www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5985/1554/DC1
Supporting Online Material for
Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt
Christopher Bronk Ramsey,* Michael W. Dee, Joanne M. Rowland, Thomas F. G.
Higham, Stephen A. Harris, Fiona Brock, Anita Quiles, Eva M. Wild, Ezra S. Marcus,
Andrew J. Shortland
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]
Published 18 June 2010, Science 328, 1554 (2010)
DOI: 10.1126/science.1189385
This PDF file includes:
Materials and Methods
SOM Text
Figs. S1 to S5
Tables S1 to S7
References
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',!-#+!+%-$*.-+&!&.-+%!3)-!&'+%!,'-!/0'&)(+!%?%-+*.-$(!(#.,1+%!-'!-#+!&$%-0$3)-$',%!
QG$15!H@S5!
!
+$-,6.*/(688'$0(
"#+!2')0-#!-+%-!#.%!',4?!3++,!(.00$+&!')-!',!-#+!^N!<#+0+!-#+0+!$%!+,')1#!&.-.!-'!
$,&+/+,&+,-4?!.%%+%%!-#+!0+1$',.4!'22%+-!$,!0.&$'(.03',!(',(+,-0.-$',5!!>,!G$15!HC!<+!
/4'-!3'-#!-#+!*'&+4!),&+0!.!,+)-0.4!'22%+-!.%%)*/-$',!Q<#$(#!$%!F+0?!%$*$4.0!-'!G$15!
69!'2!-#+!*.$,!/./+0S!.,&!.4%'!-#+!$,&+/+,&+,-4?!+%-$*.-+&!0+1$',.4!'22%+-!Q.4%'!
%#'<,!$,!G$15!=!'2!-#+!/./+0S5!!
G@*E&&-,,$%)*#"5-,*")#*&%)L-'1-)&-*
!
"#+!.((+%%$',!&.-+%!2'0!.44!'2!-#+!0+$1,%!$,(4)&+&!$,!-#+!*'&+4%!.0+!1$F+,!$,!-.34+%!HC!
.,&!He!.4',1!<$-#!-#+!(',F+01+,(+!QH66S!F.4)+%!2'0!+.(#!&$%-0$3)-$',5!
!
Fig. S1. The T Values for 360 known-age tree rings measured at Oxford over
the period of this project are plotted in rank order. Each value is plotted as a
cross. The expected distribution for a Normal distribution is shown as a solid
black line.
*
Fig. S2. Robustness test against reign-length uncertainty. For these analyses we have increased the uncertainty in the
reign lengths by a factor of 2. The ranges are again slightly extended but the overall pattern is not altered.
A
Modelled date (BCE)
B
Modelled date (BCE)
Fig. S3. Robustness test against alternative reign length estimates. Here we test the data against the reign length
estimates of Hornung et al 2006 (S13). This makes a more substantial difference, though notably for the OK the
chronology remains earlier than Hornung et al suggest. In the MK the radiocarbon data also suggest (though not
overwhelmingly) that an earlier chronology is still more likely with this interpretation.!
!
Modelled date (BCE)
!
"
Modelled date (BCE)
!
Fig. S4. Robustness test against prior outlier probability. Here the prior outlier probability has been increased from 5% to
20%. This makes very little different to the results; the ranges are slightly extended. (cf Fig. 1 – note that here the OK and
MK are plotted and modelled together but have independent models)
!
!
Modelled date (BCE)
"
Modelled date (BCE)
!
Fig. S5. Robustness test against regional offset. Here we test the effect of applying a prior of 0±10 for any systematic
regional in the place of the 19±5 derived from Dee et al 2009 (S9). The modelled dates (A) are very similar, but the data
on its own fits the calibration curve better with a shift of approximately 20 years – as is apparent in the posterior estimate
for the regional offset (B).
A
Modelled date (BCE)
B
!
Table S1
Sample No.
(OxA-)
Details of samples undergoing AMS radiocarbon dating for this project.
Duplicate Number
Collection
Site
Location
17850
18500
18053
18406
18052
18957
19005
19793
20767
20768
20736
19542
18514
19141
18054
20212
18553
18063
18055
18058
18056
18059
18413
18414
18415
18416
18556
20179
20017
19543
16838
VERA-4075
18502
19551
19552
19553
20019
20307
20479
20308
20200
15313
VERA-3726
15317
VERA-3730
15318
VERA-3731
15315
VERA-3728
15311
VERA-3732
15316
VERA-3729
15310
VERA-3733
15314
VERA-3727
VERA-3734
15309
15312
VERA-3735
20016
20480
20014
20015
18554
20018
19788
19715
19716
18417
18506
18411
16833
VERA-4070
16834
VERA-4071
King
Dynasty
Material Group
Reference
Type
1
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm
Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Petrie Museum, London
H. Haas
Tackholm No. 4
Tackholm No. 7
Tackholm No. 10
Tackholm No. 11
MM30948
EBC26775
EBC40750
UC57892
261
Saqqara
Saqqara
Saqqara
Saqqara
Saqqara
Saqqara
Saqqara
Beit Khallaf
Saqqara
2
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Liverpool World Museum
Manchester Museum
Medelhavsmuseet
British Museum, London
Liverpool World Museum
Bolton Museum
Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels
12.187.54
56.21.428
MM5176
MM11389
BM10735/10
56.21.427
1930.33.71
E6855
Tarkhan
Meydum
Meydum
Giza
Abusir
Saqqara
Mostagedda
Deir el-Bahri (?)
3
Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels
E6876
4
British Museum, London
Seeds
Seeds
Seeds
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived wood
Scorpiurus muricatus
Vicia lutea
Lathyus hirsutus
Lolium temulentum
Cyperus papyrus
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Poaceae
?Commiphora sp.
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Textile
Textile
Arecaceae
Mentuhotep II
3rd/4th Border
4th
4th
4th
5th
6th
8th
11th
Deir el-Bahri (?)
Mentuhotep II
11th
Textile
Linum sp.
BM40921
Deir el-Bahri
Mentuhotep II
11th
Textile
?Linum sp.
BM47627
BM49458
BM49458
26.3.27
22.3.312
22.3.5239
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II
Late 11th Dyn
Amenemhat I/Senusret I
11th
11th
11th
11th
11th
11th
12th
Textile
Textile
Textile
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
5
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
6
Bolton Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
1979.211.576
20.3.210
Rifeh
TT22 Tomb of Wah
Amenemhat I
12th
12th
Textile
Textile
Linum sp.
Probably mixed Linum sp. and Gossypium sp.
7
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Tomb of Meketre TT
Amenemhat I
12th
Textile
?Linum sp.
8
H. Haas
H. Haas
H. Haas
Petrie Museum, London
Berlin
481
482
527
UC6536
10009
Lisht
Lisht
Lahun
Lahun
Lahun
Senusret I
Senusret I/Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret II
Senusret III (Yr 5)
12th
12th
12th
12th
12th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
?Linum sp.
Cyperus papyrus
9
Berlin
10092
Lahun
Senusret III (Yr 5)
12th
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
10
Berlin
10345d
Lahun
Senusret III (Yr 5)
12th
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
11
Berlin
10041
Lahun
Senusret III (Yr 14)
12th
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
12
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
10248
10077
10053
Lahun
Lahun
Lahun
Senusret III (Yr 14)
Senusret III (Yr 14)
Amenemhat III (Yr 4)
12th
12th
12th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
13
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
10018Bd
10091
10038 b+c
Lahun
Lahun
Lahun
Amenemhat III (Yr 4)
Amenemhat III (Yr 4)
Amenemhat III (Yr 37)
12th
12th
12th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
10038
10081c
10419a
10044
12.182.130c
557
Gallery 6a/10/4
19.3.247
1973.1.469
19.3.10
25.3.146
Early 18th
Early 18th
Early 18th
Early 18th
Thutmose I
Thutmose I
Hatshepsut (CoR)
12th
12th
12th
12th
12th
12th
12th/13th Border
12th/13th Border
17th
17th/18th Border
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Textile
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part/ wood
Short-lived plant part/ wood
Seeds
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
?Linum sp.
Poaceae
?Cannabis sp.
?Cannabis sp.
BM6639 g-h/9
BM6009
BM6009
25.3.51
Lahun
Lahun
Lahun
Lahun
Meir
Dahshur
Lisht
Lisht
Esna
Thebes
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Thebes
Thebes (?)
Thebes (?)
Deir el-Bahri
Amenemhat III (Yr 37)
Amenemhat III (Yr 37)
Amenemhat III (Yr 38)
Amenemhat III (Yr 40)
Amenemhat III (?)
Amenemhat III
14
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
H. Haas
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Liverpool World Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
15
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
25.3.52
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Seeds
Mimusops laurifolia
Sneferu
Sneferu
Khafra
Djedkara
Pepy I
Date ±
Outlier
Probability
Identification
2nd/3rd
2nd/3rd
2nd/3rd
2nd/3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
3rd
Deir el-Bahri?
Deir el-Bahri
Heqanakht
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Djoser
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Khasekhemwy/Djoser
Djoser
Djoser
Pretreatment
Code
Cyperus papyrus
Linum sp.
Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
Poaceae
Cyperus papyrus
Poaceae
?Acacia sp.
Nymphaea sp.
Ziziphus sp.
?Linum sp.
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
Vitis sp.
UV
UV
UW
UV
UV
UW
UW
UV
UW
UW
UW
UV
VV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV*
UV*
UV*
UV*
UV*
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
WW*
2
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UW
UW
UW
VV
WW
2
WW
2
WW
2
WW
2
WW
2
WW
2
WW
2
WW*
2
2
WW
WW
2
UW
UW
UW
UV
UV
UW
UV
UV
UV
WW
WW
UV
UV
1
UV
1
4084
4177
4108
4135
2421
4145
4168
3313
4081
4172
4115
3954
4091
4140
107
3911
3979
3562
3625
3573
3616
3561
3660
3668
3734
1707
1697
3583
3651
3715
3620
3679
3518
3656
3623
3277
3236
3652
3498
3557
3546
3503
3543
3532
3529
3518
3513
3513
3565
3532
3563
3542
3563
3560
3568
3755
3522
3512
3626
3485
3550
3556
3489
3469
3278
3232
3268
2984
2934
3288
3336
3244
3228
3179
3249
3191
3203
32
28
30
30
28
32
27
27
29
28
32
27
29
31
24
31
29
29
29
30
29
30
29
28
30
27
25
30
28
25
32
29
28
27
27
26
27
28
32
28
27
30
29
31
29
31
29
31
29
31
29
30
29
33
28
33
29
29
33
31
29
28
34
27
26
27
27
26
26
28
30
27
29
31
32
31
29
2
1
1
1
100
1
1
100
1
96
0
1
1
5
100
3
6
0
2
5
1
1
1
1
0
100
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
17
1
1
1
1
1
85
26
2
100
100
1
2
1
1
1
1
Table S1
Sample No.
(OxA-)
Details of samples undergoing AMS radiocarbon dating for this project.
Duplicate Number
Collection
Site
Location
16835
VERA-4072
16836
VERA-4073
16837
VERA-4074
19008
19448
SacA-11129
19449
SacA-11130
19450
19451
SacA-11131
19546
19252
19547
19789
19153
SacA-11169
19154
SacA-11170
SacA-11132
SacA-11168
19147
19148
19453
SacA-11148
19480
19149
SacA-11151
19481
SacA-11152
19150
SacA-11153
19482
SacA-11154
19151
SacA-11155
19581
SacA-11156
19483
SacA-11158
19484
SacA-11159
19485
SacA-11160
19152
SacA-11161
SacA-11150
18508
18513
19452
SacA-11139
19146
SacA-11143
19486
SacA-11162
19556
VERA-4788A
SacA-11134
SacA-11135
SacA-11136
SacA-11137
SacA-11140
SacA-11141
SacA-11144
SacA-11145
SacA-11163
SacA-11164
SacA-11172
SacA-11165
SacA-11166
18507
18520
19549
18510
King
Dynasty
Material Group
Reference
Type
Pretreatment
Code
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
25.3.54
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Seeds
Phoenix dactylifera
17
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
27.3.416
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Ziziphus sp.
18
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
27.3.418
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Seeds
Vitis sp.
19
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Musée du Louvre, Paris
1895.151
E14477
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Medina
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Arecaceae
UW
1
UV
1
UW
1
UV
UV
20
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14477
Deir el-Medina
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Arecaceae
UV
21
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14477
Deir el-Medina
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
Textile
UV
UV
22
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Musée du Louvre, Paris
25.3.54
27.3.416
36.3.71
E14617
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Tomb of Hatnofer (?)
Deir el-Medina
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Bread
Short-lived plant part
UW
UW
UW
UV
UV
23
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14617
E14617
E14477
E14617
E14665
E14665
E14488
E14488
E14488
E14491
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
Textile
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
24
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14480
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
25
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14480
E14480
E14487
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
Thutmose III (after CoR)
26
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14487
Deir el-Medina
27
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14479
28
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14479
29
Musée du Louvre, Paris
30
31
Poaceae
?Ziziphus sp.
Cyperus papyrus
UW
Mixed Cyperus papyrus & woody fragments
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Arecaceae
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Arecaceae
Cyperus papyrus
UW
UW
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
UV
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
UV
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
UV
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
UW
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Textile
E14479
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Arecaceae
UV
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14483
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
UW
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14483
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
18th
Short-lived plant part
Arecaceae
UV
32
Musée du Louvre, Paris
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E14491
BM6011
BM41202; 1904 10-8, 302
E16394
Deir el-Medina
? Thebes
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Medina
Thutmose III (after CoR)
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
18th
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Short-lived plant part/ wood Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
UV
WW
UV
33
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E16397
Deir el-Medina
CoR or Thutmose III
18th
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
UW
34
Musée du Louvre, Paris
E16401
Deir el-Medina
CoR or Thutmose III
18th
Short-lived plant part
Cyperus papyrus
UW
35
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
CoR or Thutmose III
18th
Textile
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
CoR or Thutmose III
Amenhotep II
Tuthmose IV
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Rat dropping
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part/ wood
Textile
Wood
Short-lived plant part/ wood
E14489
E14489
E14489
E16390
E16396
E16396
E16391
E16391
E16401
E16401
E16425
E16393
E16393
BM6014
BM41580
90.6.35
BM6017
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Thebes (?)
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes (?)
Outlier
Probability
Identification
16
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Musée du Louvre, Paris
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
British Museum, London
Date ±
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
3a
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Linum sp.
Arecaceae
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Cyperus papyrus
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Arecaceae
Arecaceae
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Poaceae [Halfa grass]
Arecaceae
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
?Linum sp.
?Acacia sp.
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
UV
VV*
UW
WW
3245
3204
3191
3240
3193
3173
2972
3245
3165
3275
3200
3291
3237
3230
3237
3210
3171
1341
110
110
3209
3285
3170
3760
3261
3186
3264
3090
3251
165
260
3233
3180
3153
3260
3277
3305
3107
3040
3258
3200
3226
3285
3257
3305
3262
3200
3249
3205
3185
3482
3108
3227
3225
127
165
182
180
2589
2649
3225
3095
695
3170
3250
170
3380
3195
3285
3160
3190
3195
3155
3165
3664
3084
3040
31
30
31
31
32
30
26
30
30
31
25
31
30
20
26
31
25
25
23
23
28
20
25
60
32
28
29
30
26
23
25
25
25
27
30
26
25
27
25
26
25
26
20
26
25
25
20
28
30
30
29
28
30
25
24
20
22
20
26
35
20
20
25
25
25
25
50
20
20
20
25
30
25
32
28
26
30
1
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
8
2
100
2
1
2
74
1
1
2
2
34
100
1
3
15
1
1
1
100
54
1
100
1
97
1
1
52
1
12
3
1
1
3
1
100
2
3
Table S1
Sample No.
(OxA-)
Details of samples undergoing AMS radiocarbon dating for this project.
Duplicate Number
Collection
Site
Location
19548
18057
18407
18512
18412
18953
18954
19004
19263
VERA-4686
VERA-4686B
18955
VERA-4687
VERA-4687B
18956
20482
VERA-4685
VERA-4685B
17868
18950
18951
18952
19003
19132
19550
18509
20208
20175
20176
20209
20210
20177
20178
18501
18505
19131
19143
18958
19006
19554
VERA-4790A
20189
20213
20214
18051
20060
20061
20062
20063
20064
20065
20066
20067
20201
18959
18960
19794
King
Dynasty
Material Group
Reference
Type
36
37
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
38
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Amarna
Akhenaten
18th
Textile
?Linum sp.
39
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EBC26654
Amarna
Akhenaten
18th
Short-lived plant part
Balanites aegyptiaca
EBC40695
40
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
VERA 14C Laboratory
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Amarna
Amarna
Amarna
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
18th
18th
18th
Seeds [charred]
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Hordeum sp.
Linum sp.
Cyperus papyrus
E7900
Kew No 5 Carter 277
Kew 12 Carter 527b
Kew 15 Carter 355
Kew 21 Carter 532, 534, 504
1968.454
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes (?)
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun-Horemheb
Rameses I/Sety I
Rameses I/Sety I
Rameses I/Sety I
Rameses I/Sety I
Rameses I/Sety I
Rameses I/Sety I
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
18th
19th
19th
19th
19th
19th
19th
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Seeds
Seeds
Seeds
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part/ wood
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Amorphous material
Seeds
Seeds
Linum sp.
Triticum sp.
Phoenix dactylifera
Hordeum sp.
Ziziphus sp.
41
Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
British Museum, London
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
E2596
BM6019
1950.141
MM5938
EBC26788
EBC26788
A1991 Reg. No. 284
Ramesseum
Thebes (?)
Tomb of Mernep
Thebes
Tomb of Qent
Tomb of Qent
Funerary Temple
Rameses II
Rameses II
Merneptah
Tausret
Rameses IV
19th
19th
19th
19th
20th
20th
20th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part/ wood
Textile
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Wood
Textile
Poaceae
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
?Linum sp.
42
Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels
British Museum, London
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Manchester Museum
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
43
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
British Museum, London
Museum Gustavianum, Uppsala
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
BM9999/97
BM10326
BM75018
D165
Box 4 Ha7386/120
Box 4 Ha7386/110
Box 4 Ha7386/110
Box 4 Ha7386/110
Box 4 Ha7386/110
Box 4 Ha7386/110
Box 4 Ha7386/113
Box 4 Ha7386/106
Ha7386/780
EBC40733
EBC40739
UC69665
Thebes
Thebes
Thebes
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Rameses IV
Rameses IX
Rameses IX
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
20th
20th
20th
21st
21st
21st
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Textile
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus
Nymphaea sp.
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el-Bahri
Deir el Bahri
Deir el Bahri
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Amenemope
21st
21st
21st
21st
21st
21st
21st
21st
21st
Short-lived plant part
Textile
Textile
Textile
Textile
Seeds
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
?Linum sp.
Asteraceae
Salix sp.
?Phoenix dactylifera
Poaceae
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Petrie Museum, London
Not included in models
Duplicate dates
BM6023
ÄS298
ÄS301
ÄS301
ÄS302
ÄS304
ÄS304
Date ±
Outlier
Probability
Identification
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Bolton Museum
Bolton Museum
British Museum, London
1985.162.107
1985.162.102
BM55135; 1921 10-8, 60
BM55135; 1921 10-8, 60
EBC26799
EBC26577
EBC26577
Pretreatment
Code
Thebes
Amarna
Amarna
Amarna
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
18th
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Short-lived plant part
Poaceae
Amarna
Amarna
Amarna
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
Akhenaten
18th
18th
18th
Short-lived plant part
Seeds
Textile
Triticum sp.
Coriandrum sp.
?Linum sp.
Arecaceae
Mixed Poaceae & wood fragments
?Phoenix dactylifera
?Phoenix dactylifera
Arecaceae & Cyperaceae
Ficus sp.
Phoenix dactylifera
Phoenix dactylifera
Tamarix sp.
?Linum sp.
UV
UV
UV
UV*
UV*
UW
UW
UV
UV
3a
3b
UW
3a
3c
ZR
UW
3a
3b
UV*
UW
UW
UW
UW
WW
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UV
UW
UW
UV
WW
WW
UW
UW
UW
UV
1
UV
UV
UV
UV*
UV
UW
UW
UV
UV
UV
VV
UV
VV
UV
UV
UV
3118
3082
3096
3051
3064
3092
2976
2862
2798
2847
2918
3115
3094
3070
3028
2787
3096
3116
3065
3138
3137
3117
3106
3133
3015
3056
3191
3213
3209
3215
3523
3162
3150
3171
3118
3113
2964
3124
3139
3020
2995
2972
2771
2946
2768
2901
2856
2880
2900
2930
2853
2860
2887
3127
2987
2805
2904
27
29
28
27
28
27
28
26
27
36
30
30
37
37
27
31
34
35
31
28
29
29
26
29
25
27
28
29
26
27
29
27
27
28
27
28
30
29
27
26
31
27
28
29
27
27
27
27
28
28
27
30
28
27
37
29
27
1
1
1
1
1
43
100
100
1
2
100
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
15
1
97
26
73
1
100
100
3
1
100
1
99
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
100
21
2
5
Table S2. Summary of pre-treatment methods applied for the samples pretreated at Oxford. See codes in Table S1.
!"#$
%"#&%'#(%)
*+,#)
45)
55)
4A)
AA)
B9)
)
-./,)
0&1#)
-./,)
02#&.3)
6)78)9:)%+)
;<°*)
6)78)9:)%+)
;<°*)
6)78);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
<=>)78)9:)%+);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
>=?)@8);<°*)
<=>)78)9:)%+);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
$)
<=>)78);<°*)
<=>)78);<°*)
<=>)78);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
6)78);<°*)
?=<)@8);<°*)
$)
$)
Table S3. Inter-laboratory comparison with VERA
!
Dupl.
No.
Description
Oxford
Sample
No.
14
5
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
30
Early 12th Dynasty
Senusret III (Yr 5)
Senusret III (Yr 5)
Senusret III (Yr 5)
Senusret III (Yr 14)
Amenemhat III (Yr 4)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Thutmose III
16838
15313
15317
15318
15315
15316
16833
16834
16835
16836
16837
19556
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3620
32
3503
30
3532
31
3518
31
3513
31
3542
30
3179
31
3191
31
3245
31
3191
31
3193
32
2589
26
39
Amenhotep IV
18955
3115
30
19554
3020
26
(OxA-)
42
Rameses IV
Average Offset* (14C yrs)
Sample
No.
(VERA-)
4075
3726
3730
3731
3728
3729
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4788A
4687 &
4687B
4790A
*If sample suspected of contamination is included (OxA-15314 & VERA3727) the average offset is 0 ± 11 14C yrs
!
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3679
29
3543
29
3529
29
3513
29
3565
29
3563
29
3249
32
3203
29
3204
30
3240
31
3173
30
2649
35
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
-59
43
-40
42
+3
42
+5
42
-52
42
-21
42
-70
45
-12
42
+41
43
-49
44
+20
44
-60
44
Weighted
Mean
14
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3653
23
3524
23
3530
23
3515
23
3541
23
3553
23
3213
24
3197
23
3224
23
3216
24
3182
24
2610
23
3082
28
+33
41
3098
23
0.6
0.4
2995
31
+25
-16
40
11
3010
22
0.4
0.5
Vienna
Variance
14
14
Test
Statistic
P
Value
1.9
0.9
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.3
2.5
0.1
0.9
1.2
0.2
1.9
0.2
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.7
0.2
Table S4. Inter-laboratory comparison with Saclay
Dupl.
No.
Description
Oxford
Sample
No.
(OxA-)
19
20
Hatshepsut (CoR)
Hatshepsut (CoR)
21
Hatshepsut (CoR)
22
Hatshepsut (CoR)
23
After CoR
24
After CoR
25
After CoR
26
After CoR
27
After CoR
28
After CoR
29
After CoR
30
After CoR
31
After CoR
32
Thutmose III or CoR
33
Thutmose III or CoR
34
Thutmose III or CoR
Average Offset (14C yrs)
19448
19449
19450
&
19451
19153
19149
19481
19482
19151
19581
19483
19484
19485
19152
19452
19146
19486
Saclay
14
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3245
30
3275
31
Sample
No.
Variance
14
14
Weighted Mean
Test
Statistic
P
Value
14
11129
11130
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3165
30
3200
25
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
+80
42
+75
40
C
Measurement
Date
Error
(BP)
(!)
3205
23
3230
22
3.6
3.6
0.1
0.1
(SacA-)
3263
23
11131
3230
20
+33
30
3244
18
1.2
0.3
110
165
3233
3277
3107
3258
3226
3257
3262
3249
3227
127
182
20
23
25
26
27
26
26
26
25
28
30
24
22
11169
11151
11152
11154
11155
11156
11158
11159
11160
11161
11139
11143
11162
110
260
3180
3305
3040
3200
3285
3305
3200
3205
3225
165
180
23
25
25
25
25
25
20
25
20
30
25
20
20
+0
-95
+53
-28
+67
+58
-59
-48
+62
+44
+2
-38
+2
+9
30
34
35
36
37
36
33
36
32
41
39
31
30
9
110
209
3207
3292
3071
3228
3263
3282
3224
3229
3226
149
181
18
19
20
20
21
20
18
20
18
22
21
18
17
0.0
7.8
2.2
0.6
3.3
2.6
3.2
1.8
3.8
1.1
0.0
1.5
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.2
1.0
Table S5. OK & MK Model
!
Options()
{
Resolution=1;
kIterations=100;
};
Plot()
{
Outlier_Model("General",T(5),U(0,4),"t");
Delta_R(19, 5);
Sequence("Extra Dates 1 Kkmy or Dsr")
{
Boundary("=Khasekhemwy");
Phase("Kkmy or Dsr")
{
R_Date("17850", 4084, 32){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18500", 4177, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18053", 4108, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18406", 4135, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18957", 4145, 32){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19005", 4168, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Sekhemkhet");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 2 3rd/4th Dynasty
Boundary")
{
Boundary("=Sekhemkhet");
Phase("3rd/4th Dynasty Boundary")
{
R_Date("19542", 3954, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Khufu");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 3 Mpt II-Sen I")
{
Boundary("=Mentuhotep II");
Phase("Late 11th")
{
R_Date("19543", 3715, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Amenemhat I");
Phase("Early 12th")
{
R_Combine("Early 12th Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("16838", 3620, 32);
R_Date("VERA-4075", 3679, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
};
Boundary("=Amenemhat II");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 4 Queen of Sen I")
{
Boundary("=Senusret I");
Phase("Queen of Sen I")
{
R_Date("20479", 3498, 32){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Amenemhat III");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 5 12th")
{
Boundary("=Amenemhat I");
Phase("12th")
{
R_Date("18502", 3518, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Wegaf");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 6 12th/13th Boundary")
{
Boundary("=Queen Sobekneferu");
Phase("Sbk-Weg (13th)")
{
R_Date("20014", 3469, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20015", 3278, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Sobekhotep II");
};
Sequence("OK")
{
Boundary("Khasekhemwy");
Boundary("Djoser");
Phase("Dsr")
{
R_Date("18052", 2421, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19793", 3313, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Djoser Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("20767", 4081, 29);
R_Date("20768", 4172, 28);
R_Date("20736", 4115, 32);
Outlier(0.05);
};
Interval("Dsr Int", 19 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Sekhemkhet");
Phase("Late 3rd")
{
Interval("Late 3rd Int", 35 + 2*5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Sneferu");
Phase("Snf")
{
R_Date("18514", 4091, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19141", 4140, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Snf Int", 24 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Khufu");
Phase("Khu")
{
Interval("Khu Int", 23 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Djedefra");
Phase("Dje")
{
Interval("Dje Int", 8 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Khafra");
Phase("Kha")
{
Interval("Kha Int", 26 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Menkaura");
Phase("Men")
{
Interval("Men Int", 29 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Shepseskaf");
Phase("She")
{
Interval("She + Hiatus Int", 9 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Userkaf");
Phase("Hiatus + Use")
{
Interval("Use Int", 7 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Sahura");
Phase("Mid 5th")
{
Interval("Mid 5th Int", 73 + 2.45*5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Djedekara");
Phase("Ddk")
{
R_Date("20212", 3911, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ddk Int", 39 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Unas");
Phase("Una")
{
Interval("Una Int", 30 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Teti");
Phase("Tet")
{
Interval("Tet Int", 22 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Userkara");
Phase("Usr")
{
Interval("Usr Int", 2 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Pepy I");
Phase("Pep I")
{
R_Date("18553", 3979, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Pep I Int", 34 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Merenra");
Phase("Late 6th Dynasty")
{
Interval("Late 6th Dynasty Int", 106 + 1.73*5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Start 7th Dynasty");
Phase("7th-8th")
{
R_Date("18063", 3562, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("7th-8th Int", 21 + 5*T(5));
};
Boundary("Start 1IP");
};
Sequence("MK")
{
Boundary("Mentuhotep II");
Phase("Mtp II")
{
R_Combine("Mtp Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("18055", 3625, 29);
R_Date("18058", 3573, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Mtp Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("18056", 3616, 29);
R_Date("18059", 3561, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Mtp Combine 3", 8)
{
R_Date("18413", 3660, 29);
R_Date("18414", 3668, 28);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("18415", 3734, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20179", 3583, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20017", 3651, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Mtp II Int", 51 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Mentuhotep III");
Phase("Mtp III")
{
Interval("Mtp III Int", 12 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Mentuhotep IV");
Phase("Mtp IV")
{
Interval("Mtp IV Int", 7 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemhat I");
Phase("Amn I")
{
R_Combine("Amn Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("19551", 3656, 27);
R_Date("19552", 3623, 27);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Amn Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("19553", 3277, 26);
R_Date("20019", 3236, 27);
Outlier(0.05);
};
Interval("Amn I Int", 29 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Senusret I");
Phase("Sen I")
{
R_Date("20307", 3652, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Sen I Int", 45 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemhat II");
Phase("Amn II")
{
Interval("Amn II Int", 34 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Senusret II");
Phase("Sen II")
{
R_Date("20308", 3557, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20200", 3546, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Sen II Int", 7 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Senusret III");
Phase("Sen III")
{
R_Combine("Sen III Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("15313", 3503, 30);
R_Date("VERA-3726", 3543, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Sen III Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("15317", 3532, 31);
R_Date("VERA-3730", 3529, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Sen III Combine 3", 8)
{
R_Date("15318", 3518, 31);
R_Date("VERA-3731", 3513, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Sen III Combine 4", 8)
{
R_Date("15315", 3513, 31);
R_Date("VERA-3728", 3565, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("15311", 3532, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("VERA-3732", 3563, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Sen III Int", 39 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemhat III");
Phase("Amn III")
{
R_Combine("Amn III Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("15316", 3542, 30);
R_Date("VERA-3729", 3563, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("15310", 3560, 33){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("VERA-3733", 3568, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("VERA-3734", 3512, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("15309", 3626, 33){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("15312", 3485, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("VERA-3735", 3550, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20016", 3556, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20480", 3489, 34){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Amn III Int", 45 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemhat IV");
Phase("Amn IV")
{
Interval("Amn IV Int", 9 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Queen Sobekneferu");
Phase("QSo")
{
Interval("Qso Int", 4 + 3*T(5));
};
Boundary("Wegaf");
Boundary("Sobekhotep II");
};
Difference("Duration of 1IP", "Mentuhotep II", "Start
1IP");
};
Table S6. NK Model!
Options()
{
Resolution=1;
kIterations=100;
};
Plot()
{
Outlier_Model("General",T(5),U(0,4),"t");
Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5);
Sequence("Extra Dates 1 17th/18th Dynasty
Boundary")
{
Boundary("=Start 17th Dynasty");
Phase("17th/18th Boundary")
{
R_Date("20018", 3268, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Amenhotep I");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 2 Early 18th Dynasty")
{
Boundary("=Ahmose");
Phase("Early 18th")
{
R_Date("18417", 3336, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19715", 2934, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19716", 3288, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19788", 2984, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Queen Hatshepsut");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 3 Hatshepsut or Thutmose
III")
{
Boundary("=Thutmose III");
Phase("Hst or Thut III")
{
R_Date("SacA 11134", 3225, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11135", 3095, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11137", 3170, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Hst or Thut III Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("19452", 3227, 30);
R_Date("SacA-11139", 3225, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("SacA 11140", 3250, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11144", 3380, 50){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11145", 3195, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11163", 3285, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11164", 3160, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11165", 3195, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11166", 3155, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11172", 3190, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18508", 3482, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18513", 3108, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Hst or Thut III Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("19556", 2589, 26);
R_Date("VERA-4788A", 2649, 35);
Outlier(0.05);
};
};
Boundary("=Amenhotep II");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 4 Late 18th Dynasty")
{
Boundary("=Tutankhamun");
Phase("Late 18th")
{
R_Date("18509", 3056, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Rameses I");
};
Sequence("Extra Dates 5 20th Dynasty")
{
Boundary("=Sethnakht");
Phase("20th")
{
R_Date("18958", 3124, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19006", 3139, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
};
Boundary("=Smendes");
};
Sequence("New Kingdom Model")
{
Boundary("Start 17th Dynasty");
Phase("17th Dynasty")
{
R_Date("18554", 3232, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("17th Int", 30 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Ahmose");
Phase("Ahm")
{
Interval("Ahm Int", 25 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenhotep I");
Phase("Ahp I")
{
Interval("Ahp I Int", 21 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Thutmose I");
Phase("Thut I")
{
R_Date("18506", 3244, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18411", 3228, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Thut I Int", 12 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Thutmose II");
Phase("Thut II")
{
Interval("Thut II Int", 13 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Thutmose III");
Phase("Thut III")
{
Interval("Thut III Int I", 6 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Queen Hatshepsut");
Phase("Hst")
{
R_Combine("Hst Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("16833", 3179, 31);
R_Date("VERA-4070", 3249, 32);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("16834", 3191, 31);
R_Date("VERA-4071", 3203, 29);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 3", 8)
{
R_Date("16835", 3245, 31);
R_Date("VERA-4072", 3204, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 4", 8)
{
R_Date("16836", 3191, 31);
R_Date("VERA-4073", 3240, 31);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 5", 8)
{
R_Date("16837", 3193, 32);
R_Date("VERA-4074", 3173, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("19008", 2972, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 6", 8)
{
R_Date("19448", 3245, 30);
R_Date("SacA-11129", 3165, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 7", 8)
{
R_Date("19449", 3275, 31);
R_Date("SacA-11130", 3200, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Hst Combine 8", 8)
{
R_Date("19450", 3291, 31);
R_Date("19451", 3237, 30);
R_Date("SacA-11131", 3230, 20);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("SacA 11132", 3170, 35){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19154", 3209, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11170", 3285, 20){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19546", 3237, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19252", 3210, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19547", 3171, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11168", 3760, 60){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Hst Int", 15 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Hatshepsut End");
Phase("Thut III")
{
R_Date("19147", 3261, 32){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19148", 3186, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19453", 3264, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11148", 3090, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19480", 3251, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11150", 3185, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("19481", 3233, 25);
R_Date("SacA-11152", 3180, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("19150", 3153, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("SacA 11153", 3260, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("19482", 3277, 26);
R_Date("SacA-11154", 3305, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 3", 8)
{
R_Date("19151", 3107, 27);
R_Date("SacA-11155", 3040, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 4", 8)
{
R_Date("19581", 3258, 26);
R_Date("SacA-11156", 3200, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 5", 8)
{
R_Date("19483", 3226, 26);
R_Date("SacA-11158", 3285, 20);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 6", 8)
{
R_Date("19484", 3257, 26);
R_Date("SacA-11159", 3305, 25);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 7", 8)
{
R_Date("19485", 3262, 25);
R_Date("SacA-11160", 3200, 20);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Thut III Combine 8", 8)
{
R_Date("19152", 3249, 28);
R_Date("SacA-11161", 3205, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
Interval("Thut III Int II", 31 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenhotep II");
Phase("Ahp II")
{
R_Date("18507", 3165, 32){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ahp II Int ", 27 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Thutmose IV");
Phase("Thut IV")
{
R_Date("18520", 3664, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19549", 3084, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Thut IV Int", 10 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenhotep III");
Phase("Ahp III")
{
R_Date("18510", 3040, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19548", 3118, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ahp III Int", 38 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenhotep IV");
Phase("Ahp IV")
{
R_Date("18057", 3082, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18407", 3096, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Ahp IV Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("18512", 3051, 27);
R_Date("18412", 3064, 28);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("18953", 3092, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18954", 2976, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Ahp IV Combine 2", 8)
{
R_Date("19004", 2862, 26);
R_Date("19263", 2798, 27);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Ahp IV Combine 3", 8)
{
R_Date("VERA-4686", 2847, 36);
R_Date("VERA-4686B", 2918, 30);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Combine("Ahp IV Combine 4", 8)
{
R_Date("18955", 3115, 30);
R_Date("VERA-4687", 3094, 37);
R_Date("VERA-4687B", 3070, 37);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("18956", 3028, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20482", 2787, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Ahp IV Combine 5", 8)
{
R_Date("VERA-4685", 3096, 34);
R_Date("VERA-4685B", 3116, 35);
Outlier(0.05);
};
Interval("Akh Int", 14 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Neferneferuaten");
Phase("Nef")
{
Interval("Nef Int", 2 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Tutankhamun");
Phase("Tut")
{
R_Date("17868", 3065, 31){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18950", 3138, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18951", 3137, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18952", 3117, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19003", 3106, 26){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19132", 3133, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19550", 3015, 25){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Tut Int", 9 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Ay");
Phase("Ay Phase")
{
Interval("Ay Int", 4 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Horemheb");
Phase("Hhb")
{
Interval("Hhb Int", 28 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses I");
Phase("Ram I")
{
Interval("Ram I Int", 1 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Sety I");
Phase("Set I")
{
Interval("Sety I Int", 15 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses II");
Phase("Ram II")
{
R_Date("18501", 3171, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("18505", 3118, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ram II Int", 66 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Merenptah");
Phase("Mpt")
{
R_Date("19131", 3113, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Mpt Int",10 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenmessu");
Phase("Amu")
{
Interval("Amu Int",3 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Sety II");
Phase("Set II")
{
Interval("Sety II Int", 6 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Saptah");
Phase("Sap")
{
Interval("Sap Int", 6 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Queen Tausret");
Phase("Tau")
{
R_Date("19143", 2964, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Tau Int",2 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Sethnakht");
Phase("Seth")
{
Interval("Seth Int", 2 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses III");
Phase("Ram III")
{
Interval("Ram III Int", 31 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses IV");
Phase("Ram IV")
{
R_Combine("Ram IV Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("19554", 3020, 26);
R_Date("VERA-4790A", 2995, 31);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("20189", 2972, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ram IV Int", 6 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses V");
Phase("Ram V")
{
Interval("Ram V Int", 4 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses VI");
Phase("Ram VI")
{
Interval("Ram VI Int", 7 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses VII");
Phase("Ram VII")
{
Interval("Ram VII Int", 7 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses VIII");
Phase("Ram VIII")
{
Interval("Ram VIII Int", 3 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses IX");
Phase("Ram IX")
{
R_Date("20213", 2771, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20214", 2946, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ram IX Int", 18 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses X");
Phase("Ram X")
{
Interval("Ram X Int", 9 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Rameses XI");
Phase("Ram XI")
{
Interval("Ram XI Int", 30 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Smendes");
Phase("Sme")
{
R_Date("18051", 2768, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Sme Int", 26 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemnisu");
Phase("Ame")
{
R_Date("20060", 2901, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Combine("Ame Combine 1", 8)
{
R_Date("20061", 2856, 27);
R_Date("20062", 2880, 27);
Outlier(0.05);
};
R_Date("20063", 2900, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20064", 2930, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20065", 2853, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20066", 2860, 30){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20067", 2887, 28){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("20201", 3127, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Ame Int", 4 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Psusennes I");
Phase("Psu")
{
R_Date("18959", 2987, 37){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Psu Int", 46 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Amenemope");
Phase("Amp")
{
R_Date("18960", 2805, 29){Outlier(0.05);};
R_Date("19794", 2904, 27){Outlier(0.05);};
Interval("Amp Int",9 + T(5));
};
Boundary("Osorkon the Elder");
};
};
Table S7. Modelled accession dates for the Old and Middle Kingdom model.
!
Accession Date
Khasekhemwy
Djoser
Sekhemkhet
Sneferu
Khufu
Djedefra
Khafra
Menkaura
Shepseskaf
Userkaf
Sahura
Djedkara
Unas
Teti
Userkara
Pepy I
Merenra
Start 7th Dynasty
Start 1IP
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Queen Sobekneferu
Wegaf
Sobekhotep II
Additional
Parameters
Modelled Date
Range (68%)
From
To
(BCE)
(BCE)
2696
2654
2676
2643
2659
2625
2634
2599
2613
2577
2593
2556
2586
2548
2564
2524
2538
2498
2530
2489
2524
2482
2473
2432
2438
2397
2412
2370
2393
2352
2389
2349
2358
2315
2259
2207
2240
2186
2057
2040
2006
1991
1997
1980
1991
1973
1965
1945
1922
1901
1890
1868
1884
1860
1844
1820
1799
1773
1790
1764
1785
1758
1777
Modelled Date
Range (95%)
From
To
(BCE)
(BCE)
2725
2633
2691
2625
2673
2609
2649
2582
2629
2558
2610
2536
2604
2528
2581
2504
2556
2476
2548
2468
2542
2460
2486
2400
2450
2363
2423
2335
2404
2314
2399
2310
2369
2277
2281
2166
2263
2145
2064
2019
2012
1970
2003
1959
1998
1952
1971
1924
1928
1878
1895
1844
1889
1836
1851
1798
1809
1753
1801
1744
1797
1739
1712
Modelled Date
Range (68%)
From
To
1802
97
98
99
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
99
99
99
100
100
99
1496
Modelled Date
Range (95%)
From
To
Duration of 1IP
137
195
Convergence values should be ≤ 95 (see Bronk Ramsey 2009a).
Convergence
223
97
Convergence
99
Table S8. Modelled accession dates for the New Kingdom model!!
Accession Date
17th Dynasty (Start)
Ahmose
Amenhotep I
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Thutmose III
Queen Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut End
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Amenhotep IV
Neferneferuaten
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
Rameses I
Sety I
Rameses II
Merenptah
Amenmessu
Sety II
Saptah
Queen Tausret
Sethnakht
Rameses III
Rameses IV
Rameses V
Rameses VI
Rameses VII
Rameses VIII
Rameses IX
Rameses X
Rameses XI
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Additional
Parameters
Modelled Date
Range (68%)
From
To
(BCE)
(BCE)
1596
1566
1541
1520
1507
1494
1488
1473
1441
1414
1404
1365
1351
1349
1339
1336
1308
1307
1292
1226
1216
1213
1207
1201
1198
1196
1165
1159
1155
1148
1141
1137
1119
1110
1080
1054
1050
1004
995
1582
1552
1527
1507
1495
1483
1477
1462
1431
1403
1393
1355
1340
1338
1329
1325
1297
1296
1281
1215
1205
1201
1195
1189
1187
1185
1154
1148
1144
1137
1130
1127
1109
1100
1069
1044
1039
993
984
Modelled Date
Range (68%)
From
To
Modelled Date
Range (95%)
From
To
(BCE)
(BCE)
1601
1570
1545
1524
1511
1498
1492
1477
1445
1418
1408
1370
1356
1353
1344
1341
1313
1312
1297
1231
1221
1218
1212
1206
1204
1202
1171
1165
1161
1153
1146
1143
1125
1116
1085
1059
1055
1010
1002
1573
1544
1519
1498
1487
1474
1468
1454
1423
1396
1386
1348
1333
1331
1322
1318
1290
1288
1273
1207
1197
1194
1187
1181
1179
1176
1145
1139
1135
1127
1120
1117
1099
1090
1060
1033
1029
983
975
Modelled Date
Range (95%)
From
To
Seasonal Effect
17
24
Convergence values should be ≤ 95 (see Bronk Ramsey 2009a).
14
Convergence
97
97
97
96
95
97
97
97
97
97
98
98
98
98
98
98
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
98
98
97
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
Convergence
27
100
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methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit
(ORAU). Radiocarbon 52(1), 103-112 (2010).
S2 M. Dee, C. Bronk Ramsey, Refinement of Graphite Target Production at ORAU,
Proceedings of 8th AMS Conference Vienna, Elsevier Science Publishers, Nucl. Instr.
and Methods in Phys. Res. B 172, 449-453 (2000).
S3 C. Bronk Ramsey, T. Higham, P. Leach, Towards high-precision AMS: progress and
limitations, Radiocarbon 46(1), 17-24 (2004).
S4 E. Cottereau et al., Artemis, the new 14C AMS at LMC14 in Saclay, France.
Radiocarbon 49(2), 291-299 (2007).
S5 E.M. Wild, et al., 14C dating of the Upper Paleolithic site at Krems-Hundssteig in
Lower Austria. Radiocarbon 50(1),1-10, (2008).
S6 F. Bruhn, A. Duhr, P.M/. Grootes, A. Mintrop, M.-J. Nadeau, Chemical removal of
conservation substances by Soxhlet-type extraction. Radiocarbon 43(2A), 229-237
(2001).
S7 Q. Hua et al., Radiocarbon in tropical tree rings during the Little Ice Age. Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224, 489-494 (2004).
S8 P. Steier, F. Dellinger, W. Kutschera, W. Rom, E.M. Wild, Pushing the precision of
14
C measurements with AMS. Radiocarbon 46(1), 5-16 (2004).
S9 M.W. Dee et al., Investigating the Likelihood of a Reservoir Offset in the
Radiocarbon Record for Ancient Egypt, Journal of Archaeological Science (2009), doi:
10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.003.
S10 P.J. Reimer et al., IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP.
Radiocarbon 46(3), 1029-1058 (2004).
S11 C. Bronk Ramsey, Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1), 337360 (2009a).
S12 C. Bronk Ramsey, Dealing with Outliers and Offsets in Radiocarbon Dating.
Radiocarbon 51(3), 1023-1045 (2009b).
S13 E. Hornung, R. Krauss, D.A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology.
Leiden: Brill (2006).
S14 I. Shaw (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press
(2000).
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