Background Guide
JCC: Labor 2016
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
Table of Contents
Contact McKennaMUN
500 E. 9th St., Claremont, CA 91711
@gmail.com
Topic: Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Director: Michael Grouskay
A.1 Background: The Gilded Age
[email protected]
A.2 Issue Overview: Labor Unions
A.3 Conclusion
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
Director Letter
Director Letter
Hi committee members, my name is
Michael Grouskay, and I am a junior
studying
international
relations
at
Claremont McKenna. I have been a
member of Claremont McKenna’s Model
United Nations team since the beginning
of my sophomore year, and so far I have
had a great time being a part of the team
and competing at various conferences.
Last Spring I worked with McKennaMUN
as an assistant crisis director, but I am
looking forward to being a committee
Director this year.
relationship. Even though present day
America is for the most part postindustrial, questions of government
regulation, labor organization, and market
independence remain relevant. The
potential for massive accumulation of
wealth plays a role in driving creativity
and innovation; however, it is important to
ensure that the labor force receives a fair
compensation for its effort.
I wish you the best of luck as you
prepare, and I look forward to committee.
Sincerely,
Michael Grouskay
Model United Nations is one of my
favorite
extra-curricular
activities;
however, I have also done research for
professors, worked as the manager of the
Claremont McKenna Bike Shop, done
research for a think tank in Washington
DC, and studied abroad in the Middle
East. My interests include bike riding,
international politics, and Arizona history.
This is a very exciting and interesting
crisis topic. There is a fascinating
relationship between the free market and
government regulation, and with any
luck, this committee will be a useful (and
exciting) way to learn about the
challenges
of
moderating
this
2
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
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JCC: Labor Unions
Committee Introduction
Committee Introduction
Individually, you will be a part of the
organized labor committee, one of three
committees competing in the Gilded Age
crisis simulation of McKennaMUN 2016.
Together we will pass resolutions, and
implement strategies intended to secure
our interests in cooperation with (or
opposition to) the Robber Baron and
Government committees. Beginning just
before the Haymarket Riot 1885, this
committee will reflect the activities of the
labor
movement
in
its
various
manifestations up until McKinley’s
election in 1896.
and
assistance
from
the
Crisis
Directorate which will mediate external
events and direct interaction between the
three committees. Throughout the
simulation, you should feel free to contact
the Crisis Directorate via note for help
with personal plans, and requests for
clarification; their main job is to guide the
progression of the simulation, however
they will assist individuals as they see fit.
As this is a specialized crisis committee,
there is no direct analogy in the real
United Nations, and unlike the United
Nations, we will be working at a very fast
pace, making decisions that have
immediate,
tangible,
real-world
consequences. In practice, our operation
will much more closely resemble that of
the actual historical organized labor
movement: we will create our own
policies, and respond in real time to the
actions of the Government and Robber
Baron committees.
We will also receive guidance, direction,
3
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Background: The Gilded Age
Background: The Gilded Age
This section will provide a brief history of
the Gilded Age summarizing the era’s
economic, social, and political factors.
The term “Gilded Age” was coined by the
American author, Mark Twain in his 1873
book The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.1
The term describes the era in American
history spanning from the 1870s to
roughly 1900, which was characterized
by unprecedented economic, industrial,
and institutional growth. Over the course
of this era, the railroad, mining,
manufacturing, and finance sectors grew
as a result of several factors including
technological advances, infrastructure
development, and the US Government’s
policy of laissez-faire capitalism. As these
factors drove economic growth, US
Citizens saw an increase in wages;
according to economic historian Clarence
D. Long, there was an increase in the
real wage from $375 in 1870 to $395 in
1880 and to $519 in 1890.2 Despite wage
growth, the gilded age was characterized
by widespread inequality: most laborers
lived in poverty (exacerbated by financial
crises in 1873, and 1893) and faced
inhumane and unsafe working conditions.
“By the midpoint of the Gilded Age about
4000 families owed as much wealth as
4
the remaining 11.6 million. Two hundred
thousand individuals controlled between
70 and 80 percent of the nation's
property.”3
Poor working conditions in conjunction
with widespread poverty lead to
organized labor movements adopting an
important role in Gilded Age politics and
society. From the 1870s up until the
1890s, dozens of labor unions formed
across a wide range of industries. By
enabling workers to engage in collective
bargaining, these labor unions sought to
exert power and influence over
previously invulnerable business owners.
One of the union’s most powerful tools
was the strike: a period during which all
union members cease to work until the
union’s demand is met. Aside from being
able to orchestrate strikes, unions also
provided a forum for workers to achieve
their goals diplomatically by negotiating
with their employers without stopping
production.
Politically, the era was characterized by a
variety of different trends. Contrary to
what might be expected, voter turnout
during the Gilded Age was quite high - by
some estimates nearly 80 percent.4 The
political party system consisted of the
Republican and Democratic parties, with
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JCC: Labor Unions
Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Background: The Gilded Age
the Democratic Party continuing to
represent many of the Southern states
that had seceded during the Civil War.
Nonetheless, both parties saw significant
internal rifts appear during the Gilded
Age. Corruption in the Republican Party
resulted in a division into two different
ideological factions: the Stalwarts, who
were opposed to President Hayes’
attempts to curb institutional corruption,
and the Half Breeds, who supported
Hayes’ efforts.5 Within the democratic
party, there emerged the Bourbon
Democratic faction, which supported old
fashioned laissez-faire capitalism, while
maintaining support for civil service
reform
and
opposing
corruption,
imperialism, and the gold standard.6 One
of
the
most
important
political
developments of the era was the rise of
“political
machines”,
which
were
organized and systematic processes by
which constituents would support a
candidate in return for an expected
reward once that candidate had attained
office.7 Similar to political machines was
the development of the spoils system in
which government jobs and contracts
were distributed to those who had
supported a candidate's bid for office.
Also common during the Gilded Age was
outright bribery of public officials by
5
business owners; much of the period’s
industrial growth was sustained by the
government’s laissez-faire approach to
business regulation, and as a result,
bribery became a common solution to the
problem of government intervention.8
Demographically, the Gilded Age was
characterized by some of the highest
rates of immigration in the United States’
history.9 Throughout the late 19th century,
millions of immigrants, mostly from
Europe or China, came to the United
States in search of a higher quality of
life.10 These immigrants often came to the
United States with few skills, expecting to
earn a living working in manual industrial
labor. While European immigrants were
free to join unions, Chinese immigrants
were generally excluded. Furthermore,
Chinese laborers often faced intense
discrimination and opposition at the
hands of labor unions.11 By 1882, antiChinese sentiment was such that
congress passed the Chinese Exclusion
Act, which placed blanket prohibitions on
the immigration of unskilled Chinese
laborers.12
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
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JCC: Labor Unions
Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Issue Overview: Labor Unions
Labor Unions
One of the major catalysts of the labor
union movement in the United States
was the emergence of the railroad
industry. By the start of the 20th century
there were almost 20 different railway
unions or “brotherhoods” that had been
established. These railway brotherhoods
tended to be less radical than some of
the other organized labor groups that
emerged during the Gilded Age, working
as negotiators and advocates for
workers, and rarely engaging in direct
confrontation.
The first union to be founded in the
United States was the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen.
Established in 1863, the organization
originally acted as a catch-all, providing
insurance and benefits for all categories
of railway workers, regardless of
specialization. For much of its history, the
Brotherhood
was
known
for
its
preference for diplomacy over striking or
violence. In 1874, after the leader of the
organization criticized members of
another union for going on strike, upset
brotherhood members forced him to
resign, electing Peter M. Arthur as his
replacement.
Arthur
successfully
6
negotiated the first contract between a
union and a railway - Henry Vanderbilt’s
New York Central Railroad in 1875 - and
two years later, the organization
participated in the Great Railroad Strike
of 1877.13
The Order of Railway Conductors was
founded in 1868 in Illinois by railroad
conductors employed by the Illinois
Railroad and operated as an advocacy
operation both for conductors, and
railway engineers. Initially, however, the
brotherhood operated only to distribute
insurance and benefits to its members,
threatening to discharge any workers
who attempted to strike. Throughout the
1870s and early 1880s, this policy
earned the order the reputation of being
strikebreakers, and significantly reduced
its standing amongst other unions.14 In
1885, the Brotherhood of Railway
Conductors was formed as a rival
organization which allowed for strikes
and more confrontational responses to
the railroad industry. By 1888, the
American attorney Edgar C. Clarke, who
had been elected the Grand Senior
Conductor of the order, began to
reconsider the organization's policy on
striking.15 This improved the order's
relations with other unions, and ultimately
resulted in the Order of Railway
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Labor Unions
Conductors and the Brotherhood of
Railway Conductors merging to become
one organization.16
In 1873, the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen was founded as an offshoot of
the
Brotherhood
of
Locomotive
17
Engineers and Trainmen. Initially, the
purpose of the organization was to
provide life and disability insurance to
firemen, as their duties were among the
most demanding and dangerous in the
railroad industry. With premiums of 50
cents per member, the families of railroad
firemen who had lost their lives were
eligible to receive benefits payments of
up to $1,500.18 The Brotherhood of
Locomotive Firemen was known as being
one of the most secretive labor unions of
the era: members were organized into
lodges - fraternal organizations that met
and conducted business in great secrecy.
Like many other labor unions, the
organization engaged in racial and
gender discrimination, excluding women,
and all non-whites from membership. The
first president of the Brotherhood of
Locomotive firemen was Frank P.
Sargent, an Army veteran who held on to
the position well into the 20th century.
Also prominent in the organization’s
leadership was Eugene V. Debs, who
7
held the position of Grand Secretary and
treasurer.19 Early in his tenure, Debs
discovered that the previous treasurer
had embezzled the organization into
$6,000 of debt, and saved the
organization by financing a loan on his
own credit. Although he began his career
with the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen, Debs ultimately played a major
role as both a labor leader, and ultimately
as member of the Socialist Party of
America.20
The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
(originally called the Brotherhood of
Railroad Brakemen) was established in
New York in 1883. In part, the
organization’s founding was a response
to the fact that brakemen faced some of
the most dangerous working conditions in
the railroad industry.21 Throughout much
of the 1880s, the Brotherhood acted
mainly to provide insurance and benefits
for its members, only occasionally
playing a role in negotiating with railroad
owners. Additionally, the Brotherhood
provided social services for its members,
implementing education programs, and
helping to resolve internal disputes.22
Membership in the brotherhood excluded
non-whites; however, the organization
was the first railroad brotherhood to allow
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Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Labor Unions
women to participate through the Ladies
Auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen.23 In 1889, Patrick Morrissey
was elected Vice-Grand Master of the
organization. Throughout the period of
his leadership, Morrissey played an
important role in helping the brotherhood
to expand, by shoring up its finances,
and building relationships with other
unions.24
One of the first labor unions to come into
being was known as the Knights of
Labor. Founded by Uriah Stephens in
1869, the Knights of Labor had 100,000
members by 1884, originally gaining its
popularity acting as a representative for
Pennsylvania coal miners.25 Initially, the
organization disapproved of striking
calling it a “relic of barbarism”, but
especially under the leadership of
Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of
Labor became known for using a range of
political and social measures (including
strikes) in order to achieve their goals.26
The Knights of Labor sought several
different institutional changes including
the implementation of the 8 hour
workday, the end of child and convict
labor, and a progressive taxation
system.27 Among the Knights of Labor’s
many contributions to the labor
8
movement was the organization’s
frequent use of music and poetry as a
means of generating support and building
cohesion.28 Although the Knights of Labor
attempted to avoid internal division, in the
early 1880s, many members of the
organization became followers of the
American political economist Henry
George, who believed that people own
the value of their own creation and that
profits from land ownership should be
equally
distributed
throughout
a
29
community. Throughout the Knights of
Labor’s existence, the organization
remained fundamentally opposed to
Chinese membership and labor interests,
and in 1885, the organization was
implicated in a series of anti-Chinese
riots known as the Rock Springs
massacre which left 28 Chinese
immigrants
dead.
In
1886,
the
organization
was
among
several
members of the organized labor
community that were widely considered
to have been responsible for a bombing
in Haymarket Square, Chicago, which
killed
both
police
officers
and
30
protesters. By the early 1890s, the
Haymarket Bombing in combination of
the Panic of 1893 resulted in the Knights
of Labor losing momentum, and
ultimately disappearing.
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Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Labor Unions
By 1886, a second major labor union, the
American Federation of Labor, had
become an influential member of the
organized
labor
movement.
The
American Federation of Labor was
founded in Columbus, Ohio by Samuel
Gompers as a splinter of the Knights of
Labor after the Knights of Labor
leadership became entangled in a
scandal surrounding the Cigar Makers’
International Union.31 The American
Federation of Labor established a percapita tax on its members, and a
governing system based on an annual
election system. Samuel Gompers, who
remained the democratically elected
president of the organization throughout
most of its history elected to use preexisting journals in order to publish his
opinions, which often included criticism of
other members of the organized labor
movement such as the Knights of
Labor.32 According to the American
Federation
of
Labor’s
founding
convention, "higher wages and a shorter
workday" were "preliminary steps toward
great and accompanying improvements
in the condition of the working people.“33
Ideals such as these were generally
prioritized over partisan politics. As a
result, the pragmatic nature of the
organization was instrumental in directing
its focus towards the improvements of
9
working conditions and compensation.
Ultimately the American Federation of
Labor believed that expansion and
adaptation of the American capitalist
financial system (rather than its
destruction) was the best way to
advocate for worker rights.34 Like the
Knights of Labor, the American
Federation of Labor espoused racist
sentiment, discriminating against black
workers,
and
opposing
Chinese
immigration to the United States.35
Among the labor unions that emerged
during the Gilded Age, the American
Federation of Labor was one of the most
long-lived, lasting well into the 20th
century.
Also in 1886 was the emergence of the
Order of Railroad Telegraphers; in June
of that year in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
representatives
of
the
railroad
telegrapher’s of the United States’ largest
railroads met to form the organization
under the leadership of Ambrose D.
Thurston.36 Initially the union intended to
operate as a fraternal organization,
establishing a policy that forbade its
workers from striking under most
circumstances. By the beginning of the
1890s, the union’s membership had
grown to almost 10,000 members and the
organization had begun to revise its
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pacifist policy, advocating more
aggressively for worker wages and rights.
From 1890 to 1892, the union’s efforts in
conjunction with favorable economic
conditions resulted in agreements being
signed with six separate railroad
companies. By the time of the Panic of
1893, however, these gains had been
reversed as a result of railroad
companies seeking to cut costs. In
November of that year, the Order of
Railroad Telegraphers (as well as several
other railway unions) came into conflict
with the Lehigh Valley Railroad,
ultimately settling the dispute through an
arbitration process.37 Finally, the union
began to lose many of its members to the
American Railway Union after its leaders
refused to express sympathy with the
workers of the Pullman Strike in 1894.38
In 1888, the International Association of
Machinists was founded by former
Knights of Labor Member, Thomas
Talbott, a railroad machinist.39 Among
the
organization’s
objectives
was
resistance to wage cuts, universal
unemployment and accident insurance,
and widespread recognition of railroad
machinists for their skill and talent.
Defining
characteristics
of
the
International Association of Machinists
were its racism and secrecy; only whites
10
were allowed to join, and the organization
relied on secret greetings and phrases in
order to prevent infiltration.40 As a result
of its exclusionary policies, the American
Federation of Labor refused to accept the
organization as a charter member,
nonetheless, by 1891, the International
Association of Machinists had grown to
include 189 different local lodges.41
Another important organized labor force
to emerge during the Gilded Age was the
Western Federation of Miners. The
organization was founded by in Butte,
Montana in 1893, and organized miners
against both employers and government
regulators. The federation merged
several pre-existing mining unions who
were looking to escape the harsh working
conditions
created
by
mining
corporations. According to historians
Fred W. Thompson and Patrick Murfin,
The Western Federation of Miners was frontier
unionism, the organization of workers who had
become "wage slaves" of mining corporations
rather recently acquired by back-east absentee
ownership. They built their union when they
were not yet "broken in" to the discipline of
business management. [The WFM] had the
militancy of the undisciplined recruits ... From
the founding of the Western Federation in 1893,
its story for twelve years is that of a continuous
search for solidarity.42
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Topic : Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Labor Unions
The history of the Western Federation of
Miners was characterized by frequent
outbreaks of violence and hostility. Even
the organization’s inception was the
result of violence in 1892 between miners
in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho and their
employers; after security guards killed
five strikers, the miners banded together,
disarming
guards
and
expelling
strikebreakers. The federal government’s
response was to send in the military,
which declared martial law, arresting the
strikers, and holding them in jail without
declaring any formal charges.43 In 1894,
the organization again encountered
violence in Cripple Creek, Colorado when
mine owners attempted to force miners to
work a 10 hour workday. When protests
were ignored, the miners escalated
tensions
by
dynamiting
critical
infrastructure and requesting that workers
from nearby mines come to assist with
the strike. This prompted the local county
sheriff to request the assistance of the
state militia, which arrived in the form of
several thousand troops. Over the next
several months, Cripple Creek was a
scene of chaos, as fighting broke out
between mine owners, workers, and
townspeople. Ultimately tensions were
defused when workers and mine owners
successfully negotiated a return to the
eight hour workday at the original wage
11
level of $3 per day.44
In 1893, railroad workers banded
together under the leadership of Eugene
V. Debs to form what ultimately became
the largest railway union of its time, the
American Railway Union.45 By August of
that year, the organization had engaged
in what became known as the Great
Northern Railway Strike after the Great
Northern Railway dramatically cut the
wages of its workers. Unlike several
previous strikes, the Great Northern
Railway Strike was settled after 18 days
through an arbitration process in favor of
the railway workers.46 By 1894, the
American Railway Union again found
itself engaged in a strike, this time
against the Pullman Palace Car
Company after workers banded together
in
opposition
to
the
company’s
exploitation of workers through its
company policy of forcing workers to
conduct transactions only within the
company store.47 According to Debs,
"I found that the wages and expenses of the
employees were so adjusted that every dollar
the employees earned found its way back into
the Pullman coffers; that they were not only not
getting wages enough to live on, but that they
were daily getting deeper into the debt of the
Pullman company; that it was impossible for
many of them to leave there at all... Wages had
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been reduced, but the expenses remained the
same, and no matter how offensive the
conditions where they were compelled to submit
to them.48
As it had done during the Great Northern
Railway Strike, the American Railway
Union attempted to bring the Pullman
Company into arbitration; however,
company leaders refused. As the strike
wore on, the Pullman Company was able
to exploit the fact that Pullman Railroad
cars were used to carry U.S. Mail in order
to attain an injunction which prohibited
the American Railway Union from
coordinating the strike’s logistics. This
was shortly followed by an executive
order from President Cleveland which
ordered 20,000 troops to assist in
restoring order: a development that
ultimately brought the strike to an end. As
a result of the strike, Eugene Debs and
other leaders of the American Railway
Union were arrested and found guilty of
conspiring to prevent the delivery of mail
in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.49
In 1890, the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers (also known as the
Electrical Wiremen and Linemen’s Union
and the National Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers) was founded in St.
Louis, Missouri.50 The Union’s first
12
president, Henry Miller was known for
his fiery speeches advocating for
widespread unionization. According to
the brotherhood’s original constitution,
The objects of the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers are: to organize all workers in
the entire electrical industry in the United States
and Canada, including all those in public utilities
and electrical manufacturing, into local unions;
to promote reasonable methods of work; to
cultivate feelings of friendship among those in
our industry; to settle all disputes between
employers and employees by arbitration (if
possible); to assist each-other in sickness and
distress; to secure employment; to reduce the
hours of daily labor; to secure adequate pay for
our work; to seek a higher and higher standard
of living; to seek security for the individual; and
by legal and proper means to elevate the moral,
intellectual and social conditions of our
members, their families and dependents, in the
interest of a higher standard of citizenship.51
Although the organization was originally
financed with a $100 loan from a small
St. Louis bank, the union had begun to
sustain its own finances within a year of
its creation, receiving a charter from the
American Federation of Labor, and
publishing a journal, The Electrical
Worker.52
Another important union that was
founded during the Gilded Age was the
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National Association of Letter Carriers.53
Established in 1889, the organization
represented letter carriers within the
United States Postal Service, and had a
close relationship with the Civil War
veterans group, the Grand Army of the
Republic. In 1889, William Wood was
elected as the union’s first president, and
by 1890, the union represented 52 local
branches and 4,600 individuals.54 One of
the biggest complications faced by the
National Association of Letter Carriers
related to its ability to organize strikes.
Because of the importance of mail
delivery, the government strictly regulated
the ability of postal service workers to go
on strike. Consequently, the National
Association of Letter Carriers generally
preferred to negotiate diplomatically with
the federal government. In fact, the
union’s only strike, in 1970, resulted in
President Nixon ordering US soldiers to
deliver mail.55
For metal workers, the Sheet Metal
Workers’ International Association was
founded by Robert Kellerstrass in Ohio,
1887. Prior to the union’s creation,
Kellerstrass had worked as the secretary
of a successful local union, the Tin and
Cornice Makers Association. Kellerstrass
and other delegates from several other
eastern states hoped to grow the union to
13
national
prominence.
The
union’s
activities included advocating for safer
working
conditions
and
better
compensation for workers; employers
during this time period tended to cut their
own costs at the expense of workers In
1889, the union became a charter of the
American Federation of Labor; however,
when the union went bankrupt as a result
of the Panic of 1893, the charter was
revoked. Although the union preferred to
engage diplomatically with business
owners, its members were frequently
intimidated by armed guards that sought
to curb the organization’s power.56
The last union to be included in this guide
is the United Brotherhood of Carpenters
and Joiners of America. The organization
was founded in Chicago in 1881 by Peter
J. McGuire, and Gustav Luebkert, two
carpenters who hoped to establish a
means of collective bargaining for other
practitioners of their trade.57 Using their
nationally distributed magazine The
Carpenter, the brotherhood advocated for
better working conditions and higher pay.
In 1886, the union engaged in a strike in
an effort to persuade businesses to adopt
the eight hour workday. Nonetheless, the
strike proved to be a failure, with police
killing two strikers in Chicago. These
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deaths lead to the Haymarket Riot, which
occurred on the following day.58 Despite
its early challenges, the organization had
grown to 50,000 members by 1890.59 The
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and
Joiners of America was one of the only
unions of the era to extend membership
to both blacks and whites; however,
many local chapters maintained a policy
of segregation up until 1963.60
Conclusion
Ultimately the Gilded Age was a time of
major transformation within American
society.
Although
the
era
was
characterized
by
unprecedented
economic and institutional growth, this
growth often came at the expense of the
average worker. Fortunately (at least
ostensibly) the labor force was able to
influence business owners to go beyond
direct profit considerations through
collective bargaining (unions). Whether
by negotiating, striking, or violence,
workers repeatedly found ways to
advance their own interests. As you use
this guide to prepare for the conference, I
urge you to do several things. First, you
should consider the role of your assigned
character in conjunction with the other
labor leaders mentioned in the previous
14
section - who are your natural allies, and
with whom might you have a more
strained relationship? Second, (where
possible) you should conduct your own
research - use the sources provided in
this guide or visit any number of websites
that contain information about the Gilded
Age. Third, although basic information
pertaining to the other two committees
will be provided during the conference,
do research to build your understanding
here as well. Good luck preparing, and I
look forward to committee!
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
References
1Mark
Twain, The Gilded Age: A Tale of
Today.
2Clarence D. Long, Wages and Earnings
in the United States, 1860-1890 (NBER,
1960) p 144.
3Fraser, Steve. The Age of Acquiescence:
The Life and Death of American
Resistance to Organized Wealth and
Power
4James Q. Wilson; John J. Diiulio, Jr.;
Meena Bose, American Government:
Institutions and Policies. Cengage
Learning. p. 190.
5Stalwart (American political faction),
Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
Britannica.com. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
6Hans Sperber; Travis Trittschuh,
American Political Terms: An Historical
Dictionary, Detroit: Wayne State
University Press, 1962.
7William Safire, "Machine politics".
Safire's Political Dictionary (First ed.).
Random House. pp. 391–392.
8George Brown Tindall; David Shi,
America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth
Edition), W. W. Norton & Company.
9Ibid.
10Ibid.
11Ibid.
12Ibid.
13Samuel P. Orth, The Armies of Labor,
Volume 40.
15
www.gutenberg.org/files/3038/3038h/3038-h.htm
14Estelle May Stewart, Handbook of
American trade-unions: 1936 edition.
https://books.google.com/books?id=iCG
WrdBpT_8C&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&
f=false
15Mr. Clark's Qualifications, New York
Times, October 1902.
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=9B00EEDE1F3BE733A257
54C1A9669D946397D6CF
16Estelle May Stewart, Handbook of
American trade-unions: 1936 edition.
https://books.google.com/books?id=iCG
WrdBpT_8C&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&
f=false
17Paul Michel Taillon, Good, Reliable,
White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods,
1877-1917. Urbana, IL: University of
Illinois Press, 2009; pg. 18.
18Ibid.
19Ibid.
20Ibid.
21Guide to the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen Records. Kheel Center for
Labor-Management Documentation and
Archives, Cornell University Library.
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldoc
s/KCL05149.html
22Ibid.
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
References
23Joshua
Benjamin Freeman, In Transit:
The Transport Workers Union in New
York City, 1933-1966.
https://books.google.com/books?id=urnIz
RzjiNUC&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=fa
lse
24Patrick H. Morrissey, Bloomington &
Normal Trades & Labor Assembly.
https://web.archive.org/web/2010112004
5257/http://bntrades.org/news.php?id=6
25 Knights of Labor, Dictionary of
American History, 2003.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Knight
s_of_Labor.aspx
26Craig Phelan, Grand Master Workman:
Terence Powderly and the Knights of
Labor, 1958. https://goo.gl/SA1QSN
27Ibid.
28Ibid.
29Ibid.
30Ibid.
31Samuel Gompers (1850 - 1924), AFLCIO Website.
http://www.aflcio.org/About/OurHistory/Key-People-in-LaborHistory/Samuel-Gompers-1850-1924
32 Ibid.
33 American Federation of Labor: History,
Encyclopedia, Reference Book, Volume
1, American Federation of Labor, 1919.
https://goo.gl/9mM3fI
34Ibid.
35Ibid.
16
36Archibald
M.McIsaac, The Order of
Railroad Telegraphers: A Study in Trade
Unionism and Collective Bargaining.
Princeton, 1933, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
37The Lehigh Valley Strike, Railroad
Telegrapher, vol. 9, no. 25, December 15,
1893, 518.
38Archibald M.McIsaac, The Order of
Railroad Telegraphers: A Study in Trade
Unionism and Collective Bargaining.
Princeton, 1933, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
39History of the IAM, International
Association of Machinists and Aerospace
Workers Website.
http://www.goiam.org/index.php/headqua
rters/history-of-the-iam
40Southern Labor Archives: Archives of
the International Association of
Machinists and Aerospace Workers:
History of the IAM, Georgeia State
University Library,
http://research.library.gsu.edu/IAMAWCol
lections
41Ibid.
42Thompson, Fred W. and Murfin, Patrick.
The IWW: Its First Seventy Years.
Chicago: Industrial Workers of the World,
1976, p. 9
43Michael P. Malone; William L. Lang,
The Battle for Butte, 2006.
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
McKennaMUN 2016
JCC: Labor Unions
References
44The
Battle of Cripple Creek, AFL-CIO
Website, accessed 02/07/2016.
http://www.aflcio.org/About/OurHistory/Key-Events-in-Labor-History/TheBattle-of-Cripple-Creek
45Gene Debs and the American Railway
Union, Illinois Labor History Society,
www.illinoislaborhistory.org/articles/224gene-debs-and-the-american-railwayunion.html
46Ibid.
47Ibid.
48Debs, "Testimony of Eugene V. Debs,"
pg. 130
49Gene Debs and the American Railway
Union, Illinois Labor History Society,
www.illinoislaborhistory.org/articles/224gene-debs-and-the-american-railwayunion.html
501890-1897 The Dream is Born.
http://home.earthlink.net/~local1613/IBE
W_history.html
51Henry Miller, International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers website, accessed
02/07/2016.
http://www.ibew.org/articles/01daily/0107/
010711.htm
52Ibid.
53About the NALC, NALC Website,
accessed 02/02/2016.
https://www.nalc.org/about/ourhistory/carriers-in-a-common-cause
54 1889-1901 The NALC is Born, National
17
Association of Letter Carriers.
https://www.nalc.org/about/facts-andhistory/body/1889-1901.pdf
55No Negotiations Yet, Says Nixon,
Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 23,
1970. pp. 1 & 2
56A History of the Sheet Metal, Air, Rail,
and Transportation Workers' International
Association: From SMWIA to SMART,
Sheet Metal, Air, Rail, and Transportation
Workers' International Association
website.
http://www.smwia.org/LinkClick.aspx?filet
icket=Y2avo1G%2b1XA%3d&tabid=494
&mid=855
571881–1900: Born from Many Voices,
UBC History, United Brotherhood of
Carpenters website, accessed
02/07/2016.
https://www.carpenters.org/Todays_UBC
_Top_Nav/History_copy1/18811900_copy1.aspx
58Our Story......as far as we can tell,
Carpenters Local Union 58 website,
accessed 02/07/2016.
http://www.carpenterslocalunion58.org/A
bout-Us.html
59Walter Galenson, The United
Brotherhood of Carpenters: The First
Hundred Years, 1983.
https://goo.gl/NnWtZ9
60Ibid.
McKennaMUN 2016 JCC Labor Unions Background Guide
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