CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 1
GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY
Montreal
War in the North 1777
0
go
yn
St.
e
La
w
n
re
ce
R.
W
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S
American forces
for the British. Burgoyne realized that
the countryside was rising up against
him. It was a lesson that other British
generals would soon learn: they were
not simply fighting an enemy army,
they were fighting an entire people.
British forces
100 miles
Britain’s Strategy Unravels Burgoyne
rendezvous,
still looked forward to the rendezvous
Lake
or meeting, with St. Leger and Howe
Champlain
S
AINE
in Albany. But on August 4, Burgoyne
N . H . (M
Mass.)
Ft. Ticonderoga,
received a message that Howe would
Lake
July 6, 1777
Ontario
not be coming north; instead, he had
Ft. Oswego
Saratoga,
Sept.–Oct., 1777
decided to try to capture Philadelha
wk R .
Oriskany,
Bennington,
phia—where the Continental Congress
Aug. 1777
Aug.
16,
1777
Arn
old
met. “Success be ever with you,” wrote
Albany
Gates
NEW YORK
Boston
MASS.
Howe. Yet Burgoyne needed Howe’s
soldiers, not his good wishes.
PENNSYLVANIA
When Washington heard that
R.I.
CONN.
Howe was heading south, he rushed
to protect Philadelphia. However,
Connect Geography
History
in September 1777, Howe defeated
1. Movement From which two cities did British
Washington at Brandywine. (See map
forces begin their advance?
on page 198.) Howe then occupied
2. Make Inferences Why was Albany
Philadelphia. In October, Washington
strategically important?
attacked Howe at Germantown. Again,
Washington lost the battle and retreated to winter camp.
As Burgoyne received Howe’s message, St. Leger faced his own obstacle in reaching Albany. In the summer of 1777, he was trying to defeat
a small American force at Fort Stanwix, near Oriskany in the Mohawk
River valley of New York. St. Leger’s forces included Iroquois led by
Brant, also called Thayendanegea (thi•ehn•
Mohawk chief Joseph Brant
DAH•nah•gee•ah). Brant had been promised that the British would protect
Iroquois land.
Powder Horn
During August 1777, American general Benedict Arnold led an army up
Revolutionary-era
the Mohawk River. He wanted to chase the British away from Fort Stanwix.
soldiers used horns
Arnold sent a captured Loyalist and some Iroquois to spread the rumor
like this to carry
that he had a large army. The trick worked, and the British retreated to Fort
gunpowder.
Why was horn
Oswego. Now no one was left to rendezvous with Burgoyne.
0
50
100 kilometers
American victory
ge
r
British victory
t.
Le
CLASSZONE.COM
50
Bur
War in the North 1777
Click here to see the interactive map
@ ClassZone.com
N
Quebec
History
1. Movement Quebec and Montreal
2. Make Inferences From Albany a force
could control shipping along the Hudson
and Mohawk rivers.
Presentation Options
Use the Power Presentations
DVD-ROM or the Animated Center @
ClassZone.com to project the map.
• Follow troop movements of American and
British armies in the Northern states.
• Point out that troop movements took
place along the region’s rivers.
• Ask students to think about why the
geography of the region encouraged
battles between the British and the
Americans and why they were fought
where they were.
Teach
Saratoga: A Turning Point
Talk About It
• Why did Burgoyne send troops into Vermont?
(to search for supplies)
• What difficulties did Gates, Kosciuszko, and
Arnold cause for Burgoyne? (Gates’s and
Arnold’s forces slowed Burgoyne’s progress
and caused many casualties; Kosciuszko built
fortifications to thwart Burgoyne’s attacks.)
• Causes and Effects What were the two
most important results of the Patriot victories
at the Battles of Saratoga? (prevented the
British from isolating New England; helped
convince European nations to come to
America’s aid)
200 • Chapter 7
o
ANSWERS
M
ANALYZE Point out that the British, now in
control of the strategic port city of New York,
shifted the battlefront to the inland frontier.
Ask students to consider what geographical
obstacles the troops might encounter in these
regions. (The areas were rough, mountainous,
and forested.)
Hud son R
.
Connect Geography
a good material
in which to store
gunpowder?
Answer: It could
easily pour powder
into the gun’s
muzzle and would
not get wet in the
rain.
MAIN IDEAS & DETAILS Explain Britain’s northern strategy—and why it failed.
Answer: The British hoped to seize the Hudson River valley to isolate New
England from the other states.
Saratoga: A Turning Point
KEY QUESTION Why has Saratoga been called a “turning point”?
Burgoyne’s army was running out of supplies. A raiding party was sent into
Vermont where it was defeated by New England militia at the Battle of
Bennington on August 16, 1777.
200 Chapter 7
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE Create a time line of relevant events in the war through the American victory
at Saratoga.
Basic
Have students draw a time
line for the battles listed.
Entries should include the
date, event, and outcome.
• Battle of Long Island,
August 1776
• Battle of Bennington,
August 1777
• Battles of Saratoga,
Sept.–Oct. 1777
On Level
Have students draw a time
line with entries for five
major battles leading up to
and including the Battles
of Saratoga. Entries should
include the date, the event,
and the outcome.
Challenge
Have students draw a time
line with entries for at least
five relevant events that
occurred leading up to or
including the Battles of
Saratoga. Entries should
include the date, the event,
and a sentence explaining
why that event was relevant
in history.
British Advance on Albany Despite these setbacks, Burgoyne’s army continued south. But an American force led by General Horatio Gates blocked
their way on a ridge called Bemis Heights, near Saratoga, New York. There the
Polish engineer Tadeusz Kosciuszko (TAH•deh•oosh KAWSH•choosh•kaw)
had helped the Americans create fortifications, or built-up earthen walls.
Starting on September 19, Burgoyne attacked the fortifications. While
Gates commanded the Americans on the ridge, Benedict Arnold led an attack
on nearby Freeman’s Farm. His men repeatedly charged the British, with
Arnold galloping through the battlefield “like a madman.” Despite heavy
casualties, the British held their position, but on October 7, Burgoyne was
forced to retreat.
Burgoyne Surrenders Burgoyne’s army moved slowly through heavy rain
to a former army camp at Saratoga. By the time they arrived, the men were
exhausted. The Continental Army then surrounded Burgoyne’s army and
fired on it day and night until Burgoyne surrendered. The series of conflicts
Saratoga.
that led to this surrender is known as the Battles of Saratoga
The victory at Saratoga was a turning point. It prevented the British from
dividing the States and isolating New England. It also showed Europeans
that the Americans might win their war for independence. Because of this,
some European nations hostile to Great Britain decided to help.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS Explain why Saratoga has been called “a turning point.”
CHAPTER 7 • SECTION 1
CONNECT
How was it possible that American
Patriots gained their independence
from the powerful British Empire?
Connect to the World
In London, after hearing
the news of Burgoyne’s
surrender, William Pitt
(Lord Chatham) warns
Parliament: “You cannot
conquer America.”
Ask students what they have learned so far
that can help them answer this question.
Students might mention:
• Washington’s leadership enabled him to
build an army and keep it together.
• Women provided essential support.
Answer: Because it
prevented Britain from
isolating New England.
The victory convinced
European nations to
assist America in the war.
• The American victory at Saratoga proved
that they could win the war.
4
ONLINE QUIZ
1
Section Assessment
For test practice, go to
Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com
TERMS & NAMES
1. Explain the importance of
• George Washington • Benedict Arnold
• John Burgoyne
• Horatio Gates
• Joseph Brant
• Battles of Saratoga
USING YOUR READING NOTES
2. Analyze Causes and Effects Complete the
diagram you started at the beginning of this section.
Then create a diagram for each of the other main
events in this section.
EFFECT
6.
CAUSE
The Revolution
divides Americans.
EFFECT
Some Native Americans
join the British. Others
support the Patriots.
■ Patriots
■ Loyalists
■ Neutral
20%
Assess & Reteach
Assess Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
KEY IDEAS
3. Why did the British want to control the Hudson
River valley?
4. Why were the Battles of Saratoga important?
CRITICAL THINKING
5. Analyze Graphs
The graph shows how
colonists were divided
in 1776. Why is it
surprising that the
Patriots won?
to the Essential Question
Unit 3 Resource Book
• Section Quiz, p. 123
Interactive Review
@ ClassZone.com
40%
Power Presentations
40%
Test Generator
Source: Blackwell Encylopedia of
the American Revolution
Reteach Divide students into six teams and
provide markers, paper, and scissors. Assign one
part of the section to each team and tell them
to compose cause-and-effect statements. Have
teams cut their statements apart, separating
causes from effects. Redistribute the effects slips
to teams. Then read each cause aloud, while
students identify the corresponding effect.
Connect to Today Use of mercenaries was
banned by a United Nations agreement in 1989. Why
do you think this was?
7. Writing Letter Write a one-page letter from
Burgoyne to General Howe. Respond to Howe’s
letter in which he says he will head to Pennsylvania.
Describe how this news affects your strategy.
Unit 3 Resource Book
• Reteaching Activity, p. 127
The American Revolution 201
SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS
Terms & Names
1. George Washington, p. 197; John Burgoyne,
p. 199; Joseph Brant, p. 200; Benedict Arnold,
p. 200; Horatio Gates, p. 201; Battles of
Saratoga, p. 201
Using Your Reading Notes
2. Possible Answers: The Revolution divides
Americans—Some enslaved African Americans
escape to join the British; in the North, many
African Americans join the Patriot army.
American win at Trenton—Proved that
Washington was a good general; American
army attracts more recruits.
Key Ideas
3. They wanted to divide the states and isolate
New England.
4. They proved that Americans might win the war.
Critical Thinking
5. The Patriots did not enjoy the support of the
majority of the population.
6. Possible Answer: Mercenaries might be more
cruel.
7. Letters should show an understanding of the
British strategy in the Hudson River Valley. Use
the rubric to score students’ letters.
Letter Rubric
Content
Accuracy
4
excellent; addresses all
important points
no errors
3
good; addresses some
important points
few/minor errors
2
fair; addresses few
important points
several errors
1
poor; addresses no
important points
many errors
Teacher’s Edition • 201