Introduction to Music
Review
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Johann Sebastian Bach
Baroque Suite
Chorale and Church Cantata
Organ Music
George Frideric Handel
Oratorio
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
French Revolution—1789
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
French Revolution—1789
Napoleon: first French consul—1799
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
French Revolution—1789
Napoleon: first French consul—1799
Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
French Revolution—1789
Napoleon: first French consul—1799
Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815
Goethe: Faust—1808
Classical Music
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Seven Years’ War—1756–1763
Louis XVI in France—1774–1792
Am. Declaration of Independence—1776
French Revolution—1789
Napoleon: first French consul—1799
Napoleonic Wars—1803–1815
Goethe: Faust—1808
Austin: Pride and Prejudice—1813
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Undermining of traditional authority
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Undermining of traditional authority
Age of Enlightenment
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Undermining of traditional authority
Age of Enlightenment
Rise of the middle class worker
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Undermining of traditional authority
Age of Enlightenment
Rise of the middle class worker
Visual arts moved away from the ornate
Baroque style
Classical Music
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Scientific advances changed world view
Faith in the power of reason
Undermining of traditional authority
Age of Enlightenment
Rise of the middle class worker
Visual arts moved away from the ornate
Baroque style
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Favored light colors, curved lines, and
graceful ornaments
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
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C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Transition to Period—1730–1770
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C.P.E. and J.C. Bach: early pioneers
Concentrated on simplicity and clarity
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity
Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity
Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal
Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or
popular
Classical Music
Classical Style
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Term “Classical”—
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Greek and Roman antiquity
Supreme accomplishment of lasting appeal
Anything that is not rock, jazz, folk, or
popular
Music and visual arts stress balance and
clarity of structure
Classical Music
Three main composers:
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Flexibility of Rhythm
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Flexibility of Rhythm
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Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Flexibility of Rhythm
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Texture
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Contrast of Mood
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Flexibility of Rhythm
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Contrasts both between & within movements
Multiple rhythmic patterns for variety
Texture
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Mostly homophonic, but with frequent shifts
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Composers borrowed popular tunes
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics
Use of gradual dynamic changes
Classical Music
Characteristics of the Classical Style
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Melody
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Tuneful, easy to remember
Composers borrowed popular tunes
Dynamics
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Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics
Use of gradual dynamic changes
Related to development of the piano—soft/loud
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of
four sections
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of
four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos,
double bass
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of
four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos,
double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets,
bassoons
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of
four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos,
double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets,
bassoons
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Brass: 2 each—French horns, trumpets
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Increase in size of orchestra—standard group of
four sections
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Strings: first & second violins, violas, cellos,
double bass
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Woodwinds: 2 each—flutes, oboes, clarinets,
bassoons
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Brass: 2 each—French horns, trumpets
Percussion—2 timpani
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Each section had a special role
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking
the melody
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking
the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking
the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone
Horns & trumpets brought power to loud
passages
Classical Music
The Classical Orchestra
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Composers exploited individual tone colors
Each section had a special role
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Strings most important with violins taking
the melody
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Woodwinds added contrasting tone
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Timpani used for rhythmic bite & emphasis
Horns & trumpets brought power to loud
passages
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several
movements that contrast in tempo & character
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several
movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several
movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast
Second movement—slow
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several
movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast
Second movement—slow
Third movement—dance related
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Instrumental works consist of several
movements that contrast in tempo & character
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First movement—fast
Second movement—slow
Third movement—dance related
Fourth movement—Fast
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Theme and Variations
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Theme and Variations
Sonata
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Theme and Variations
Sonata
Minuet and Trio
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Theme and Variations
Sonata
Minuet and Trio
Rondo
Classical Music
Classical Forms
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Movements might use different forms
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ABA
Theme and Variations
Sonata
Minuet and Trio
Rondo
Movements often contrast themes vividly
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic
family
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic
family
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Mozart: began at court, broke away, died
poor
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Changing society affected musicians
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Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic
family
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Mozart: began at court, broke away, died
poor
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Beethoven: successful as an independent
musician
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic
pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic
pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with
middle class purchasing tickets
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic
pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with
middle class purchasing tickets
Demand for printed music, instruments &
music lessons
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic
pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with
middle class purchasing tickets
Demand for printed music, instruments &
music lessons
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Composers wrote music that would sell
Classical Music
Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period
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Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic
pleasures (theatre, literature, music)
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Public concerts became common, with
middle class purchasing tickets
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Demand for printed music, instruments &
music lessons
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Composers wrote music that would sell
Serious compositions flavored by folk and
popular music
Classical Music
Vienna in the 18th Century
Classical Music
Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
Classical Music
Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
Musicians came to study and be recognized
Classical Music
Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
Musicians came to study and be recognized
Aristocrats wintering there would bring their
orchestras
Classical Music
Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
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Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven,
frequently played gigs in wealthy homes
Musicians came to study and be recognized
Aristocrats wintering there would bring their
orchestras
Classical Music
Vienna
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Became the musical capital of Europe
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Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven,
frequently played gigs in wealthy homes
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Many musicians also worked in serenading
street bands
Musicians came to study and be recognized
Aristocrats wintering there would bring their
orchestras
Classical Music
Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Classical Music
Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again
Classical Music
Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again
Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea
Classical Music
Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
Basic idea repeated again and again
Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea
Each variation is about the same length as
the original idea
Classical Music
Theme and Variations
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Single part form—no contrasting “B” section
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(A A’ A’’ A’’’…)
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Basic idea repeated again and again
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Variations may alter melody, harmony,
rhythm, dynamics, timbre, or all of these
Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea
Each variation is about the same length as
the original idea
Classical Music
Haydn: Symphony No. 94 “Surprise”, Mvt. 2
Classical Music
Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance
of the Baroque
Classical Music
Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance
of the Baroque
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Each ternary part is itself ternary:
Minuet
Trio Minuet
A
B
A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music
Minuet and Trio
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Ternary form based upon stately court dance
of the Baroque
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Each ternary part is itself ternary:
Minuet
Trio Minuet
A
B
A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
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Return of the Minuet is usually marked on
the music as da capo
Classical Music
Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3
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Minuet and Trio Form
Minuet
A
Trio
B
Minuet
A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music
Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. 3
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Minuet and Trio Form
Minuet
A
Trio
B
Minuet
A
||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ ||
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections
A B A C A (small rondo)
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections
A B A C A (small rondo)
A B A C A B A (large rondo)
Classical Music
Rondo
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Features a tuneful main theme that returns
over and over
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Lively, pleasing and simple to remember
Main theme alternates contrasting sections
A B A C A (small rondo)
A B A C A B A (large rondo)
Note similarity to modern Pop music forms
Classical Music
Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4
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Fourth movement, Rondo
Classical Music
Beethoven: String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4
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Fourth movement, Rondo
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections
Exposition
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections
Exposition
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Initial statement of first and second themes
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Refers to form of a single movement
Ternary form (A B A)—three main sections
Exposition
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Initial statement of first and second themes
Entire section usually repeated
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Themes broken into fragments—motives
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Resolution of tension
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Tension building section
Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Resolution of tension
Re-statement of first and second themes
Classical Music
Sonata Form
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Development
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Themes broken into fragments—motives
Recapitulation
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Tension building section
Resolution of tension
Re-statement of first and second themes
Often concludes with a “tag” or tail—Coda
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition
Development
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
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Sonata Form
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Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Coda
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
Classical Music
Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Mvt
Looking Ahead
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Classical Symphony
Classical Concerto
Classical Chamber Music
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven