International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 6:3 2011
Media Time vs Active Time: Leisure Time
among
the Youth in Disadvantaged Community
Samsudin A. Rahim, Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir, Wan Amizah Wan Mahmud,
Rusyda Helma Mohamed, Chang Peng Kee
typically non-instrumental. The amount of time a person has
for leisure depends on the time he needs for fulfilling his
school work or the time he spends working. Another study
[29] finds that the youth spend an average of more than 6
hours per day in leisure activities, out of which two thirds is
spent in passive activities and less than one third in leisure
pursuits that have a high probability of promoting personal
growth. In a comparative study, Larson and Verma [10] find
that adolescents spend many hours per week on various leisure
activities: 4 to 5 hours in East Asia, 5.5 to 7.5 hours in Europe,
and 6.5 to 8 hours in North America. The youth in the United
States and Europe have about half of their waking hours free
for leisure, while those in Asia have only one-third free. In
terms of well-structured and adult-supervised leisure, large
differences exist between North America, Europe, and East
Asia.The importance of leisure time activities in the
development of a young person is recognised by the United
Nations. The World Youth Report [26] stresses that only those
leisure programs for youth can be considered appropriate that
are aimed at fighting social ills, such as drug abuse, juvenile
delinquency and other deviant behavior. While leisure
programs can contribute greatly to the development of
physical, intellectual and emotional potential of young people,
they should be designed with due care and concern so that they
are not used as a means for excluding the youth from
participating in other aspects of social life, or for
indoctrinating them. The report further suggests that leisuretime activity programs should be made freely available to the
young.Initially, leisure hour activities were confined to
physical activities. They include games, sports, cultural
events, community service, and working on hobbies. But with
the development and advancement of media technologies, the
time spent with media also is counted as part of leisure hours.
Nowadays, it is reported that the youth spend considerable
time watching their favourite programs on television, listening
to music on radio and iPod, playing games, browsing websites
and communicating with friends on the facebook [23]. During
adolescence, the time spent on conversing with friends
(particularly through telephone) increases rapidly, and
chatting, particularly about the behavior of peers, becomes an
important leisure activity. Such social interactions seem to be
essentially spontaneous and mainly self-regulated.The Search
Institute [22] suggests that for young people to succeed as
adults they need to spend their leisure hours developing their
social assets with regard to attitudes, behaviors and skills. The
institute claims that their 40 social assets have tremendous
influence on young people’s lives and that they form the
Abstract—The present study aims to explore how the youth in
the disadvantaged community spend their leisure hours. ‘Leisure
hours’ is defined as the waking hours when a person is neither in
school nor at work. Data for this study was collected through a set of
questionnaire to 695 respondents, who were15 to 25 years old and
were living in high-rise low income apartments in the suburbs of
Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. The finding indicates that the
youth spent more time with different types of media than the time
they spent in physical activities such as sports and games, or by
participating in community work, cultural activities or programmes of
uniform bodies. They also involved themselves in antisocial
behavior, by way of smoking, playing truant, loafing, drug abusing,
drinking alcohol, vandalizing and illegal racing. A cross tabulation
analysis shows that abstinence from physical activities is significantly
associated with truancy, drug abuse and illegal racing. High media
use is significantly associated only with vandalism. Spending more
time with the media is certainly a deterrent to antisocial behavior.
The leisure hour activities need to be planned more systematically to
inculcate positive values and thereby reduce antisocial behavior
among the youth of the disadvantaged community.
Keywords—active times, antisocial behaviors, leisure hours,
media usage , youth
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE World Youth Report [25] defines leisure time as the
waking hours when a young person is neither in school nor
at work. Reference [19] considers leisure time as the time not
devoted to paid work, household and family maintenance,
personal care, or sleep. How young people spend their time,
especially their leisure time, provides important information
about their societal roles, attitudes and social experiences.
The youth tend to experience more leisure time activities in
their youthful years than in their later years when they pick up
adult’s roles, including work and marriage. The young choose
leisure activities, rather than obligatory activities, which are
Samsudin A. Rahim is the Director, Youth Empowerment Centre,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
[email protected]
Norbayah Kadir is with School of Psychology and Human Development,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia.
Wan Azmizah is with School of Media and Communication Studies,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
Rusyda Helma is with School of Psychology and Human Development,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
Chang Peng Kee is with School of Media and Communication Studies,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor.
153
International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 6:3 2011
“building blocks” of young people’s lives by helping them
make wise decisions, choose positive paths, and grow up as
competent, caring and responsible people.The last decade has
seen a shift in the awareness of the importance of leisure time
activities in dissociating a young person from physical
inactivity [14], [18] and anti-social behavior [5], [15],[ 16],
[17] to health issues [20]. There is growing recognition that
discretionary time can significantly contribute to young people
in terms of promoting social inclusion, access to opportunities
and overall development. The World Youth Report [26]
suggests that the leisure needs of young people ought to be
considered in urban planning and rural development to ensure
the availability of a range of constructive, voluntary activities
and opportunities for youth. For development of the youth,
spending leisure hours positively is important to inculcate
positive values, develop social assets, and curb anti-social
behavior. The youth, who are actively involved in leisure time
activities, such as physical activities or media usage, are more
unlikely to be involved in antisocial behavior; instead, they
become deterrents to crime [9]. Further, such youth contribute
positively to well-being [8], achieve better educational
outcome and experience lower rates of drinking and drug use
[5]. In this process, they gain experiences related to initiative,
identity exploration and reflection, emotional learning,
developing teamwork skills, and forming ties with community
members [7]. Interestingly, longer hours spent on viewing
television is associated with a dose-response relationship
leading to the initiation of youth-smoking (Gidwani, et. al.
2002). Greater involvement in delinquency is significantly
associated with increased participation in unsupervised
socialization with friends, less frequent participation in
organized leisure and sport activities [29], issues related to
socioeconomic status such as changes in lifestyles [1], and
listening to deviant music such as rap music and heavy metal
[2]. Leung and Kier [11] studied how the time spent on
different genres of music correlates with different styles of
spending money. They found that the youth who listen to
adult-oriented music (eg. Classiccal and jazz) tend to save
money and those who listen to deviant music (eg. Hip-hop,
heavy metal) tend to spend money. As the youth are products
of social environment, their social realities such as norms,
values, attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, roles and behaviors are
constructed and validated by their interaction with the agents
of socialization. Previously, families, and religious and
educational institutions used to play crucial roles in socializing
the young members of society. Today, besides these, there are
other socializing agents in the lives of the youth, such as peer
groups, work settings, and last but not the least, the mass
media. Wyn and White [27] suggest that, through a systematic
marginalization process, some groups of young people are
excluded from full participation in society and its institutions.
Positive life experiences tend to be associated with a more
mainstream status, particularly with regard to secure income
and employment prospects. Negative life experiences, in turn,
directly affect how young people engage in and with time,
space, resources and identity formation. Besides that, lifestyle
is another concern. Both poverty and affluence can lead to
unhealthy lifestyles. Frustration, stress and depression, caused
by the lack of economic opportunity, may lead young people
to drug abuse [4]. A national survey of 6,110 Malaysian
youths [21] finds that the youth spend about 16.3 hours of their
leisure time, per week, loafing in shopping malls, parks, and
other entertainment outlets. Most of them come from families
with monthly income of less than USD350. The study further
reports that the youth admitted to having experienced smoking
cigarette, reading X-rated magazines, indulging in premarital
sex, savoring pornographic material, drinking alcohol and
abusing drugs.The insinuating report that moral decadence is
on the rise and that the lifestyle and values of youth are
threatening the core societal values created panic among the
Malaysian society. Reacting to the report, the government
announced the creation of Gaya Hidup Rakan Muda or
Lifestyle of the Young with tagline of Yakin Boleh (Yes We
Can!), which was meant not only to encourage the youth to
participate in healthy lifestyles in their leisure hours but also to
instill in them a sense of confidence, besides inculcating
good values, morals, norms and good behavior. The
Lifestyle of the Young program provided nine different
lifestyles for the youth to choose the way they prefer to spend
their leisure hour activities. The activities, which include
sports and recreational games, art of self-defense,
environmental
protection,
community
services,
entrepreneurship and vocational The Lifestyle of the Young
program provided nine different lifestyles for the youth to
choose the way they prefer to spend their leisure hour
activities. The activities, which include sports and recreational
games, art of self-defense, environmental protection,
community services, entrepreneurship and vocational skills,
were considered wide enough to attract the youth with diverse
interests. However, even after 15 years since the adoption of
Rakan Muda in 1995, not much did change. Instead,
incidences of drug abuse, HIV, sexual permissiveness,
dumping of babies by unmarried young couples, and illegal
motorcycle racing were on the increase.The adoption of
Malaysian Youth Action Plan in 2004 on the lines of the
United Nation’s World Programme of Action for Youth and
the passing of Youth Development Act by parliament in 2007
did not bring about the desired change in youth development,
especially in the youth of the marginalized community. One
possible reason why various programs that were aimed at
encouraging positive leisure hour activities failed to yield the
desired result could be their poor and inconsistent
implementation. For example, the programs failed to identify
their respective target groups. As such, in many instances,
marginalized communities were not given due priority despite
their higher risk of involvement in antisocial behavior. The
adoption of Malaysian Youth Action Plan in 2004 on the lines
of the United Nation’s World Programme of Action for Youth
and the passing of Youth Development Act by parliament in
2007 did not bring about the desired change in youth
development, especially in the youth of the marginalized
community. One possible reason why various programs that
were aimed at encouraging positive leisure hour activities
failed to yield the desired result could be their poor and
inconsistent implementation. For example, the programs failed
to identify their respective target groups. As such, in many
154
International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 6:3 2011
instances, marginalized communities were not given due
priority despite their higher risk of involvement in antisocial
behavior.This article explores, in the context of changing
landscape of the media, the patterns of leisure hour activities
among the youth of disadvantaged community. The study
proposes to address two basic questions in this regard: (1) Did
increased access to different media change the way the youth
in disadvantaged community spend their leisure activities? (2)
To what extent the changing pattern of leisure hours between
media time and active time is associated with antisocial
behavior of the youth.
Terrestrial television, satellite television and radio are
considered low-involvement media, because not much effort
and skills are required to remain engaged with them. On the
other hand, internet and newspaper are regarded as highinvolvement media, because a lot more effort and skills are
needed to be engaged with them.
TABLE 1
MEDIA TIME
TV
%
II. METHOD
Never
1-2 hrs
3-4 hrs
5-6 hrs
>6hrs
Mean
Male
Female
Questionnaires were administered to 672 youths, 15 to 25
year old, living in City Hall’s high-rise apartments in the
suburb of Kuala Lumpur. Majority of the apartment dwellers
were once squatters before they were relocated to the
apartments as part of the government redevelopment programs.
Data collection was done for two weeks from 15th to 30th
January, 2010. With regard to the demographic profiles of the
respondents, 59 percent of them were males and 47 percent
females. About 59 percent were 15 to 20 years old and the
remaining 41 percent 21 to 25 years. As regards their
academic qualification, 48 percent of them had lower
secondary qualification, and the remaining 52 percent upper
secondary qualification. The three main variables used in this
study are media time, active time, and antisocial behavior.
Media time was measured by questioning the respondents thus:
“How frequently in a week do you read/watch/surf the media,
such as newspaper, internet, terrestrial television, satellite
television, and radio?”
The respondents were given five
options to answer: ‘never’, ‘1-2 times’, ‘3-4 times’, ‘4-5
times’, ‘5-6 times’ and ‘more than 6 times’.Active time was
measured by asking the respondents the frequency of their
involvement in the following eight activities: volunteering in
community work, taking part in sports and cultural activities, ,
, involvement in religious, self-defence and environmentrelated programs and participating in the programs of youth
club and uniform bodies. To answer this, the respondents
were given five likert-typed responses: ‘never’, ‘1-2 times’, ‘34 times’, ‘5-6 times’ and ‘more than 6 times’.Antisocial
behaviors were activities that could lead to social ills as
perceived by the Malaysian public. Following are the eight
behaviors that were of concern to the Malaysians: cigarette
smoking, drug abusing, playing truant, alcohol drinking, illegal
motorcycle racing, vandalizing, viewing pornographic
materials, and loafing. The respondents were provided with
two options to answer: ‘Yes or ‘No’.Statistical analyses were
performed using the SPSS Windows computer software.
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected.
To test the relationships between gender, leisure hour activities
and antisocial behaviours, chi square contingency analyses
were used.
III. FINDINGS
10
31
24
15
20
3.04
3.01
3.08
Satellit
e TV
%
20
18
21
16
25
3.08
3.13
2.03
Internet
%
25
25
23
11
16
2.69
2.85
2.51
Newspap
er
%
14
59
12
7
8
2.36
2.35
2.38
Radio
%
8
38
25
13
16
2.91
2.99
3.05
Generally, the youth spend most of their free time watching
television programs either on terrestrial or satellite channels.
Since satellite television channels offered a wider selection of
80 channels, 41 percent of the respondents spent more than 5
hours in a week watching various programs, against 35 percent
who spent as much time in watching terrestrial channels (two
government-run channels, and four commercial channels). In
terms of gender, male respondents (M=3.13) tended to spend
more time with satellite channels than did the female
respondents (M=2.03). On the other hand, female respondents
(M=3.08) preferred terrestrial channels more than the male
respondents did (M=3.01). Radio was another low
involvement medium that attracted the young, particularly for
listening to music. Majority of the respondents (63 percent)
admitted to having spent about
1 to 4 hours in a week
listening to music over the radio, and only 29 percent more
than 5 hours. Female respondents (M=3.05) listened to radio
slightly more than did the male respondents (M=2.99).Young
generation is considered new to information and
communication technology. With internet offering multiple
usages, surfing the internet is fast becoming a favorite leisure
activity among the youth. Although only 27 percent of the
respondents spent more than five hours in a week surfing the
internet, it is catching up with the time spent on radio, and
even surpassed the time spent on reading newspaper. Majority
of the respondents (48 percent) were surfing the internet 1 to 4
hours in a week. In terms of gender, male respondents (M =
2.85) spent more time with internet than what the female
respondents did (M= 2.51). Respondents spent the least time
reading newspaper, because they consider the hard news
offered by the newspaper is not relevant to them. Only 15
percent spent more than five hours reading newspaper in a
week, whereas majority of them (59 percent) spent only 1-2
hours a week. Female respondents (M=2.38) spent slightly
more time than the time spent by male respondents (M=2.35).
Data for media time was further analyzed to determine whether
gender had any influence on preferences for media time.
Table I shows the summary of the time spent by the
respondents with different media during leisure hours.
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International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 6:3 2011
Table II shows significant association between gender and
time spent with internet (X2=20.12, p<0.05). Association with
the time spent on other media was not significant. The result
indicates that gender divide stills exist in the way the
respondents spend their leisure hours with the internet, but not
with the traditional mass media.
Terrestrial TV
Satellite TV
Internet
Newspaper
Radio
2 times, another 16 percent 3 to 4 times, and a smaller
percentage of 8 percent more than 6 times. Mean participation
was 2.36 by males and 2.12 by females.The next activity
where the youth of the disadvantaged community had higher
participation was the one organized by uniform bodies. About
15 percent of the respondents admitted to having participated
in those activities more than six times, but majority (28
percent) of them 1 to 2 times only. Female respondents
(M=2.55) participated more frequently than did the male
respondents (M=2.29).
Involvement in volunteering work could inculcate positive
values, especially in terms of contributing to society. Male
respondents (M=2.14) were more active in volunteering works
as compared to their female counterparts (M=1.91). Majority
of the respondents (42 percent) admitted to having participated
1-2 times in community volunteering work, and only 7 percent
more than 6 times. About 36 percent never participated in any
volunteering work.
Youth clubs were established to provide opportunities to
young people for spending their leisure hours positively. The
activities organized by the youth clubs included normally
training the participants in decision-making, leadership and
organizational skills.
Half of the respondents did not
participate in any activity organized by youth clubs in the last
six months. This is rather unfortunate because the government
spends a lot of money annually in sponsoring the activities of
the youth clubs. Among those who participated, only six
percent did so more than six times and about 29 percent only
once or twice. Again male respondents (M=2.08) participated
more frequently than did the female respondents (M=1.66).
Just as in youth club activity, about 50 percent of the
respondents did not participate in any cultural activity.
Cultural activity was meant not only to preserve the traditional
ways of life, but also to assist the younger generation in having
their own identity.
About 25 percent participated in the
cultural activities only once or twice during the last six
months, and another seven percent more than six times. Not
much difference was noted in terms of male (M=1.92) and
female (M=1.89) participation.
The art of self defense is another heritage that the current
generation wanted to pass on to the younger generation.
Unfortunately, as many as 55 percent of the respondents never
participated in any activity related to self defense. Male
respondents (M=2.12) participated more frequently than did
the female respondents (M=1.67). Only about eight percent
participated more than six times during the last months.
Majority (25 percent) of the respondents participated only
once or twice.
Table IV presents the results of cross-tabulation between
gender and active-time. Out of seven active- time activities,
five are found to have significant relationships with gender.
Gender is found to have had significant influence on
respondents’ participation in activities organized by youth
clubs (X2=26.35; p<0.01), uniform bodies (X2 = 19.83;
p<0.01), and religious organizations (X2=16.43; p<0.01). It is
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF CROSS-TABULATION
BETWEEN GENDER AND MEDIA TIME
Medium
Chi-square
3.89
1.66
20.12*
5.30
8.25
*Significant at p <0.01
Active time
Actives time is the time spent by participating in physical
activities ranging from volunteering to work in communities to
engaging in various sporting activities. Table 3 shows that
more respondents participated in sports, and in religious,
uniform bodies and volunteering activities as compared to
those who participated in youth club, cultural and art of selfdefence activities.
Sports are always associated with young people. They have
the energy and the endurance for physical challenges. This
study confirms sports as a popular leisure hour activity even
among the youth of the disadvantaged community. About 29
percent of the respondents admitted that they never
participated in sports for the last six months, whereas about 17
percent admitted that they participated more than 6 times, and
another 47 percent 1 to 4 times. By comparison, there should
be higher frequency for young people to participate in sports
activities. As expected, the male respondents (mean=2.38)
tended to participate more in sports than did the female
respondents (M=2.34).
Never
1-2
times
3-4
times
5-6
times
>6 times
Mean
Male
Female
TABLE III
ACTIVE TIME
Unif
Cult
Religio
orm
ural
us
bodi
activ activity
es
ity
%
%
%
34
50
32
28
26
37
Volu
ntary
work
%
Yout
h
clubs
%
Sport
s
%
Self
defense
%
36
42
50
29
29
27
55
20
13
11
16
14
16
20
11
3
5
7
3
8
8
5
7
2.03
2.14
1.91
6
1.89
2.08
1.66
15
2.41
2.29
2.55
7
1.91
1.92
1.89
8
2.24
2.36
2.12
17
2.17
2.78
2.34
8
1.91
2.12
1.67
Participation in activities organized by religious
organizations is the next popular leisure hour activity. About
32 percent of the respondents never participated in such
activity. Majority (37 percent) of them participated at least 1 to
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International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 6:3 2011
(Active-time and Media-time). It shows that active-time was
significantly associated with truancy (X2=7.52; p<0.05), drug
abuse (X2=6.70; p<0.05) and
illegal racing (X2=7.82;
p<0.05).
Media-time was significantly associated with
vandalism only (X2=7.62; p<0.05). The results highlight how
the way the youth spend their leisure activities influenced their
antisocial behavior. In this particular case, the involvement of
the youth in antisocial behavior was more because of nonparticipation in active time than in media-time.
also found to have significantly influenced respondents’
participation in sports (X2 =19.48; p<0.01) and self defense
activities (X2=25.38: p<0.01). The two active-time activities
that were not significantly influenced by gender are
involvement in volunteering work and cultural activities.
TABLE IV
SUMMARY OF CROSS-TABULATION
BETWEEN GENDER AND ACTIVE TIME
Chi-square
Voluntary work
8.81
Youth clubs
26.35*
Uniform bodies
19.83*
Cultural activities
6.08
Religious activities
16.43*
Sports
19.48*
Self defense
25.38*
TABLE VI
CROSS TABULATION BETWEEN
LEISURE HOURS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS
Antisocial behaviors
Active-time
Media-time
Smoking
.24 (ns)
4.05 (ns)
Playing truant
7.52*
1.44 (ns)
Drug abuse
6.70*
0.47 (ns)
Alcohol drinking
0.27 (ns)
2.19 (ns)
Illegal racing
7.82*
3.02 (ns)
Vandalism
0.53 (ns)
7.62*
Loafing
1.27 (ns)
0.03 (ns)
*Significant at p <0.01
*Significant at p <0.01
Antisocial behaviour
Table V shows that 66 percent of the respondents were
involved in smoking, 54 percent in playing truant and 61
percent in loafing. Smoking is the leading preventable cause
of death. The earlier one starts smoking, the more would be the
risk of disease. Playing truant was a dominant factor for
dropping out of school and for lower educational attainment.
Loafing is the unproductive use of leisure time. Participation
in all these major activities of antisocial behaviors could have
adverse effect on the well-being of the youth and their
transition to adulthood.
Yes
No
Mean
Male
Female
Smoki
ng
%
66
34
1.34
1.50
1.48
TABLE V
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS
Trua
Drug Alcoho
Illegal
nt
%
l
race
%
%
%
54
10
19
21
45
90
81
79
1.46
1.90
1.81
1.79
1.57
1.95
1.87
1.85
1.53
1.93
1.85
1.89
Vand
alism
%
23
77
1.77
1.71
1.85
IV.
CONCLUSION
The rich media environment that the present day youth
experience had changed their pattern of leisure activities
including that of the disadvantaged community. The time
spent with different media had become their main
preoccupation as compared to the time they spent in physical
activities. While television and radio remained their favourite
past time, surfing the internet is catching up as the second most
favourite media-time leisure hour activity. Disproving the
prevailing perception, this study reveals that spending more
time with the media is a good deterrent to wean away the youth
from antisocial behaviours. Physical activity which has now
become a less favoured leisure hour’s activity should be
encouraged because abstinence from such activity can push the
youth towards activities which can be detrimental to their
future development. A range of constructive opportunities for
meeting the leisure needs of the youth should be part of an
integrated urban development planning so as to give the urban
youth of the disadvantaged community an opportunity to
develop their true potential.
Loafin
g
%
61
39
1.30
1.80
1.39
Another major antisocial behavior associated with the
Malaysian youth was illegal motorcycle racing on public
roads, which in many instances proved dangerous to other road
users and bystanders. About 21 percent of the respondents
admitted that they were involved in such antisocial behaviors.
The youth were also associated with vandalism, an
irresponsible behavior that causes hardship to the general
public. Female respondents vandalized more than the male
respondents did. But, the act was not widespread as only 23
percent of the respondents were involved in it. Drug abuse and
alcohol drinking are the other issues of concern with the
young. However, only 10 percent of the respondents admitted
that they were involved in using drugs, and 19 percent in
drinking alcohol.Table 6 presents the cross tabulation between
antisocial behaviors and two categories of leisure times
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