Lesson 46: Reversives Reversives [vinyume] The opposite of any given noun refers to its other side. It is different from negation. There are three ways of showing the opposite of a given word: 1. Utanzu wa pindu [direct antonyms] 2. Utanzu wa kufanyua au kulinyambua neno
[reversed meaning of a given verb] 3. Utanzu wa jinsia [gender ‐ masculine/feminine] A). Utanzu wa pindu [direct antonyms] 1. moto
2. refu
3. keti
4. njoo
5. amani
6. elimu / akili
7. bara
8. haba / chache
9. mkwasi / tajiri
10. baraka
11. ndoa
12. unyama
13. uhuru
14. ardhi
15. jumla
16. juu
17. lala
18. kale / zamani
19. sahau
[hot]
[tall]
[sit]
[come here]
[peace]
[education]
[mainland]
[few; scarce]
[rich man]
[blessings]
[marriage]
[brutality]
[freedom]
[earth]
[wholesale]
[up]
[sleep]
[past]
[forget]
baridi
fupi
simama
nenda
vita
ujinga
bahari
tele; nyingi
mkata
laana
talaka
utu
utumwa
mbingu
rejareja
chini
amka
sasa
kumbuka
[cold]
[short]
[stand]
[go]
[war]
[ignorance]
[ocean]
[plenty; many]
[pauper; poor man]
[curse]
[divorce]
[humanity; kindness]
[slavery]
[heaven]
[retail]
[down]
[wake up]
[present; now]
[remember]
20. konda
21. baada ya
22. mbele ya
23. juu ya
24. karibu na
25. jana
26. usiku
27. ndani ya
28. baya
29. kubwa
30. shari
31. mwema
32. bora
33. mwangaza
34. shibe
35. utii
36. panda
37. vuna
38. lazima
39. hodari
40. butu
41. uza
42. kufa
43. zaa
44. kemea
45. sifu
[become thin]
[after]
[in front of]
[on top of]
[near]
[yesterday]
[night]
[inside of]
[bad]
[big]
[rough]
[good]
[superior]
[light]
[satisfaction]
[respect]
[climb]
[harvest]
[mandatory]
[diligent]
[blunt]
[sell]
[die]
[give birth]
[reprimand]
[praise]
nenepa
kabla ya
nyuma ya
chini ya
mbali na
leo
mchana
nje ya
zuri
dogo
shwari
mwovu
duni
giza
njaa
ukaidi/uasi
shuka
panda
hiari
goigoi
makali
nunua
fufuka
avya
shangilia
kashifu
[grow fat]
[before]
[behind of]
[under]
[far]
[today]
[day]
[outside of]
[good]
[small]
[smooth]
[evil]
[inferior]
[darkness]
[hungry]
[disrespect]
[alight]
[plant]
[optional]
[lazy]
[sharp]
[buy]
[resurrect]
[abort]
[praise]
[reprimand]
B). Utanzu wa kufanya au kulinyambua neon [reversed meaning of a given verb] Forverbswhichcanbereversedinmeaning,Kiswahiliusesthevowels‐U‐or‐O‐to
deriveanoppositemeaning.Whentherootvoweloftheverbisa,e,i,oru,thenthe
reversemarkeristhevowel‐U‐.Whentherootvoweliso,thenthereversemarkeris‐O‐.
Reversivesimplyreversalofanaction,andtheyareoneformofoppositesinKiswahili.
Logicallynotallverbshavereversiveforms,andindeed,Kiswahilihasveryfew.
Simple Verb
fuma
choma
fukia
[weave]
[poke in]
[fill in]
Reverse Meaning
fumua
chomoa
fukua
[unweave]
[pluck out]
[dig out (something buried)]
chana
tega
funga
umba
zika
ziba
tata
tasa
vaa
kunja
shona
kosa
topea
tenda
ficha
ganda
kaza
jenga
fumba
pinda
zinda
zima
panga
waza
anika
bana
kucha
inama
ita
[comb]
[trap]
[close]
[give form]
[bury]
[cork; plug]
[tangle]
[perplex]
[wear]
[fold]
[sew]
[make a mistake]
[be inhibited]
[do an act]
[hide]
[stiffen; freeze; fasten]
[tighten]
[construct]
[shut (eyes)]
[bend]
[be firm]
[repress]
[arrange]
[think]
[spread]
[fasten]
[sunset]
[bend]
[call]
chanua
tegua
fungua
umbua
zikua
zibua
tatua
tasua
vua
kunjua
shonoa
kosoa
topoa
tendua
fichua
gandua
kazua
jengua
fumbua
pindua
zindua
zimua
pangua
wazua
anua
banua
kuchwa
inuka
itikia
[comb out]
[release]
[open]
[take away the form]
[exhume]
[uncork; unplug]
[disentangle]
[explain]
[undress]
[unfold]
[undo sewing]
[correct]
[get out of a difficulty]
[undo the act]
[reveal]
[unstiffen; defrost; unfasten]
[loosen]
[demolish]
[open (eyes)]
[reverse; capsize]
[remove something set firmly]
[reduce the intensity]
[disarrange]
[rethink]
[gather]
[unfasten]
[sunrise]
[straighten]
[respond]
Sentensi: 1. Ninafunga mlango. Ninafungua mlango. 2. Mama anapanga nguo. Mama anapangua nguo. 3. Michael amefunika chakula.
Michael amefunua chakula.
4. Kaka yake anavaa shati. Kaka yake anavua shati. [I am closing the door.] [I am opening the door.] [Mother is arranging the clothes.]
[Mother is disarranging the clothes.]
[Michael has covered the food.]
[Michael has uncovered the food.]
[His/Her brother is putting on a shirt.]
[His/Her brother is taking off a shirt.]
Special note: There is a group of verbs which have identical meanings to their reversed representation: 1. kama/kamua [squeeze/wring wet clothes; act of milking a cow] Ali alikamua chungwa. [Ali squeezed juice out of an orange.]
2. nyaka/nyankua [grab; snatch]
Waghana walinyankua uhuru.
[Ghanaians attained (their) independence.]
3. ganga/gangua [treat] Daktari aliganga jeraha la mtoto. [The doctor treated the child’s wound.]
C). Utanzu wa jinsia [gender ‐ masculine/feminine] 1. Adam
2. kaka
3. baba
4. babu
5. bin
6. bwana
7. mume
8. mvulana
9. bwanaharusi
10. Amin
11. Saidi
12. mjomba
13. baba wa kambo
14. baba mkubwa
15. baba mdogo
16. shemeji
17. baba mkwe
18.mtwana
19.mwanamke
20. koo
21. mbarika/
mtamba
22. mjakazi
23.mrembo
[Adam]
[brother]
[father]
[grandfather]
[son of]
[sir; Mr.]
[male]
[boy]
[groom]
[male name]
[male name]
[maternal uncle]
[step-father]
[uncle older than
your father]
[uncle younger than
your father]
[sister-in-law;
brother-in-law]
[father-in-law]
[butler]
[woman]
[hen]
[cow]
Hawa
dada
mama
nyanya
binti
bibi
mke
msichana
biharusi
Amina
Saida
shangazi
mama wa kambo
mama mkubwa
wifi
[Eve]
[sister]
[mother]
[grandmother]
[daughter of]
[Mrs.; Miss; Ms.]
[female]
[girl]
[bride]
[female name]
[female name]
[paternal aunt]
[step-mother]
[aunt older than your
mother]
[aunt younger than
your mother]
[sister-in-law]
mama mkwe
yaya
mwanamume
jogoo
fahali
[mother-in-law]
[maid]
[man]
[rooster]
[bull]
[maid]
[beautiful]
mtwana
mtanashati
[butler]
[handsome]
mama mdogo
24.ajuza
25.mavyaa
26.malkia
27.bintimfalme
28.pakajike
29.mwanamwali
30.mtawa
[old woman]
[mother-in-law]
[queen]
[princess]
[female cat]
[spinster]
[nun]
shaibu
bavyaa
mfalme
mwanamfalme
shume
mseja
walii
[old man]
[father-in-law]
[king]
[prince]
[male cat]
[bachelor]
[monk]
Sentensi zaidi: 1. Kaka ya Juma ni mrefu. Kaka ya Juma ni mfupi. 2. Wanafunzi wameketi darasani.
Wanafunzi wamesimama darasani. 3. Nina nguo nyingi. Nina nguo chache. 4. Kuna chakula chini ya meza.
Kuna chakula juu ya meza. 5. Yeye alizaliwa zamani. Yeye alizaliwa sasa. 6. Ninakumbuka Kiswahili. Nimesahau Kiswahili. 7. Tutaonana kabla ya darasa.
Tutaonana baada ya darasa.
8. Baba ataenda sokoni na kaka.
Mama ataenda sokoni na dada. 9. Huyu ni baba mdogo. Huyu ni mama mdogo. [Juma’s brother is tall.] [Juma’s brother is tall.] [The students have sat in class.]
[The students have stood in class.]
[I have many clothes.] [I have few clothes.]
[There is food under the table.]
[There is food on top of the table.]
[He/She was born a long time ago.]
[He/she was born just now.] [I remember Kiswahili.] [I have forgotten Kiswahili.] [We will see each other before class.]
[We will see each other after class.]
[Father will go to the market with brother.]
[Mother will go to the market with sister.] [This is the uncle. (father’s younger brother)] [This is the aunt. (mother’s younger sister)]