EndingtheWartoEndAllWars
Overview
StudentswilllearnaboutthearmisticethatendedofWorldWarIandtheParisPeaceConference,whichdecided
thefateofpost-WWIGermany.AshortPowerPointcentereddiscussionintroducesstudentstothearmisticeand
variousnationalreactionstoit.Studentsthenassumetherolesofoneofthe“BigFour”leadersattheParisPeace
todebatethefateofpost-warGermanyandcreatetheirownversionoftheTreatyofVersailles.Finally,students
comparetheirTreatyofVersailleswiththeactualTreatyandthenmakepredictionsaboutitseffectsonthepostWorldWarIworld.
Grade
9
NCEssentialStandardsforWorldHistory
• WH.7.1-Evaluatekeyturningpointsofthemoderneraintermsoftheirlastingimpact
• WH.7.2-Analyzetheincreaseineconomicandmilitarycompetitionamongnationsintermsoftheinfluences
ofnationalism,imperialism,militarism,andindustrialization
• WH.7.3-Analyzeeconomicandpoliticalrivalries,ethnicandregionalconflicts,andnationalismand
imperialismasunderlyingcausesofwar
• WH.8.1-Evaluateglobalwarsintermsofhowtheychallengedpoliticalandeconomicpowerstructuresand
gaverisetonewbalancesofpower
• WH.8.2-Explainhowinternationalcrisishasimpactedinternationalpolitics
Materials
• “EndingtheWartoEndAllWars”accompanyingPowerPoint,availableinCarolinaK-12’sDatabaseofK-12
Resources,here:http://civics.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/05/EndingWartoEndAllWarsPPT.pdf
o ToviewthisPDFasaprojectablepresentation,savethefile,click“View”inthetopmenubarofthefile,
andselect“FullScreenMode”
o TorequestaneditablePPTversionofthispresentation,[email protected]
• ParisPeaceConferenceSimulationRolesandSupplementalDocuments(attached)
o USPresidentWoodrowWilson
o BritishPrimeMinsterDavidLloydGeorge
o FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau
o ItalianPrimeMinisterVittorioOrlando
o BlankTreatyofVersaillesHandout
o TreatyofVersaillesSummaryHandout
EssentialQuestions:
• HowdidWorldWarIend?
• WhatwastheParisPeaceConference?
• WhatissuesdidtheTreatyofVersaillessettle?
• WhatissueswerenotsettledattheTreatyofVersailles?
• HowdidtheTreatyofVersaillescontributetoWorldWarII?
1
Duration
One90minuteclassperiod
StudentPreparation
StudentsshouldbefamiliarwiththecausesandcourseofWorldWarI.Thislessonshouldbecompletedtoward
theendoftheWorldWarIunit.
Procedure
WarmUp:ArmisticeDayCartoon
1. Asawarmup,projectslide2ofthe“ParisPeaceConference”PowerPointand,withoutrevealingany
information,allowstudentstosilentlyviewtheimageforafewminutes.Then,posethefollowingquestions
totheclass:
• Whatfeaturesjumpedoutatyouwhenyoufirstsawthispicture?
• Whatdoyouthinkthehelmetrepresents?Howcanyoutell?Whatdoyounoticeaboutthehelmet?
• Whatisunderthehelmet?Whatdoyouthinkitrepresents?
• Whattypeofbirdisinthisimage?Whatisthebirdholdinginitsmouth?Whatdothesesymbols
represent?
• Whatdoyouthinkthedatesignifies?
TheArmistice
2. InformstudentsthatthiscartoonappearedintheCedarRapids,MichiganGazetteonNovember11,1918–
thesamedaytheWorldWarIarmisticewassigned.Havetheclassbrainstormforaminutewhattheword
“armistice”meansandsolicitafewstudentresponses.Movetoslide3,whichcontainsthedefinitionof
armistice-Atemporarysuspensionofhostilitiesbyagreementbetweenopponents,atruce-andcomparethe
studentdefinitionstothedictionarydefinition.
3. Transitiontoslide4whichcontainsapictureofthefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimesfromNovember11,
1918andposethefollowingquestionstothestudents:
• WhatdoestheNYTimesheadlinetellyouaboutGermany?
o Germanyisturmoil,theyhaveanewgovernment,peopleareupsetwiththearmistice,GermanEmpire
isdisbandedbecausetheKaiserhasfled.
4. Movetoslide5&6–“ArmisticeFastFacts&ArmisticeTerms”–andposethefollowingquestionstothe
students:
• AsyoulookatthepaintingdepictingthesigningoftheArmistice,whatdoyounoticeabouttheGerman
delegation?
o They’reallstanding
• WhatdoyounoticeabouttheAlliedpersonnel?Doyouthinkthatthey’resittingonpurpose?Whatdo
youthinkthatindicates?
o They’reallsittingexceptforoneofficer.Theycouldbesittingonpurposeasasignofdisrespecttothe
Germans.
• WhatdoyounoticeaboutthetermsoftheArmistice?DoyouthinkthatGermanyhadanyinputinwriting
theArmisticeagreement?
• UsingwhatyouknowaboutWorldWarI,doyouthinktheArmisticeistooharsh,toolenient,or
appropriate?
5. Instructstudentstotakeoutapieceofpaperandthencountoffeachstudentfrom1to9beforemovingto
slide7.Afterrevealingslide7–“AftertheArmistice”–informthemthatthispicturewastakenafewminutes
aftertheArmisticewassigned.Tellstudentsthatbaseduponthenumbertheydrew,theywillassumethe
characterofthepersonintheimagelabeledwiththecorrespondingnumberandwriteafirst-personresponse
2
towhattheyarethinking,feeling,seeing,hearing,etc.Oncestudentshavehadtimetoformulateandwrite
downtheirthoughts,givethema1minutewarningandtellthemtoreviewwhattheyhavewrittenin
preparationforsharing.Askstudentstosharetheirwritingsandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:
• Whattypesofimportantinformationdidyouhearfromthesecharacters?
• Didanythingsurpriseyou?Didanyoneinterpretoneofthefiguresverydifferentlythanyouwouldhave?
Explain.
• Ifyouhadtogivethispictureacaptionortitle,whatwoulditbe?
• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinEnglandandFrancereactedtonewsoftheArmistice?
• HowdoyouthinkpeopleintheUnitedStatesreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?
• Whoisnoticeablyabsentfromthepicture?Doyouthinkthiswasintentional?
• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinGermanyreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?
6. OptionalActivity:Have9studentvolunteerswhorepresenteachfiguretocometothefrontoftheclassroom
andtakethesamepositionasthepeopleintheimage.Innumericalorder,havethestudentsreadtheirfirstpersonmonologues.
7. Continuethroughslides8,9,&10whichshowFrench,British,andAmericanreactionstothenewsofthe
Armistice.Posethefollowingquestionstotheclass:
• Whydoyouthinkeveryoneissohappy?
• Whatdoyounoticeaboutthetwo“BritishReaction”images?Aretheysimilarordifferent?Whatdoes
eachonetellyouaboutthemoodinBritainafterthenewsoftheArmistice?
8. Referbacktothe“AftertheArmistice”imageonslide8andaskstudents:
• Whatcountry’srepresentativesareabsentfromtheimage?
o Germany
• WhatdoyouthinktheGermanreactiontotheArmisticewas?Why?
Proceedtoslide11displayingthefollowingquotefromMatthiasErzberger,Germansignatoryofthe
Armistice:“anationofseventymillionscansuffer,butitcannotdie.”Discuss:
• WhatdoyouthinkMatthiasmeans?
• Whatdoesthistellyouaboutwhathethinksaboutthearmistice?WhatisheaccusingFranceandBritain
of?
• DoyouthinktheGermanpeopleagreeordisagreewithhim?Why?
9. Continueontoslide12displayingapostcarddepictingthefeelingsofmanyGermanstowardtheArmistice.
Thecaptionreads,“Germans,thinkaboutit!”
• Canyouidentifyanyofthefiguresintheimage?Whoisthefatmanlookingonwithapproval?
o TheGermanArmy,MatthiasErzberger
• Whatisthemanwiththeknifedoing?
o SneakingupontheGermanarmy–whiletheyarestillfighting–andstabbingthemintheback.
• Canyouguesswhothemanholdingtheknifeis?
o PhilippScheidemann,theleaderoftheprovisionalgovernmentthatranGermanyaftertheKaiser’s
abdication.HewasthemanthatcalledforanarmisticewiththeAlliedforces.
• WhatdoesthistellyouaboutGermanfeelingstowardstheArmistice?
o TheyfeltthatthenewgovernmentstabbedtheGermanArmyandtheGermanpeopleinthebackand
acceptingsuchunfavorableterms.ThisleadstoapopularresentmentoftheWeimarGovernmentand
HitlerexploitsthesefeelingswhenhebecomesleaderofGermany.
Ø TeacherNote:Thefiguressittinginthebackgroundare“wealthyJews-theallegedperpetratorsofthedeed.”
The“stabintheback”theorybecomesanimportantpartofanti-JewishNazipropagandaunderHitler’s
3
10.
11.
12.
13.
Ø
14.
regime.OneofthereasonsthatGermansbelievedinthe“stabbedintheback”legendisthatmanyfeltthat
theyhadbeenwinningthewarallalong–allofthemajorfightingtookplaceoutsideofGermany’sborders,
theGermanshadmadepeacewiththeRussians,manyGermanleadersproclaimedtothereturningtroops
that“noenemyhasvanquishedyou.Manyscholarsarguethatrealitywasdifferent–theGermanarmywas
outofreserves,thearrivaloftheAmericanserasedanyadvantagestheGermansmayhavehadagainstthe
Allies,andincreasingoppositiontothewarfromtheGermanarmy,navy,andhomefront.
ToillustratehowunpopulartheArmisticewaswithmanyGermans,informstudentsthatMatthiasErzberger
wasassassinatedin1921byanultra-nationalistgroup,OrganisationConsul,forhisroleinsigningthe
Armistice.
“Peace-ing”theWorldBackTogether:TheParisPeaceConference
Continueontoslide13,andaskthestudentstoviewthecartoon–“TasksofPeace”–andthendiscussthe
followingquestions:
• Describewhatishappeninginthiscartoon?
• WhatdoesthiscartoonimplyaboutthestateofEuropeafterWorldWarI?
• Whywasn’ttheArmisticeenoughtoendthewar?
o ItwasonlyatemporaryagreementtostopfightinganditonlyconcernedGermany,nottherestofthe
CentralPowers.
• Howwouldyougoaboutcreatingpeaceaftersuchadevastatingconflict?
• Usingtheinformationyoujustlearned,whymightitbedifficulttoachievepeace?
Slides14&15providebackgroundinformationabouttheParisPeaceConferenceandthelesserknown
treatiesthatemergedfromtheconference.
TreatyofVersaillesSimulation
Placestudentsintogroupsof4,oneforeachofthefollowingroles:USPresidentWoodrowWilson,French
PremierGeorgesClemenceau,BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge,andItalianPremierVittorioOrlando.
Informstudentsthattheyaregoingtoassumeoneofthepersonasofthe“BigFour”anddecidethefateof
GermanyafterWorldWarI.Distributetheattachedhandoutsandcorrespondingdocumentsheetsand
reviewtheinstructions:
• Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovided
andyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.
Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallor
partsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermsto
adopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovision
untilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“Versailles
Treaty”handout.
Allowgroups30minutestoworkontheirpeaceproposals.Providethemwithfrequentupdatesofthe
remainingtimeandcirculatethroughouttheroomtoensurethattheystayontask.
TeacherNote:Toensurethatallstudentsarecompletingtheirworkwithinthegroup,assignanindividual
gradebaseduponstudentresponsestotheirquestionsandagroupgradebaseduponthefinalcopyofthe
VersaillesTreatyhandout.
Aftertheallottedtime,provideeachgroupwiththeattached“TreatyofVersailles”summaryandinstruct
themtocomparetheirgroup’sversionwiththeactualtreaty.Discussthefollowingquestionstodebrief:
• Howdoesyourgroup’streatydifferfromtherealTreatyofVersailles?
• WasitdifficulttomakeadecisiondecidingonthefateofGermany?
• Didyouagreeordisagreewiththeroleyouwereassigned?
4
•
•
Didyourgroupfinditeasyordifficulttoreachaconsensus?Whatsectionofthetreatywasthehardestto
reachaconsensusfor?
Whatcountrywasnoticeablynotrepresentedinyourconference?Whydoyouthinkthishappened?
Howdidthisimpactthedecisionmakingprocess?
HowdoyouthinkpeopleinFrance,Britain,theUnitedStates,ItalyandGermanyreactedtotheTreaty?
•
15. SharethefollowingquotefromDavidLloydGeorgecommentingontheTreatyofVersailles:“Weshallhaveto
fightanotherwaragainin25yearstime."
• WhatdoesthisquotetellyouaboutGeorge’sfeelingstowardtheTreaty?
• Doyouagreewithhim?Ifso,whodoyouthinkwillfightanotherwar?
• Doyouthinkthatifthetreatywasdifferent,aSecondWorldWarcouldhavebeenavoided?
AdditionalActivities
• Assignthestudentsacountry–Germany,France,Britain,theUnitedStates,orItaly–andhavethemwritea
lettertotheeditorexplainingwhytheysupportoropposetheTreatyofVersailles.
• SeeCarolinaK-12’slesson,“RiseofTotalitarianism”.
Resources
• PBS–“TheGreatWar”:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/
5
WorldWarICasualtyFigures
OnewaytounderstandtheviolenceandslaughterthatoccurredintheGreatWaristoexaminethenumberofcasualtiesanddeaths.Exactfigures
arestillindispute,becauseofdifferentdefinitionsusedeachcategory,thequestionableaccuracyoftherecordingsystemusedandthelossor
destructionofanumberofofficialdocuments.Thedatainthetablesbelowreflectnumbersfromseveralsourcesandareconsistentwithmost
experts'currentestimates.
TotalMobilized
Forces
Country
Killed
Wounded
Prisonersand
Missing
TotalCasualties
Casualtiesas%of
Forces
ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
BritishEmpire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
73.3
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
UnitedStates
4,355,000
116,516
204,002
4,500
323,018
7.1
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
27,000
11.7
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
33.3
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
40.0
42,188,810
5,142,631
12,800,706
4,121,090
22,062,427
52.3
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
TOTAL
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
GRANDTOTAL
65,038,810
8,528,831
21,189,154
7,750,919
37,466,904
57.5
Montenegro
TOTAL
ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS
Germany
Source:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
Nation
BritishEmpire
France
US
Germany
WarExpenditures&NationalIncome
Expenditures
$23billion
$9.3billion
$17.1billion
$19.9billion
NationalIncome(1914)
$11billion
Unavailable
$37billion
$12billion
Source:http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us32.cfm
6
WorldWarIMaps
Togoland
German West
Africa
German
New
Guinea
German
East
Africa
German
Southwest
Africa
Europein1914 GermanColonies
TheDisputedTerritories
Tyrol
Trieste
Dalmati
a
Treaty of London
(1915)
7
USPresidentWoodrowWilson
Directions:YouareUnitedStatesPresident,WoodrowWilson.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsatthe
ParisPeaceConference:toendwarbycreatingaLeagueofNations,toensurethatGermanyisnot
destroyed,toobtainapeacewithoutvictory.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answer
theattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Atthe
conference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:TheFourteenPoints
FourteenPoints,The,asetof14principlesproposedbyPresidentWoodrowWilsonasabasisforendingWorldWarIandfor
keepingthepeacethereafter.TheseprinciplesweresetforthbyWilsoninanaddresstotheUnitedStatesCongresson
January8,1918.GermanywelcomedthisbasisforpeacewhenonthevergeofdefeatbytheAlliessomemonthslater.In
summaryform,theFourteenPointswere:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Abolitionofsecretdiplomacybyadoptionofopencovenants(agreements),openlyarrivedat.
Freedomoftheseasinpeaceandwar,exceptastheseasmaybeclosedinwholeorinpartbyinternational
actiontoenforceinternationalcovenants.
Removalofinternationaltradebarrierswhere-everpossibleandestablishmentofequaltradingconditions
amongthenationsacceptingthepeace.
Reductionofarmamentstothelowestpointconsistentwithpublicsafety.
Adjustmentofcolonialclaims,takingintoaccounttheinterestsofthecolonialpopulationaswellasthoseofthe
rivalcolonialpowers.
EvacuationofGermantroopsfromRussianterritory,andanopportunityforRussia,thenengagedinthe
Communistrevolution,todetermineitsformofgovernmentwithoutoutsideinterference.
EvacuationofGermantroopsfromBelgium.
EvacuationandrestorationbyGermanyofFrenchterritory,withrestorationtoFranceofAlsace-Lorraine.
ReadjustmentofthefrontiersofItalyalongclearlyrecognizablelinesofnationality.
OpportunityofautonomousdevelopmentforthepeoplesofAustria-Hungary.
EvacuationbytheCentralPowersofSerbia,Montenegro,andRomania;grantingofseaportstoSerbia;and
internationalguaranteesofthepoliticalandeconomicindependenceandterritorialintegrityoftheBalkanstates.
InternationalizationoftheDardanellesandself-determinationfornon-TurkishpeoplesunderTurkishcontrol.
AnindependentPolandwithaccesstothesea.
Establishmentofageneralassociationofnationstoaffordmutualguaranteesofpoliticalindependenceand
territorialintegritytolargeandsmallnationsalike.
InaspeechonJuly4,1918,WilsondescribedthespiritoftheFourteenPoints:“Whatweseekisthereignoflaw,basedupon
theconsentofthegovernedandsustainedbytheorganizedopinionofmankind.”
Source:http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-i/fourteen-points.htm
DocumentB:TreatyofLondonandWilson’sReaction
TreatyofLondon(1915);AsecrettreatybetweenneutralItalyandtheAlliedforcesofFrance,Britain,andRussiatobringItaly
intoWorldWarI.TheAllieswantedItaly’sparticipationbecauseofitsborderwithAustria.ItalywaspromisedTrieste,
southernTyrol,northernDalmatia,andotherterritoriesinreturnforapledgetoenterthewarwithinamonth.Despite
oppositionofmostItalians,whofavoredneutrality,Italyjoinedthewar[..]Source:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1381765/Treaty-of-London
Wilson’sReaction:[…]WesternPowersrefusedtograntItalytheextensivecompensationithadexpectedalongtheAdriatic
Coast.TheotherswerenotimpressedwithItaly’sperformanceinthewar,andWilsonwasopposedtogivingtheItalians
territorythatcontainedpredominantlySouthSlavpopulations.
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print
8
Name___________________________________
USPresidentWoodrowWilson
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyour
knowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposal
totheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”has
presented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,
revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe
“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1.
DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2.
DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthat
figure?
3.
ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffrom
outsideinvasion?
4.
ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5.
ShouldtheUnitedStatesaskforanyGermancoloniesaspartofthepeacesettlement?Whyorwhynot?
6.
WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFranceorEngland?
7.
ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?
Why?
8.
WhymightWilsonbewillingtogiveTyrol&TriestetotheItalians,butnotDalmatia?
9.
WhydoyouthinkthatthePresidentWilsonwantedtoimposeasoftpunishmentonGermany,asopposedtomanyofhis
Europeancounterparts–specificallyFrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau?WhymighttheUnitedStatesbemore
forgivingtowardsGermany?
10. WhydoyouthinktheGermanswerequicktonegotiateafterWilsondeliveredhisFourteenPointsspeechandafterthe
USenteredthewar?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
•
UnitedStates:______________________________________________________________________________________
•
France:___________________________________________________________________________________________
•
UnitedKingdom:___________________________________________________________________________________
•
Italy:_____________________________________________________________________________________________
•
Poland:___________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
9
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
Name___________________________________
FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyour
knowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposal
totheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”has
presented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,
revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe
“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1.
DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2.
DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthat
figure?
3.
ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffrom
outsideinvasion?
4.
ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5.
WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFrance?
6.
ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7.
ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?
Why?
8.
WhymightClemenceaubereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?
9.
WhydoyouthinkthatFrancewantedtoimposeaharshpunishmentonGermany?HowdoesthiscontrastwithWilson’s
proposalsforpeace?
10. HowdoyouthinkClemenceaufeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
10
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau
Directions:YouareFrenchPremier,GeorgesClemenceau.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeace
Conference:punishingGermany,returnAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,opposeaLeagueofNations,hugereparationsfrom
Germany,andtodisbandorweakentheGermanarmy.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answerthe
attachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttry
convinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:ShortHistoryofFranceandGermany
“ClemenceaudesiredaharshpeacethatwouldkeepGermanypermanentlycrippledoratleastpostponeitsabilitytomake
warforaslongaspossible.TheFrenchleaderhatedtheGermansandwascontemptuousof[USPresident]Wilson.
ClemenceauhadexperiencedtwoGermaninvasionsofFranceduringhislifetime–in1870and,ofcourse,in1914.Hewas
determinedthatitshouldneverhappenagain.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print.
DocumentB:Clemenceau’sAttitudeTowardUSPresidentWilson’sTreatyProposal
“Mr.WilsonboresmewithhisFourteenPoints;why,GodAlmightyhasonlyTen!”
Source:http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau
DocumentC:PreliminariesofPeacewithGermany
“Therearethreeessentialproblemswhichmustbesolvedinordertoreconcilethenecessarystrategicguaranteeswiththe
principleoftherightsofthePeople:(1)GuaranteesregardingtheleftbankoftheRhine(militaryneutralizationwithout
politicalinterference)(2)CompleterestorationofPoland(whichwilldealafinalblowtoPrussianhegemony)(3)Thefuture
governmentofGermany(inconformitywiththerightofnationstothefreechoiceoftheirownsystemofGovernment).
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentD:TerritorialClauses
“TheseconditionswillindicatedthenewfrontiersofGermanyundertheformofrestittuionofthosepromiseswhichPrussia
hadunjustlyincorporatedeitherinherownterritoryorinthatoftheGermanyEmpire:
A.
RestitutiontoFranceoftheprovincesofGermanyand[Alsaceand]LorraineseizedfromFrancein1815and1871[…]
B.
CessiontothereconstitutedStateofPolandofthePolishdistrictsofPrussia,ofPosnanina,andofUpperSilesiaas
wellasaccesstotheBaltic.
[…]
F.
CessionbytheGermanGovernmentofitssovereignrightsoverGermanoverseaspossessions
G.
RecognitionbyGermanyoftheFrenchprotectorateoverMoroccoinitsentirety[…]
H. RecognitionbyGermanyofGreatBritain’sprotectorateoverEgypt.
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentE:Clausesofreparationrestitutionsandguarantees
“Generally,alldamageoccasionedbythewareitherinAlliedterritorieswhichhavebeenoccupiedbyGermantroopsand
whichhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbytheGermanFleetoraeroplanes,orbyseaastheresultofGermanaction,to
bemadegoodattheexpenseoftheGermanGovernment.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentF:MoreTerritorialRequests
11
“AmuchmoreimportantprovisionconcernedtheRhineland.InkeepingwithFrenchwaraims,Clemenceaufavoredits
separationfromGermanyandtheestablishmentofanindependentRhenishstate.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
12
Name___________________________________BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatepieceofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyour
knowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposal
totheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”has
presented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,
revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe
“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1.
DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2.
DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthat
figure?
3.
ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffrom
outsideinvasion?
4.
ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5.
WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoEngland?
6.
ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandFrance?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7.
ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?
Why?
8.
WhymightLloydGeorgebereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?
9.
WhydoyouthinkthatBritainwantedtoimposeamoderatepunishmentonGermany?Howdoesthiscontrastwith
Wilson’sandClemenceau’sproposalsforpeace?
10. HowdoyouthinkDavidLloydGeorgefeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
13
BritishPrimeMinisterDavid-LloydGeorge
Directions:YouareBritishPrimeMinister,David-LloydGeorge.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeace
Conference:a‘just’peacethatwouldbetoughenoughto‘makeGermanypay’,butwouldstillallowGermanytotrade,an
expansionofBritain’sempire,andtosafeguardBritain’snavalsuperiority.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documents
below,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,
youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:DavidLloydGeorge’sReactiontoWorkingwithPresidentWilsonandPremierClemenceau
“IthinkIdidaswellasmightbeexpected,seatedasIwasbetweenJesusChristandNapoleonBonaparte.”
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
DocumentB:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheir
terms”
“YoumaystripGermanyofhercolonies,reduceherarmamentstoamerepoliceforceandendhernavytothatofafifthrate
power;allthesameintheendifshefeelsthatshehasbeenunjustlytreatedinthepeaceof1919shewillfindmeanof
exactingretributionfromherconquerors.Theimpression,thedeepimpression,madeuponthehumanheartbyfouryearsof
unexampledslaughterwilldisappearwiththeheartsuponwhichithasbeenmarkedbytheterribleswordofthegreatwar.
Themaintenanceofpeacewillthendependupontherebeingnocausesofexasperationconstantlystirringupthespiritof
patriotism,ofjusticeoroffairplaytoachieveredress.Ourtermsmaybesevere,theymaybesternandevenruthlessbutat
thesametimetheycanbesojustthatthecountryonwhichtheyareimposedwillfeelinitsheartthatithasnorightto
complain.Butinjustice,arrogance,displayedinthehouroftriumphwillneverbeforgottenorforgiven.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentC:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheir
terms”
“Ifwearewise,weshalloffertoGermanyapeace,which,whilejust,willbepreferableforallsensiblementothealternative
ofBolshevism[communism].Iwould,therefore,putitintheforefrontofthepeacethatoncesheacceptsourterms,
especiallyreparation,wewillopentohertherawmaterialsandmarketsoftheworldonequaltermswithourselves,andwill
doeverythingpossibletoenabletheGermanpeopletogetupontheirlegsagain.Wecannotbothcrippleherandexpecther
topay.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentD:Rhineland
“Underthisagreement[proposedbyGeorgeandWilson]theRhinelandremainedpartofGermany,buttheAllieswere
allowedtomaintaintroopstherefor15years.Whenthisperiodexpired,theyweretowithdrawtheirforces,andtheentire
areawastoremainpermanentlydemilitarized,[…].”
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
DocumentE:AlliedFeelingstowardstheItalians
“TheleadersofBritainandFrance,fortheirpart,deeplyregrettedmakingsuchpromises[ofterritoryinAustria-Hungaryin
exchangeforItalianparticipationinWWI];theyviewedItalywithannoyance,feelingtheItalianshadbotchedtheirattackson
Austria-Hungaryduringthewar,failedtohonortheirnavalpromisesandrepeatedlyaskedforresourceswhichtheythen
failedtoputtowardsthewareffort.”
Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italian-delegates-return-to-paris-peace-conference
14
Name___________________________________
ItalianPremierVittorioOrlando
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocuments
providedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyour
handout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsof
yourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthat
provision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethe
grouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1.
DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2.
DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthat
figure?
3.
ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffrom
outsideinvasion?
4.
ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5.
WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoItaly?ShouldItalyrequestmorethanwhatwaspromisedbytheTreatyof
London?
6.
ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStates,France,andBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7.
ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?
Why?
8.
WhattypeofpunishmentdoyouthinkItalywantedtoimposeuponGermany–harshorlenient?Why?
9.
WhatproblemsathomedoesOrlandoface?WhatdoyouthinkwillhappenifheisunabletosecurenewlandforItaly?
10. HowdoyouthinkVittorioOrlandofeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
15
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
ItalianPremierVittorioOrlando
Directions:YouareItalianPremier,VittorioOrlando.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeace
Conference:increaseItalianterritorialholdingsandsecurewarreparations.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,
documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworld
leaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorld
WarI.
DocumentA:TreatyofLondon(1915)
“TheEntente,foritspart,offeredmuchmoresubstantialgainsofterritory—mostofwhichcurrentlyfellwithinthe
Austro-HungarianEmpire—anditwasunderthesetermsthatItalysignedtheTreatyofLondononApril26,1915.
Italywaspromisedthefulfillmentofitsnationaldream:controloverterritoryonitsborderwithAustria-Hungary
stretchingfromTrentinothroughtheSouthTyroltoTrieste.Inthetreaty,theAlliesgavethemthatandmore,
includingpartsofDalmatiaandnumerousislandsalongAustria-Hungary'sAdriaticcoast;theAlbanianportcityof
Vlore(Italian:Valona)andacentralprotectorateinAlbania;andterritoryfromtheOttomanEmpire.Carryingout
itspartofthebargain,ItalydeclaredwaronAustria-Hungary(butnotonGermany)onMay23.”
Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/allies-sign-treaty-of-london
DocumentB:Thecostofvictory
“Italywonthewar,therefore,butatahugecost:some600,000dead,950,000wounded,andalegacyof
bitternessanddivision.Thevictoriouspatriotsandnationalistsnowdetestedparliament,wherethe[former
ItalianPrimerGiovanni]Giolittianmajorityhadneversupportedthewar,althoughtheydefendedtheideaofthe
nationandthewarrecordoftheItalianarmy.Manyworkers,peasants,Socialists,andtradeunionistswere
disgustedbythecostsoftheconflictandwereinspiredbytherevolutionsinRussiaandGermany.Returning
veteransexpectedthelandthattheyhadbeenpromisedin1917–18.TheItalianflagbecameapowerfulfocusof
divisionandhatred.Warmemorialswerecontestedalloverthepeninsula.Thesedivisionsgreatlyweakenedthe
postwarpoliticalregimeandfracturedelementsofsociety.
Furthermore,thepro-wargroupswerethemselvesbitterlydividedwhenthewarended.ShouldItaly,attheParis
PeaceConference(1919–20),trytosecurethetermsoftheTreatyofLondon,asForeignMinisterSonninourged,
orshoulditsupportU.S.PresidentWoodrowWilsonandadheretothe“principleofnationality”—thatis,be
willingtoacceptlessterritoryintheAdriaticregion,astheLeftLiberalsandRepublicansadvocated?“
Source:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/27757/World-War-I-and-fascism
16
TreatyofVersailles
OnthisDayofJune28,1919,thenationsoftheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,France,andItalyproclaim
that….
I. WarGuiltClause
____________________________________isresponsibleforunleashingtheterribleforcesof“thewar
toendallwars”because
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
II.TerritorialChanges
TheAlliedPowershavedecidedthatthefollowingGermanlandsaretobeconcededtothefollowing
powers:
FranceShallreceive___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TheUnitedStatesShallreceive__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
GreatBritainShallreceive______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________I
talyShallreceive____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
III.PolishQuestion
OnthequestionofthecreationofaPolishStateintheEasternlandsofGermany,TheAlliedPowershave
decreedthat_______________________________________________because________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
IV.TheLeagueofNations
TheAlliedPowershave____________________________PresidentWoodrowWilson’sideaforthe
creationofaLeagueofNationsbecause____________________________________________________
17
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TreatyofVersaillesSummary
TheTreatyofVersaillesisthepeacetreatyattheendofWorldWarI,signedonJune28,1919,byGermanyandby
theAlliedandAssociatedPowers.InadditiontoendingthewarwithGermany,italsoestablishedtheLeagueof
Nations.ThepeaceconferencemetinParis,butthetreatywassignedintheHallofMirrorsinVersailles.Separate
treatiesweremadewithGermany'sallies:theTreatyofSaint-GermainwithAustria,theTreatyofTrianonwith
Hungary,theTreatyofNeuillywithBulgaria,andtheTreatyofSèvreswithTurkey.
ThewarendedonNovember11,1918,withanarmisticebasedonPresidentWoodrowWilson'sFourteenPoints.
ThepeaceconferencemetonJanuary8,1919,with32countriesrepresentedbutwithGermanyexcluded.The
majorrolewastakenbythe"BigFour":PresidentWilson,PrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorgeofGreatBritain,
PremierGeorgesClemenceauofFrance,andPremierVittorioOrlandoofItaly.
TheUnitedStatesSenaterejectedthetreaty,partlybecauseofobjectionstothesectionthatestablishedthe
LeagueofNations.Theothernationsratifiedthetreaty,anditwentintoeffectonJanuary10,1920.TheUnited
StatessignedaseparatetreatywithGermanyin1921.
TheGermansdenouncedtheVersaillesTreatyaswickedandunjust,andtheNaziparty'spledgetorepudiateit
helpedAdolfHitlercometopowerin1933.Hitlerignoredthetreaty'srestrictionsonrearmamentandsoonbuilt
Germanyintothestrongestmilitarypowerintheworld.
TermsoftheTreaty
Thetreatyhad15parts.PartIwastheCovenant(constitution)oftheLeagueofNations.Provisionwasmadefor
thePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.PartXIIIcreatedtheInternationalLaborOrganization.Theother
partsdealtwiththeboundariesofGermany,theestablishmentofnewcountriesinEurope,warreparations,and
othermatters.
GermanLossofTerritory
GermanycededAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,theEupenandMalmèdydistrictstoBelgium,WestPrussiaandmost
ofPosenprovincetoPoland,andadistrictinSilesiatoCzechoslovakia.Thetreatyprovidedforplebiscitesin
SchleswigandUpperSilesia.Afterthevoting,northernSchleswigwenttoDenmarkandsouthernSchleswig
remainedinGermany.InUpperSilesiathemajorityvotedinfavorofGermany;theAlliesthendividedtheterritory
betweenPolandandGermany.
ThetreatyplacedtheSaarBasinunderLeagueofNationscontrolfor15yearsandturnedthecoalminesoverto
France.(GermanDanzig(nowGdańsk,Poland)becameafreecityundertheLeague.GermanygaveuptheMemel
districttotheAllies,anditwaslatergiventoLithuania.
Germanylostabout25,000squaremiles(65,000km2)ofterritory,includingareaswithsomeofitsrichest
mineralresources.IntheeastastripofPolishland,the"PolishCorridor,"separatedEastPrussiafromtherest
ofGermany.
Germanysurrendereditscolonies,andtheyallbecamemandatedterritoriesunderLeagueofNations
supervision.GermanEastAfrica(nowpartofTanzania)wenttoGreatBritain,UrundiandRuandatoBelgium,
andSouth-WestAfrica(Namibia)toSouthAfrica.Kamerun(Cameroon)andTogolandweredividedbetween
GreatBritainandFrance.GermanNewGuineawasawardedtoAustralia,GermanSamoatoNewZealand,Nauru
IslandtoGreatBritainandtheGermanPacificislandsnorthoftheEquatortoJapan.GermanrightsinShantung
province,China,weregrantedtoJapan.
OtherPenaltiesOnGermany
TheGermanarmywasrestrictedto100,000officersandmenandthenavytoafewsmallships;airforceswere
forbidden.AlliedtroopsweretooccupythewestbankoftheRhinefor15years.EastoftheRhine,German
18
fortificationswereforbiddenwithin50kilometers(about31miles)oftheriver.ThetreatyprovidedthatKaiser
WilliamIIshouldbetriedasawarcriminal.ButtheformeremperorhadfledtotheNetherlands,andtheDutch
governmentrefusedtoturnhimovertotheAllies.
Underthefamous"warguilt"clause,Germanywascompelledtoacceptresponsibilityforallthelossand
damagecausedbythewarandtopayreparationsfordamagesdonetocivilians.Germanymadetheirfinal
reparations payment in 2010.
19