Chapter 1 'MOVEMENTSIN THE BODY.
A. Tickthe correctanswer.
L.Similartissuesform
a. a cell
b. an organV
c. an organ system d. a body
1. Theorgansfor locomotionin an earthworm
are
a. segments b. slime c. muscles(V)
d. setae
2. The bonesat jointsare heldtogether
by
(V)
. a' cartirageb. rigaments
c. muscresd. tendons
3. Thejoint at the elbowis the ________;oint
a. pivot b. hinge (V)
c. balland socket d. gliding
4. A cordof densetissuethat connects
a muscleto bone is a
a. ligament b. tendon (V)
c. cartilage d. fibre
5. Whichamongthe followinghasno bones?
a. spider b. shark c. snail d. all (V)
B. Fillin the blanks.
2.
is a the soft tissuefound betweentwo
bones.
bodieshelpin locomotionin water.
4. Musclesarejoinedto bonesby
3.
5. Thereare
bonesin an adult humanbeing.
C. State whether the following statements
are true or false.
1. Glidingjointsallow movementin almost
all directions.Ans.True.
2 . T h es k u l lh a sa l l i m m o v a b ljeo i n t s
Ans.False.
3. Musclesshortenby contracting.
Ans.True.
t36
0,
l,
i
5. Our shoulderjoint is a hingejoint'
A n s ,F a l s e .
- 6, The spinalcord protectsthe vertebralcolumn'
A n s ,F a l s e . .
are animalsthat do not havea backbone'
7. In-vertebrates
Ans.True
D.Matchthe following.
COLUMNA
C O L U M NB
L. Femur
2. Bone
3. Vertebrae
thigh bone
containscalcium
makesup the sPine
4. Pelvis
hip bone
5. Cartilage
cushionsbonesat joints'
provided.
E.Completethe crosswordwith the help of the clues
6. ACROSS
Alt.calcium
teeth'
. 3: A mineralpresentin bonesand
6. Theseprovidea cushioningeffect betweentwo bones'
Ans.cartilage
7. I am the meetingjunctionfor the bones'
Ans.joint
8. Spineis ableto bendbecauseof these'
Ans.vertebrae
DOWN
l-. Boneswould not movewithout me' I pulland pushthe bones'
Ans.muscles
2. Fishwould sinkto the bottom of the water bodywithoutthis-
A n s .s w i mb l a d d e r
. 4. I think hardand am well protectedin the skull'
A n s .B r a i n
Ans.feathers
5.Thesekeepthe birdswarm duringflight'
F. Answer the following questions in brief:
betweenmovementand locomotion'
Ql,:Differentiate
as locomotionwhile aswhen
Ans:when an organismmovesfrom one placeto another,it is termed
as movement'
an organismmovesits bodypartswithout changingits placeis termed
on the ground?
Q2: Whichfeaturesof the earthwormenab|eit to move
37
-
,
.
r
h
i
l
The
Ans:Theearthworm movesfrom one placeto anotherwith the helpof the muscles.
a p u s ht h a t h e l p st h e b o d ym o v ef o r w a r d .
m u s c l e s h e l pt oi t s h o r t e na n d l e n g t h e ni t s b o d yp r o v i d i n g
B e s i d e st h, e e a r t h w o r ma l s oh a ss p e c i abl r i s t l el i k es e t a eo n t h e u n d e r s i doef t h e b o d y ,w h i c h
e h i c hh e l p st h e mt o m o v ee a s i l y .
s e c r e t ea s l i m ys u b s t a n cw
Q 3 :H o w d o e ss l i m eh e l pi n m o v e m e not f a n i m a l sl i k ee a r t h w o r ma n d s n a i l ?
A n s :s l i m er e d u c efsr i c t i o na n d t h u sh e l pi n m o v e m e not f a n i m a l sl i k ee a r t h w o r ma n d s n a i l .
Q4: What arethe sensorystructuresin a snailand in a cockroach?
Ans:The sensorystructuresin a snailaretentacleswith eyesat the tip and in caseof cockroach,
t h e r ea r e a p a i ro f s e n s i t i vaen t e n n a el o c a t e da t i t s h e a d .
Q 5 :W h a t i s a s t r e a m l i n ebdo d y ?H o wd o e si t h e l pi n m o v e m e n ot f a n i m a l st h a tf l y o r s w i mi n w a t e r ?
A n s :S t r e a m l i n ebdo d yi s s h a p e dl i k ea b o a to r a n a i r p l a n e - t h i c kienrt h e m i d d l ea n dt a p e r sa t b o t h
e n d s .l t h e l p si n m o v e m e not f a n i m a l st h a tf l y o r s w i mi n w a t e ra s i t o f f e r sl e a s tr e s i s t a n c e .
Q 6 :M e n t i o nt h e r o l eo f x - r a y si n t h e f i e l do f m e d i c l n e .
A n s :l t i s p o s s i b lteo s e et h e i m a g eo f b o n e si n a l i v i n gb e i n gu s i n gr a d i a t i o nk n o w na sx - r a y sX. - r a y s
are specialraysthat can passthroughthe softtissuebut not throughthe bones.Hence,animageis
createdthat revealsthe natureof the bone.Bonesare seenaswhite shapesagainsta blacl<
background.
G. Answer the following questions in detail.
Ql-:How is movementbroughtabout in the followingorganisms?
A n s :a ) E a r t h w o r m .
The muscleshelpit
The earthworm movesfrom one placeto anotherwith the helpof the muscles.
,the
to shortenand lengthenits body providinga pushthat helpsthe body moveforward.lnaddition
to
attached
its
bodythat
are
of
underside
setae
on
the
like
bristle
has
special
also
earthworm
m u s c l e sT.h e ys e c r e t ea s l i m ys u b s t a n cwe h i c hh e l p st h e m t o m o v ee a s i l y .
b)Snail.
The snailmoveswith the helpof muscularorganknown asfoot, whichmakeswave like movements
a n ds e c r e t eas s h i n ys u b s t a n cken o w na s m u c o u st h a t e n a b l e tsh e s n a i tl o m o v ew i t h e a s e .
c) Cockroach.
thoraxand abdomen.The thoraxis the
is madeup of three parts-head,
The bodyof the cockroach
m i d d l ep a r to f t h e c o c k r o a cahn d b e a r st w o p a i r so f w i n g sa n dt h r e ep a i r so f j o i n t e dl e g sf o r
m o v e m e n tT. h ec o c k r o a chha sa p a i ro f s e n s i t i vaen t e n n a el o c a t e da t i t s h e a dt h a t e n a b l e si t t o
e sa l ki n a v e r yu n i q u em a n n e rm o v i n gt h r e el e g sa t a
s .o c k r o a c h w
s e n s ea n ds m e l li t s s u r r o u n d i n gC
time.
n h y t h e b o d yo f b i r d si s w e l ls u i t e df o r f l i g h t .
Q 2 :E x p l a i w
A n s :T h eb o d i e so f b i r d sp o s s e ssso m es p e c i af le a t u r e sT. h e s ea r e ;
1 ) T h e yh a v es t r e a m l i n ebdo d yw h i c hr e d u c e tsh e a i r r e s i s t a n c e .
"*
f+
2 ) T h e yh a v eh o l l o wb b n e sw h i c hm a k et h e m l i g h ti n w e i g h t .
g) Theirforelimbsare modifiedto form wingsfor flight.
4\ Theyhavevery powerfulchestmuscles.
possessing
Giveexamplesof organisms
and endoskeleton.
betweenexoskeleton
Q3: Differentiate
thesetypesof skeleton.
Ans:
Exoskeleton
is the externalskeleton
1,. An exoskeleton
s n d p r o t e c t sa n a n i m a l ' s
t h a t s u p p o r ta
bodv.
2 . E x a m p l easr ec o c k r o a c hs ,n a i l,
g r a s s h o p p eer tsc .
Endoskeleton
st h e i n t e r n asl k e l e t o n
1 . A n e n d o s k e l e t oi n
that liesinsidethe bodv.
't
u m a n sv, e r t e b r a t e s e t c
2 .E x a m o l e s . ahr e
the functionsof the skeletalsystemin our body.
Q4: Enumerate
s f t h e s k e l e t asl y s t e mi n o u r b o d ya r e ,
A n s :T h ef u n c t i o n o
1 . l t f o r m st h e f r a m e w o r ko f o u r b o d y ,p r o v i d essh a p ea n d s u p p o r ta n dh o l d si t u p r i g h t .
2. lt helpsin the movementsof variouspartsof the body.
3. lt protectsthe internalorgansof our bodythe skullprotectsthe brain,ribsprotectthe
heartand lungsetc.
4. Bonesare filledwith a spongymasscalledthe bonemarrowwherebloodcellsare formed.
Q 5 : H o w d o m u s c l e hs e l p i nm o v e m e n t ?E x p l a i inn d e t a i l s ,
Ahs:Muscleslreattachedto the boneswith the helpof a tissu€calledtendonandfunctionby
c o n t r a c t i nagn d r e l a x i n gM. u s c l e sw o r k i n p a i r se . g .w h e nw e b e n do u r a r m ,t h e m u s c l eos n t h e
u p p e rs i d ec o n t r a cot r s h o r t e nt o p u l lt h e b o n eu p a n da t t h e s a m et i m e t h e m u s c l eos n t h e l o w e r
s h i l et h e l o w e ro n e
. h e nt h e a r m i s m a d es t r a i g hat g a i nt,h e u p p e rm u s c l er e l a x e w
s i d er e l a xW
contracts.
with examplesthe four movablejointsof our body.
Q6: Describe
Ans:Thefour movablejointsof our bodyare;
1)
2)
3)
4)
H i n g ej o i n t .
B a l l a n ds o c k ej to i n t .
Pivotjoint.
joint.
Gliding
act likethe hingeson a cabinetor door to providebackand forth
1 ) Hinseioint:These
movement.However,hingejointsprovidemore movementthanjust the backand forth
s w i n gT
. h e ya l l o ws o m er o t a t i o nT. h ef i n g e ra n de l b o wj o i n t sa sw e l la st h e k n e ea r e
e x a m p l eosf t h e h i n g ej o i n t .
2 ) B a l la n ds o c k e ito i n t :A t t h i sj o i n t ,a b a l ll i k ee n do f o n e b o n ef i t s i n t oa c o r r e s p o n d i ncga v i t y
c a nb e m a d ep o s s i b l eS. u c h
o f a n o t h e rs u c ht h a t m a x i m u mm o v e m e nitn c l u d i n rgo t a t i c j n
j o i n t sa r ef o r m e di n t h e s h o u l d ear n d h i p .
3 ) P i v o ti o i n t :A p i v o tj o i n t i s a j o i n t i n w h i c ht h e e n d so f t w o b o n e sm e e to n e e n d b e i n ga
) .h ec y l i n d erro t a t e s
c e n t r abl o n yc y l i n d e rt ,h e o t h e re n d b e i n ga r i n g( o r r i n gl i k es t r u c t u r e T
i n s i d et h e r i n go r t h e r i n gr o t a t e sa r o u n dt h e c y l i n d e rT. h ej o i n t w h e r et h e n e c km e e t st h e
0-
t,
skullis a pivotjoint. Because
of thisjointwe are ableto moveour headbackward,forward,
left and right.
4 ) G l i d i n ei o i n t :T h i sk i n do f j o i n ta l l o w sb o n e s g l i d e
to
o v e ro n e a n o t h e ra n d p r o v i d ea s l i g h t
movement'Theseboneshaveflat endsand can move
from sideto sideas well as backand
f o r t h .T h ej o i n t sa t t h e a n k r ea n dt h e w r i s ta r ee x a m p r e s
o f g r i d i n jgo i n t s .
l-abelthe followingdiagram(seepageno 116for diagram).
A.Tickthe correctanswer.
1. Plantsregulatetheirtemperatureby
a. transpiration
(V)b. respiration c. photosynthesis d. perspiration
2. Waterchanges
to ice at
a.ooc1v; b.loooc c.t o2oc d.980c
3, About97%of the water on the earthis
a. saltwater (V) b. purewater
c. pollutedwater
d. drinkingwarer
4. Watercycleis a
a' continuousprocess(V) b. drinkingprocess c. non continuous
process d. non - cyclicprocess
5. Thedumpingof wastesin water is knownas
a' waterconservation b. water pollution (v) c. water preservation
d. waterresources
B . F i l li n t h e b l a n k s .
L. Wateris colourless,
odorlessand tasteless.
2. Wateris a substance
madeof hvdrogenanooxvgen.
3. Thedifferentwatersourcesof the earthget their water
supplyfrom precipitation.
4' The useof largeamountsof herbicides,
pesticides
andfertilizersby the farmersin their farms
l e a d st o p o l l u t i o n / w a t epro l l u t i o n .
5' Rooftoprainwaterharvestingis a methodto collectrainwater
on the rooftopsof the buildings.
6. In hydroelectric
powerprants,water is usedfor generatingerectricity.
C.Statewhetherthe followingstatementsare true or false.
L . W a t e ri sa n o n - r e n e w a b nl ea t u r a rl e s o u r c e .
{s
-{
Ans.False.
L
of seeds'
2. Water doesnot playany role in the germination
Ans.False.
3. Water covers90%of the earth'ssurface'
Ans.False.
to ice at 0oC'
4. Water changes
Ans.True.
5.Waterpol|utionoccurswhenabodyofWaterisadverse|yaffectedduetotheadditionof|arge
amountsof materialsto the water'
Ans.True.
is a techniqueto checkwater pollution'
6. Rainwater harvesting
Ans,False.
D. Match the following.
COLUMNA
1.'Oceans
COLUMNB
.
sallYw?te!' -
2.Wells
groundWater
3. Plants
transPiration
4. Lotus
aquatic
of water
5. Conservation
rainwater harvesting
cluesprovided'
e. Completethe crosswordwith the help of the
ACROSS
Ans.water
2. Thishelpsregulateour body'stemperature'
3. Theyrequirewaterfor photosynthesis'
'
Ans.Plants
of vapourinto its liquidform on cooling' Ans.condensation
4. conversion
5. An importantmethodto collectrainwater'
Ans.rainwater harvesting
DOWN
nutrients'
1. Thishappenswhen a lakeor a pondgetsextra
Ans.eutroPhication
0
(+
-!
6. Thesteadyand continuous
cyclein whichwater changesits state.
Ans.watercycle
F. Answer the following questions in brief:
Q1: Namea sourceof surfacewater.
Ans:Rainis a sourceof surfacewater.
Q2: ls seawater potable?
Ans:NO,seawater is not potableas it containssaltand other impurities.
throughwhichwater
Q3: How can water be convertedinto water vapeur?Nameany two processes
e n t e r st h e a t m o s p h e r e .
Ans:Water can be convertedinto water vapoursby the processof evaporation.
Thetwo processes
t h r o u g hw h i c hw a t e re n t e r st h e a t m o s p h e r ae r ee v a p o r a t i oann dt r a n s p i r a t i o n .
Q4: Nameany two water pollutants.
Ans:Thetwo water pollutantsare factoriesand fertilizers.
Q5: Definecondensation.
Ans:The processby whicha gas(watervapours)changes
to its liquidform (water)on coolingis
k n o w na s c o n d e n s a t i o n .
Q6:At which temperaturedoeswater changeto ice?
Ans:Water changesto iceat 0 degreeCelsius(00C):
Q7: Mentionany two usesof water?
Ans:Thetwo usesof waterare;
1) Water is responsible
for carryingout importantbodyfunctionssuchasdigestion,
respiration
erc.
2) lt regulatesour bodytemperatue.
G. Answer the following questions in detail:
Q 1 : W h y i s w a t e rc a l l e da l i f eg i v i n gl i q u i d ?
Ans:water is responsible
for the existence
of life on earth;all formsof life requirewaterand cannot
survivewithout it. We alsorequirewater to carryout our dailyactivitieslikecleaning,
cooking,
washing,irrigationand so on. Besides,
water is responsible
for carryingout importantbodyfunctions
suchas digestion,respiration
etc.
Q2: Brieflywrite aboutthe differentsourcesof water?
Ans:Thedifferentsourcesof water are;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Rainwater.
G r o u n dw a t e r .
Surfacewater.
O c e a nw a t e r .
l c e - c a pasn dg l a c i e r s .
A 1
0,
Iv
1 ) R a i nw a t e r :T h em a i ns o u r c eo f w a t e ri s r a i n .W h e nt h e w a t e rv a p o u ri n t h e a i r
c o n d e n s ewse e x p e r i e n crea i n .R a i nw a t e ri s a p u r ef o r m o f w a t e r ,b u t i t g e t sm i x e dw i t h
d u s ta n do t h e ri m p u r i t i e p
s r e s e nitn t h e a t m o s p h e raen d b e c o m e sp o l l u t e da s i t f a l l so n
theground.
2 ) G r o u n dw a t e r :W h e ni t r a i n sa, p a r to f t h e r a i n w a t eer v a p o r a t ebsa c ki n t ot h e
a t m o s p h e r ea,n o t h e rp a r tf o r m ss t r e a m so r r i v e r sa n dt h e r e m a i n i n p
g e r c o l a t ei sn t o t h e
groundto form groundwater.
3) Surfacw
e a t e r :S o u r c eo f s u r f a c ew a t e ri n c l u d e as l lt h e w a t e rc o l l e c t e a
d b o v et h e g r o u n d
s u c ha s r i v e r sl,a k e sp, o n d s a, n do c e a n sT. h e yu s u a l l g
y e t t h e i rs u p p l yo f w a t e rf r o m t h e
r a i n w a t ear sw e l l a s m e l t i n gs n o w .
4) Oceanwater:The riversflow into the oceansand thus rainwater is sourceof waterfor
t h e o c e a n sA. l t h o u g ho c e a nw a t e rm a k e su p n e a r l y9 7 % o ft h e e n t i r ew a t e rp r e s e not n
t h e e a r t h ,i t i s n o t a v i a b l es o u r c eo f p o t a b l ew a t e rs i n c ei t c o n t a i n s a l ta n do t h e r
imourities.
5 ) l c e - c a pasn d G l a c i e r sA:b o u t7 0 %o f t h e s m a l la m o u n to f f r e s hw a t e ri s l o c k e di n g l a c i e r s
a n d i c ec a p s S
. i a c h e gn l a c i e irn I n d i ai s a n e x a m p l eo f a g l a c i e r .
on rainwater harvesting.
Q3: Write a few sentences
A n s :R a i nw a t e rn o r m a l l yr u n si n t ot h e d r a i n sr, e a c h e rsi v e r sa n df i n a l l yt h e o c e a n sS. o m eo f
i t s e e p st h r o u g ht h e s o i la n d c o l l e c t a
s s u n d e r g r o u nwd a t e r .O n l ya v e r ys m a l lp o r t i o no f t h e
r a i n w a t egr e t ss a v e do n l a n d .H e n c er, a i n w a t ecr a nb e c o l l e c t e d
r a t h e rt h a na l l o w i n gi t t o
run off without beingused.Thiscan be done by rainwaterharvesting.
n a t e rc y c l ew i t h t h e h e l po f a d i a g r a m .
Q 4 :E x p l a iw
Ans:waterevaporates
from differentwater bodiesdue to the heatof the sun.Thewater
vapourthat rises,coolsdown or condenses
to.formwater droplets.Thesewater droplets
collecttogetherto form clouds.When the cloudsbecometoo heavy,they fall down to the
g r o u n da s r a i n ,s n o wo r h a i l .T h ep r o c e s b
s y w h i c hw a t e rv a p o u r sp r e s e nitn t h e a t m o s p h e r e
nh
. i sr a i nw a t e r
c o n d e n s ae n df a l ld o w n a s r a i n ,s n o wa n d h a i li s k n o w na s p r e c i p i t a t i o T
collectstogetherto giveriseto differentwater bodies.Thewater in thesewater bodies
e v a p o r a t edsu e t o h e a to f t h e s u na n d t h e c y c l ec o n t i n u e sT.h i sc y c l i cm o v e m e not f w a t e r
from the earthto the atmosphereand backto the earthfollowingvariousroutesmakesup
the watercycle.
:->
fe
I
Q 5 :W r i t ea s h o r tn o t eo n w a t e rp o l l u t i o na n d m e n t i o ni t s s o u r c e s .
d u e t o t h e a d d i t i o no f l a r g e
A n s :w a t e r p o l l u t i o no c c u r sw h e n a w a t e rb o d yi s a d v e r s e layf f e c t e d
d
r
i
n
k
i n gw a t e r ,r i v e r sl,a k e sa n d
a m o u n t so f u n w a n t e dm a t e r i a l isn t o i t . w a t e r p o l l u t i o na f f e c t s
a n d n a t u r ael n v i r o n m e nTt 'h e
o c e a n sa l l o v e rt h e w o r l d .T h i sc o n s e q u e n t hl ya r m sh u m a nh e a l t h
are:
s f w a t e rP o l l u t i o n
m a i nc a u s e o
./
,/
,/
./
or fertilizersby farmersinto theirfarmsthat
pesticides
Useof largeamountof herbicides,
a r e w a s h e da w a yb y r a i n w a t eirn t o n e a r b yr l v e r s '
Wasteand sewagegeneratedby factoriescanget into the water supply'
s a t e r i a lfsl u s h e do u t f r o m b a t h r o o m os r w a s t e
d y h o u s e sw h i c hi n c l u d e m
S e w a g eg e n e r a t e b
s a y a l s op o l l u t en e a r b yw a t e r
w a t e rf r o m b a t h i n gw, a s h i n ga n d o t h e rh o u s e h o l ad c t i v i t i em
bodies.
pollution'
Litterino
g n t h e l a n do r o n t h e w a t e ri s a n a d d i t i o n aslo u r c eo f w a t e r
Q6:Write anyfour methodsto conversewater at home'
e a t e ra t h o m ea r e ;
A n s :T h ef o u r m e t h o d st o c o n v e r s w
1 ) U s eo n l ya s m u c hw a t e ra sr e q u i r e d '
2 \ C l o s et h e t a p sw e l l a f t e ru s ea n d e n s u r et h a t t h e r ei s n o l e a k a g e .
3)Donot|eavethetapsrunningwhi|ewashingdishesandc|othes.
and fruitscan be reusedto water flowersand other plants'
4l Water usedto washvegetables
b e c o m e sl e s st h a n0 d e g r e ec e l s i u s ?
Q 7 :W h a t h a p p e n tso m a r i n el i f ew h e nt h e o u t s i d et e m p e r a t u r e
p o i n to f w a t e r ,r i v e r sa n d l a k e sg e t f r o z e n '
A n s :W h e nt h e o u t s i d et e m p e r a t u r fea l l sb e l o wf r e e z i n g
the frozenupperlayer'the
However,onlythe top layerof the riversand lakesfreezes.Underneath
. l s oo x y g e ni s t r a p p e db e n e a t ht h e l a y e ro f i c e '
w a t e rr e m a i n si n i t s l i q u i df o r m a n d d o e sn o t f r e e z eA
frozenlakesand ponds'
As a result,marinelife findsit possibleto livecomfortablyin the
between:
Q8: Differentiate
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a d v e r s e layf f e c t e dd u e t o t h e a d d i t i o no f l a r g ea m o u n to f u n w a n t e d
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type of water that hascollected
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