Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering
Prof. H. S. Shankar
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Lecture - 2
Course Overview- II
Welcome to this edition of advanced reaction engineering. We will look at what we will
do in this course over the period of the next forty lectures. Quickly, let me tell you what
we planned to do for you. In the last edition of course overview, we looked at some of
the features that we might do. So, we go on with that.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:40)
We look at energy balance and mentioned in the last edition that in energy balance, we
look at two issues; one is stirred tanks and tubular vessels. Now, we also mention that
stirred tanks are quite popular, particularly, in a small scale processing while, tubular
vessels are generally, very large scale processing. Now, whether it is small or large, we
need to be able to conduct the chemical reaction of our interest and therefore, adding and
removing of heat and controlling the temperature at which we will conduct the reaction
is crucial to success of the operation; that is what you and I will do. So, we have to write
the energy balance and understand how the energy, heat is generated in the reaction and
so on. Therefore, the balance is right that we take into account all the features which, we
will do. Now, a related issue that all of us recognize is that when you are running a
process, clearly, there is something called start up; something called shutdown; there is
something called safety and sudden issues as a result of which, you may have to shut
down the processes and all.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:05)
But transient operations become crucial. Now, transient operations are issues in which,
we have to understand how the process deals with various kinds of disturbances that
might happen in the process. On other words, when there is a disturbance to a process we
must know whether, that disturbance will cause irreversible damage to the process or the
disturbance is such that, the process is able to adjust itself and return to its original state.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:47)
On other words, we need to understand what is called a stability; stability of, we call as
steady states. So, we will look at some of these issues as you go along. On other words,
what we trying to say is that what is of most important to us is that our process should
run, should be safe; number one. Two; that is there is a disturbance, it must return to the
original state in reasonable period of time. Therefore, the design must take into account
whether; this is able to do that. On other words, what is it that we must do in designs, so
that, it happens the way we wanted to happen. So, this is what we mean by steady
stability and we look at some of the issues as you go along.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:47)
Now, a related, perhaps, more or less important is we must look at, we must know how
to apply the equation that we have derived for various situations and therefore, we look
at practice problem; great variety of practice problems wherein, we formulate our
problems in such a way that we are able to come as close to reality as possible. On other
words, you look at situations, which are as close to reality that we might counter. So,
what we are saying is that all practice problem that we will do in this course, will be
something that we might be able to be make use of in daily life. That is a kind of
selection that we have done. Now, there are few things that we must draw retention. Let
us say we have a chemical reactor.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:28)
Let us say we have this chemical reactor, is heated. This is a cooling or heating; let us
say cooling. Typically, it is cooling or it can be heating as well; this is the reactor.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:52)
Now, frequently, our interest is to be able to operate this at constant temperature;
constant t. Now if this is an exothermic states reaction, goes, A goes to B; let us say
exothermic. Therefore, heat of the action; heat is evolved, but there might be catalyst.
Let us say this is called a catalyst; inside here, is the catalyst, which might undergo some
deleterious processes, may take place. As a result of this, the catalyst may lose its
activity and so on. So, our interest would be to operate this at temperature, which is more
suitable for this catalyst, say, some temperature, which is more suitable for this catalyst.
Now, the question that is of interest to us is that is it really, possible for a reactor to be
operated at a constant temperature while, we have dealt with a reaction, which is
exothermic; a reaction which is called a catalyst; a reaction in which, a catalyst is
undergoing some kind of deactivation of poisoning, whatever, because of the reaction.
Now, the answer to this is that yes, it is possible. There is a design that you and I must
do, so that, this becomes possible.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:13)
On other words, we must have a design. If this is the distance along the reactor, if this is
temperature; we want this to be just the same, irrespective of what happens in the
reactor; that is the design. In fact, as we go along, we will set up our equations, and then
ask these questions to all of us; what is that we must do to see that the temperature does
not change.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:43)
On other words, in formulated, in the language of chemical reaction engineering, what is
that we must do; if this is volume, changes; distance or volume; what is that we must do,
this does not change along the length of the equipment. So, these are very interesting
situations and we will look at them and we will formulate equations, and then come to a
stage where, we can tell exactly, how we can achieve constant c, which otherwise, seems
not very easy, inside such kind of tubular vessels.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:14)
So, these are all, but we call as practice problems, in the sense, where we learnt to use
the equations that we have derived to be able to describe our requirements or to achieve
the requirements of our process.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:40)
Now, there could be situations; let us say, for example, there could be situations. I mean
all of us know that see, we burn coal; coal combustion. We burn coal combustion to
generate steam, and then this is you know, derived us turbine, and then gives us
electricity. This is something that we all know. On other words, what we generally, do in
the industry is that we burn coal in a boiler, and then there is water, high pressure water,
going through the pipes or tubes in the boiler. On other words, it is in indirect contact;
contact is not there, but indirect.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:20)
On other words, the energy or heat of combustion is directed into steam; that is how we
derive energy.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:39)
Now, as you go along, we will consider situations where, we have a chemical reaction.
Let us say A goes to B, and then B goes to A; there is a chemical reaction. Can we
conduct this chemical reaction, for example, in a turbine, so that, we derive energy or
power directly, out of chemical reaction. On other words, we are used to conducting
chemical reaction in a boiler, and then making steam, and then using that steam in the
generator and so on, but we can also look at situations where, we can actually conduct
the reactions in this turbine itself, so that, we derive energy directly. Is this possible? If
so, what does it mean? What are the numbers that would be appropriate? What is the
system that we might look at and things like that?
Refer Slide Time: 09:18)
On other words, chemical reaction as working fluid in a turbine as an example; can you
do this? We would like to pose this question and see, when there is situation where, we
can look at, which might give us this kind of flexibility in deriving energy from a
chemical reaction in the form of electricity and so on.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:52)
So, we mean what I am trying put across to you is that these practice problems are
problems that try to present a way of looking at the equation that we derive in a form,
that we can use them in daily life for our applications.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:12)
For example, this is common in a process industry; let us say there are reactions; this A
goes to b, and then but A also goes to C and this might be desired product, and this might
be undesired product, correct.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:33)
On other words, our concern, our interest in design is to see that we maximize the
desired product, and minimize the undesired product. So, there would be design or
criteria that we can derive, based on equations of material energy balance that will tell
you how to how to find the condition about optimality, so that, we can drive a process in
the direction of our interest. So, we look at such practice problems as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:00)
Now, there are situations, for example; a reaction is very rapid; instantaneous. When a
reaction is instantaneous, on other words, the rate process is so large that we cannot write
equations, which were very large quantities. So, there will be methods that we must
derive from our basic principles that we will deal with instantaneous reactions where,
heat energy is involved and the heat and energy exchange are involved. So, we will look
at such practice problems as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:33)
Practice problems wherein, we have to deal with very fast reactions; very fast reactions.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:54)
Having said this, that whatever equation that we have written for a long time is what we
call as ideal reactors.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:01)
By the ideal reactors, what we mean is that we postulate that our reaction equipment has
a certain; this is what is called as stirred tank, continuous stirred tank reactor; this is a
plug flow reactor, what we call plug flow reactor. So, what is implied here is that the
time of residence of these fluid elements, if all the fluid elements, depend same length of
time; this is one type of device; this is an ideal reactor. Here is another instance where,
all the residence time here, is exponentially, in the sense, as soon as the material enters
here; it mixes. This is what is called the well mixed or the well stirred tank reactor. Now,
in reality, there we might not have a situation, which is completely mixed or in reality in
which, this residence time where, every element is the same.
On other words, in actuality, there could be lots of difference; the very difference from
these two ideal situations. Therefore, our interest of course, is to be able to understand
reality; number one. Number two to be able to change that reality the direction of our
interest. So, first, of course, you should understand reality. In order to understand such
reality, we will look at what is called as residence time distribution.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:26)
In the object of this kind of study is that if you have an equipment into which, your fluids
come in and fluids go, what you like to know; a fluid element that enters now; how long
does it stay here before it exits.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:40)
So, fluid element that enters now, t equal to 0; how long does it stay here before it exits?
Now, this information itself is useful, because aftral, we all know that the extent which,
reaction occurs is depending on the time that it spends in the reaction environment,
correct. So, what is called as residence time in the reaction equipment, is something
crucial to our understanding of what will happen to that reaction, or our understanding of
how to drive that reaction in the direction of our interest. So, this an important study,
which is able to give us insights into non idealities.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:32)
This is the way we try to quantify non idealities; that is by putting a tracer and trying to
see, how long it stays inside the equipment. This whole study is called as residence time
distributions. So, we will look at fundamentals of residence time distributions, and we
will look at how to conduct experiments to get information on residence time
distributions. We will look at how, what types of tracers that we can use, so that, we can
measure them accurately; whether, it is a liquid; whether, it is a gas; whether, it is a
solid; whether, it is a mixture; whatever; for its different situations, there are different
methods that we can use; different techniques that we can use to measure and so on. We
look at all that as we go along. Having said this, that now, we understand the
fundamentals of trying to do a measurement of the residence time distribution. Of course,
we look at practice problems.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:29)
The whole object of taking this approach is that every time, we develop a method; we
would like to see how that method applies in real life. How that method can be used to
derive insights into what happens in a process; this process can be in the chemical
industry or in our daily life; that you and I experience, whatever, we experience in daily
life. So, we would like to see that how closely, can we use methods to understand what
goes on around us. That is the idea of residence time.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:05)
Let me just give you a small example; residence time. Let us say, suppose there is a
crowded railway station and lot of people are moving along railway station. Now, let us
say, from here to here, there is a distance D. How long does it take for going from here to
here, if I ask? Now, on a day when there is no crowd, it might take say, two minutes. On
a day when there is lot of crowd, it might take ten minutes. On other words, the same
device, if you call this as device, the same device; the residence time can be small or it
can be large. Now, the fact that the residence times change, because of the load, this is
the load, because of the load, we must be able to understand how the load affects
residence time.
That is why we have to do such measurements, because we will be loading our
equipment and therefore, we want to know how that load affects a residence time,
because that residence time will determine the extent to which, our reaction occurs. So,
these kinds of practice problems are crucial to getting insights into how, we are able to
derive information about non idealities in a process, so that, we can account for it in our
design and in our operation, so that, we avoid failures, troubleshooting, safeties, and all
those issues, arise from uncertainties in the process that we are dealing with.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:50)
See, what seems to be important is that let us say; we have a gas solid reaction. Let us
say, we have iron oxide. Let us say, it is reacting with carbon monoxide, giving you
carbon dioxide and iron. Now, at this reaction; this reaction, we can conduct, let us say,
in a blast furnace all over the world or it can be conducted in a smaller scale. It is what is
called as sponge iron technology. Now, what I am trying to put across to you is that if
there is a device; let us say, is a rotary kill where, you have, let us say, iron oxide is
coming in, and then you put your carbon monoxide. So, that the reaction occurs. This is
just an example.
This is not the way it happens in the industry. If it is sponge iron, they put hydrogen here.
If it is blast furnace, the whole device looks different, but that is not the point I am trying
to get across to you. The point I am trying to put across to you is that the solids that enter
the process; they may travel like this, and get out, depending upon if it is a rotary kill, we
are rotating it to see. Now, we know that it is important that we know what is the time, it
spends in the equipment, because that depends the extent of reaction. So, if you will find
that this whole RTD analysis, because very valuable when we need dealing with solids,
because solids have a residence time and therefore, they have the extent to which, the
reaction will occur, will depend upon how long it spends in the reaction equipment. This
something that we know from our understanding that residence times are crucial, of
course, crucial for all processes, but in the case of solids, we need special devices to be
able to handle solids, so that, the gas solid reaction can occur.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:53)
Now, what is crucial; let me just put this down once again. Now, what we all know is
that every reaction is governed by a certain equilibrium constant. In this case, it is this.
So, the reaction stops when it reaches the equilibrium and the value of the equilibrium
constant is determined by what is called some thermodynamics. You know this that
which is dependent on the partial pressure carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. What is
important is to recognize that since, the reaction stops when the value of Pco2 by Pco
becomes Kp; it also means that as the products accumulate, the reaction starts to slow
down, because you know, the driving force for the reaction has come down, correct. So, I
mean, as you go along we will setup methods, and then derive equations, which will tell
us how the equilibrium or thermodynamics have fixed the rate at which, the reaction
occurs. That is something important to us, and then we use thermodynamics principles to
setup equations, which will tell us how the thermodynamics affects the rate of chemical
reaction. We will look at that as well, some of these features.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:16)
When you are looking at solids, let us once again, let as look at Fe2 O3 give plus Co give
you F e plus C o 2. Now, whenever we have a reaction in which, solids have to be
managed, then we know that if the reaction equipment; if this, let us say this is the
reaction equipment, into which, you are putting solids, and then that is where the solids
come out. Therefore, solids going in, and solids coming out. So, we need techniques to
look at the particle, which goes to the equipment and probably, exits through the exit
pipe. On other words, we need to be able to setup what is called as population balance.
Why is it important? Why is population balance important, because as a technique, this
population balance is able to write balances on the number of particles, then able to deal
with number density. So, it becomes very useful when you are dealing with populations,
to deal with number densities.
Then, we can translate it to any other form, depending upon what is required, but
population balance is one technique by which, we can deal with those kind of
populations. Now, a question that is of interest to us is that this material, it is iron oxide;
they may come with different particle sizes. The particle sizes may be distributed
between two exits. So, as this particle size of different particle size enters the equipment,
of course, they will react in forms, which are dependent on particle size. Therefore, the
inlet particles with different particle sizes will react differently, and therefore, emerge
differently. So, all those effects; you have to account for population balance, is a very ((
)) technique, which is available in the literature.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:30)
Now, population balance, we have said, is useful for understanding and modelling
particular systems, but it is a technique, which has got might wider uses. We can look at
what happens in a forest and we can understand how the birth and death functions affect
the population of forest and so on, and we will look at some of these issues as exercises,
as a part of this course. Now, I mean, environment is something that we all are, you
understanding, trying to understand various issues.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:02)
Now, if you look at our environment, I mean, what is with the atmosphere; we have the
biosphere of land; we have the soil and we have rock and here, water, and there is
carbon, which is circulating between the pools as carbon dioxide, and there are other
gases, circulating like nitrogen, in the form of protein, etc. So, all these fluxes are
essentially, the cause, I mean, cause of various chemical reactions; a bio-geo-chemical
and bio-chemical and so on, and modelling these bio-chemical reactions will help us
understand how the ecosystem is performing, and how we can regulate our lives to see
that you know, the atmosphere and the biosphere, etc. are in good shape and good health
etc. So, these are some issues, which will look at and through certain exercises, which
will give us some insights into how we can understand, what is happening around us.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:09)
Now, having said this, I mean, all of us know that ecology is what ensure that our
environment is in excellent shape. In ecology, what happens is that there are many
organisms; one organism living on the other and so on. Therefore, this food chain
ensures that the accumulation of pollution in the environment is very small or very so
small, that it does not affect the population’s performance, etc. Now, we would like to
design systems in which, we are able to integrate the ecology in such a way, that in our
systems, are able to make good use of the ecological benefits, and we will look at some
problems of this nature, as we go along. Having said this, I mean, one issue of great
concern, great interest to all of us is what happens to our rivers.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:56)
We know that our rivers are not in very good shape, because of the great amount of
pollution load that comes into the rivers. As a result, we find that the oxygen levels in the
rivers are depleting and to that extent, the aquatic life, which depends upon the oxygen
source, also tends to deplete, and then loose its fatality and so on. Of course, I mean, we
need rivers, but the same time, we also need to manage the problems of populations and
so on. Therefore, we have to understand how we can manage the pollution, entering the
rivers, so that, the rivers’ health is kept in good shape. These are some of the issues we
would try to look at when we look at reaction engineering as applied to environmental
engineering and so on. We look at some of these issues as we go along.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:47)
We all know, I mean, it is not new to us; we all know that life is governed by enzymes,
and therefore, we must understand the fundamentals of enzyme kinetics and to that
extent, fundamentals of microbial kinetics. After all, microbial processes are also
governed by enzymes in its fundamental way. Therefore, we would look at enzymes,
microbes and microbial reactions, all of which that affect the environment and so on. So,
we look at some of these issues as we go along. Now, we know in our industry that we
make alcohol, we make antibiotics; we make various enzymes.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:19)
Alcohol is a pure culture process; is a sachromisis. Many antibiotics are produced;
penicillin is an example, uses penicillin chrysogenum and so on. We also want to like to
use our principles of reaction engineering to understand how these processes can be
understood; how they can be designed; how they can be operated and so on. So, some
basic issues of reaction engineering is applied to this process; we will look at as exercises
as you go along. Now, from the stand point of trying to understand environment and poly
culture and so on, there are several reactions that we all know, that which uses poly
culture.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:55)
For example, waste treatment, biomethanation and most importantly, agriculture, animal
husbandry, fisheries; all of these are poly culture processes where, there is a food chain,
which is operating and that food chain is what we must be able to understand and design
for, and we will look at some of these issues as exercises as you go along. So, to cut this
long story short, what is the contents of this reaction engineering course, is something
like this.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:34)
The first five lectures, we look at course overview in some detail. Then, we look at
design equations, and then we will look at some illustrates, the examples concerned with
design equations and if we go to design equations two where, we look at wider issues
concerned with design equations. Now, in lecture 6 to 8, what we have tried to do is that
try to spend some time on illustrating how these design equations can be used for variety
of purposes and several types of examples we have taken to illustrate how this equations
applied. Under lecture 8, we are looking at multiple reactions, I mean, important point is
that in real life whether, it is an industry or an environment or bio chemical procesess
and. so on; we look at, we deal with multiple reactions. So, some basics of multiple
reaction is what we have tried to introduce in lecture number 8.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:38)
Now, going on from 9 to 13; in lecture 9, what we look at is whether, how to use our
understanding of multiple reactions to understand reactions in soil; how these relate to
various productions and soil and so on. Then, we go on to lecture 10; semi continuous
operation, particularly, this batch, semi batch operation where, time is a critical element
in the operations and so on, and 11, 12 and 13; we looking at catalyst deactivations. I
mean, catalyst deactivations particularly, in chemical process of the industry catalyst is a
crucial thing. They are all time dependent processes. So, you have to understand some
fundamentals and how these fundamentals can be used for design of deactivating catalyst
processes. That is what we try to do in lecture number 11, 12 and 13. What is being said
in lectures 1 to 13, is assuming that we are system is at (( )) conditions, which is, may not
be the case always. There is energy balance which, we may consider.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:32)
So, in lecture 14 and 15, we set up the basics of energy balance and that is required to
deal with stirred vessels, and then plug flow vessels and so on and 16, 17 and 18; we are
looking at the applications of this basics of energy balance, coupled with material
balance to understand certain applications of energy balance in reacting systems. So,
under 16, 17 and 18, we illustrate how our equations and energy balance can be put to
use for various purposes, including design.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:05)
In lecture 19, 20 and 21, essentially, we are, sort of taking the energy balance to greater
and greater detail, trying to understand how the temperature effects rate equilibrium; how
we can understands stability of stirred tanks; how we can understand, illustrate this
through various examples and so on. So, lectures 19 to 22, are instances where, we are
trying to see various ramifications of energy balance for our applications.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:36)
In lecture 23, 24 and 25; 23 and 23, we are still dealing with energy balance where, of
course, we look at some new features particularly, heated, I mean, tubular reactors heated
and cooled and so on. So, 23 and 24 are still, further extensions or further considerations
of energy balance. In 25, we do something interesting where, we try to use some
measurements of operating data to see how we can design for situations, but we can use
some data of the process. 26; we try to introduce a new technique called residence time
distribution. Of course, we have talked about it already where, we try to understand how
long the fluid elements spend in the environment by using a tracer, depending upon it is a
gas or a liquid or a solid; we choose an appropriate tracer and so on. Under lecture 26,
we introduce the fundamentals of residence time distributions, and how they can be
measured and so on.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:47)
In lecture 27, we look at models by which, we can understand residence time
distributions and, so that, lecture 26 and 27; we introduce the basics, so that, we are able,
we are in a position to model real vessels and understand the performance of real vessels.
Using these basics of residence time, we go on to an important area of gas-solid reactions
in lecture 28, 29 and 30 where, we try to understand how gas-solid reactions occur. We
introduce the concept of shrinking core, set up models to understand shrinking cores and
different controlling regimes and so on,, and then we illustrate this through examples
under lecture 31, so that, the idea of lecture 28, 29, 30 and 31 is to favour, way by which,
we can understand gas-solid reactions under the concepts of shrinking core models.
Now, gas-solid reactions; we are dealing with particulates. So, when a particulate
material moving through an equipment, it has certain features of residence time and so
on we pointed out. So, when we have such variations, such interesting features in our
system, population balance modelling becomes very useful.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:13)
In population balance modelling, what we try to do is that we try to understand how
population behave and set up equations. So, it is able to describe the performance of the
populations, etc. So, under population balance model lecture 32 and 33, we introduce the
basic concepts and 34 and 25; we try and illustrate how these concepts can be put to use
variety of applications. So, basically, 32, 33 and 34; we try to introduce population
balance through simple examples, and then try and illustrate how these can be pet to use
for our applications. So, in 35, we try to move on to a new area where, we try look at
reactions in our environment; whether, it is for example, in soil or in the atmosphere or
in the biosphere; some examples that keep this planet in good shape.
I mean, what we try to say here is that reactions in the environment whether, it is
photosynthesis; respiration; there is what is called as nitrogen fixation; then, there is
something called bio methanation; then, there is something called nitrification; de
nitrification; a variety of chemical reactions, meant revisiting and so on, which actually,
put this, I mean, make this planet do what it is doing, as far as life processor is
concerned. So, what we try do in lecture number 35 is to, sort of overview; what these
reactions are and what are the basics of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, and how
we can understand, and we can put our basic understanding of these reactions in our
design of systems that we require in daily life.
So, that is essentially, lecture 35 is to sensitize all of us to the applications of chemical
reaction engineering in dealing with our environment. With this, we go on further, under
lecture 36 where, we look at specifics of bio chemical engineering in environmental
engineering. For example, we try to look at what are basics of enzyme kinetics; basics of
microbial kinetics and how fundamentals of these kinetic processes can be put together
in the form of design for our requirements in daily life.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:52)
Having said this, we look at some illustrative examples where, we take what we have
learned in our basics so far; enzyme kinetics and microbial kinetics to understand
important reactions like bio methanation, alcohol fermentation and natural selection.
How natural selection happens in our environment? I mean, some simple example to
illustrate how we can understand, why this great variety of natural things that we see in
our natural environment; how we can understand them from relating simple mathematics
to illustrate how things happen. So, lecture 37 is a way of trying to apply what we have
learnt in the basics of microbial kinetics and enzyme kinetics to what we will see in daily
life. Then, we go on in the lecture 38, to look at some simpler things in the enzyme
reaction, in microbial reaction, in waste treatment and so on, and trying to, sort of gather
more insights into the applications of basics for understanding biological reactions.
Having said this, one of the prime problems particularly, of water systems in India, for
example, is that is the great amount of pollution that the rivers have to face, because of
various kinds of population pressures.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:33)
Therefore, we take some examples of oxygen sag analysis of rivers; how the oxygen
demand of the rivers in terms of it is natural process, as well as due to the interference
from various pollution loads; how they can be understood and how we can regulate
pollution entry into the rivers, so that, the river quality remain satisfactory and what kind
of design interventions can be thought of and so on, in the form of mathematical
formulation under lecture 39. In lecture 40, we try to illustrate this, using various kinds
of miscellaneous examples; for example, on oxygen sag analysis, we take some
examples. Similarly, population balance modelling; we take some examples. On other
words, in lecture 40 and 41, what we try to do is that try to look at miscellaneous
problems that we have looked at over the entire course, and try and illustrate how and
what has been learnt over the last number of lectures. They can be applied to understand
various kinds of situations. In 42, essentially, what we would like to do is set of problems
sheets, which compiles a large variety of problems that can provide insights into the
applications and the equations that we have derived, so that, these are all summarized in
the form of problem sheets in lecture 42. On other words, what we are trying to say here
is the lecture 1 to lecture 42 is trying to, sort of foray into subject of chemical reaction
engineering and try to illustrate how we can use basic principles to understand how
things happen around us, and how we can intervene through design to make our
environment in our designs of chemical process of industry and so on, so that, safety,
security, productivity, economics, etc can be achieved. Now, this whole material that we
have been talking about over the last 42 lectures, has been taken from various sources
and I have listed some of these sources.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:26)
One is H.S. Scot Fogler; fantastic book written in the 1986, was the first edition, and
2000 also is there I think. Lot of the material that I have done and this is taken from Scot
Fogler. There is also material taken from James Smith: chemical engineering kinetics,
McGraw Hill publication and there is some material that is being taken from K.G.
Denbigh’s chemical reactor theory from Cambridge university press publication, and
also, taken some material from Octave Levenspiel’s chemical reaction engineering from
Wiley publication of 1997. This and these books have been published even earlier. Even,
Fogler book was first published in 1974, and has gone through several editions and it is a
great book which, I have enjoyed. Similarly, James Smith book, of course, has been there
for a very long time, is a fantastic book. It has been revised, and then edited number of
times. Similarly, K. G. Denbigh and Octave Levenspiel; all of them are great textbooks
and material that is done, taken in this lecture series, will be adopted from these sources.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:51)
Having said this, there are few things which, we have not been able to cover, which I am
hoping that we will include in course of time; that is diffusion and reaction in porous
catalyst. We will look at diffusion coefficients in pores, effectiveness factors in pores and
temperature effects in catalyst,, and then catalyst design; it is a very important area and
not having the time to look at these issues which, you will do so, in future and shortly.
Similarly, this is a huge area of gas-liquid reactions, I mean, of the industry all of us
know. The most important application of gas-liquid reaction; carbon dioxide removal in
the fertilizer industry; it is developed beautifully, over the last 40, 50 years; do not have
the time to look at gas solubility in liquids, effect of chemical reactions, and various
examples to illustrate how gas-liquid reaction can be understood; can be can be
modelled; can systems can be designed for our daily use. We have not been able to do
this and hope to include this material in course of time. With this, I thank you for your
attention.
Thank you.