Terra reen
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VOLUME 7
ISSUE 9
December 2014
EARTH
M AT T E R S
Mitigating
human–animal
conflict in India
Participatory
Approaches
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
Jatropha: The Seed of Hope
Jyothi Mahalingam
Sparrow: An Angel in Peril
IN CONVERSATION
Dr Nanditha Krishna
C P Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation
Dr Anjali Parasnis, Mr Yatish Lele,
Mr Prathmesh Chourey, and
Mr Amol Handore
Books on Environmental Research
and Sustainable Development
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EDITORIAL
It is sad that we in India, a civilization that grew on a foundation of
respect for nature, overturned our deeply ingrained beliefs in just
a few decades, and have been eroding the earth’s ecosystems
on a large scale.It is tragic that not only has the tiger population
in the country gone down drastically but several other animals
native to this country continue to remain under threat.
T
he human – animal conflict is a serious problem, current trends show that we human
beings are being insensitive to the value of wild life and to the importance of living in
harmony with nature. I find this subject particularly important, because I was born and
spent my childhood in an area which was rich with nature’s bounty of flora and fauna. And,
people, it seemed, really respected the importance of co-existence between different species.
I am referring to the Kumaon hills of what is now the state of Uttarakhand. When I was a
child, there were hardly any motorable roads to different locations in that area, and travel was
either on horseback or by foot, except that a few links such as between Haldwani–Kathgodam
and Nainital had motorable roads. Even though some tigers and leopards sometimes do
turn into man-eaters, this is a very rare occurrence, and in general predators like these would
normally not stray into human habitat, largely because in the past they had regular access to
adequate food, preying on species that constituted their normal diet.
Unfortunately, we have cut down a large area of forests in that as well as other regions,
and have encroached on the habitat of species which perhaps for millions of years lived
in balance with nature. It is sad that we in India, a civilization that grew on a foundation of
respect for nature, overturned our deeply ingrained beliefs in just a few decades, and have
been eroding the earth’s ecosystems on a large scale.
It is tragic that not only has the tiger population in the country gone down drastically but
several other animals native to this country continue to remain under threat. As though our
encroachment on the habitat of other species was not enough, there is also the manifestation
of greed and the lure of making quick money by killing and selling various parts of the
bodies of these animals, and this has caused further havoc. Wild animals, including tigers,
leopards, elephants and rhinos, are being poached continuously across the country. Not only
is this resulting in terrible reduction of the wildlife that this country was famous for, but the
methods employed for killing some of these animals are barbaric and brutal.
Sometimes the solution of one problem also leads to benefits in several other respects.
The recently released Synthesis Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
highlights afforestation and the elimination of deforestation as important mitigation
measures. If for reasons of tackling climate change, we were to expand our forest area in a
carefully planned manner, it is possible that we could provide a basis for wildlife to expand
once again and allow the population of India as well as those who travel here to see the glory
of the jungles of India. Sadly, Mahatma Gandhi was right when asked about his views on
wildlife. He said “Wildlife is decreasing in the jungles, but it is increasing in our cities”. Can we
possibly change this?
R K Pachauri
Director-General, TERI
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
1
Editor-in-chief
R K Pachauri
Terra reen
MAILBOX
`50
Subscriber’s copy
VOLUME 7
ISSUE 8
EAR TH
MAT TER S
November 2014
A Conundrum
IN CONVERSATION
SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS
highlighted this issue, which otherwise
may have failed to grab our attention. I
completely agree with the writer that
animals are misused, mistreated, and
abused by certain people for their
personal gain, especially in cinema.
What if they don’t speak, they have life
too! And we should respect them. This
Special Report is an excellent attempt
by Chatterji to awaken the sleeping
souls. WELL DONE!
Satyendra Singh
Ranchi
Guy C Noronha
Journalist, Chronicler, and Author
The Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Animals
in Indian Cinema
Shoma A Chatterji
I am happy to comment on the
TerraGreen November issue’s special
highlight on Oilzapper, a welldeveloped technology solution to
degrade crude oil and oil sludge.
We need to propagate such ecofriendly technologies for sustaining
the environment with the concept of
earth matters to deal with sodic soil
and alkaline soil for its productive
use in agriculture and allied farming
sector. I am sure TERI is working on
these aspects seriously. I complement
the team for doing the excellent
work in nature conservation and
biodiversity.
Dr Arun S Ninawe
Advisor (Scientist ‘G’)
Department of Biotechnology
New Delhi
I found the new section “Green
Challenges” of great interest. The
title—The Dirty Dozen—immediately
caught my attention. This article on
the increasing use of pesticides in
cultivation of fruits and vegetables
was very enlightening. One thing that
I liked most about this article was that
it not only highlighted the problem
but gave the solution too. Today, when
activities such as adulteration, excessive
use of pesticides in food products, etc.,
are a common practice, this kind of
information is of great help. I am really
looking forward to reading the next
issue. Keep it up!
Sadhana Tiwari
Lucknow
Being an animal lover, I feel that
animals are equally important as
humans are. Hence, they must not be
treated differently. I really appreciate
the article by Shoma A Chatterji, who
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Contents
4
News
8
TERI Analysis
‘Lighting’ up Lives in
the Sundarbans: A
TERI Initiative
Environmental
Research
Groundwater
Warming Up in Sync
10
12
Feature
Jatropha: The Seed
of Hope
18
In Conversation
Dr Nanditha Krishna,
C P Ramaswami
Aiyar Foundation
22
Cover Story
Mitigating human–
animal conflict in
India: Participatory
Approaches
30
Special Report
Sparrow: An Angel
in Peril
34
GREEN CHALLENGES
VOLUME 7
34
Green
Challenges
37
Terra Youth
48
Maneka
Speaks
50
Pioneer
53
Breakthrough
56
Green Events
ISSUE 9
DECEMBER 2014
12
FEATURE
30
SPECIAL REPORT
37
TERRA YOUTH
Cover Story
22
Cover Story
Mitigating
Human–Animal
Conflict in India
Participatory Approaches
On a cold and misty morning, Tamilselvan, a supervisor at a tea plantation in Valparai, set off for his
usual jog. Very soon, a jeep came by and he was ushered to get in. He then saw someone pointing at
a leopard hiding in a thicket. Tamilselvan had a lucky escape this time. “This was not the first time I had
encountered a leopard. It had once tried entering my house to take away my dog,” Tamilselvan recalls.
Human–animal interactions are not new. They have existed since the onset of human existence. Sharada
Balasubramanian and Rahul Chavan explore the issue further.
22
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
T
he growing human population and the resultant
overlap of the same with established wildlife
territories has been the major cause of human–
animal conflict. Conflict creates fear in the mind of
people. It is higher when the conflict is with larger
animals like tiger, leopard, or an elephant. For people
who encounter this on a regular basis, the initial fear
turns into long-term worry and frustration about
dealing with the situation. This is mainly influenced
by how the situation is affecting them economically,
physically, or psychologically. Such feelings may give
rise to a conflict situation.
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
23
Cover Story
The famous Taung skull found in South Africa in
1924 belonged to a child, and scientists claim that it
was killed by an eagle two million years ago. Even in
Nilakantha’s Matanga-Lila (The Elephant-Sport), there
has been reference of people reporting to the King of
Anga about the destruction of their crops by
wild elephants.
Typically, the human-animal conflict can be
classified into four types—competition for space, crop
raiding and destruction, attacking the livestock, and
injury or death of humans. Contemporary science,
however, tells us that human beings are not part of
the carnivore diet. That however, does not rule out the
fact that tigers, leopards, lions, and bears could attack
people or damage property. Crop raiding has been an
issue since agriculture has been carried out by clearing
off lands. Most animals, especially large mammals have
huge home ranges and are continuously on the move
across their territory. Even food is easily available in
the form of crops. It has been seen that radio-collared
elephants move from West Bengal to Assam and back
on a regular basis. Asiatic Lions move over hundreds of
kilometres from Gir Sanctuary to other areas outside.
Why Conflicts Happen?
The crucial question that needs to be addressed here
is—why do animals raid crops or why do leopards
24
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
attack livestock? According to the World Database
on Protected Areas, 2012, only 13 per cent of earth’s
surface belongs to the global network of protected
areas. These areas are, in fact, the last resort for many
large and threatened mammals. With the protected
areas largely surrounded by human population,
the conflict situation has risen in recent times. As
fragmentation of land increases, animals come in direct
conflict with people.
When the conflict occurs, it happens under tough
situations. During this time, animals respond in a
frightened manner—they attack and flee! Studies show
that such an attack is also propelled by people’s way of
trying to chase away the animal.
Feeding wild animals
Questions pertaining to people feeding wild animals
have been raised as well. When people feed wild
animals, the animals tend to perceive humans as a
source of food. Over time, this becomes a habit and
animals become comfortable with humans and
do not treat them as threat. In fact, this is the time
when animals become most dangerous. If the initial
interactions are positive, the next stage involves
testing, where animals may approach humans even
more closely to assess their reactions. The final stage
may involve a complete attack, where the animals treat
humans as prey.
Garbage
Garbage has been one of the prime reasons of conflicts
too. Often in western countries, bears ransacking
garbage bins for food has been observed. In many
cases, garbage in urban and rural areas attracts
scavengers, like dogs and pigs. These animals are easy
prey for leopards. For mammals like leopards, livestock
is an easy source of food as they do not have to go out
and hunt. This saves their energy and time.
It is also noticed that old, injured or displaced
animals very often venture into human territory in
search of food.
The smaller crop damagers
In a typical conflict scenario, larger mammals such as
leopards and elephants are blamed for farm and crop
destruction. In terms of the scale of their impact on
humans, the smaller animals in vast numbers have
the greatest impact. For instance, rodents, wild boars,
macaques, and small birds have a much larger impact
on crops and cause large-scale destruction. The
red locust has been responsible for famines across
Africa for hundreds of years. Rats and mice usually
go unnoticed.
Conflicts are not just restricted to larger mammals,
though they are always the centre of news in the
media. Such conflicts also arise with monkeys, snakes,
birds, wild boars, sloth bears, and many other animals
as well.
For farmers cultivating pokkali (an organic rice
variety) in Kerala, purple moorhen, a bird, has been
the intruder. The bird, which was not found in this area
earlier, is posing a threat to crop cultivation. Research
from the Kerala Agricultural University says that this
bird has been damaging about 40 per cent of the
crop from sprouting to the harvest stage, thus leaving
farmers in distress.
The human encroachment and agricultural
developments have widened the snake–human
conflict as well. As agricultural land expands, the snakes
find them a suitable habitat, as they get a good rodent
prey base. Human–snakes conflicts are crucial as both
humans and snakes get killed in the process. Studies
estimate that in India, 50,000 human deaths and tens
of thousands of amputations happen every year due to
this conflict.
Usually when a snake is spotted, rescuers are called
and the snakes are translocated. Often, translocation
is resorted to as a solution for conflict. However, it has
been noticed that this translocation of animals may
actually aggravate the issue, whether it is monkeys,
leopards, or even snakes. Big cats, when relocated,
create a conflict situation in an area known to have no
history of conflict. This is because animals, in general
have homing instincts. Any translocated animal will try
to get back to its original home range and could come
across conflict on its way. Also, it has been observed
that translocated snakes eventually die.
In some cases of human–animal conflicts, people
are tolerant. Take the case of man-monkey conflict. Our
association with monkeys is as old as human existence.
Three Indian species, the Rhesus macaque (Macaca
mulatta), the Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), and
the Hanuman langur have become urbanized today.
Animals with a high degree of flexibility can adapt to
living in, or near, areas inhabited by man. In some cases,
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
25
Cover Story
they end up using easily accessible food resources, like
agriculture land and garbage. Monkeys supplement
their natural diet with food stolen from people or
with garbage found around forest reserves, picnic
spots, etc. In some cases, monkeys have reduced fear
and sometimes become aggressive towards humans.
However, people still tolerate monkeys largely because
of certain religious beliefs.
Retaliation
Animals are revered by many people on religious
grounds in some places, but stress on their livelihood
has pushed people to retaliate and kill nuisancecausing animals. When leopards attack livestock,
people retaliate. The same is the case for peacocks
invading cropland. In Tamil Nadu, for instance, incidents
of farmers poisoning peacocks have been reported
frequently. To prevent birds from attacking the crop,
farmers spread poison in the area, thus killing not just
peacocks but also other birds present in the area. The
killing of our national bird is prohibited under Schedule
1 of the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA). Recently, a
leopard in the Coimbatore district was found dead
26
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
because of poisoning. An individual, enraged by the
animal attacking his cattle, poisoned a half-eaten
meat with pesticide. When the leopard came back and
consumed the meat, it died. Such retaliation arises
from sheer frustration and helplessness as the life and
livelihood of humans are at stake.
According to scientists, leopards have always lived
outside forests. Leopards living in villages without
attacking people start to do so when they are captured
and relocated to another place. This is more due to
the stress in the unknown new territory. For instance,
a leopard in Africa walked back 400 km to its site of
capture taking a year’s time. In a populated country
like India, a leopard losing its way is disaster. Research
suggests that repeated attacks by leopard on people
happen within 100 km of release. It also appears that
the areas where leopard attacks have happened are
those places where people have intervened.
Unseen Impacts of Conflict
on People
In a paper titled ‘The hidden dimensions of human–
wildlife conflict: Health impacts and opportunity costs’
published in Biological Conservation, the authors
address the hidden impacts of human–animal conflict.
When the breadwinner of the family is killed or injured,
the burden of the family passes on to women and
younger children. When a woman is a victim, the
children take over and this affects their education as
they are unable to go to school. A study in North-East
found that when men were injured or killed, it led to
increased debts and poverty.
In Tanzania, lion attacks have caused injury or
death of over 800 people between 1990 and 2004.
In Mozambique and Namibia, over a hundred people
are killed by crocodiles every year. In India, the
documented loss of human life to elephant attacks
averages over 400 people, annually. The people who
succumb to these injuries are those who belong
to the weaker socio-economic strata of society. In
both Asia and Africa, communities could lose about
10–15 per cent of their total agricultural output to
elephants. Such losses are huge for the affected people
and their families. Failing to address these issues will
only lead to more retaliation from people against
these animals, thus promoting tension and conflict. It
is crucial now to prevent the conflict and improve the
distribution of compensation to people, so that coexistence can happen in and around protected areas.
to be precise) as on November 2014, according to the
National Wildlife Database Cell, Wildlife Institute of
India. How can we then confine animals within this
space? And larger animals are biologically programmed
to travel far distances.
Villages and households in heavy-risk areas can
be educated on preventing and mitigating conflicts.
Also, these need to be reported to the authorities in
an organized and timely manner. Studies indicate
that there is need for a monitoring system which will
record and disperse information on such conflicts. Such
an approach can build up the development of a risk
database and live warning and monitoring systems.
Though experiences from Uganda, Kenya, and Sumatra
suggest that establishing and long-term maintenance
of monitoring systems in local communities is
challenging and tough to sustain, with greater
stakeholder participation, animosity against animals
can certainly be reduced.
Large carnivores pose a challenge when it comes
to conflict. As top predators, they need healthy prey
base for sustaining themselves. When natural prey
populations decline, they look at alternatives like
livestock or people. If large carnivores such as lions,
leopards, and tigers are to survive in the future, then it
is critical that every effort should be made to promote
co-existence and prevent negative interactions. This
is a goal that is tough in the world where humans
dominate. So, how do we maintain this balance?
Solutions
The human–wildlife conflict may be resolved if there is
a shift in the understanding of stakeholders, including
policy-makers, scientists, media, and the local people.
Even today, we expect wildlife to be confined to ‘only’
forests. However, the fact is that this protected area
constitutes just five per cent of the area in India (4.87%
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
27
Cover Story
garbage is one of the easiest ways to avoid
human–animal conflict.
CSR and human–animal conflict
Jammu and Kashmir shows the way
In Jammu and Kashmir, conflicts have been on the
rise over the last few years. To mitigate this problem,
the forest minister of the state, Mian Altaf Ahmed,
initiated a solution involving the villagers. The wildlife
department identified 100 conflict zones based on
records. Five youths from each village became the
interface between people and the forest department,
as soon as an attack happened. In case of a conflict,
this group managed the situation until the forest
department men and equipments arrived. This helped
in not just easing tension, but also ensured safety of
people, property, and the animals. This way, the local
people also got involved in the decision-making
process and were sensitized to the issue.
In European countries, there are heavy research
investments outside the protected areas to
understand the root causes of conflict. Apart from
that, there are significant investments in mitigation
measures for livestock and electric fences. A rapid,
fair, and transparent compensation system exists. The
management, government, and the local people meet
for discussions and there are flexible approaches to
carnivore conservation issues.
One of the simplest solutions to this issue is
keeping the urban and rural areas clean. Cleaning
28
TERRAGREEN
DECEMBER 2014
Another solution proposed is including the human–
animal conflict as a Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) initiative. As some CSR initiatives are gearing up
for environmental issues, some companies could look
at involving themselves to resolving human–wildlife
conflict, under this. Under the new Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) 2014 Act, corporate houses can
play a significant role to address human–animal
conflict issues. Many business houses have their
manufacturing units in the rural settings and have an
access to the local community who work in these units.
Business entities under their CSR profile can take this
opportunity not just to fulfil their social responsibility
but to also derive benefits, by reaching their businesses
to the remotest part of the country as well as earn a
good name within the society. Corporate groups can
play the role of the financial arm in implanting various
actions to address the conflict.
Ultimately, each local conflict demands to be
understood in terms of local factors. We have little
data to draw any sound conclusion anywhere and a
thorough ground research is long overdue. Human–
animal conflict has always stirred strong emotions.
There are greater pressures today but it is time we act
responsibly. We have our right to safety, but that is not
secured through exterminating other apex species.
Thanks to Indian cultural and religious traditions,
exterminations were never a part of our ethos.
Most people are sympathetic to wild animals, as
long as humans are not harmed nor alienated from
resource or land use in the name of conservation. If
our management policies can build on this existing
foundation, then people may adapt to co-exist with
them. It would then be a win-win situation for
wildlife conservation. #
Sharada Balasubramanian is an environmental journalist who
has been writing on water, conservation, energy, and agriculture.
She was a Deutsche Welle Akademie’s Climate Change
Reporting Fellow (South Asia) in 2013. In 2014, she was one of
the participants in UN’s Water and Energy journalism workshop
in Tokyo. She is also IUCN’s Water Futures II fellow in 2014. Her
articles can be found on www.sharadabalasubramanian.in.
With a passion for wildlife conservation, Rahul Chavan’s
expertise lies in understanding and writing on issues such
as human-animal conflict, sacred grove conservation, and
ecosystem services. He has also worked on animal behaviour and
socio-ecological aspects of the society with an active interest
in evolution and nature education. When not working, he likes
reading, exploring wildlife photography and sketching.
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Capabilities and Governance of
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health and safety, risk and regulatory preparedness, and prospective socio-economic and ethical
repercussions, with a focus on Indian developments. Based on half a decade of interdisciplinary
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No. of Pages 56 without Cover
A
Publication
CARBON CAPTURE,
STORAGE, AND
UTILIZATION
$ possible climate change solution
for energy industry
Editors
Malti Goel • M Sudhakar • R V Shahi
JUST RELEASED
CARBON CAPTURE,
STORAGE, AND
UTILIZATION
A possible climate change solution for
energy industry
Editors
Malti Goel, M Sudhakar, and R V Shahi
The Energy and Resources Institute
2015 • ISBN: 9788179935682
Pages: 290 • Binding: Hardback
Size: 180 × 240 mm • Price: `950.00
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is among the advanced energy technologies
suggested to make the conventional fossil fuel sources environmentally sustainable.
It is of particular importance to coal-based economies.
Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization deals at length with the various aspects of
carbon dioxide capture, its utilization and takes a closer look at the earth processes
in carbon dioxide storage. It discusses potential of carbon capture, storage, and
utilization as innovative energy technology towards a sustainable energy future.
Various techniques of carbon dioxide recovery from power plants by physical,
chemical, and biological means as well as challenges and prospects in biomimetic
carbon sequestration are described. Carbon fixation potential in coal mines and in
saline aquifers is also discussed.
Key Features
• Analyses how current research on carbon capture, storage, and utilization is being
pursued throughout the world.
• Presents details of earth process in carbon sequestration such as saline aquifers,
minerals, rocks, and coal mines.
• Describes the new cost-effective processes being developed in carbon dioxide
utilization for value-added products.
The Energy and Resources Institute
Attn: TERI Press
Darbari Seth Block
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road
New Delhi – 110 003/India
Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900
Fax: 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
India +91 • Delhi (0)11
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://bookstore.teriin.org
To purchase the book, visit our online
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or send us your demand draft or cheque
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(outstation cheques are not accepted).