History of
civilizations
of Central
Asia
Volume IV
The age of achievement:
A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century
Part One
The historical, social and economic setting
Editors: M. S. Asimov
/J.n.d C. E ..Bosworth
Multiple
History ' Se ries
UNESCO
Publishin g
History of civilizations of Central Asia
Volume I
The dawn of civilization:
earliest times to 700 B.C.
Volume II
The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations:
700 B.C. to A.D. 250
Volume III
The crossroads of civilizations:
A.D. 250 to 750
Volume IV
The age of achievement:
A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century
Part One
The historical, social and economic setting
Part Two
The achievements
Volume \l
Development in contrast:
from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
Volume VI
·.
· Towards contemporary civilization:
from the mid-nineteenth century
to the present time
The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation
of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions
expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO
and do not commit the Organization.
The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or
of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published in 1998 by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
7 place de Fontenoy; 75352 Paris 07 SP
Compiled by I. Iskender-Mochiri
English text edited by Jana Gough
Composed by Editions du Mouflon, 94270 Le K.remlin-Bicetre (France)
Printed by Imprimerie Darantiere, 21800 Quetigny (France)
ISBN 92-3-103467-7
©UNESCO 1998
CONTENTS
Description of the project
M. S. Asimov, President, International Scientific Committe
11
Members of the International Scientific Committee
15
List of contributors
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Introduction
C. E. Bosworth
19
Central Asia under the Umayyads and the early <Abbasids
C. E. Bosworth and 0. G. Bolshako'V
23
Sectarian and national movements in Iran, Khurasan
and Transoxania during Umayyad and early cAbbasid times
F. Daftary
41
The states of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the K1pchak
S. G. Agajano'V
61
The Samanid state
J\l. J\l. J\legmatov
77
The Ghaznavids
C. E. Bosworth
95
The Karakhanids
E. A. Davidovich
. 119
The Seljuqs and the Khwarazm Shahs
A. Sevim and C. E. Bosworth
.
145
The Ghurids
K. A. J\lizami
.
177
.,
.·.i
I
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
II
i!
The Uighurs> the Kyrgyz and the Tangut
(eighth to the thirteenth century)
D. Sinor, Geng Shimin and Y. I. Kychanov
191
Ii
The western Himalayan states
A. H. Dani
215
I
The Kitan and the Kara Khitay
D. Sinor
227
The Mongols and their state in the twelfth to the thirteenth century
Sh. Bira
243
Central Asia under the rule of Chinggis Khan's successors
B. Akhmedov revised by D. Sinor .
261
The Delhi Sultanate
Riazul Islam and C. E. Bosworth
269
I
'
I
!
\
The regions of Sind, Baluchistan> Multan and Kashmir: the historical,
social and economic setting
N. A. Baloch and A. Q. Rafiqi
. 293
Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century
K. Z. Ashrafyan
. 319
The Timurid states in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
R. G. Mukminova.
. 347
Popular movements, religious trends and Sufi influence on the masses
in the post-<Abbasid period
K. A. Nizami.
. 365
Socio-economic development: food and clothing in eastern Iran and
Central Asia
!'!· Kasai and S. N atsagdorj
. 381
Coinage and the monetary system
E. A. Davidovich and A. H. Dani .
. 391
Conclusion
C. E. Bosworth
I!
421
Maps
423
Bibliography and References
441
Glossary
469
Index
473