Change the following to questions making use of tags
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
They are going to the station.
They are going to the station, aren’t they?
He is buying apples and tomatoes.
You are very angry.
I am very slow.
That is the butcher’s dog.
There is a book on the table.
We are going to the zoo today.
Her father is the station master.
It’s cold today.
Note
When speaking one usually says:
I’m (for I am)
You’re (for you are)
He’s (for he is)
We’re (for we are)
She’s (for she is)
They’re (for they are)
Anne’s (for Anne is)
It’s (for it is)
Change the following sentences into questions
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The policeman is running after a thief.
Is the policeman running after a thief?
You are really going to miss school tomorrow.
Our team is winning at the moment.
Fanie is speaking in the school.
Stella is telling stories.
Frederick and Martin are swimming.
Can you tell what these people are going to do? Use the words in the word
bank
Example:
1.
She’s going to play the piano.
3.
2.
Word bank:
4.
6.
5.
play
stick on
switch on
dial
pick up
open
do up
sew on
8.
7.
59
Language
Verbs
Look at the drawing below. Each person is doing something. How many words can you
think of to describe what each one is doing?
All the words you can think of to describe these actions are called verbs. Verbs are doing
words or action words. They are very important and every sentence must contain at least
one verb.
Exercise 1
During the day you do many things. You begin by waking. Then you wash, dress, eat,
and so on. Make a list of the things you do every day. All the words on your list will be
verbs.
Exercise 2
Pick out the verbs in the following sentences:
a.
b.
c.
G
e.
Jane and Dan play noughts and crosses.
Peter paints beautiful pictures.
Susan collects posters of pop-stars.
$QG\ÁHZWR-RKDQQHVEXUJODVWZHHN
Susan watches cricket every Saturday in summer.
Some of the verbs we use do not help us to form a very clear pictre of the actions they are
meant to describe. For example, the verb to walk means to travel on foot, but there are many
different ways of walking. Creeping, dawdling, striding, tiptoeing and trudging are just a few
of them. When you are writing, try to use the verb which best describes the action you are
writing about.
60
Exercise 3
Act out the following actions. Try to think of other verbs which could be used in place of
the verbs in bold.
a. walk:
b. look:
c. laugh:
creep
peep
giggle
dawdle
glance
chuckle
stride
peer
guffaw
tiptoe
stare
titter
march
gaze
snigger
The following words are also verbs, even though they do not describe actions:
am
is
are
was
were
have
has
had
They can be used as verbs on their own and they are also used to help other verbs.
For example: Matthew is my brother. He is making a kite.
Marian was at school today. She was eating her lunch.
Exercise 4
Fill each space in the following sentences with one of the following words:
am
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
is
are
was
were
have
has
had
Janet and Claire ___ sisters.
The boys ___ playing rugby.
Sara ___ three white mice and a guinea pig.
I ___ read that book.
They ___ a meeting at eleven o’clock this evening.
The dolphins ___ jumping through a hoop.
I ___ tidying my bedroom.
David and Graham ___ been to the video shop.
Exercise 5
Rewrite the following paragraph in correctly punctuated sentences.
some farmers spray their crops with poisonous chemicals to kill insect pests these chemicals
can also kill other creatures which are not pests suppose some of the poison falls on the
farmers grain and the grain is eaten by a pigeon and the chemical enters its body a bird of
SUH\VXFKDVDKDZNWKHQHDWVWKHSLJHRQWKHSRLVRQRXVFKHPLFDOWKHQÀQGVLWVZD\LQWR
the hawks stomach and it also dies
61
Listening comprehension
Close your book and listen to your teacher reading the story: I had a dog once.
I have recently bought a dog. He is a pug. I like him but he has some habits which I do not
admire at all. Sometimes birds visit our garden and settle on our lawn. If a bird is sitting
there, this pug - “pug” for “pugnacious”?* - rushes out, barks at the birds and frightens
WKHPDZD\,WFDQ·WEHGLIÀFXOWIRUKLPWRGRDVWKHGRJLVDJUHDWGHDOELJJHUWKDQWKHELUGV
but afterwards the dog strolls about the lawn with an air of triumph that I do not much
admire.
Sometimes I take the pug for walks. We have just come to a Karoo farm where I am going
to paint a picture. As I am trying to paint, the dog rushes about a great deal, in and out of
the bushes and along the water’s edge. Suddenly he comes to me and looks up at me with
an eloquent look - and this look clearly says, “Come and see! There is trouble here!”
I get up from my painting and follow him.
There is trouble indeed.
$ELUGKDVEHHQFDXJKWLQWKHWKURDWE\DKRRNRIDÀVKHUPDQ·VFDVW,WFDQQRWÁ\RUPRYH
at all, and it is in a most unhappy state.
The pug looks me in the eye as if to say, “I think we should do something about this.”
,DPDEOHWRVHWWKHELUGIUHHDQGLWÁLHVDZD\
That pugnacious pug is, after all, a bit of a gentleman.
Adapted from: I had a dog once
by Sir Ralph Richardsom
* pugnacious - quarrelsome
Answer the following questions in your exercise books. Use full sentences only where
necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
62
What type of dog is the hero in the story?
What visitors sometimes come to the garden?
Why is it easy for the dog to chase the birds away?
What is it that the author does not like much about the dog?
Where does the author go to paint?
How does he know there is trouble?
Does he pay any attention to the dog’s plea for help?
Is there any trouble? What is it?
How is the problem solved?
Write down the sentence in the passage in which the author praises the dog.
Read the passage again. Then choose a word or phrase closest in meaning to the word or
phrase printed in bold below. Make a list of the words and their correct meanings in your
exercise book.
1. He is a pug.
a. small dog with bulldog-like features
b. mongrel
c. dog similar to a French poodle
2. He has some bad habits.
a. tricks
b. marks
c. things he does regularly
3. Which I do not much admire.
a. dislike
b. respect
FÀQGIXQQ\
4. Simetimes birds visit us and settle on our lawn.
a. die
b. sit
c. live
5. The dog rushes out and barks at the birds.
a. runs
b. slides
c. falls over his paws
6. It can’t be GLIÀFXOW for him to do, as the dog is a great deal bigger than the birds.
a. easy
b. hard
c. fun
7. Afterwards the dog strolls about the lawn.
a. jumps
b. slides
c. walks
8. With an air of triumph.
a. loud breathing sound
b. sad look
c. feeling of joy at success
9. The dog is rushing about a great deal, in and out of the bushes and along the water’s
edge.
a. side
b. centre
c. slope
63
10. He looks at me with an eloquent look.
a. an odd look
b. a look that speaks like words
c. a blank look
$ELUGKDVEHHQFDXJKWLQWKHWKURDWE\WKHKRRNRIDÀVKHUPDQ·Vcast.
DÀVKLQJEDLW
b. net
FWKURZLQJRXWDÀVKLQJOLQH
12. That pugnacious dog is after all, a bit of a gentleman.
a. coward
b. well-mannered
c. bully
Writing a letter
Imagine that there is a man living in your neighbourhood who owns a pet which he does
not look after properly: it is malnourished, has sores all over its body, is limping, is chained
to a pole all day long and has no shelter.
2QWKHQH[WSDJHLVDQH[DPSOHRIDOHWWHU\RXFRXOGZULWHWR\RXUORFDO63&$RIÀFHWR
report the matter.
16 Main Street
Ladysmith
3370
6 December 20__
R1
The Inspector
Ladysmith SPCA
Dear Mr Brown
Animal abuse
A
PC
S
h
mit eet
dys il Str
a
L
Ma h
16 ysmit
d
La 0
7
33
I would like to report a possible case of animal abuse. At 9 Main
Street there is a dog that is chained up all day in the yard. It has
no shelter, and it seems to be in very bad condition. It is thin
and looks sickly.
I would be very grateful if you would investigate. If the dog
is being badly treated, you might be able to educate the owner
about how to care for the dog, or maybe even take the dog away
from him. I can be telephoned at 555 1234 if you need more
details from me.
Thank you for your concern.
Yours faithfully
Elizabeth Crawford
In your letter mention facts such as the following:
• what kind of animal it is (a dog? a cat? a horse? a monkey?)
• Where the pet is kept (address)
• the nature of the abuse or injury
• what you suggest could be done
• how you can be contacted
64
Oral communication and listening
...and now,
ÀQDOO\ZHFRPH
to the last letter of
the alphabet...
Oral communication activities require you to
speak in front of the class. The following are
some hints which will help you to speak well
in front of an audience.
Is your voice interesting? Use your voice like
an instrument. You can make it more pleasant
to listen to by remembering the 3 P’s: Pitch,
Pace and Pause.
Pitch
(Soft, medium and loud)
Read this, making your voice
gradually louder as the size
The smallest bed was so soft,
that Goldilocks soon fell fast
asleep. Just then, who
of the print increases.
THE THREE BEARS
should come home but
(High and low)
Father Bear has a low-pitched voice and Baby Bear has a high-pitched voice. Read the
following lines, changing the pitch of your voice to suit the speaker.
WHO’S BEEN EATING
MY PORRIDGE?
Who’s been eating
my porridge, and
eaten it all up?
Father Bear:
Mother Bear:
Baby Bear:
Red Riding Hood:
Big Bad Wolf:
Who’s been sitting in my chair?
Who’s been sitting in my chair?
And who’s been sitting in my chair?
What big teeth you’ve got, Grandma.
All the better to eat you with, my dear.
In threes, choose one of the following groups of characters, and make up a short dialogue,
using suitable tones of voice.
•
•
•
•
A lion, a buck and a small monkey
An angry neighbour, your mother and you
A headmaster, parent and child
A doctor, nurse and child patient
65
Pace
If you speak too quickly, hardly pausing for breath, the audience will lose interest. However,
if you speak very slowly, they will become bored. Try to change the pace of your speech to
suit the meaning of what you are saying.
Little pig - little pig - please let me
in, or
I’ll huff - and I’ll puff
- and
I’ll blow your house
down.
Quick! Quick! Lock the
door! The Big Bad Wolf is
after me. Help! Help!
Practise changing your pace by reading the following sentences aloud.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Where’s my rucksack? I’m going to be late for school.
There’s no need to be in such a hurry, you’ve still got ten minutes.
Now, let me see. Where did I see it last?
Don’t just stand there. Hurry up and look for it. I haven’t got all day.
There’s really no need to get cross. I didn’t lose it.
Make up some more practice sentences of your own.
Pause
Readysteadygo!
66
Pauses give time to take a breath and think of
what you are going to say next. This also allows
the listeners time to take in what you have said.
Knowing when to pause is important. Practise
these sentences, giving a short pause at /, a
medium pause at //, and a longer pause at///.
a. The bowler walked back to his mark,/ turned,/
and came charging towards the wicket.
Ready...steady...
go!
Oral
Think about the importance of conservation of living things.
Imagine that one of these is threatened with extinction. If
something is not done, one of these forms of life will
disappear forever:
trees
monkeys
birds
frogs
tortoises
cheetahs
Prepare an interview: you are a radio interviewer, and your partner is a wildlife expert. Here are some questions to ask; try to add some more to the list:
•
•
•
•
Why is this species endangered?
How would it affect us if the species disappeared?
Why do you think it must be saved from extinction?
How can it be saved?
67
Language
Collective nouns
1. Insects, animals and birds live together in groups. Special words are used to name
WKHVHJURXSV&DQ\RXÀQGWKHFRUUHFWZRUGLQWKHER[EHORZULJKWIRUWKHIROORZLQJ
JURXSVRIDQLPDOV"7KHÀUVWWZRKDYHEHHQGRQHIRU\RX
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
J
h.
i.
A swarm of bees or hornets or wasps
A nest of ants
A ___ of baboons
A ___ of lions
A ___ of cattle
A ___ of birds or goats or sheep
$BBBRIÀVKRUGROSKLQVRUVKDUNV
A ___ of chicks
A ___ of wolves or wild dogs
pack
ÁRFN troop
swarm
school
pride
KHUG
brood
nest
2. Can you think of other examples of words that name groups of things? In pairs list
a few. Your teacher may ask you to read them out to the class or to write them on the
chalkboard.
Diminutives
A small owl is an owlet
What is a small
duck
cow
lion
cat
sheep
goose
horse
dog
cock
frog
puppy
cub
cockerel
duckling
kitten
tadpole
gosling
calf
lamb
foal
Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a short form of a word or expression that is formed by dropping out some
RIWKHOHWWHUVRIWKHZRUGRUE\XVLQJRQO\WKHÀUVWOHWWHURIHDFKZRUG7KHDEEUHYLDWLRQRI
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is SPCA.
68
Note:
:KHQZHGHVFULEHDQDQLPDOWKDWKDVQRVSHFLÀFJLYHQQDPHZHUHIHUWRWKH animal as it.
Example: The dog is barking.
It is barking.
:KHQKRZHYHUWKHDQLPDOKDVDVSHFLÀFQDPHZHUHIHUWRWKHDQLPDODVKHRU
she.
(Usually pets).
Example: Champ sleeps in a kennel.
He sleeps in a kennel.
2. “Teach” and “learn”
Richard teaches Champ to fetch the ball.
Richard has just taught Champ to fetch the ball.
Champ learns to fetch the ball.
Champ has just learnt to fetch the ball.
Study the following - “a” and “an”
1. When words begin with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) we use the word an before them.
Example: an apple, an eye, an onion.
2. In words where the “h” is not pronounced we also use “an”.
Example: an hour, an honest man.
3. In the case of all other words we use “a”.
Example: a bottle, a tomato, a violin.
&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJVHQWHQFHVE\ÀOOLQJLQ´DµRU´DQµ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
It is ___ ugly, but very faithful dog.
The cat catches ___ mouse.
I have just seen ___ large adder in the garden.
The canary belongs to ___ old lady.
She has ___ goat, ___ hamster and ___ eagle.
BBBÁ\LVBBBLQVHFW
We like staying at ___ hotel, when we go on holiday.
69
Homophones
Choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I am going to ___ a present for mum. (by, buy)
Heather ___ a dress for her party. (made, maid)
Sally wore her ___ shoes. (knew, new)
The ___ looked very calm. (sea, see)
Kim did ___ win her race. (knot, not)
We lost ___ way in the fog. (our, hour)
Janet ___ her way to the zoo. (new, knew)
The ___ rises in the east. (son, sun)
The ___ has long ears and a short tail. (hair, hare)
Tim was ___ after his illness. (weak, week)
The footballer’s sore ___ began to___ slowly. (heal, heel)
The cyclist ___ quickly along the narrow ___. (road, rode)
It will take you an ___ to reach ___ house. (our, hour).
Darren ___ the ball ___ the window. (through, threw)
Do ___ tie the ___ too tight. (not, knot)
Echo
“Who called?” I said, and the words
Through the whispering glades,
+LWKHUZKLWKHUEDIÁHGWKHELUGV
“Who called? Who called?”
The leafy boughs on high
Hissed in the sun;
The dark air carried my cry
Faintingly on.
Eyes in the green, in the shade,
In the motionless brake,
Voices that said what I said,
For mockery’s sake:
“Who cares?” I bawled through my tears:
The wind fell low:
In the silence, “Who cares? Who cares?”
Wailed to and fro.
70
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Is this a happy or sad poem?
Which words are used to emphasize the mood?
Explain the meaning of the following words:
%DIÁHGOHDI\ERXJKVPRWLRQOHVVPRFNHU\EDZOHG
What is an echo?
Note:
A paragraph
1. What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences which have one main idea in common.
Like a verse in a story or a poem, a paragraph contains one idea.
2. How long should a paragraph be?
The length will vary according to what you have to say. On average most
paragraphs have about six lines, but they can be anything from one to
twenty lines. As a rule it is better to keep paragraphs short.
3. How should a paragraph be set out?
A paragraph should start on a new line against the left-hand margin, with a
one line spacing between each consecutive paragraph.
Draw a picture of the most peculiar animal you can imagine. Now write three to four
paragraphs about the adventures of your animal. What is your animal’s name? Where
does it live? What does it like to eat? Will it make a good pet?
What’s wrong?
How many wrong things can you spot in the
picture?
71
Practising direct speech
In the drawings the full stop and the question mark after the spoken words are inside the
speech bubbles. When you write direct speech, these punctuation marks must also be inside
the quotation marks, which act as speech bubbles.
I think I’ll
have a coconut
for lunch.
Justin said, “I think I’ll have a
coconut for lunch.”
Do you think the
island is inhabited?
“Do you think the island is inhabited?”
asked Amy.
1. Copy these cartoons. Fill in the speech bubbles, using a different colour for each
speech bubble. Then write the words in the speech bubbles as sentences in
direct speech. Use the same colour for the quotation marks.
2. Punctuate the direct speech in the following sentences.
a. We’ll explore the island tomorrow said Peter.
b. Martin asked where shall we sleep tonight.
c. Peter replied there is a cave in the cliff over there.
d. It doesn’t look very big remarked Martin.
72
H
I
g.
h.
i.
j.
+LVFRPSDQLRQVDLG,·PVXUHLWZLOOGRDQGZHFDQOLJKWDÀUHRQWKHOHGJHLQIURQWRILW
,W·VQRWFROGZKDWGRZHQHHGDÀUHIRUDVNHG0DUWLQ
Peter replied it will keep any wild animals away.
If there are warriors on the island it won’t keep them away Martin said.
That’s a chance we’ll have to take answered Peter.
Martin shrugged his shoulders and said all right let’s go.
Birds of a feather
do what?
ÁRFNWRJHWKHU
In the least words possible, write
what you think each of these
sayings means.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A fool and his money are soon parted.
All that glitters is not gold.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.
Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Select one of the sayings above. Copy it
on a separate sheet of paper, and
illustrate it to make a poster for your
room.
73
Fun with the dictionary
Something told the Wild Geese
Something told the wild geese
It was time to go
7KRXJKWKHÀHOGVOD\JROGHQ
Something whispered “Snow”
Leaves were green and stirring
Berries lustre-glossed
But beneath warm feathers
Something cautioned “Frost”
All the sagging orchard
Steamed with amber spice
But each wild beast stiffened
At remembered ice
Something cautioned “Frost”.
Rachel Field
8VH\RXUGLFWLRQDU\DQGÀQGWKHPHDQLQJVRI
Sagging, orchard, lustre, amber, spice.
Jot down all the words associated with
(a) winter and (b) summer.
Revision
Test yourself and answer the following questions in your exercise book
1. Fill in the correct preposition
Example: He lives ___ a farm.
He lives on a farm.
74
a. He is sitting next ___ me.
b. I’ll meet you ___ eleven o’clock.
c. I’ll come ___ an hour.
G%UHDGLVPDGHBBBÁRXU
e. Cut the meat ___ a sharp knife.
f. He is travelling ___ Johannesburg.
2. Choose the correct word in brackets.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Peter is hiding (after/behind) the garage.
(Before/in front of) you go out, you must put on your coat.
(After/behind) you have played outside you must wash your hands.
They sat (in front of/before) us in the cinema.
3. Write the numbers below in words.
8,
9th,
40,
11
4. Complete the sentences using “little” or “few”.
a. There is a ___ water in the glass.
b. She has a ___ coins in her purse.
F$BBBVXJDUVSLOWRQWKHÁRRU
5. Find two words that rhyme with each of the following.
make, home, knight
6. Change the following to questions.
Example: John is not feeling well today. (how)
How is John today?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
He is mowing the lawn. (what)
Sarah is baking the cake. (who)
They are going to the cinema. (where)
She is going to town. (why)
It is very hot outside today. (is)
75
Read aloud
The heavens declare the glory of God
Psalm 19 For the director of music. A psalm of David.
The heavens declare the glory of God;
the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
Day after day they pour forth speech;
night after night they display knowledge.
There is no speech or language
where their voice is not heard.
Their voice goes out into all the earth,
their words to the ends of the world.
In the heavens he has pitched a
tent for the sun,
which is like a bridegroom
coming forth from his pavilion,
like a champion rejoicing to run his course.
It rises at one end of the heavens
and makes its circuit to the other;
nothing is hidden from its heat.
The law of the Lord is perfect,
reviving the soul,
The statutes of the Lord are trustworthy,
making wise the simple.
The precepts of the Lord are right,
giving joy to the heart.
The commands of the Lord are radiant,
giving light to the eyes.
The fear of the Lord is pure, enduring forever.
The ordinances of the Lord are sure
and altogether righteous.
They are more precious than gold,
than much pure gold;
they are sweeter than honey,
than honey from the comb.
By them is your servant warned;
In keeping them there is great reward.
Who can discern his errors?
Forgive my hidden faults.
Keep your servant also from wilful sins;
may they not rule over me.
Then will I be blameless,
innocent of great transgression.
May the words of my mouth and
the meditation of my heart
be pleasing in your sight,O Lord, my Rock and my Redeemer.
76