sand from the beach would continue to move inland
and be lost from the beach/dune system.
Beaches and associated dunes are part of an interconnected system. Dunes are reliant on the
beach for their formation, particularly during low lake levels. During periods of high lake levels
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page i
and storm events, the beach relies on the dunes’ sand reservoirs to replenish sand on the beach
thereby maintaining the beach’s form and function (Peach, 2003).
Beach and Dune Functions
Sand dunes provide natural shoreline protection during periods of high lake levels. They differ
from their constructed counterparts (i.e. revetments and retaining walls) in that they work in
tandem with the beach itself to maintain a dynamic equilibrium of shoreline protection and beach
replenishment along the shoreline. Dune aesthetics and ecological values of dunes (Peach, 2003)
also add to the economic services associated with the beach/dune systems.
Foredune vegetation is highly vulnerable to trampling and vehicular damage. Loss of vegetation
results in deterioration of the dune as sands are blown from the denuded dune section, resulting in
deepening of the trail and eventual sloughing of sand from the sides of the trail. Blowouts can
breach the dune’s natural shoreline protection capability.
Shoreline Ecological Inventory
Coastal vegetation is dynamic. Simpler plant communities on the beach itself (forbs and grasses)
give way to more complex vegetation communities on the foredune (shrubs, forbs and grasses)
and forested communities on hinddunes that lie landward of the foredunes. Within the Town of
Wasaga Beach, the full sequence of dynamic beach communities is rare due to shoreline
development. Hinddune communities, in particular, are limited to discrete sites along the
shoreline.
Near the shoreline, beach and foredune vegetation must be able to tolerate strong winds,
sandblasting, temperature extremes and occasional inundation by water (Peach, 2003).
Vegetation on the foredunes must also be adapted to extreme heat (up to 60 C in summer),
drought conditions and nutrient-deficient soils (Peach, 2003). This results in the formation of rare
vegetation communities adapted to these extreme conditions.
To document the presence and health of beach, foredune and hinddune communities along the
Wasaga Beach shoreline, NVCA staff inspected the Wasaga Beach shoreline (71st Street to
Stoney Point) from late summer to mid fall 2004. Vegetation communities along the shoreline
were classified to Vegetation Type using the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) protocol (Lee
et al., 1999). Quality of vegetation communities was subjectively ranked as high, moderate or
low based on visual observations (attached Figure).
Rare Vegetation Communities
Distinct foredunes begin at 63rd Street and extend to the northeast boundary of the Town.
Sagewort wormwood is present throughout all foredune areas. Higher quality foredune areas
generally have a high diversity of native dune specialists and species with dune affinities such as
marram grass, Canada wild-rye, smooth aster, sand dune willow, beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus),
sand cherry (Prunus pumila), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium).
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
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Foredune communities are more intact and less disturbed at the west and northeast ends of the
Wasaga Beach shoreline. However, foredunes remain at least somewhat intact (though often quite
disturbed) over most of the study area. Scattered excavation of foredunes and/or replacement with
retaining walls has occurred between Beach 1 and Beach 5.
Foredune areas consist of a mix of open sand dune and shrub sand dune areas with significant
intergrading between these two vegetation types. Open sand dune areas are best described as
Little Bluestem-Switchgrass-Beachgrass Open Dune (SDO1-1). Shrub sand dune areas are best
described as Sand Cherry Shrub Dune Type (SDS1-1). Both foredune vegetation community
types are very rare in Ontario and often susceptible to extirpation (NHIC website).
Significant Wildlife Species
In Spring 2005, a pair of endangered piping plovers began nesting preparations along the spit at
the mouth of the Nottawasaga River. This species requires undisturbed shoreline dune habitats
for nesting and rearing and had not been observed along the Wasaga Beach shoreline since the
late 1980s. Although nesting efforts were abandoned, efforts by Wasaga Beach Provincial Park
to maintain this area in its natural state and minimize human impacts have provided potential
nesting opportunities. Hopefully, in the future, this habitat area will support a small breeding
population of piping plover and assist in provincial and national efforts to protect this endangered
species.
Shoreline Impacts
Beach Activities
Impacts of trampling are most evident at major beach access points such as the Beach Area
parking lots. WBPP staff are working on a pilot project to minimize trampling at these high
traffic locations.
ATVs, dirt bikes and dune buggies can potentially cause significant impacts on foredune and
backdune habitats along the Wasaga Beach shoreline. These recreational vehicles are heavy and
rip through sensitive dune vegetation and loose sands resulting in vegetation loss and associated
foredune instability. ATVs are more likely to be entering the foredunes during the spring and fall
months when crowds and park policing are at a minimum. Although only local impacts have
been observed to date, the growing popularity of this activity may result in greater impacts in the
future.
Beach maintenance activities in front of all numbered WBPP beaches include weekly to biweekly raking of the mechanical area between the foredune and water’s edge during the summer
months for risk management, cleanliness and aesthetic purposes (M. Shoreman, pers.comm.).
Mechanical raking does inhibit the natural regeneration of beach meadow/marsh vegetation;
however, affected vegetation communities are relatively common compared to the provincially
rare foredune communities and are less sensitive to disturbance.
Shoreline Development
Older cottage and resort developments along the shoreline are setback from foredunes and have
generally respected these areas leaving them relatively untouched except for discrete trails from
the buildings to the beach. However, some new shoreline home construction along Wasaga
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
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Beach has adversely affected foredune areas. Foredunes are often removed to provide better
shoreline access/sightlines. Instead of low maintenance backyard gardens leading to the
foredune, these properties are characterized by retaining walls and irrigated, manicured lawns.
Restoration and Stewardship
WBPP has initiated signage and restoration programs to assist in foredune protection and
enhancement. Interpretive signage is an important component of public education along the
Wasaga Beach shoreline. These signs describe the formation and function of the foredunes and
the rarity of associated vegetation communities as well as their sensitivity.
At the Beach Area 4 access point, WBPP are using a combination of raked beach detritus, fencing
and boardwalks to construct formal pathways from the parking areas to the beach. The purpose
of these formal pathways is to direct foot traffic to specific access points and reduce impacts on
the remainder of the foredune area. Over time, it is anticipated that this area will naturally
rehabilitate and be colonized by native sand dune flora thereby restabilizing this foredune area.
WBPP has partnered with local schools and groups such as Collingwood Collegiate Institute,
Birchview Dunes Public School and the Wasaga Beach Prime Time Club to restore foredune
areas. This work has included installation of snow fencing to rebuild foredunes through natural
sand deposition and the planting of marram grass which will stabilize these dunes over time.
Recommendations
Beach and dune processes are an important component of shoreline heritage (social, economic
and natural) and protection along the shores of Wasaga Beach. Municipalities such as the Town
of Saugeen Shores have recently incorporated foredune protection policies within their Official
Plan and Zoning By-laws.
Development along the shoreline should respect provincial policy and Conservation Authorities
Act regulations regarding hazardous lands adjacent to the shorelines of the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence River System which protect the foredune area as part of the dynamic beach. An
ecosystem approach to shoreline management is essential. NVCA’s Generic Regulation will
delineate the dynamic beach as part of the regulated shoreline area along the Town of Wasaga
Beach shoreline. The Town, WBPP and NVCA should require protection of intact foredune areas
for redevelopment. A site alteration bylaw should be developed to ensure that structures are
setback from the foredune area.
Education and stewardship activities initiated by WBPP should be expanded, possibly with
support from the Town. Through education, permanent and seasonal residents can be better
informed of the important functions of foredunes and may become more interested in stewardship
activities along the shoreline. There must be buy-in from all stakeholder groups if protection and
restoration activities are to succeed over the long term.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... viii
1.0
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
2.0
Beach and Dune Formation...............................................................................................................1
3.0
Beach and Dune Functions................................................................................................................4
4.0
Wasaga Beach Shoreline Ecological Inventory ................................................................................4
4.1 Shallow Marsh (Beach).................................................................................................................. 10
4.2 Foredune......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Hinddune........................................................................................................................................ 12
4.4 Significant Vegetation Communities ............................................................................................. 12
4.5 Significant Vegetation Species....................................................................................................... 14
4.6 Significant Wildlife Species........................................................................................................... 15
5.0
Shoreline Impacts............................................................................................................................15
5.1 Pedestrian Impacts ......................................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Recreational Vehicle Impacts......................................................................................................... 15
5.3 Beach Maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 15
5.4 Development Impacts..................................................................................................................... 17
6.0
Restoration and Stewardship Actions..............................................................................................19
7.0
Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................................19
8.0
References.......................................................................................................................................22
List of Tables
Table 1: Town of Wasaga Beach Shoreline Survey - 71st Street to Stoney Point. Fall 2004 ..........................7
List of Figures
Figure 1: Conceptual dynamic beach profile (Peach, 2003)........................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Sand Dune Formation ..................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Vegetation Communities on the Wasaga Beach Shoreline ............................................................. 5
Figure 4: Vegetation on Front of Foredune .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: Vegetation on Back of Foredune................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Hinddune Vegetation .................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 7: ATV Impact on Dune Vegetation ................................................................................................. 16
Figure 8: ATV Impact on Sand Dune……………………………………………………………………….16
Figure 9: Areas With and Without Mechanical Raking................................................................................ 16
Figure 10: Mechanical Raking Along Beach................................................................................................ 16
Figure 11: Shoreline Homes With Retaining Walls and Manicured Lawns................................................. 18
Figure 12: Conceptual Depiction of Dynamic Beach Hazard Limit............................................................. 18
Figure 13: Public Education Signage ........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 14: Beach Fencing............................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 15: Formal Boardwalk....................................................................................................................... 20
List of Appendices
Appendix A:
Vascular Plant Species List. Wasaga Beach Shoreline. Fall 2004.
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Acknowledgements
The NVCA would like to acknowledge the support of the individuals and agencies that have
graciously lent their generous support to this discussion paper.
The NVCA thanks:
The Town of Wasaga Beach for its dedication to reviewing and updating its natural heritage
mapping and policies.
Mark Shoreman (Wasaga Beach Provincial Park Superintendent), Jessica Jackson (Wasaga Beach
Provincial Park Natural Heritage Educator) and Glenn Cunnington (M.Sc. candidate, Trent
University) for their comments on earlier drafts of this report and taking the time to meet with
NVCA staff to discuss shoreline issues.
Tom Young, Dillon Consulting for his peer review of the draft report and contributing to the
strength of the final document.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page viii
1.0
Introduction
Wasaga Beach is renowned as the largest freshwater beach in the world. The sandy shoreline of
this portion of Nottawasaga Bay was used for travel by First Nations and early settlers.
Recreational aspects of the beach soon came to the fore and Wasaga Beach rapidly gained status
as a major tourist attraction during the summer months. Tourism continues to constitute the
major industry within the Town of Wasaga Beach.
The beach and dune system along the Wasaga Beach shoreline have been subject to intense
pressures from tourism and development activity for decades. Despite these pressures, areas of
high quality dune systems remain along the shoreline. It is now known that dune systems provide
important shoreline protection, aesthetic and natural heritage functions along the shoreline.
However, these dune systems remain vulnerable to disturbance from human activities.
Recent recognition of the important attributes of beach and dune systems and their sensitivity to
human impacts has resulted in efforts to effectively manage beach and dune areas to
accommodate recreational use and protection of these shoreline features. Within the Town of
Wasaga Beach, the Ministry of Natural Resources (Wasaga Beach Provincial Park), the Town,
Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority (NVCA), local residents and tourists all have a role
to play in the protection of the beach/dune system.
This report begins with a description of the process of beach and dune formation and then
discusses ecological and economic imperatives for dune conservation. The ecology of the
Wasaga Beach shoreline is then discussed. Human impacts along the shoreline are described
followed by a summary of actions taken by Wasaga Beach Provincial Park (WBPP) and local
groups to protect/restore shoreline dunes and raise public awareness of dune conservation. The
report concludes with a series of recommendations aimed at promoting effective dune
management along the Wasaga Beach Shoreline.
2.0
Beach and Dune Formation
Prevailing northwest winds have concentrated beaches and dunes along the south and southeast
portions of Nottawasaga Bay. Similar to dynamic beach systems found along the eastern shores
of Lake Huron, these nearshore features formed over the last 3000 to 4000 years following the
recession of post-glacial Lake Nipissing (Peach, 2003). Research indicates that the principal
present-day source of sand to the beach environment is likely from the Nottawasaga River (Ball,
1978). River currents entering the bay curl around in an anti-clockwise direction depositing
sediments to the west of the river mouth (Kor, 1997). Offshore exposures of till likely contribute
minor quantities of sediment to the beach (Kor, 1997).
Beaches and associated dunes are part of an interconnected system (Figure 1). Dunes are reliant
on the beach for their formation, particularly during low lake levels. During periods of high lake
levels and storm events, the beach relies on the dunes’ sand reservoirs to replenish sand on the
beach thereby maintaining the beach’s form and function (Peach, 2003).
Sand is continually being eroded and deposited on the shore by wave action. Storm waves erode
the beach, moving the sand offshore where it is deposited as a sand bar. Sand bars act as shore
protection, absorbing incoming waves that would otherwise reach the shore causing further
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 1
erosion. Gentle wave action gradually brings the sand from the sand bar back toward the shore
and, eventually, the beach (Peach, 2003).
Figure 1: Conceptual dynamic beach profile (Peach, 2003)
Once onshore, sand is blown inland with significant movement taking place when wind speeds
exceed 20 km/hr (Peach, 2003). Fine-grained sand particles dried by the wind are lifted into the
air and carried for long distances. Medium-grained sands move along the beach surface in a
series of “jumps” whereas coarse sands are rolled along the beach surface. Fine and mediumgrained sands are transported more readily than coarse-grained sands and are preferentially
moved to dune areas. Northwest winds of late fall, winter and early spring are the key
transporters of sand from beach to dune areas. These storms also remove fine sand from the
beach and move it offshore to be deposited on sand bars. Less intense wind action from midspring through to mid-fall reverse this process and sands are returned to the beach by gentler
wave action (Kor, 1997).
When winds encounter obstacles such as vegetation clumps, wind speed is reduced and the sand
grains fall out under gravity. Over time, this deposition results in dune formation (Figure 2). As
the dune builds, it becomes a major obstacle to the landward movement of windblown sand.
Thus, the dune retains sand in close proximity to the beach system (Peach, 2003) rather than
allowing continual blowing of sand inland to be deposited on roadways and shoreline residences.
The aboveground portions of dune vegetation assist in retaining sand on the dune while root
masses serve to bind and consolidate sand. Marram grass (Ammophila breviligulata), a common
dune grass along the Wasaga Beach shoreline, thrives on incoming sand and is adapted to “rise
above” these conditions which would thwart most other plant species. This grass and other duneadapted grasses, herbs and shrubs stabilize shoreline dunes. Without this vegetation, windblown
sand from the beach would continue to move inland and be lost from the beach/dune system.
Periods of dune building tend to be associated with low lake levels as beach sands tend to be drier
and more susceptible to wind transport. Conversely, during high lake levels, the beach is
narrower and relatively moist, inhibiting wind transport. Storm waves may also erode the base of
the dune and carry that sand to offshore bars (Peach, 2003).
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Page 2
Figure 2: Sand Dune Formation
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Page 3
3.0
Beach and Dune Functions
The foredune, located next to the beach, is the most critical part of the dunal system and is the
area least able to tolerate any disturbance or development (Peach, 2003). Dune vegetation is
highly vulnerable to trampling and vehicular damage. Research has demonstrated that dune
vegetation can be killed by fewer than 50 passes (human foot traffic) in a growing season
(Trowell, 1987). Loss of vegetation results in deterioration of the dune as sands are blown from
the denuded dune section, resulting in deepening of the trail and eventual sloughing of sand from
the sides of the trail. As a greater area is exposed to wind erosion, a blowout may occur resulting
in the loss of sand inland from the beach/dune system. This inland migration of sand often results
in substantial maintenance costs to the municipality and its residents as it drifts onto roads, covers
lawns and gardens, enters houses and clogs storm drains (Peach, 2003). Blowouts also breach the
dune’s natural shoreline protection capability. Storm waves moving into and through such
breaches can result in much greater erosion than would be the case if an intact dune system was in
place.
Sand dunes provide natural shoreline protection during periods of high lake levels. They differ
from their constructed counterparts (i.e. revetments and retaining walls) in that they work in
tandem with the beach itself to maintain a dynamic equilibrium of shoreline protection and beach
replenishment along the shoreline. Conventional shore protection is generally ineffective since
these structures are eventually overwhelmed by beach processes without constant and costly
maintenance (Kor, 1997). Using an estimate of $2000/m to replace dunes with conventional
shore protection (Peach, 2003), present dunes along the Wasaga Beach shoreline (assuming 90%
of the 14 km shoreline supports foredunes) provides more than $25 million in shoreline protection
services. Dune aesthetics, which are important to tourism, and the ecological value of dunes
which is important to naturalists and educators (Peach, 2003) also add to the economic services
associated with the beach/dune systems. Appropriate planning mechanisms are required to
protect these values.
4.0
Wasaga Beach Shoreline Ecological Inventory
Shoreline beach and dune communities are the dominant natural features along the Town of
Wasaga Beach shoreline. This report focuses on these communities. A provincially rare Great
Lakes Coastal Marsh community is present along the shoreline at the west boundary of the Town
(Figure 3). This marsh community is described in detail in The Town of Wasaga Beach Natural
Heritage System – Background Review and Landscape Model (NVCA, 2005).
Coastal vegetation is dynamic. Simpler plant communities on the beach itself (forbs and grasses)
give way to more complex vegetation communities on the foredune (shrubs, forbs and grasses)
and forested communities on hinddunes that lie landward of the foredunes. Within the Town of
Wasaga Beach, the full sequence of dynamic beach communities is rare due to shoreline
development. Hinddune communities, in particular, are limited to discrete sites along the
shoreline.
Near the shoreline, beach and foredune vegetation must be able to tolerate strong winds,
sandblasting, temperature extremes and occasional inundation by water (Peach, 2003).
Vegetation on the foredunes must also be adapted to extreme heat (up to 60 C in summer),
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 4
Figure 3: Vegetation Communities on the Wasaga Beach Shoreline
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 5
drought conditions and nutrient-deficient soils (Peach, 2003). Vegetation capable of withstanding
such harsh conditions are often less capable of competing with other plants under more ideal
growth conditions. As a result, a rare assemblage of plant species is typically associated with
foredune habitats on the Great Lakes, including Wasaga Beach.
To better document the presence and health of beach, foredune and hinddune communities along
the Wasaga Beach shoreline, NVCA staff inspected the shoreline from late summer to mid fall
2004. The study area extended from 71st Street to Stoney Point at the northeast boundary of the
Town of Wasaga Beach. The shoreline area was cruised by mountain bike and on foot with a
focus on identifying key indicator species associated these communities. It was not the intent of
this survey to fully document all vascular plant species along the shoreline and a more thorough
investigation would doubtlessly lead to further botanical findings.
A general description of shoreline vegetation is provided below. Mapping of vegetation
communities is provided in Table 1 with fuller descriptions of vegetation communities and
dominant flora provided in Appendix A. Quality of vegetation communities was subjectively
ranked as high, moderate or low based on the following visual characteristics:
High
Dominated by range of habitat-appropriate native species. Disturbance limited to
local access trails to beach.
Moderate
Habitat-appropriate native species but greater presence of non-native species and
increased levels of disturbance (multiple/wide trails). Partial raking of beach
areas.
Low
Remnant patches of native/non-native species present. High levels of disturbance
(major access areas). Significant (but not complete) raking of beach areas.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
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Table 1: Town of Wasaga Beach Shoreline Survey - 71st Street to Stoney Point. Fall 2004
Beach Section
Foredune
Hinddune
71st St to 70th St
Shallow
Marsh
H
-
-
70th St to 68th St
H
-
M/H
68th St to 67th St
H
-
M
67th St to 63rd St
H
-
-
63rd St to 61st St
H
M
62nd St
61st St to 60th St
M
H
-
60th St to 56th St
M
H
60th St
56th St to 52nd St
M
M
56th/52nd
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Dominant Species (see Appendix A for acronyms)
M (Shallow Marsh), FD (Foredune), HD (Hinddune)
FESARUN, POPSPP, SALSPP, EQUVARI, EUPPERF, EUPMACU, EUTGRAM,
SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, SOLOHIO, LYTSALI
M = PHRAUST, SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, SALSPP
HD = SYMLAEV, FRAPENS, BETPAPY, MAISTEL, SHECANA, THUOCCI, PINSYLV,
POPSPP, JUNCOMMU
M = AGRGIGA, SALSPP, EQUVARI, SYMLAEV, EUTGRAM, SCIPUNG, JUNBALT,
VERHAST, PHRAUST
HD = SYMLAEV, ACERUBR, FRAPENS, BETPAPY, MAISTEL, FRAVIRG, SHECANA,
PRUVIRG, THUOCCI
M = AGRGIGA, SALSPP, EQUVARI, SYMLAEV, EUTGRAM, SCIPUNG, JUNBALT,
VERHAST, PHRAUST
M = SCIPUNG, EUTGRAM, EUPPERF, JUNBALT, PHRAUST, EQUVARI, AGAPAUP,
SPICERN
FD = ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, SYMLAEV, POPSPP, LATJAPO, PRUPUMI
HD = SCHSCOP, POPSPP, JUNCOMM, MAISTEL, ARTCAMP, THUOCCI, FRAPENNS,
ARCUVAU, ELYCAN
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, EUTGRAM, EQUVARI
FD = ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, SYMLAEV, POPSPP, LATJAPO, PRUPUMI
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, EUTGRAM, EQUVARI
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, POTFRUT, PRUPUMI, SALCORD,
SCHSCOP, SYMLAEV
HD = POPSPP, FRAPENN, JUNCOMM, SHECANA, MAISTEL
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT
FD = ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, POTFRUT, PRUPUMI, SALCORD
HD = SAPOFFI, MAISTEL, ARTCAMP, THUOCCI, FRAPENN, POPSPP, PINSTRO,
PINRESI, SALCORD, PANVIRG
Page 7
52nd St to 50th St
M
H
E of 52nd
50th St to 47th St (Beach 6)
47th St to 43rd St
L
M
M
46th St
43rd St to 41st St
L
H
M
41st St to 37th St
M
M
-
Beach 5
30th St to 28th St
28th St to Beach 4
Beach 4
Beach 4 to 23rd St
L
M
M
L
M
-
23rd St to Beach 3
L
M
-
Beach 3
19th St to 18th St
18th St to 16th St
L
L
M
-
16th St to Beach 2
Beach 2
-
L
M
M
Beach Strip
-
-
-
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, EUTGRAM
FD = POTFRUT, PRUPUMI, SYMLAEV, ELYCANA, ARTCAMP, AMMBREV,
SALCORD
HD = THUOCCI, POPSPP, FRAPENN, SHECANA, JUNCOMM, SCHSCOP, PANVIRG
FD = POACOMP, ARTCAMP, PRUPUMI
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, EUTGRAM
FD = ELYCANA, ARTCAMP, PRUPUMI, SALCORD, AMMBREV, SYMLAEV
HD = SYMLAEV, RHURADI, POACOMP, SOLHISP, PRUPUMI, SOLCANA,
JUNCOMM, MAISTEL, PINRESI, THUOCCI, LARLARI, ULMPUMI, PICGLAU
M = ARTCAMP, SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, ELYCANA, PHRAUST, OENPARV, ASCSYRI,
EUTGRAM, XANSTRU, POPSPP, SALSPP, EQUVARI, PHAARUN
FD = AMMBREV, POPSPP
HD = PINSTRO, FRAPENN, THUOCCI, SOLHISP, ARCUVAU, POASPP, DACGLOM,
DAUCARO, AMBARTE, PHLPRAT, BROINER
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, ELYCANA, ARTCAMP, EUTGRAM, SALSPP, SYMLAEV,
SALCORD, PHRAUST
FD = PRUPUMI, POPTREM, ARTCAMP, POTFRUT, SALCORD, AMMBREV
FD = SYMLAEV, ARTCAMP, POAPRAT, ELYCANA, AMMBREV, SORNUTA
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, SYMLAEV
FD = ARTCAMP, ELYCANA
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT
FD = ARTCAMP, SYMLAEV, AMMBREV, PRUPUMI
M = SCIPUNG, JUNBALT
FD = ARTCAMP, ASCSYRI
FD = AGRREPE, XANSTRU, ARTCAMP, AMMBREV, AMBARTE, CHEALBU
M = JUNBALT, SCIPUNG, ARTCAMP
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, LATJAPO, PRUPUMI, SYMLAEV
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, POPSPP, SALSPP, FRAPENN
BD = POPSPP, ELYCANA, MAISTEL, SYMLAEV, SYRVULG, ROSBLAN,
AMMBREV, ACENEGU, ASCSYRI, PRUPUMI, SOLHISP, RHURADI, VITRIPA,
PICGLAU, PINSYLV
Page 8
Beach 1 (Boardwalk)
Beach 1 (Boardwalk to East
End of Parking Area)
Beach 1 Parking Area to
Nott. River
-
M
-
-
FD = PRUPUMI, SALCORD, AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, POPSPP
H
H
M
Nott. River to John Street
M
H
-
L
L
M = SALCORD, JUNBALT, SYMLAEV, EUTGRAM, ARTCAMP, POPSPP, XANSTRU,
SALKALI, ELYCANA, TUSFARF, POTANSE
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, PRUPUMI
HD = POPSPP, AMMBREV, SYMLAEV
M = XANSTRU, SCIPUNG, JUNBALT, SALCORD
FD = AMMBREV, LATJAPO, ARTCAMP, PANVIRG, ELYCANA, SALCORD, POPSPP
FD = FD = PANVIRG, ELYCANA, PRUPUMI, AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, SYMLAEV
HD = PINSYLV, THUOCCI, PANVIRG, SCHSCOP, POTFRUT, SHECANA
FD = PANVIRG, ELYCANA, PRUPUMI, AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, SYMLAEV
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, LATJAPO, SALCORD, PRUPUMI, ELYCANA,
SYMLAEV, JUNBALT
M = SCIPUNG, SYMLAEV, JUNBALT, SALLUCI, PHRAUST, SALCORD
FD = AMMBREV, ARTCAMP, SALCORD
HD = SALCORD, SYMLAEV, ELYCANA, SCHSCOP, VICCRAC, ARTCAMP,
PANVIRG, POPSPP
FD = AMMBREV, PRUPUMI, ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, LATJAPO, SALCORD
HD = SCHSCOP, ARTCAMP, ELYCANA, SALCORD, LATJAPO, POPDELT
John Street to Albert Street
Albert Street to Mary Street
Mary Street to Eastdale
-
M
M-H
-
Eastdale to Sandy Lane
M-H
M
M
Sandy Lane to Allenwood
Beach
Allenwood Beach (east) to
Tributary
Tributary to Stoney Point
-
H
M
-
-
-
H
H
M-H
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
M = POTANSE, JUNBALT, LYTSALI, EUTGRAM, BIDCERN, PHRAUST, SCIPUNG,
XANSTRU
FD = PRUPUMI, ARTCAMP, SCHSCOP, AMMBREV, SYMLAEV, SALCORD,
LATJAPO
HD = JUNCOMM, POPSPP, PINSTRO, MAISTEL, ELYCANA, SHECANA, SCHSCOP,
PANVIRG, SYMALBU, SOLHISP, JUNHORI
Page 9
4.1
Shallow Marsh (Beach)
Relatively low lake levels in recent years have provided an opportunity for vegetation to colonize
the area between the foredune and water’s edge. However, this colonization conflicts with
recreational use on the beach. As a result, many beach sections are partially or completely
cleared of vegetation by mechanical raking. WBPP staff partake in raking operations along key
beach access points. Shoreline residents may also rake beach sections as regulated through
permit approval from the Park Superintendent. Where vegetation has been allowed to colonize,
shallow marsh communities have developed.
Some of the best examples of beach shallow marsh communities are found west of Beach 6.
Three-square (Scirpus pungens) and Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) are typically dominant with
grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia), variegated horsetail (Equisetum variegatum),
common reed (Phragmites australis) and bur marigold (Bidens cernua) also common. The area
between 63rd Street and 61st Street is particularly undisturbed and provides habitat for species
such as nodding ladies’tresses (Spiranthes cernua) and gerardia (Agalinis paupercula) that were
not observed elsewhere within the study area. Similarly, Ohio goldenrod (Solidago ohioensis), a
species often associated with endemic Great Lakes coastal marshes, was observed only between
71st Street and 70th Street within the study area.
Beach areas from Beach 6 to Beach 1 are generally heavily raked (12-30 times/year; J.Jackson,
pers.comm.) and, at best, support narrow, low quality shallow marsh habitats. Three-square and
Baltic rush tend to persist in these disturbed environments.
The spit between the east end of the parking area on Beach 1 to the mouth of the Nottawasaga
River supports a high quality shallow marsh habitat. Reflecting a slightly higher beach profile
than the west shoreline, dominant species include a mix of wet meadow and foredune species
including sand dune willow (Salix cordata), Baltic rush, smooth aster (Symphyotrichum laevis),
grass-leaved goldenrod, wormwood (Artemisia campestris), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium),
Canada wild-rye (Elymus canadensis) and silverweed (Potentilla anserina).
Northeast of the Nottawasaga River, a patchwork of moderate to healthy shallow marsh habitats
lie between areas of manicured beach. The area from Stoney Point to the northeast limit of
Allenwood Beach is of relatively high quality and is characterized by three-square, silverweed,
purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), grass-leaved goldenrod, bur marigold, common reed and
cocklebur.
4.2
Foredune
Similar to beach communities, foredune communities are more intact and less disturbed at the
west and northeast ends of the Wasaga Beach shoreline (Figures 4 and 5). However, foredunes
remain at least somewhat intact (though often quite disturbed) over most of the study area with
the exception of occasional sections between Beach 5 and Beach 1 where the foredunes have
been excavated or replaced with retaining walls.
Distinct foredunes begin at 63rd Street and extend to the northeast boundary of the Town.
Sagewort wormwood is omnipresent throughout all foredune areas. Higher quality foredune
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 10
Figure 4: Vegetation on Front of Foredune
Figure 5: Vegetation on Back of Foredune
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 11
areas generally have a high diversity of native dune specialists and species with dune affinities
such as marram grass, Canada wild-rye, smooth aster, sand dune willow, beach pea (Lathyrus
japonicus), sand cherry (Prunus pumila), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), switchgrass
(Panicum virgatum) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium).
4.3
Hinddune
Hinddune communities consist of scattered remnants along the Wasaga Beach shoreline (Figure
6). Although some remnants are relatively healthy with a large component of native species, most
are relatively disturbed with a high percentage of non-native tree and ground cover species.
Intact hinddune communities show similar structure and species composition along the entire
Wasaga Beach shoreline. Mixed forests consist of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), white
cedar (Thuja occidentalis), white birch (Betula papyrifera), poplar (Populus spp.) and white pine
(Pinus strobus). Understorey vegetation consists of common juniper (Juniperus communis),
buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), poison ivy (Rhus radicans) and chokecherry (Prunus
virginiana). Ground cover in forest glades consists of a mix of dominant foredune flora as well
as hairy goldenrod (Solidago hispida), starry false solomon’s seal (Maianthemum stellatum) and
bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi).
The regionally rare prostrate juniper (Juniperus
horizontalis) was observed in a healthy hinddune remnant northeast of the Nottawasaga River.
4.4
Significant Vegetation Communities
Vegetation communities along the shoreline were classified to Vegetation Type using the
Ecological Land Classification (ELC) protocol (Lee et al., 1999). This protocol has been
developed to provide for the consistent description, identification, classification and mapping of
ecological land units in southern Ontario. Although shoreline communities did not always fully
match vegetation types defined in the protocol, an attempt was made to fit communities in the
most appropriate type category.
Shallow marshes along the shoreline are best described as Three-square Mineral Shallow Marsh
(MAS2-6). This community type intergrades with Red-top Mineral Meadow Marsh (MAM2-3)
at the west end of the study area and with drier Sand Cherry Shrub Dune (SDS1-1) at Beach 1.
MAS2-6 is provincially ranked as S4 – common and apparently secure in Ontario.
Foredune areas consist of a mix of open sand dune and shrub sand dune areas with significant
intergrading between these two vegetation types. Open sand dune areas are best described as
Little Bluestem-Switchgrass-Beachgrass Open Dune (SDO1-1) with marram grass (beachgrass),
wormwood and Canada wild-rye typically dominant. Shrub sand dune areas are best described as
Sand Cherry Shrub Dune Type (SDS1-1). Sand cherry is typically co-dominant with shrubby
cinquefoil and/or sand dune willow.
Both foredune vegetation community types are provincially ranked as S2 – very rare in Ontario
and often susceptible to extirpation (NHIC website). From a global perspective, SDO1-1 has not
been ranked due to insufficient information. SDS1-1 has been ranked as G2Q suggesting that this
community is imperiled globally because of extreme rarity; however, there is some uncertainty
regarding its status. The Significant Wildlife Habitat Technical Guide (2000) states that all
provincially rare vegetation communities should be considered significant as defined under the
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 12
Figure 6: Hinddune Vegetation
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 13
Provincial Policy Statement (MMAH, 2005). The Provincial Policy Statement (MMAH, 2005)
states that “development and site alteration shall not be permitted in significant wildlife habitat
unless it has been demonstrated that there will be no negative impacts on the natural features or
their ecological functions”.
Hinddune areas are generally small (less than the ELC minimum 0.5 ha minimum) and variable in
character. Some sites have a strong complement of native species while other sites are more
disturbed and support a number of non-native tree, shrub and ground cover species. Canopy
closure similarly ranges from relatively open (and supporting a number of foredune species) to
closed. Hinddune communities are best characterized as Dry-Fresh White Cedar Mixed Forest
Ecosites (FOM4) which are provincially ranked as S5 – common and demonstrably secure in
Ontario.
4.5
Significant Vegetation Species
Significant vegetation species were determined through a review of global, provincial and
regional ranking (Table 2). Although several rare species were documented during the survey, no
threatened or endangered vascular plant species were observed along the shoreline. Rare species
within the shallow marsh, foredune and hinddune communities are documented below.
The provincially rare (rank uncertain) and regionally rare blue-leaf willow (Salix myricoides) was
tentatively identified at one location within the shallow marsh and may also be present elsewhere
within the shallow marsh and foredune communities. This species is associated with shoreline
dune systems and is often found with sand dune willow (Bruce-Grey Plant Committee, undated)
which is common within foredune and drier portions of shallow marsh along the Wasaga Beach
shoreline. Sand dune willow itself is considered regionally rare within Simcoe County.
Marram grass is common within foredune communities. It is considered provincially rare
although it is relatively common along the Simcoe County shoreline of Georgian Bay.
Little bluestem is present in foredune and hinddune habitats along the shoreline. Hairy goldenrod
is often found in association with little bluestem in open hinddune areas. Both species are
generally considered common; however, each species has a subspecies/variety component which
may be considered very rare or rare from a provincial perspective. Dune little bluestem (S.
scoparium ssp littorale) has been tentatively ranked as S2? (NHIC website) which suggests that
this subspecies is very rare in Ontario. Although further botanical documentation is required, it is
reasonable to infer that this subspecies may be present within dune environments along the
Wasaga Beach shoreline. Similarly, Lake Huron hairy goldenrod (S. hispida var. huronensis) has
been tentatively ranked as S3? (NHIC website) suggesting that this variety is provincially rare.
Although further botanical documentation is required, specimens observed along the shoreline
have relatively hairless stems associated with this variety which has been documented along sand
dunes on Lake Huron proper. It is reasonable to infer that this variety may also be present in
similar habitats along the Georgian Bay shoreline. Prostrate juniper (Juniper horizontalis),
considered regionally rare, was observed in a relatively large hinddune community near the
northern border of the study area.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 14
4.6
Significant Wildlife Species
In Spring 2005, a pair of endangered piping plovers began nesting preparations along the spit at
the mouth of the Nottawasaga River. This species requires undisturbed shoreline dune habitats
for nesting and rearing and had not been observed along the Wasaga Beach shoreline since the
late 1980s. The spit east of the Beach 1 parking lots represents the largest intact area of shoreline
beach/dunes along the Town shoreline. Efforts by Wasaga Beach Provincial Park to maintain this
area in its natural state and minimize human impacts have provided suitable nesting opportunities
for the piping plover. Hopefully, this habitat area will support a small breeding population of
piping plover and assist in provincial and national efforts to protect this endangered species.
5.0
Shoreline Impacts
5.1
Pedestrian Impacts
Trampling is evident along the length of Wasaga Beach. Residential/commercial properties
backing onto the shoreline have access trails running from the house/rental units down to the
beach. Generally, these consist of a single trail passing through the foredune to the shoreline.
Often, these access trails are relatively narrow and stable and do not overtly impact the healthy
dune communities on either side of the trail. Impacts of trampling are most evident at major
beach access points such as the Beach Area parking lots. WBPP staff are working on a pilot
project to minimize trampling at these high traffic locations (Section 6).
5.2
Recreational Vehicle Impacts
ATVs, dirt bikes and dune buggies can potentially cause significant impacts on foredune and
backdune habitats along the Wasaga Beach shoreline (Figures 7 and 8). These recreational
vehicles are heavy and rip through sensitive dune vegetation and loose sands resulting in
vegetation loss and associated foredune instability. Unlike snowmobiles, which generally use the
beach itself for passage and would cross the foredune area during its least sensitive period (winter
with frozen ground and protective snow cover), ATVs are more likely to be entering the
foredunes during the spring and fall months when crowds and park policing are at a minimum.
Although only local impacts have been observed to date, the growing popularity of this activity
may result in greater impacts in the future.
5.3
Beach Maintenance
Beach maintenance activities in front of all numbered WBPP beaches include weekly to biweekly raking of the mechanical area between the foredune and water’s edge during the summer
months for risk management, cleanliness and aesthetic purposes (M. Shoreman, pers.comm.;
Figures 9 and 10). Organic deposits that occasional move onshore are also removed from the
beach. Mechanical raking may result in artificial drying of the sand and increased shoreward
movement of sand; however this is likely minor during the relatively calm summer months and
negligible compared to larger movements of sand during the remainder of the year (Kor, 1997).
Mechanical raking does inhibit the natural regeneration of beach meadow/marsh vegetation that
colonizes the beach area during periods of low lake levels; however, affected vegetation
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 15
Figure 7: ATV Impact on Dune Vegetation
Figure 9: Areas With and Without Mechanical Raking
Activities
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Figure 8: ATV Impact on Sand Dune
Figure 10: Mechanical Raking Along Beach
Page 16
communities are relatively common compared to the provincially rare foredune communities and
are less sensitive to disturbance. Indeed, raking appears to encourage the growth of keystone
species in this community.
5.4
Development Impacts
Older cottage and resort developments along the shoreline are setback from foredunes and have
generally respected the foredune areas leaving them relatively untouched except for discrete trails
from the buildings to the beach. However, new shoreline home construction along Wasaga Beach
has adversely affected foredune areas. Some homes are built on top of the foredunes and the
foredunes are often removed to provide better shoreline access/sightlines. Instead of low
maintenance backyard gardens leading to the foredune, these properties are characterized by
retaining walls and irrigated, manicured lawns (Figure 11).
The provincial Planning Act, implemented through Provincial Policy Statement (PPS; Province of
Ontario, 1997) restricts development in areas defined as “hazardous lands adjacent to the
shorelines of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River System”. More specifically, Section 3.1.2
states that development and site alteration will not be permitted within defined portion of the
dynamic beach. Dynamic beaches are shaped and re-shaped on a range of timescales that extend
from either hours or days to years and decades in response to changing wave, wind and water
level conditions and to changes in the rate of sediment supply to a particular stretch of shoreline
(Province of Ontario, 2001). The dynamic beach hazard limit is the combined flooding hazard
limit (100-year flood level plus and allowance for wave uprush and other water related hazards),
plus the dynamic beach allowance of 30 m on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River system
(Province of Ontario, 2001). Figure 12 provides a conceptual depiction of the hazard limit.
As part of hazard identification and management, consideration should be given to whether
potential development will affect the ecology of the area, create new hazards or aggravate
existing hazards (Province of Ontario, 2001). Specifically, planning authorities have a
responsibility to evaluate a site’s biological or environmental sensitivities and consider how
potential development will affect these values including dune ecology (Province of Ontario,
2001). Integrated shoreline management and planning, based on an ecosystem approach, is
considered to be the best way to management shoreline hazards.
As part of hazard identification and management, consideration should be given to whether
potential development will affect the ecology of the area, create new hazards or aggravate
existing hazards (Province of Ontario, 2001). Specifically, planning authorities have a
responsibility to evaluate a site’s biological or environmental sensitivities and consider how
potential development will affect these values including dune ecology (Province of Ontario,
2001). Integrated shoreline management and planning, based on an ecosystem approach, is
considered to be the best way to management shoreline hazards.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 17
Figure 11: Shoreline Homes With Retaining Walls and Manicured Lawns.
Figure 12: Conceptual Depiction of Dynamic Beach Hazard Limit
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 18
The NVCA’s permitting requirements under the Conservation Authorities Act state that
development should be prohibited below the 178m contour (100 year flood level). Development
should also be excluded from a 15m buffer shoreward of this elevation to account for wave
uprush and other water related hazards that are associated with this dynamic system. In addition,
a permit is required for any development within a wetland area.
6.0
Restoration and Stewardship Actions
WBPP has initiated signage and restoration programs to assist in foredune protection and
enhancement. These programs are described below.
Interpretive signage is an important component of public education along the Wasaga Beach
shoreline. WBPP erected 12 interpretive signs along Beaches 1, 2 and 3 in 2004 and several
additional signs are proposed in 2005 (Figure 13). These signs describe the formation and
function of the foredunes and the rarity of associated vegetation communities as well as their
sensitivity. Annual monitoring of signs is proposed to assess vandalism and provide
recommendations for future signage.
At the Beach Area 4 access point, WBPP are using a combination of raked beach detritus, fencing
and boardwalks to construct formal pathways from the parking areas to the beach (Figures 14 and
15). The purpose of these formal pathways is to direct foot traffic to these formal, protected
pathways and reduce impacts on the remainder of the foredune area. Over time, it is anticipated
that this area will naturally rehabilitate and be colonized by native sand dune flora thereby
restabilizing this foredune area. It is anticipated that the reintroduction of natural beach processes
will improve the aesthetic environment and significantly reduce maintenance costs along the park
shoreline (Kor, 1997).
WBPP has partnered with local schools and groups such as Collingwood Collegiate Institute,
Birchview Dunes Public School and the Wasaga Beach Prime Time Club to restore foredune
areas. This work has included installation of snow fencing to rebuild foredunes through natural
sand deposition and the planting of marram grass which will stabilize these dunes over time. The
success of these initiatives can be observed at restoration sites at Beach 1 and Beach 2.
7.0
Conclusion and Recommendations
Beach and dune processes are an important component of shoreline heritage (social, economic
and natural) and protection along the shores of Wasaga Beach. Recognition of these processes
and functions has recently been brought to the fore through stewardship initiatives such as those
undertaken by the Lake Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation. Municipalities such as the Town
of Saugeen Shores have incorporated foredune protection policies within their Official Plan and
Zoning By-laws
The Town of Wasaga Beach, its residents and Wasaga Beach Provincial Park have a shared
responsibility and opportunity to balance recreational and development needs with the
maintenance and enhancement of natural foredune areas along the shoreline.
.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 19
Figure 14: Beach Fencing
Figure 13: Public Education Signage
Figure 15: Formal Boardwalk
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 20
In doing so, there is an opportunity to reap benefits in terms of shoreline and natural heritage
protection as well as lower municipal, resident and park costs associated with maintenance
removal of sand from streets and properties.
Education and stewardship activities initiated by WBPP should be expanded, possibly with
support from the Town. WBPP have noted that public perception of the foredune area is an
important issue (Jackson, pers.comm). Through education, permanent and seasonal residents can
be better informed of the important functions of foredunes and may become more interested in
stewardship activities along the shoreline. There must be buy-in from all stakeholder groups if
restoration activities are to succeed over the long term.
Development along the shoreline should respect provincial policy and Conservation Authorities
Act regulations regarding hazardous lands adjacent to the shorelines of the Great Lakes-St.
Lawrence River System which protect the foredune area as part of the dynamic beach. An
ecosystem approach to shoreline management is essential. The Generic Regulation currently in
preparation at the NVCA will delineate the dynamic beach as part of the regulated shoreline area
along the Town of Wasaga Beach shoreline.
One of the most effective means of protecting the shoreline dune systems is through public
acquisition and ownership or through the use of restrictive convenants/conservation easements for
conservation purposes. The dedication and/or purchase of these areas by a public agency for
conservation purposes should be encouraged.
The following recommendations are offered to protect and enhance shoreline dune systems along
the Wasaga Beach shoreline:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Possible partnership between the Town and the Park should be explored to develop a
shoreline owner and/or tourist pamphlet and to erect educational signage at beach access
points (i.e. at park beach entrances and along Shoreline Drive);
Possible partnership between the Town and the Park should be explored to initiate a
stewardship award program for shoreline property owners that have maintained the health
and integrity of their shoreline area;
Successful projects (i.e. formal trails, interpretive signage, stewardship plantings) should
be promoted and exported along the entire beach shoreline;
Park natural heritage staff should continue to ensure that all WBPP staff are aware of
foredune processes and ecology and that park maintenance other active beach activities
(competitions, festivals) do not adversely affect these areas;
The Town, WBPP and NVCA should require protection of intact foredune areas for
redevelopment. A site alteration bylaw should be developed to ensure that structures are
setback from the foredune area;
The use of conservation easements, dedication and/or purchase of foredune areas by a
public agency for conservation purposes should be encouraged; and,
NVCA planning staff should provide the Town with draft dynamic beach protection
policies in support of the Generic Regulation. These policies could then be written into
the Town Official Plan to further strengthen protection of these features.
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 21
8.0
References
The Bruce-Grey Plant Committee. Undated. Rare & Endangered Species of Grey & Bruce
Counties. Owen Sound Field Naturalists. 144 pp.
Kor, P.S.G. 1997. An Earth Science Inventory and Evaluation of Wasaga Beach Provincial Park.
131 pp. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998.
Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and Its
Application. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Southcentral Science Section, Science
Development and Transfer Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02.
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. 2005. Provincial Policy Statement. 37 pp.
Ministry of Natural Resources. 2000. Significant Wildlife Habitat Technical Guide. 151 pp +
Appendices.
Peach, G.H. 2003. Beach & Dune Guidance Manual for Saugeen Shores. Prepared by The Lake
Huron Centre for Coastal Conservation. 34 pp.
Province of Ontario. 1997. Provincial Policy Statement. 18 pp.
Province of Ontario. 2001. Understanding Natural Hazards. Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River
System and large Inland Lakes, Rivers and Stream Systems and Hazardous Sites. 40 pp.
Riley, J.L. 1989. Distribution and Status of the Vascular Plants of Central Region. 110 pp.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
Trowell, A. 1987. “Too Many Feet are Spoiling the Dunes” in Canadian Geographic, April/May
pp. 38-45
Beach and Dune Conservation and Protection Discussion Paper
Page 22
Appendix A
Vascular Plant Species List.
Wasaga Beach Shoreline.
Fall 2004.
Acronym
ACENEGU
ACERUBR
AGAPAUP
AGRGIGA
AMBARTE
AMMBREV
ARCUVAU
ARTCAMP
ASCSYRI
BETPAPY
BIDCERN
BROINER
Scientific Name
Acer negundo
Acer rubrum
Agalinis paupercula
Agrostis gigantean
Ambrosia artemisifolia
Ammophila breviligulata
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Artemisia campestris
Asclepias syriaca
Betula papyrifera
Bidens cernua
Bromus inermis
CHEALBU
DACGLOM
DAUCARO
ELYCANA
ELYREPE
EQUHYEM
EQUVARI
Chenopodium album
Dactylis glomerata
Daucus carota
Elymus canadensis
Elymus repens
Equisetum hyemale
Equisetum variegatum
EUPMACU
EUPPERF
EUTGRAM
Eupatorium maculatum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Euthamia graminifolia
FESPRAT
FRAPENN
FRAVIRG
JUNBALT
JUNCOMM
JUNHORI
LARLARI
LATJAPO
LOLPERE
LYTSALI
MAISTELL
Festuca arundinacea
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Fragaria virginiana
Juncus balticus
Juniperus communis
Juniperus horizontalis
Larix laricina
Lathyrus japonicus
Lolium perenne
Lythrum salicaria
Maianthemum stellatum
OENPARV
PANVIRG
PHAARUN
PHLPRAT
PHRAUST
PICGLAU
PINRESI
PINSTRO
PINSYLV
POACOMP
POAPRAT
Oenothera parviflora
Panicum virgatum
Phalaris arundinacea
Phleum pretense
Phragmites australis
Picea glauca
Pinus resinosa
Pinus strobes
Pinus sylvestrus
Poa compressa
Poa pratensis
POASPP
POPBALS
POPDELT
Poa spp.
Populus balsamifera
Populus deltoids
Common Name
Manitoba Maple
Red Maple
Gerardia
Redtop
Common Ragweed
Marram grass
Bearberry
Wormwood
Common Milkweed
White Birch
Bur-marigold
Smooth Brome
Grass
Lamb’s Quarters
Orchard Grass
Wild Carrot
Canada Wild-rye
Quack Grass
Scouring-rush
Variegated
Scouring-rush
Joe-pye Weed
Boneset
Grass-leaved
Goldenrod
Tall Fescue
Green Ash
Wild Strawberry
Baltic Rush
Common Juniper
Prostrate Juniper
Tamarack
Beach Pea
Perennial Rye-grass
Purple Loosestrife
Starry False
Solomon'’ Seal
Evening Primrose
Switchgrass
Reed Canary Grass
Timothy
Common Reed
White Spruce
Red Pine
White Pine
Scots Pine
Canada Blue Grass
Kentucky Blue
Grass
Blue Grass Family
Balsam Poplar
Cottonwood
CC
0
4
8
*
0
10
8
8
0
2
2
*
SRank
S5
S5
S4S5
RRank
P
P
P
S5
S3
S5
S4S5
S5
S5
S5
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
*
*
*
8
*
2
5
S5
P
S5
S5
P
P
3
2
2
S5
S5
S5
P
P
P
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S4
P
P
P
P
R4
P
P
S5
P
S5
S4
S5
P
P
P
*
3
2
5
4
10
7
9
*
*
6
1
6
0
*
0
6
8
4
*
0
0
S5
S5
S5
S5
P
P
P
P
S5
S5
P
P
4
4
S5
S5
P
P
Acronym
POPSPP
POPTREM
POTANSE
POTFRUT
PRUPUMI
PRUVIRG
RHURADI
ROSBLAN
SALCORD
SALKALI
SALLUCI
SALMYRI
SALSPP
SAPOFFI
SCHSCOP
SCIPUNG
SHECANA
SOLCANA
SOLHISP
SOLOHIO
SORNUTA
SPICERN
Scientific Name
Populus spp.
Populus tremuloides
Potentilla anserine
Potentilla fruticosa
Prunus pumila
Prunus virginiana
Rhus radicans
Rosa blanda
Salix cordata
Salsola kali
Salix lucida
Salix myricoides*
Salix spp.
Saponaria officinalis
Schizachyrium
scoparium
Scirpus pungens
Shepherdia canadensis
Solidago canadensis
Solidago hispida
Solidago ohioensis
Sorghastrum nutans
Spiranthes cernua
SYMALBU
SYMLAEV
SYRVULG
THUOCCI
TUSFARF
ULMPUMI
VERHAST
VICCRAC
VITRIPA
XANSTRU
Symphoricarpos albus
Symphyotrichum laeve
Syringa vulgaris
Thuja occidentalis
Tussilago farfara
Ulmus pumila
Verbena hastate
Vicia cracca
Vitis riparia
Xanthium strumarium
Common Name
Poplar Family
Trembling Aspen
Silverweed
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Sand Cherry
Chokecherry
Poison Ivy
Wild Rose
Sand-dune Willow
Russian Thistle
Shining Willow
Blue-leaf Willow
Willow Family
Bouncing Bet
Little Bluestem
Three-square
Buffaloberry
Canada Goldenrod
Hairy Goldenrod
Ohio Goldenrod
Indian Grass
Nodding Ladies’tresses
Snowberry
Smooth Aster
Lilac
White Cedar
Sweet Coltsfoot
Siberian Elm
Blue Vervain
Bird Vetch
Riverbank Grape
Cocklebur
CC
SRank
RRank
2
5
9
10
2
0
3
9
*
5
10
S5
S5
S5
S4?
S5
S5
S5
S4S5
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
R6
S5
G4/S2?
P
R6
*
7
S4/S2?
P
6
7
1
7
10
8
5
S5
S5
S5
S5/S3?
S4
S4
S5
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
7
7
*
4
*
*
4
*
0
2
S4S5
S5
P
P
S5
P
S5
P
S5
S5
P
P
*
tentative identification
CC
Conservatism Coefficient – reflects species fidelity to a particular habitat type on a scale from 0 to 10
(Middlesex, 2003). A plant with a high conservatism score is considered extremely conservative, requiring
highly specialized and undisturbed conditions. Plants with low scores can tolerate a variety of ecological and
disturbance conditions. Non-native species are not scored and are denoted with a “*”.
SRank
The NHIC assigns subnational ranks (SRANKS) for species and vegetation communities in Ontario (NHIC
website). These SRANKS parallel the global ranks (GRANKS), and range from S1 (extremely rare in
Ontario, generally 5 or fewer locations) to S5 (demonstrably secure in Ontario). Non-native species are not
ranked.
S2
S3
Very rare in Ontario; usually between 5 and 20 occurrences in the province or with
many individuals in fewer occurrences; often susceptible to extirpation.
Rare to uncommon in Ontario; usually between 20 and 100 occurrences in the province;
may have fewer occurrences, but with a large number of individuals in some populations; may be
susceptible to large-scale disturbances. Most species with an S3 rank are assigned to the watch list,
unless they have a relatively high global rank.
(notes continued on following page)
Rrank
S4
Common and apparently secure in Ontario; usually with more than 100 occurrences in
the province.
S5
S?
Very common and demonstrably secure in Ontario.
Not ranked yet, or if following a ranking, Rank Uncertain (e.g. S3?). S? species have not
had a rank assigned.
Regional status based on Riley, 1989.
P = present in Simcoe County but not considered rare.
R = rare with number referring to number of occurrences within Simcoe County.