AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1 Answer Key 1. C 2

AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
$3(XURSHDQ+LVWRU\&RPSUHKHQVLYH([DP
$QVZHU.H\
&
'
&
%
(
(
%
'
$
'
$
'
(
%
&
%
$
&
(
&
$
%
(
$
'
%
(
(
$
(
%
'
'
$
'
&
'
$
(
&
'
&
(
&
(
&
%
%
$
&
&
%
'
$
(
'
$
$
%
%
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϭͲ '
%
$
(
%
'
(
&
%
'
%
$
(
%
'
&
$
&
(
$
AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
'LDJQRVWLF
'LUHFWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJEUHDNGRZQPD\EHXVHIXOIRUDVVHVVLQJDUHDVRIUHODWLYHZHDNQHVV
DQGVWUHQJWKIRUPDWHULDOEHWZHHQDQGWKHSUHVHQW7KHUHLVVRPHRYHUODSDVDIHZTXHVWLRQV
ILWLQWRPXOWLSOHFDWHJRULHV
8QLW
4XHVWLRQ1XPEHUV
5HQDLVVDQFH
([SDQVLRQ&RPPHUFLDO5HYROXWLRQ
1HZ0RQDUFKV([SORUDWLRQ
5HIRUPDWLRQ
5HOLJLRXV:DUV
$EVROXWLVP
&RQVWLWXWLRQDOLVP
6FLHQWLILF5HYROXWLRQ(QOLJKWHQPHQW
$WODQWLF7UDGH0HUFDQWLOLVPWK
&HQWXU\6RFLHW\
)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDQG1DSROHRQ
,QGXVWULDO5HYROXWLRQ
8UEDQL]DWLRQWKF6RFLHW\
3ROLWLFV
,PSHULDOLVP
:RUOG:DU,5XVVLDQ5HYROXWLRQ
$JHRI$Q[LHW\,QWHUZDU3HULRG
7RWDOLWDULDQLVP
:RUOG:DU7ZR
&ROG:DUDQG1DWLRQDOLVP
(FRQRPLF5HFRYHU\DQG8QLW\6RFLHW\ Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϮͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
([SODQDWLRQV
7KH:DURIWKH5RVHVZDVVLJQLILFDQWEHFDXVHLW&led to the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
7KHYLFWRU\RIWKH+RXVHRI<RUNRYHUWKH+RXVHRI/DQFDVWHUSDYHGWKHZD\IRUWKH
DVFHQVLRQRI+HQU\9,,7XGRUWRWKH(QJOLVKWKURQHLQWKHODWHILIWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KH:DU
RIWKH5RVHVZDVHVVHQWLDOO\DFLYLOZDUEHWZHHQWZRQREOHIDPLOLHVY\LQJIRUWKH(QJOLVK
WKURQH(Unit 1.3, p. 3)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJIDPLOLHVOHGWKHFLW\VWDWHRI0LODQLQWKHODWHILIWHHQWKFHQWXU\
DQGVRXJKWLPSURYHGUHODWLRQVZLWKWKHFLW\VWDWHVRI9HQLFHDQG)ORUHQFH"(Sforza
0LODQZDVDSULQFLSDODGYHUVDU\RI9HQLFHDQG)ORUHQFHXQWLOWKH3HDFHRI/RGL
FUHDWHGDUHODWLYH\HDUSHULRGRISHDFHDPRQJWKH,WDOLDQFLW\VWDWHV7KHPRVWSRZHUIXO
0LODQHVHOHDGHUGXULQJWKLVSHULRGZDV/XGLYRFR³WKH0RRU´(Unit 1.2, p. 2)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRIRXQGHG3ODWR¶V$FDGHP\LQ)ORUHQFHDQGZDVDQH[SHUWRQ
*UHHNSKLORVRSK\DQG1HRSODWRQLVP"$Marsiglio Ficino2QHRIWKHPRVWLQIOXHQWLDO
KXPDQLVWSKLORVRSKHUVRIWKHILIWHHQWKFHQWXU\)LFLQRIRXQGHGWKH3ODWRQLF$FDGHP\DWWKH
EHKHVWRI&RVLPRGH¶0HGLFLLQWKHV7KLVQHZLQVWLWXWLRQVHUYHGWRVSUHDGWKHZRUNV
DQGSKLORVRSK\RI3ODWRWKURXJKRXWPXFKRI(XURSH)LFLQRWUDQVODWHG3ODWR¶VZRUNVLQWR
/DWLQJLYLQJPRGHUQ(XURSHDQVDFFHVVWRWKHVHZRUNVIRUWKHILUVWWLPH(Unit 1.2, p. 6)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVLVWUXHFRQFHUQLQJWKH$QDEDSWLVWVRIWKHVL[WHHQWK
FHQWXU\"'They believed in a strong voluntary association of believers with no
connection to any state. 7KH$QDEDSWLVWVUHMHFWHGVHFXODUDJUHHPHQWVUHIXVHGWRWDNHFLYLO
RDWKVSD\WD[HVKROGSXEOLFRIILFHRUVHUYHLQWKHPLOLWDU\7KH\GLGQRWEHOLHYHLQ
FKLOGKRRGEDSWLVPEHOLHYLQJWKDWRQO\DGXOWVFRXOGPDNHWKHGHFLVLRQWRFRPPLWWR&KULVW$V
PLOOHQDULDQVWKH\EHOLHYHGWKHHQGRIWKHZRUOGZDVQHDU7KH\DOVRUHMHFWHGWKHLGHDRIWKH
7ULQLW\)DWKHU6RQDQG+RO\6SLULWDQLGHDWKDWRWKHU&KULVWLDQVHFWVVDZDVEODVSKHPRXV
6RPHKLVWRULDQVVHHWKH$QDEDSWLVWVDVWKH³OHIWZLQJ´RIWKH3URWHVWDQW5HIRUPDWLRQ(Unit
2.1, p. 7)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJH[SORUHUVFRQTXHUHGWKH,QFDVLQ6RXWK$PHULFDLQWKHVL[WHHQWK
FHQWXU\"(Francisco PizarroHe conquered Peru in 1532. The Potosí silver mines in
Peru became a major source of revenue for the Spanish crown. (Unit 1.3, p. 10)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJEHFDPHDPDMRUVWDSOHFURSLQ(XURSHE\WKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\
DVDUHVXOWRIWKH&ROXPELDQ([FKDQJH"%Potato. $OWKRXJKQXPHURXVQHZIRRGVZHUH
LQWURGXFHGWR(XURSHDVDUHVXOWRIWKH&ROXPELDQH[FKDQJHFRUQDQGSRWDWRHVEHFDPH
IXQGDPHQWDOVWDSOHVIRUPLOOLRQVRISHRSOHWKURXJKRXW(XURSH%RWKIRRGVZHUHKLJKLQ
YLWDPLQVDQGFDUERK\GUDWHVZKHQFRPSDUHGWRRWKHUVWDSOHVVXFKDVZKHDWRDWVDQGEDUOH\
(Unit 1.3, p. 15; Unit 4.2, p. 7)
7KHPDSDERYHEHVWUHSUHVHQWV)UDQFH¶VERUGHUVDIWHUWKH&War of Spanish
Succession. 7KH7UHDW\RI8WUHFKWIRUPDOO\HQGHGWKH:DURI6SDQLVK6XFFHVVLRQ
7KHZDUZDVWKHODVWRIWKHPDMRUH[SDQVLRQLVWZDUVRI/RXLV;,9$VVHHQIURPWKHPDS
)UDQFHJDLQHGRQO\DPRGHVWDPRXQWRIWHUULWRU\LQLWVERUGHUDUHDVODUJHO\WKHUHVXOWRIWKH
EDODQFHRISRZHUWKDWHPHUJHGLQ(XURSHDJDLQVW)UDQFHGXULQJWKLVSHULRG7KHZDUVGLG
PXFKWRXQGHUPLQHWKH)UHQFKHFRQRP\(Unit 3.1, pp. 9-10)
7KHVWUXFWXUHDERYHPRVWOLNHO\UHIOHFWVZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVW\OHV"(High
Renaissance.7KHSKRWRJUDSKLQWKLVTXHVWLRQLVRI6W3HWHU¶V%DVLOLFDLQ5RPH:KLOH
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϯͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
)ORUHQFHGRPLQDWHG5HQDLVVDQFHFXOWXUHLQWKHVWKH³TXDWWURFHQWR´WKHFHQWHURI
5HQDLVVDQFHFXOWXUHVKLIWHGWR5RPHLQWKHV³FLQTXHFHQWR´0LFKHODQJHORDQG
5DSKDHODFKLHYHGJUHDWQHVVGXULQJWKLVSHULRG0DMRUZRUNVRIWKLVHUDLQFOXGH
0LFKHODQJHOR¶VSDLQWLQJRIWKHFHLOLQJLQWKH6LVWLQH&KDSHO%UDPDQWHDQG0LFKHODQJHOR¶V
GHVLJQRIWKHIDoDGHDQGGRPHDW6W3HWHU¶V%DVLOLFDUHVSHFWLYHO\DQG5DSKDHO¶VSchool of
Athens,DQGKLVQXPHURXVSDLQWLQJVRIWKH0DGRQQDDQG&KLOG(Unit 1.2, pp. 7-8)
7KHODVW0XVOLPVWURQJKROGRQWKH,EHULDQSHQLQVXODSULRUWRZDV%Granada.
7KHreconquistaRI,VDEHOODDQG)HUGLQDQGRI6SDLQUHVXOWHGLQWKHUHPRYDORIWKHODVW
PDMRUVWURQJKROGRI0XVOLPVIURP6SDLQ7KLVZDVWKHODVWVWHSLQWKHXQLILFDWLRQRI6SDLQ
0XVOLPVZKRUHPDLQHGLQ6SDLQZHUHIRUFHGWRFRQYHUWWR&DWKROLFLVP(Unit 1.3, p. 3)
7KHDERYHH[FHUSWPRVWO\OLNHO\UHIOHFWVWKHYLHZVRIZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJDXWKRUV"$
Erasmus, ,Q3UDLVHRI)ROO\,QKLVPRVWIDPRXVZRUNIn Praise of Folly (UDVPXV
ZDVKLJKO\FULWLFDORIWKHFRUUXSWLRQDQGK\SRFULV\LQWKH&DWKROLFFKXUFK7KHZRUNZDV
ZULWWHQLQ/DWLQDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWLWZDVQRWPHDQWIRUZLGHVSUHDGSXEOLFFRQVXPSWLRQ<HW
WKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHZRUNZDVSURIRXQGDVLW³OD\WKHHJJWKDW/XWKHUKDWFKHG´MXVWIRXU\HDUV
ODWHU(Unit 1.2, p. 12)
x 7KHFOHUJ\LVQRWDOORZHGWRPDUU\
x &DWKROLFLVPFDQQRWEHSUDFWLFHGRSHQO\
x (YHU\RQHLVUHTXLUHGWRDWWHQGFKXUFKVHUYLFHVRIWKH$QJOLFDQ&KXUFK
7KHDERYHSURYLVLRQVZHUHLQFRUSRUDWHGGXULQJWKHUHLJQRI'Elizabeth I. ,QWKH
(OL]DEHWKDQ6HWWOHPHQW4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK,DQG3DUOLDPHQWUHTXLUHGFRQIRUPLW\WRWKH
&KXUFKRI(QJODQGEXWSHRSOHZHUHLQHIIHFWDOORZHGWRZRUVKLS3URWHVWDQWLVPDQG
&DWKROLFLVPSULYDWHO\6RPHFKXUFKSUDFWLFHVDQGULWXDOVUHVHPEOHG&DWKROLFSUDFWLFHV7KH
Book of Common PrayerZDVLQVWLWXWHGLQ&DWKROLFLVPUHPDLQHGSRSXODUHVSHFLDOO\
DPRQJWKHJHQWU\EXWFRXOGQRWEHSUDFWLFHGRSHQO\,QWKH$QJOLFDQ&KXUFKVHUYLFHVZHUH
JLYHQLQ(QJOLVKPRQDVWHULHVZHUHQRWUHHVWDEOLVKHGWKHFOHUJ\ZDVQRWDOORZHGWRPDUU\
DQGHYHU\RQHZDVUHTXLUHGWRDWWHQG$QJOLFDQ&KXUFKVHUYLFHV3XEOLVKHGLQThe
Thirty-Nine ArticlesGHILQHGWKHFUHHGRI$QJOLFDQ&KXUFKDQGDOWKRXJKLWIROORZHG
3URWHVWDQWGRFWULQHLWZDVYDJXHHQRXJKWRDFFRPPRGDWHPRVWRIWKH(QJOLVKH[FHSW
3XULWDQV(Unit 2.1, p. 13)
,QZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZD\VZDV3KLOLS,,VXFFHVVIXOLQSURPRWLQJKLV&DWKROLF
FUXVDGH"&Defeating the Turks at the naval battle at Lepanto. /LNHKLVIDWKHU&KDUOHV
93KLOLS,,UVRXJKWWRUROOEDFN3URWHVWDQWLVPLQ(XURSHDQGZDVIDQDWLFDOO\
FRPPLWWHGWR&DWKROLFRUWKRGR[\+LVQHZUR\DOSDODFHWKH(VFRULDOZDVEXLOWLQWKHVKDSH
RIJUDWHVWRFRPPHPRUDWHWKHPDUW\UGRPRI6W/DZUHQFHZKRKDGEHHQEXUQHGDOLYH+H
ZDJHGXQVXFFHVVIXOZDUVDJDLQVWWKH'XWFK5HSXEOLFDQG(QJODQGWKH6SDQLVK$UPDGDLQ
DQDWWHPSWWRUHLPSRVH&DWKROLFLVP2QHRI3KLOLS¶VJUHDWPLOLWDU\DFFRPSOLVKPHQWVZDVWKH
GHIHDWRIWKH7XUNVDWWKHQDYDOEDWWOHRI/HSDQWRLQDYLFWRU\WKDWHQGHGWKH2WWRPDQ
WKUHDWLQWKHHDVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQDQGWKDWZDVUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKH&KULVWLDQ&UXVDGHVRIWKH
0LGGOH$JHV,WZDVXQGHU3KLOLS,,WKDW6SDLQHQMR\HGLWV³*ROGHQ$JH´(Unit 2.2, pp. 1-2)
7KHPDMRUILJXUHRIWKH6FRWWLVK5HIRUPDWLRQZKRZDVLQVWUXPHQWDOLQPDNLQJ
3UHVE\WHULDQLVPWKHGRPLQDQWFKXUFKLQ6FRWODQGZDV(John Knox. 6LPLODUWRWKH
UROH-RKQ&DOYLQSOD\HGLQ*HQHYD-RKQ.QR[ZDVWKHGRPLQDQW&DOYLQLVWLQ6FRWODQGLQWKH
PLGV+LVLQIOXHQFHOHGWRWKHUHPRYDORI0DU\4XHHQRI6FRWVIURPWKH6FRWWLVK
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϰͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
WKURQH6FRWWLVK&DOYLQLVPNQRZQDV3UHVE\WHULDQLVPEHFDPHWKHGRPLQDQWIDLWKLQ
6FRWODQG,Q3UHVE\WHULDQLVPSUHVE\WHUVJRYHUQHGDFKXUFKWKDWZDVODUJHUDQGPRUH
KLHUDUFKLFDOWKDQLQGLYLGXDOFRQJUHJDWLRQVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HG&DOYLQLVPLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV
(Unit 2.1, p. 9)
³:KLOHWKHQRELOLW\PHULWVWREHJHQHURXVO\WUHDWHGLILWGRHVZHOOLWLVQHFHVVDU\DWWKH
VDPHWLPHWREHVHYHUHZLWKLWLILWHYHUIDLOVLQZKDWLWVVWDWXVGHPDQGVRILW,GRQRW
KHVLWDWHWRVD\WKDWWKRVHQREOHVZKRGHJHQHUDWLQJIURPWKHYLUWXRXVFRQGXFWRIWKHLU
IRUHEHDUVIDLOWRVHUYHWKHFURZQFRQVWDQWO\DQGFRXUDJHRXVO\ZLWKERWKWKHLUVZRUGV
DQGWKHLUOLYHVDVWKHODZVRIWKHVWDWHUHTXLUHGHVHUYHWKHORVVRIWKHSULYLOHJHVRIWKHLU
ELUWKDQGVKRXOGEHUHGXFHGWRVKDULQJWKHEXUGHQVRIWKHFRPPRQSHRSOH´7KHDERYH
VWDWHPHQWZDVPRVWOLNHO\ZULWWHQE\'Cardinal Richelieu of France.&DUGLQDO
5LFKHOLHXFRQWULEXWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\WRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDEVROXWLVPLQ)UDQFHZLWKKLV
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHintendantV\VWHP7KHV\VWHPZHDNHQHGWKHQRELOLW\DQGUHSODFHG
ORFDORIILFLDOVZLWKFLYLOVHUYDQWV²intendants²ZKRUHSRUWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHNLQJIntendants
ZHUHODUJHO\PLGGOHFODVVRUPLQRUQREOHV³QRELOLW\RIWKHUREH´ZKRDGPLQLVWHUHGHDFKRI
WKHFRXQWU\¶VGLVWULFWVDQGZKRZHUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUMXVWLFHSROLFHDQGILQDQFHIXQFWLRQV
$VDUHVXOWWKHJRYHUQPHQWEHFDPHPRUHHIILFLHQWDQGFHQWUDOO\FRQWUROOHG5LFKHOLHXDOVR
HQGHGWKHSUDFWLFHRI+XJXHQRWVSUHVLGLQJRYHUIRUWLILHGFLWLHVZLWKWKHLU3URWHVWDQWDUPLHV
+HVDZWKHPDVDFKDOOHQJHWRUR\DODXWKRULW\(Unit 3.1, p. 4)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSDLUVRIFRXQWULHVHPHUJHGDVJURZLQJPDMRUSRZHUVE\WKHHQG
RIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\"&Prussia and Austria7KHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWK
FHQWXULHVVDZWKHGHFOLQHRIWKH+RO\5RPDQ(PSLUH3RODQG/LWKXDQLDDQGWKH2WWRPDQ
(PSLUHLQ(XURSH5HSODFLQJWKHVHWKUHHGHFOLQLQJSRZHUVZHUH3UXVVLDXQGHUWKH
+RKHQ]ROOHUQV$XVWULDXQGHUWKH+DSVEXUJVDQG5XVVLDXQGHUWKH5RPDQRYV$OWKRXJK
WKH+5(KDGEHHQHDUOLHUGRPLQDWHGE\WKH+DSVEXUJV$XVWULDUHPDLQHGDVPDOOSROLWLFDO
HQWLW\'XULQJWKHODWHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV$XVWULDEHJDQWRJDLQWHUULWRU\DW
WKHH[SHQVHRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHHJ+XQJDU\DQGJUHZWREHDGRPLQDQWSOD\HULQ
HDVWHUQ(XURSHDQGLSORPDWLFDIIDLUV(Unit 3.3, pp. 4-7)
7KH(QJOLVKUXOHUPRVWNQRZQIRUWKHFRQTXHVWRI,UHODQGDQGSDUWLFXODUO\KDUVK
WUHDWPHQWRILWVLQKDELWDQWVZDV%Oliver Cromwell,Q&URPZHOOLQYDGHG,UHODQG
WRSXWGRZQDQ,ULVKXSULVLQJWKDWKDGIDYRUHGUR\DOLVWIRUFHVLQ(QJODQG,QWKHVXEVHTXHQW
$FWRI6HWWOHPHQWODQGIURPWZRWKLUGVRI&DWKROLFSURSHUW\RZQHUVZDVJLYHQWR
3URWHVWDQW(QJOLVKFRORQLVWV(Unit 2.2., p. 8)
7KH(QJOLVK%LOORI5LJKWVHVWDEOLVKHG&a constitutional monarchy with the
nobles and gentry in control of Parliament.7KH(QJOLVK%LOORI5LJKWVHVWDEOLVKHGD
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOPRQDUFK\LQ(QJODQGDQGEHFDPHWKHIXWXUHKDOOPDUNIRUWKHULVHRI
FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLVPLQ(XURSH$PRQJWKHQXPHURXVSURYLVLRQVWKH%LOORI5LJKWVHVWDEOLVKHG
WKDWWKHPRQDUFKFRXOGQRWEH5RPDQ&DWKROLFODZVFRXOGEHPDGHRQO\ZLWKWKHFRQVHQWRI
3DUOLDPHQW3DUOLDPHQWKDGULJKWRIIUHHVSHHFKWD[DWLRQZDVLOOHJDOZLWKRXW3DUOLDPHQWDU\
DSSURYDO3DUOLDPHQWFRXOGQRWEHGLVVROYHGZLWKRXWLWVRZQFRQVHQWDQGDVWDQGLQJDUP\LQ
SHDFHWLPHZDVQRWOHJDOZLWKRXW3DUOLDPHQWDU\DSSURYDO0RUHRYHUWKH%LOORI5LJKWV
HVWDEOLVKHGSURWHFWLRQIRULQGLYLGXDOVIURPH[FHVVLYHJRYHUQPHQWSRZHUVXFKDVSURKLELWLQJ
H[FHVVLYHEDLODQGFUXHODQGXQXVXDOSXQLVKPHQWVSURYLGLQJWKHULJKWWRWULDOE\MXU\GXH
SURFHVVRIODZDQGUHDVRQDEOHEDLOSURYLGLQJWKHULJKWWRSHWLWLRQSURYLGLQJWKHULJKWWREHDU
DUPVIRU3URWHVWDQWVQRW&DWKROLFVDQGSURYLGLQJIUHHHOHFWLRQVWR3DUOLDPHQW(Unit 3.2, pp.
9-10)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϱͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZDVDPDMRUFDXVHIRUWKHHFRQRPLFGHFOLQHRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV
E\WKHHDUO\HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\"$The wars of Louis XIV put tremendous strains on
the Dutch economy.7KHILUVWKDOIRIWKHVLVVHHQDVWKH³JROGHQDJH´RIWKH
1HWKHUODQGV,QFUHDVHGHFRQRPLFDQGPLOLWDU\FRPSHWLWLRQZLWK(QJODQGZHDNHQHGWKH'XWFK
HFRQRP\+RZHYHUWKHZDUVRI/RXLV;,9WKUHDWHQHGWKHYHU\H[LVWHQFHRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV
DQGWKH'XWFKQHHGHGWRSXWWUHPHQGRXVUHVRXUFHVLQWRWKHLUPLOLWDU\VXUYLYDO,QWKH
RSHQHGWKHLUGLNHVDQGIORRGHGODUJHSDUWVRI+ROODQGLQRUGHUWRSUHYHQWWKH)UHQFKIURP
WDNLQJ$PVWHUGDP%\WKH7UHDW\RI8WUHFKWWKH1HWKHUODQGVKDGEHFRPHDVHFRQG
UDWHSRZHUEHKLQG%ULWDLQDQG)UDQFHLQWKH$WODQWLF(Unit 3.2, p. 13)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWGHVFULEHV2WWRPDQUXOHLQWKH%DONDQVLQWKH
\HDUVEHWZHHQDQG"$The Turks were religiously tolerant of Christian
worship.5DWKHUWKDQLPSRVLQJUXOHLQWKH%DONDQVE\IRUHLJQ7XUNVWKH6XOWDQFUHDWHGD
EXUHDXFUDF\RIIRUPHU&KULVWLDQVWKDWDGPLQLVWHUHGWKH2WWRPDQODQGVLQWKH%DONDQVDQG
HDVWHUQ(XURSH7KH7XUNVWHQGHGWREHWROHUDQWRI&KULVWLDQLW\LQWKHLU(XURSHDQFRQTXHUHG
ODQGVVRORQJDVWKHLUDXWKRULW\ZDVQRWFKDOOHQJHG7KH2WWRPDQEXUHDXFUDF\LQVRXWKHDVWHUQ
(XURSHFRQVLVWHGODUJHO\RIIRUPHU&KULVWLDQVKDGEHHQWDNHQIURPWKHLUKRPHVDVFKLOGUHQ
DQGWUDLQHGDQGLQGRFWULQDWHGLQ7XUNLVKZD\V7KHPRUHWDOHQWHGRIWKHVH&KULVWLDQVODYHV
EHFDPHPHPEHUVRIWKH2WWRPDQEXUHDXFUDF\LQWKH%DONDQV7KRVHZKRZHUHOHVVWDOHQWHG
ZHUHFRQVFULSWHGLQWRWKH³MDQLVVDU\FRUSV´LQWKH6XOWDQ¶VDUP\(Unit 3.3, p. 1)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRQGXFWHGUHYROXWLRQDU\H[SHULPHQWVWRVWXG\JUDYLW\WKDWOHGWR
KLVGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODZVRIPRWLRQ"%Galileo Galilei+HGHYHORSHGWKHODZVRI
PRWLRQXVLQJWKHH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGZLWKFRQWUROOHGH[SHULPHQWV,QKLVJUDYLW\
H[SHULPHQWKHK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWJUDYLW\ZDVDXQLYHUVDOIRUFHWKDWSURGXFHGXQLIRUP
DFFHOHUDWLRQ+HGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWDOOIDOOLQJREMHFWVGHVFHQGZLWKHTXDOYHORFLW\UHJDUGOHVV
RIWKHLUZHLJKW,QKLV/DZRILQHUWLD*DOLOHRK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWDQREMHFWWKDWLVLQPRWLRQ
UHPDLQVLQPRWLRQXQWLOLWLVVWRSSHGE\VRPHH[WHUQDOIRUFH2IFRXUVH*DOLOHRLVPRUH
IDPRXVO\NQRZQIRUXVLQJKLVWHOHVFRSHWRSURYHWKHYDOLGLW\RI&RSHUQLFXV¶KHOLRFHQWULF
WKHRU\
*UHDW%ULWDLQZDVRIILFLDOO\FUHDWHGDVDVWDWHGXHWR'the Act of Union between
England and Scotland in 1707.6FRWODQGKDGUHJDLQHGLWVLQGHSHQGHQFHDIWHUWKHGHDWKRI
2OLYHU&URPZHOO:KLOHLWFORVHO\JXDUGHGLWVLQGHSHQGHQFHIURP(QJODQGLQVXEVHTXHQW
GHFDGHV6FRWODQGUHDOL]HGWKDWRQO\WKURXJKDXQLRQZLWK(QJODQGDQGLWVSRZHUIXOJOREDO
HPSLUHFRXOGLWWUDQVIRUPLWVHOILQWRDYLDEOHPRGHUQVWDWHZLWKDYLJRURXVHFRQRP\7KH$FW
RI8QLRQWKXVFUHDWHGWKH$QJOR6FRWWLVKXQLRQRI*UHDW%ULWDLQ(Unit 3.2, p. 11)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZDVNQRZQIRUKLVVWDWHPHQW³,WKLQNWKHUHIRUH,DP´WKDW
LOOXVWUDWHGWKHYLDELOLW\RIGHGXFWLYHUHDVRQLQJ"(Rene Descartes. 'HVFDUWHVKHOSHG
GHYHORSWKHGHGXFWLYHDSSURDFKWRUHDVRQLQJWKDWIRUPHGDQLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWRIWKH
PRGHUQVFLHQWLILFPHWKRG+HVRXJKWWRSURYHKLVRZQH[LVWHQFHE\VWDWLQJ³,WKLQN
WKHUHIRUH,DP´7KLVW\SHRIORJLFJUHZLQWRWKHK\SRWKHVLVVWHSRIWKHVFLHQWLILFPHWKRG
)UDQFLV%DFRQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGIRUPDOL]HGHPSLULFLVPRUGLUHFWREVHUYDWLRQLQRUGHUWR
WHVWZKHWKHUDK\SRWKHVLVZDVYDOLG7KLVLVWKHLQGXFWLYHDSSURDFKWKDWKDGEHHQHDUOLHU
XVHGE\%UDKHDQG*DOLOHR(Unit 4.1, pp. 4-5)
7KHQRWLRQWKDWWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRISURSHUW\ZDVDWWKHURRWRIVRFLHW\¶VLOOVZDV
H[SUHVVHGLQWKHZRUNVRIZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSDLUVRIDXWKRUV"'Thomas More
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. ,QUtopia 7KRPDV0RUHPL[HVFLYLFKXPDQLVPZLWK
UHOLJLRXVLGHDOVWRGHVFULEHDSHUIHFWXWRSLDQVRFLHW\ORFDWHGRQDQLPDJLQDU\LVODQG+H
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϲͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
VHHVWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRISURSHUW\DVDURRWFDXVHIRUVRFLHW\¶VLOOVDVDIHZKDYHLWZKLOH
PRVWGRQ¶W,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHKDUPRQ\DQGRUGHUSHRSOHKDYHWREHZLOOLQJWRVDFULILFHWKHLU
LQGLYLGXDOULJKWVIRUWKHFRPPRQJRRG6LPLODUO\5RXVVHDXVDZFLYLOL]DWLRQDVDFRUUXSWLQJ
LQIOXHQFHRQWKH³QREOHVDYDJH´+HVDZSHRSOHLQDVWDWHRIQDWXUHDVJRRGDQGHTXDO
EHFDXVHWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRISURSHUW\KDGQRWVWUDWLILHGVRFLHW\(Unit 1.2, p. 12; Unit 4.1,
pp. 10-11)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSKLORVRSKHUVLQIOXHQFHGWKH³HQOLJKWHQHGGHVSRWV´WRGHFUHDVH
WKHXVHRIWRUWXUH"$Marquis de Beccaria. ,QOn Crimes and Punishment
%HFFDULDDGYRFDWHGWKHKXPDQL]DWLRQRIFULPLQDOODZEDVHGRQ(QOLJKWHQPHQWFRQFHSWVRI
UHDVRQDQGHTXDOLW\EHIRUHWKHODZ+HVWDWHGSXQLVKPHQWIRUDFULPHVKRXOGEHEDVHG
UDWLRQDOO\RQWKHGDPDJHGRQHWRVRFLHW\DQGVKRXOGQRWEHOLQNHGWRWKHUHOLJLRXVFRQFHSWRI
VLQ0RUHRYHUKHRSSRVHGGHDWKSHQDOW\H[FHSWIRUVHULRXVWKUHDWVDJDLQVWWKHVWDWHDQG
RSSRVHGWRUWXUHWRH[WUDFWFRQIHVVLRQV+LVYLHZVLQIOXHQFHGWKH³(QOLJKWHQHG'HVSRWV´RI
WKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UHGHULFNWKH*UHDWRI3UXVVLDEDQQHGWRUWXUH&DWKHULQHWKH*UHDWRI
5XVVLDUHVWULFWHGXVHRIWRUWXUHDQG-RVHSK,,RI$XVWULDEDQQHGWRUWXUHDQGWKHGHDWKSHQDOW\
EXWQRWQHFHVVDULO\RWKHUKDUVKSXQLVKPHQWVUnit 4.1, p. 11)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZDVDOLPLWDWLRQH[SHULHQFHGE\H[SORUHUVLQWKHVL[WHHQWK
FHQWXU\"&Inability to determine longitude. :KLOHGHWHUPLQLQJODWLWXGHKDGEHHQNQRZQ
IRUFHQWXULHVORQJLWXGHHDVWWRZHVWGLVWDQFHVRQPDSVZDVIDUPRUHGLIILFXOW WRPHDVXUH
$QH[WUHPHO\SUHFLVHFORFNZRXOGEHQHHGHG-RKQ+DUULVRQOHGWKHZD\LQWKHPLGODWH
HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\LQGHYHORSLQJDFKURQRPHWHUWKDWZRXOGGRWKHMRE$VDUHVXOWPDULQHUV
ZHUHQRZDEOHWRGHYHORSPDSVWKDWZHUHIDUPRUHDFFXUDWH(Unit 4.1, p. 7)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVW\OHVGRHVWKHDERYHSDLQWLQJThe Swing, E\-HDQ+RQRUH
)UDJRQDUGEHVWUHSUHVHQW"&Rococo. 7KH5RFRFRHPHUJHGLQ)UDQFHGXULQJWKHUHLJQ
RI/RXLV;9DVDUHDFWLRQWRWKHEDURTXH5RFRFRZRUNVWHQGHGWREHOLJKWHUPRUHLQWLPDWH
DQGVHQVXDODQGVRPHSDLQWLQJVIRFXVHGRQWKHOLYHVRIWKHDULVWRFUDF\DQGERXUJHRLVLH,W
KDVEHHQFULWLFL]HGE\VRPHDVEHLQJD³IULYRORXV´VW\OHXQOLNHWKH1HRFODVVLFDOVW\OHWKDW
UHSODFHGLWLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\ (Unit 4.2, pp. 23-24)
$PDMRUHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\UHVXOWRIWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWZDV$the rise of classical
liberalism and the French Revolution. 7KHSKLORVRSK\RI-RKQ/RFNHKDGDKXJHLQIOXHQFH
RQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFODVVLFDOOLEHUDOLVPLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\2WKHUQRWDEOHZULWHUV
LQFOXGHG9ROWDLUH0RQWHVTXLHXDQG5RXVVHDX&ODVVLFDOOLEHUDOLVPHQFRPSDVVHGWKHLGHDV
RIHTXDOLW\EHIRUHWKHODZGXHSURFHVVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHJRYHUQPHQWDOWKRXJKQRWGHPRFUDF\
UHOLJLRXVIUHHGRPDQGSURJUHVV&ODVVLFDOOLEHUDOLVPZDVFKDPSLRQHGE\OHDGHUVRIWKH
)UHQFK7KLUG(VWDWHWKDWRYHUVDZWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ7KH$PHULFDQ5HYROXWLRQZDV
OLNHZLVHGRPLQDWHGE\FODVVLFDOOLEHUDOWKRXJKW(Unit 4.1, pp. 13-14)
$PDMRUDVSHFWRI(QJODQG¶VPHUFDQWLOLVWV\VWHPGXULQJWKHODVWKDOIRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWK
FHQWXU\ZDV$the passage of the Navigation Laws. 7KHPLGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\VDZD
ILHUFHFRPSHWLWLRQEHWZHHQ(QJODQGDQGWKH'XWFK5HSXEOLFIRUFRQWURORIWKH$WODQWLFWUDGH
+RSLQJWRIUHH]HDOO'XWFKFRPPHUFHZLWK(QJODQG¶V1RUWK$PHULFDQFRORQLHV2OLYHU
&URPZHOOLVVXHGWKHILUVWRI(QJODQG¶V1DYLJDWLRQ/DZVLQ(QJODQGSDVVHGPDQ\PRUH
1DYLJDWLRQDFWVRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKHQH[WFHQWXU\VHHNLQJWRUHJXODWHLWV$PHULFDQHPSLUH
(Unit 4.2, p. 10)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHFRXQWU\JHQWU\LQ(QJODQGLVWUXH"
(It consisted of wealthy landowners who were not members of the nobility but exercised
significant influence in Parliament.0DQ\RIWKHJHQWU\KDGEHHQFRPPHUFLDOO\VXFFHVVIXO
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϳͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
DQGKDGPRYHGXSIURPWKHPLGGOHFODVVLQWRWKHXSSHUFODVV7KHJHQWU\UHOLHGKHDYLO\RQ
OHJDOSUHFHGHQWWROLPLWWKHSRZHURIWKHNLQJRQHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOPDWWHUV,WZDV
ZLOOLQJWRSD\WD[HVVRORQJDVWKH+RXVHRI&RPPRQVKDGDVD\LQQDWLRQDOH[SHQGLWXUHV
7KHLVVXHRIWD[DWLRQEURXJKWWKH+RXVHRI&RPPRQVDQGWKHPRQDUFK\LQWRGLUHFWFRQIOLFW
(Unit 3.2, p. 1)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVUHJDUGLQJVRFLDOFXVWRPVLQHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\
(XURSHFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKHLPDJHDERYH"(Clothing styles for middle- and upperclass women restricted their participation in physical activities.8QWLOWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWK
FHQWXU\LWZDVFRQVLGHUHGLQDSSURSULDWHIRUPLGGOHDQGXSSHUFODVVZRPHQWREHSK\VLFDOO\
DFWLYHZLWKWKHSRVVLEOHH[FHSWLRQRIGDQFLQJDWVRFLDOHYHQWV7KHFRUVHWZKLFKVKDSHGWKH
IHPDOHWRUVRLQWRDWKHQIDVKLRQDEOHKRXUJODVVILJXUHZDVDKLJKO\UHVWULFWLYHSLHFHRI
FORWKLQJ,QIDFWWKHUHDVRQZK\ODUJHUQXPEHUVRIZRPHQIDLQWHGDWWKLVWLPHZDVGXHWRWKH
ODFNRIR[\JHQWKHEUDLQUHFHLYHGZKHQDZRPDQ¶VULEFDJHFRXOGQRWH[SDQGDQGWDNHLQD
ODUJHEUHDWK
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWUHIOHFWVWKHDERYHLPDJH"'It portrays a
member of the sans culottes during the French Revolution. 7KHWHUP³VDQVFXORWWHV´
OLWHUDOO\PHDQV³ZLWKRXWEUHHFKHV´0HPEHUVRIWKHZRUNLQJFODVVFRXOGQRWXVXDOO\DIIRUG
WKHPRUHH[SHQVLYHEUHHFKHVWKDWZHUHFXVWRPDU\IRUXSSHUFODVVSHRSOHWRZHDU7KHsans
culottesSOD\HGDPDMRUUROHLQLQIOXHQFLQJWKH5HSXEOLFGXULQJWKHPRUHUDGLFDOSKDVHRIWKH
5HYROXWLRQ(Unit 5.1, p. 16)
7KHVWRUPLQJRIWKH%DVWLOOHRQ-XO\ZDVVLJQLILFDQWEHFDXVH'it prevented
the royal army from cracking down on the new National Assembly.7KH³3DULVLDQ´
UHYROXWLRQEHJDQLQUHVSRQVHWRIRRGVKRUWDJHVVRDULQJEUHDGSULFHVXQHPSOR\PHQW
DQGIHDURIPLOLWDU\UHSUHVVLRQ7KHOHDGHUVRIWKHXSULVLQJZHUHPHPEHUVRIWKHsans
culottes7KHVWRUPLQJRIWKH%DVWLOOHLQDGYHUWHQWO\VDYHGWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHPEO\DV.LQJ
/RXLV;9,KDGEHHQSUHSDUHGWRXVHIRUFHWRSXWGRZQWKHQHZJRYHUQPHQW(Unit 5.1, pp. 89)
$OORIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVUHJDUGLQJWKHUXOHRI1DSROHRQ,LQ)UDQFHDUHWUXH
(;&(37$he increased legal and political rights for women.$OWKRXJKZRPHQGLGQRW
HQMR\DVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQULJKWVGXULQJWKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQWKHLUVPDOOJDLQVZHUH
ODUJHO\UHYHUVHGGXULQJWKHUHLJQRI1DSROHRQ$OORIWKHRWKHUDQVZHUFKRLFHVDUHFRUUHFW+H
GLGXWLOL]HDVHFUHWSROLFHRUJDQL]DWLRQWRZDWFKSROLWLFDORSSRQHQWV$VDQ³HQOLJKWHQHG
GHVSRW´KHDOORZHGDVLJQLILFDQWGHJUHHRIUHOLJLRXVWROHUDWLRQ+HHVWDEOLVKHGWKHIRXQGDWLRQV
IRU)UDQFH¶VPRGHUQOHJDOV\VWHPWKURXJKWKH&RGH1DSROHRQ$QGLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKH/H
&KDSHOLHU/DZSDVVHGGXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQKHUHIXVHGWRDOORZIRUPDWLRQRIJXLOGVDQG
WUDGHXQLRQV(Unit 5.2, pp. 2-5)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJUXOHUVGXULQJKLVUHLJQVRXJKWWRLPSURYHUHODWLRQVZLWKWKH
&DWKROLFFKXUFK"&Napoleon I6HHNLQJWRHQGRYHUDGHFDGHRIUHOLJLRXVVWULIHLQ
)UDQFHEHJXQE\WKH&LYLO&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&OHUJ\LQDVZHOODVWRZHDNHQWKH
&KXUFK¶VOLQNWRPRQDUFKLVWVZKRVRXJKWWRUHVWRUHWKH%RXUERQVWRWKHWKURQH1DSROHRQ
DJUHHGWRDGHDOZLWKWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFK7KHUHVXOWLQJ&RQFRUGDWRIUHPRYHGFOHUJ\
PHPEHUVZKRKDGSOHGJHGOR\DOW\WRWKH5HYROXWLRQDQGUHWXUQHGFOHUJ\PHPEHUVWRWKHLU
SRVLWLRQVZKRKDGUHIXVHGWRWDNHWKHRDWKWKH³UHIDFWRU\FOHUJ\´,QUHWXUQWKH&KXUFK
KDGWRDFFHSWWKHFRQILVFDWLRQRILWVODQGVGXULQJWKH5HYROXWLRQDQG1DSROHRQ¶VSRZHUWR
DSSRLQWELVKRSVWRWKH)UHQFKFKXUFK(Unit 5.2, pp. 3-4)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϴͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
,QZKLFKFDSDFLW\ZDVWKHIO\LQJVKXWWOHDPDMRULQQRYDWLRQ"(It increased the
production of textiles during the era of proto-industrialization.$ORQJZLWKWKHVSLQQLQJ
MHQQ\WKHIO\LQJVKXWWOHLQYHQWHGE\-RKQ.D\LQZDVWKHTXLQWHVVHQWLDOGHYHORSPHQW
LQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWH[WLOHVLQWKHPLGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\,WHQDEOHGZRROHQ\DUQWREH
ZRYHQLQWRFORWKDWDIDUKLJKHUSDFHWKDQSUHYLRXVO\SRVVLEOH/DWHUGXULQJWKHLQGXVWULDO
UHYROXWLRQVWHDPSRZHUHGORRPVSURGXFHGWH[WLOHVDWDEUHDWKWDNLQJSDFH(Unit 6. p. 3)
$PDMRUVRXUFHRIODERUGXULQJWKHHDUO\\HDUVRIWKHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQLQ(QJODQG
ZDV%orphaned children. :LWKWKHDGYHQWRIVWHDPSRZHUHGWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQLQWKH
V(QJOLVKIDFWRU\RZQHUVZHUHHDJHUIRUFKHDSODERU2USKDQHGFKLOGUHQSURYLGHGD
PDMRUVRXUFHRIODERUGXULQJWKHHDUO\GHFDGHVRIWKHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ2ZQHUVH[HUFLVHG
DXWKRULW\RYHUFKLOGUHQPXFKOLNHVODYHRZQHUVDQGEHDWLQJVRIFKLOGUHQLQIDFWRULHVZDVQRW
XQFRPPRQ7KHVHFKLOGUHQRIWHQZRUNHGYHU\ORQJKRXUVLQDSSDOOLQJFRQGLWLRQV
$GGLWLRQDOO\FKLOGUHQZRUNHGDVFKLPQH\VZHHSVPDUNHWJLUOVDQGVKRHPDNHUV(Unit 6. pp.
13-14)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRXQWULHVZDVPRVWDIIHFWHGE\WKHFKDOOHQJHVRIUXOLQJDPXOWL
HWKQLFHPSLUHGXULQJWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\"&Austria. $VWKH$XVWULDQHPSLUH
FRQWLQXHGWRJURZLQWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHVLWDFTXLUHGODQGVZKHUHWKH
ODQJXDJHDQGFXOWXUHRISHRSOHZDVGLIIHUHQWWKDQWKH*HUPDQLFFXOWXUHRI$XVWULDSURSHU
6RPHRIWKHVHJURXSV²VXFKDVWKH+XQJDULDQ0DJ\DUVDQG%RKHPLDQV²SRVHGDFKDOOHQJH
WRWKH$XVWULDQJRYHUQPHQW:LWKWKHSDUWLWLRQRI3RODQGLQWKHODWHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DORQJ
ZLWKWKHGHFOLQHRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHLQWKH%DONDQV$XVWULDFRQWLQXHGWRH[SDQG
LQFRUSRUDWLQJDZLGHUDQJHRIFXOWXUDOJURXSV5XOLQJDPXOWLHWKQLFHPSLUHSURYHGWREHD
FKDOOHQJHWKDWRWKHUPDMRUSRZHUVVXFKDV3UXVVLDDQG)UDQFHGLGQRWH[SHULHQFH(Unit 3.3,
p. 4)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWGHVFULEHVZK\5XVVLDZDVWKHODVWPDMRU
(XURSHDQFRXQWU\WRLQGXVWULDOL]HLQWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\"%Russia had a
relatively small middle-class compared to other major European countries.8QOLNHZHVWHUQ
DQGFHQWUDO(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVWKDWGHYHORSHGVWURQJPLGGOHFODVVHVGXULQJWKH&RPPHUFLDO
5HYROXWLRQ5XVVLDUHPDLQHGODUJHO\DQDJULFXOWXUDOVRFLHW\ZLWKDSRZHUIXOQRELOLW\
FRQWUROOLQJRIPLOOLRQVRIVHUIV,WZDVQRWXQWLODIWHULWVGHIHDWLQWKH&ULPHDQ:DULQWKH
VWKDW5XVVLDQOHDGHUVUHDOL]HGPRGHUQL]DWLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHQDWLRQ¶VVXUYLYDO
%\WKLVWLPH5XVVLDKDGIDOOHQIDUEHKLQGZHVWHUQ(XURSHLQGXVWULDOO\(Unit 9.2, p. 3)
³)LQDOO\WKDWLQWKLVQHZRUGHUSHRSOHSRVVHVVDJXDUDQWHHRIZHOOEHLQJRID
PLQLPXPVXIILFLHQWIRUWKHSUHVHQWDQGWKHIXWXUHDQGWKDWWKLVJXDUDQWHHIUHHWKHP
IURPDOOXQHDVLQHVVFRQFHUQLQJWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUIDPLOLHV´7KHDERYHTXRWHZDV
PRVWOLNHO\ZULWWHQE\(a French utopian socialist. (DUO\)UHQFKVRFLDOLVWWKLQNHUV
VXFKDV&RXQW+HQULGH6DLQW6LPRQ/RXLV%ODQF3LHUUH3URXGKRQDQG&KDUOHV
)RXULHUSURSRVHGDV\VWHPRIJUHDWHUHFRQRPLFHTXDOLW\SODQQHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW7KHLU
YLHZVZHUHDUHDFWLRQWRWKHH[SORLWDWLRQRIODERUGXULQJWKHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ(Unit 7.1,
pp. 25-26)
7KHSKLORVRSK\RIXWLOLWDULDQLVPDVDGYDQFHGE\-HUHP\%HQWKDPVRXJKWWR$
influence government policy to provide the “greatest good for the greatest number.”
%HQWKDPZDVDOHDGLQJOLEHUDOLQ(QJODQGGXULQJWKHHDUO\QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGKLV
XWLOLWDULDQLGHDVKDGDQLPSRUWDQWHIIHFWRQUHIRUPHUV+HZDVDWWKHIRUHIURQWRIWKH
SRRUKRXVHPRYHPHQWDQGVRPHRIKLVSURWpJpV²VXFKDV(GZLQ&KDGZLFN²ZRUNHGWR
LPSURYHGUHDGIXOXUEDQOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQV(Unit 7.1, pp. 9-10)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϮϵͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVUHJDUGLQJ)ORUHQFH1LJKWLQJDOHLVWUXH"&She was
a leading figure in battlefield nursing during the Crimean War. 'XULQJWKH&ULPHDQ:DULQ
WKHVPRUHPHQGLHGRIGLVHDVHUDWKHUWKDQE\FRPEDWZRXQGV1LJKWLQJDOHZDVD%ULWLVK
QXUVHZKREHFDPHDSLRQHHULQPRGHUQQXUVLQJ+HU³/LJKW%ULJDGH´RIQXUVHVVXSHUEO\
WHQGHGWRZRXQGHGPHQGXULQJWKHZDUDOWKRXJKIDWDOLWLHVGXHWRGLVHDVHUHPDLQHGKLJK
(Unit 8.1, p. 4)
$OORIWKHIROORZLQJDUHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH5RPDQWLFPRYHPHQW(;&(37%
emphasis on rationalism. 2QHRIWKHKDOOPDUNVRIWKH5RPDQWLFHUDZDVLWVHPSKDVLVRQ
KXPDQHPRWLRQDQGIDLWK7KLVVWRRGLQVWDUNFRQWUDVWWRWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW¶VHPSKDVLVRQ
UHDVRQDQGUDWLRQDOWKRXJKW$OORIWKHRWKHUDQVZHUFKRLFHVDUHFRUUHFWVWDWHPHQWV
5RPDQWLFVJORULILHGQDWXUH²LWVSRZHUDQGXQSUHGLFWDELOLW\EHOLHYHGLQWKHVXSUHPDF\RI
HPRWLRQORRNHGWRPHGLHYDOFXOWXUHIRULQVSLUDWLRQDQGVKRZHGPXFKLQWHUHVWHGIRUH[RWLF
FXOWXUHV(Unit 7.1, p. 19)
7KH³-XQH'D\V´UHYROXWLRQLQ)UDQFHZDVFKDUDFWHUL]HGSULPDULO\E\%class
warfare between the bourgeoisie and the working class. $OWKRXJKWKHWZRFODVVHVZHUH
DOOLHVGXULQJWKH)HEUXDU\5HYROXWLRQWKDWGHSRVHG.LQJ/RXLV3KLOLSSHWKHVWUXJJOLQJ
HFRQRP\HYHQWXDOO\GURYHDZHGJHEHWZHHQWKHPRUHDIIOXHQWERXUJHRLVLHDQGWKH3DULVLDQ
ZRUNLQJFODVV$OHDGHURIWKHZRUNLQJFODVV/RXLV%ODQFDQRWHG)UHQFKVRFLDOLVWGHFULHG
WKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VGHFLVLRQWRHQGSXEOLFZRUNVSURJUDPV7KLVPDUNHGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH
³-XQH'D\V´5HYROXWLRQZKHUHJRYHUQPHQWIRUFHVVWUXJJOHGDJDLQVWDZRUNLQJFODVVXSULVLQJ
WKDWXVHGQDUURZ3DULVLDQVWUHHWVWRWKHLUDGYDQWDJHE\FRQVWUXFWLQJEDUULFDGHVDVSRUWUD\HG
LQ9LFWRU+XJR¶VLes Miserables&RQVHUYDWLYHVWRRNFRQWURORIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQG
FUXVKHGWKHUHYROW$VDUHVXOWWKH)UHQFKSXEOLFZDVHDJHUIRUDUHVWRUDWLRQRIODZDQGRUGHU
DQGWKH\HQWKXVLDVWLFDOO\HOHFWHG/RXLV1DSROHRQDVWKHLUSUHVLGHQW(Unit 7.1, pp. 15-16)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSKLORVRSKLHVLVPRVWFORVHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDWKHLVP"'
Existentialism.,QWKHZDNHRIWKHKRUURUVRI:RUOG:DU,,DQGWKHDGYHQWRIWKHDWRPLFDJH
SHVVLPLVPDQGKRSHOHVVQHVVZHUHH[SUHVVHGE\H[LVWHQWLDOLVWV([LVWHQWLDOLVWVVDZOLIHDV
DEVXUGZLWKQRLQKHUHQWPHDQLQJ7KHUHIRUHDQLQGLYLGXDOKDGWRILQGKLVRZQPHDQLQJWR
OLIH0RVWH[LVWHQWLDOLVWVZHUHDWKHLVWV7KH\EHOLHYHGDSHUVRQ¶VDFWLRQVZHUHGHULYHGIURP
SHUVRQDOFKRLFHVWKDWZHUHLQGHSHQGHQWIURPUHOLJLRQRUSROLWLFDOLGHRORJ\-HDQ3DXO6DUWUH
DQG$OEHUW&DPXVZHUHWZRRIWKHOHDGLQJH[LVWHQWLDOLVWVRIWKHHUD
(Unit 9.3, p. 4)
7KH5HIRUP%LOORIZDVVLJQLILFDQWLQ%ULWLVKSROLWLFVDVLW%gave the House of
Commons supremacy over the House of Lords. 7KH5HIRUP%LOOLVFRQVLGHUHGDPLOHVWRQH
LQ%ULWLVKKLVWRU\DQGDYLFWRU\IRUWKH:KLJSDUW\DQGOLEHUDOLVP6SXUUHGE\DUHFHQWFKROHUD
HSLGHPLFWKH%ULWLVKSHRSOHGHPDQGHGDPRUHUHVSRQVLYHJRYHUQPHQW7KHELOOLQFUHDVHG
QXPEHURIYRWHUVIURPRISRSXODWLRQWRE\HOLPLQDWLQJXQGHUSRSXODWHGUXUDO
HOHFWRUDOGLVWULFWV³URWWHQERURXJKV´WKDWVXSSRUWHGWKH+RXVHRI/RUGVDQGUHSODFLQJWKHP
ZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURPQHZPDQXIDFWXULQJGLVWULFWVDQGFLWLHVWKDWURVHXSIURPWKH
LQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ7KHELOOWKXVUHVXOWHGLQWKHVXSUHPDF\RIWKH+RXVHRI&RPPRQVRYHU
WKH+RXVHRI/RUGVLQ3DUOLDPHQW(Unit 7.1, p. 14)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRXQWULHVZDVWKHILUVWWRJUDQWIHPDOHVXIIUDJH"$Finland,Q
WKHDXWRQRPRXV*UDQG'XFK\RI)LQODQGEHFDPHWKHILUVWUHJLRQWRJUDQWZRPHQWKH
ULJKWWRYRWH6HYHQ\HDUVODWHU1RUZD\EHFDPHWKHILUVWLQGHSHQGHQWQDWLRQWRJUDQWIHPDOH
VXIIUDJHZKLOHDOVRDOORZLQJZRPHQWRKROGSXEOLFRIILFH(Unit 8.2, p. 8)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϬͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJGDWHVGRHVWKHDERYHPDSEHVWUHSUHVHQWIRU(XURSH"(1996.
7KHPDSVKRZVFRXQWULHVLQHDVWHUQ(XURSHWKDWEHFDPHLQGHSHQGHQWDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH
6RYLHW8QLRQLQ0RUHRYHUWKH&]HFK5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDNLDEURNHDZD\IURPHDFK
RWKHULQ7KHPDSDOVRVKRZVLQGHSHQGHQWFRXQWULHVZKHUH<XJRVODYLDRQFHVWRRG
LQFOXGLQJ%RVQLDZKLFKZRQLWVLQGHSHQGHQFHLQWKHPLGV
,QFRQWUDVWWRDUWLVWVGXULQJWKHODVWKDOIRIWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\%DURTXHDUWLVWV%
depended primarily on wealthy donors from the aristocracy,QFRQWUDVWWRWKH%DURTXHHUD
ZKHUHZHDOWK\IDPLOLHVJRYHUQPHQWVDQGWKH&DWKROLFFKXUFKVSHQWHQRUPRXVVXPVRI
PRQH\SDWURQL]LQJWKHYLVXDODUWVDUWLVWVE\WKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\SURGXFHGDUWIRUDUW¶V
VDNH$UWLVWVZKRSURGXFHGUHDOLVWLPSUHVVLRQLVWDQGSRVWLPSUHVVLRQLVWZRUNVZHUHXVXDOO\
QRWZRUNLQJRQEHKDOIRIDSDWURQEXWUDWKHUKRSHGWRVHOOWKHLUSDLQWLQJVWRWKHJHQHUDO
SXEOLF7KHPLGGOHFODVVLQSDUWLFXODUEHFDPHDQHZDQGLPSRUWDQWFRQQRLVVHXURIODWH
QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\DUW(Unit 7.2, pp. 12-13)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJEHVWVXPPDUL]HVWKHSRLQWRIWKLVFDUWRRQE\6LU-RKQ7HQQLHO"
'Kaiser Wilhelm II was assuming more authority in the German Empire through the
resignation of Otto von Bismarck. +RSLQJWRJDLQPRUHVXSSRUWIURPWKHZRUNLQJFODVVHV
WKH\RXQJ.DLVHU:LOKHOP,,UHPRYHG%LVPDUFNIURPKLVSRVLWLRQDV&KDQFHOORU%LVPDUFN
KDGSODQQHGWRRXWODZWKH6RFLDO'HPRFUDWLF3DUW\63''LSORPDWLFDOO\%LVPDUFN¶V
UHPRYDOSURYHGXQIRUWXQDWHDVWKHFDUHIXOO\FRQVWUXFWHGEDODQFHRISRZHULQ(XURSHWKDWKDG
ODUJHO\EHHQHQJLQHHUHGE\KLPVRRQEHJDQWRXQUDYHOUHVXOWLQJLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQVWDELOLW\
WKDWZRXOGEHDFDXVHRI:RUOG:DU,(Unit 8.2, p. 6)
.DUO0DU[DQG9ODGLPLU/HQLQERWKEHOLHYHGWKDWLPSHULDOLVPZDVWKHORJLFDO
RXWJURZWKRI(capitalism.,QDas Kapital, 0DU[DUJXHGWKDWWKHERXUJHRLVLHQHHGHG
FRQVWDQWO\H[SDQGLQJPDUNHWVWRLQFUHDVHLWVSURILWV7KLVZRXOGLQWXUQOHDGWRWKHFRQTXHVW
RIOHVVGHYHORSHGSHRSOHV/HQLQVDZLPSHULDOLVPOHDGLQJWRFRORQLDOULYDOULHVDQGZDU7KH
RXWEUHDNRI:RUOG:DU,VHHPHGWRYDOLGDWH/HQLQ¶VYLHZV(Unit 8.3, p. 11)
$PDMRUGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWRWDOLWDULDQLVPLQWKHVDQGVDQGDEVROXWLVPLQ
WKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ZDVWKDW%mass participation of ordinary citizens was required
by totalitarian regimes.6WDOLQ¶V<HDU3ODQVDQGWKH+LWOHU<RXWKDUHH[DPSOHVRIKRZ
WRWDOLWDULDQUHJLPHVLQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\GHPDQGHGSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGOR\DOW\IURP
RUGLQDU\FLWL]HQV3DUWLFLSDWLRQIRUSHRSOHVLPSO\ZDVQ¶WDFKRLFH,QFRQWUDVWDEVROXWH
UHJLPHVRIWKHVHYHQWHHQWKDQGHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHVVRXJKWWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUSRZHU7KRVH
ZKRGLGQRWFKDOOHQJHDXWKRULW\ZHUHODUJHO\OHIWDORQH (Unit 10.1, p. 1)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZDVWKHQXFOHXVRI,WDOLDQXQLILFDWLRQDIWHU"$SardiniaPiedmont8QGHUWKHOHDGHUVKLSRISULPHPLQLVWHU&RXQW&DYRXUVHUYLQJDWWKHEHKHVWRI
.LQJ(PPDQXHO6DUGLQLD3LHGPRQWJUDGXDOO\XQLILHG,WDO\LQWKHWZRGHFDGHVSULRUWR
6DUGLQLD3LHGPRQWZDVDOLEHUDODQGHFRQRPLFDOO\YLDEOHVWDWHPRGHOHGRQWKH)UHQFK
V\VWHPXQGHU(PSHURU1DSROHRQ,,,3LHGPRQWJDLQHG/RPEDUG\IURP$XVWULDLQ
3DUPD0RGHQD5RPDJQDDQG7XVFDQ\LQVRXWKHUQ,WDO\LQDVDUHVXOWRIWKH
FRQTXHVWVRI*DULEDOGLDQGKLV5HG6KLUWV9HQLFHLQDQG5RPHLQ5RPHEHFDPH
WKHQHZFDSLWDORI,WDO\ZLWK.LQJ9LFWRU(PPDQXHODV,WDO\¶VILUVWNLQJ(Unit 8.1, pp. 8-9)
,QWKHRU\ZRPHQHQMR\HGDVLJQLILFDQWLQFUHDVHLQULJKWVGXULQJ'Lenin’s leadership
in Russia. 7KH%ROVKHYLN5HYROXWLRQLPPHGLDWHO\SURFODLPHGFRPSOHWHHTXDOLW\RI
ULJKWVIRUZRPHQ,QWKHVGLYRUFHDQGDERUWLRQZHUHPDGHHDVLO\DYDLODEOHIRUZRPHQ
DQGIHPDOHVZHUHXUJHGE\WKHVWDWHWRZRUNRXWVLGHWKHKRPHDQGOLEHUDWHWKHPVHOYHV
VH[XDOO\0DQ\ZRPHQZRUNHGDVSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGLQXQLYHUVLWLHV1HYHUWKHOHVVZRPHQ
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϭͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
ZHUHVWLOOH[SHFWHGWRGRKRXVHKROGFKRUHVGXULQJWKHRIIKRXUVDV6RYLHWPHQFRQVLGHUHG
KRPHDQGFKLOGUHQDVDZRPDQ¶VUHVSRQVLELOLW\0RUHRYHUPHQFRQWLQXHGWRPRQRSROL]HWKH
EHVWMREV5DSLGVRFLDOFKDQJHDQGHFRQRPLFKDUGVKLSOHGWRPDQ\EURNHQIDPLOLHVLQWKH
6RYLHW8QLRQ (Unit 10.1, pp. 5, 8)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQIURPWKHDERYHJUDSK"&A higher
level of industrialization per capita will result in a higher total production of goods.7KH
FKDUWVKRZVKRZFRXQWULHVWKDWLQGXVWULDOL]HGIXOO\%ULWDLQ*HUPDQ\)UDQFHEHFDPHIDU
PRUHSURGXFWLYHZKLOHFRXQWULHVWKDWGLGQRWLQGXVWULDOL]HVXFKDV&KLQDDQG,QGLDZHUHOHIW
IDUEHKLQGLQWRWDOSURGXFWLRQ
$OORIWKHIROORZLQJFRXQWULHVH[SHULHQFHGVLJQLILFDQWHPLJUDWLRQWRQRQ(XURSHDQ
UHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOGGXULQJWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\(;&(37(France)UDQFHGLGQRW
VXIIHUWKHVDPHHFRQRPLFGLVORFDWLRQWKDWRFFXUUHGLQFRXQWULHVVXFKDV,UHODQG*HUPDQ\
DQG,WDO\LQWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KLVLVRQHUHDVRQZK\)UHQFKHPLJUDWLRQZDV
UHODWLYHO\ORZ*UHDW%ULWDLQVLQFHWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\KDGH[SHULHQFHGPXFK
HPLJUDWLRQWR1RUWK$PHULFDSUHVHQWGD\86DQGQHZGHVWLQDWLRQVVXFKDV&DQDGD
$XVWUDOLD1HZ=HDODQGDQG6RXWK$PHULFDFRQWLQXHGWRDWWUDFW%ULWLVKHPLJUDQWVDVWKH
SRSXODWLRQLQ%ULWDLQFRQWLQXHGWRJURZLQWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\(Unit 8.3, p. 2)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWUHIOHFWVWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIFDUWRRQLVW7KRPDV
1DVWUHJDUGLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDODIIDLUV"&European powers are greedy in their conquest
of other countries. 7KHGDWHRIWKHFDUWRRQFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKH%HUOLQ&RQIHUHQFHLQ
ZKLFK(XURSHDQSRZHUVHVWDEOLVKHGJXLGHOLQHVLQWKHLU³VFUDPEOH´IRU$IULFD,URQLFDOO\
ZKLOHWKHWRQHRIWKHFDUWRRQLVFULWLFDOWKH86ZRXOGVRRQEHFRPHDPDMRULPSHULDOLVW
SRZHULQWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKDQGHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHV(Unit 8.3, p. 5)
3RSH/HR;,,,¶VLVVXDQFHRIRerum NovarumLQGLFDWHGWKHFKXUFK¶VDFFHSWDQFH
RIZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\$Capitalism. 3RSH/HR;,,,
FRQGHPQHGVRFLDOLVPIRULWVDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKDWKHLVP:KLOHKHIRXQGIDXOWZLWKFDSLWDOLVP
UHJDUGLQJSRYHUW\LQVHFXULW\DQGGHJUDGDWLRQRIWKHODERULQJFODVVHVKHVWDWHGWKDW
FDSLWDOLVPFRXOGZRUNLILQGXVWULDOLVWVORRNHGDIWHUWKHZHOIDUHRIWKHLUZRUNHUVDQGSURYLGHG
WKHPZLWKDOLYLQJZDJH+LVSURQRXQFHPHQWOHGWRWKHFUHDWLRQRI&DWKROLFRU&KULVWLDQ
SROLWLFDOSDUWLHVDQG&DWKROLFWUDGHXQLRQVEHJDQWRDSSHDUDWWKHWXUQRIWKHFHQWXU\(Unit
7.2, pp. 11-12)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWUHIOHFWVWKHSXUSRVHRI:RRGURZ:LOVRQ¶V
)RXUWHHQ3RLQWVGXULQJ:RUOG:DU2QH"'They sought to foster free trade
throughout the world.7KH)RXUWHHQ3RLQWVZDV:RRGURZ:LOVRQ¶VSODQWRHQG:RUOG:DU,
DORQJOLEHUDODQGGHPRFUDWLFOLQHV+HSURSRVHGIUHHGRPRIWKHVHDVDQGWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRI
HFRQRPLFEDUULHUVVXFKDVWDULIIVDQGTXRWDV+HDOVRXUJHGVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQIRUODUJH
JURXSVRIHWKQLFPLQRULWLHVZKRZHUHFXUUHQWO\VXEMXJDWHGE\HPSLUHV$ORQJWKHVDPHOLQHV
KHVRXJKWPRUHIUHHGRPVIRUSHRSOHLQFRXQWULHVFRORQL]HGE\(XURSHDQV0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\
WR:LOVRQKHVRXJKWDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFROOHFWLYHVHFXULW\RUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWZRXOGSUHVHUYH
SHDFHDQGHFRQRPLFSURVSHULW\DIWHUWKHZDU7KLVLGHDEHFDPHWKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQVEXW
LURQLFDOO\WKH86QHYHUMRLQHG(Unit 9.1, pp. 10-11)
,QZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZD\VGLG:RUOG:DU2QHWUDQVIRUP(XURSHDQVRFLHW\"'It
ended the rule of long-standing dynasties in central and eastern Europe.:RUOG:DU,
SURYHGWREHDSROLWLFDOZDWHUVKHGDVWKH\HDU5RPDQRYG\QDVW\\HDU+RKHQ]ROOHUQ
G\QDVW\DQG\HDU+DSVEXUJG\QDVW\ZHUHDOOUHPRYHGIURPSRZHU,QDGGLWLRQWKH
2WWRPDQ(PSLUHLQ(XURSHVLQFHZDVQRZFRPSOHWHO\UHPRYHG(Unit 9.1, pp. 12-13)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϮͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
7KH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQDQGWKH%ROVKHYLN5HYROXWLRQZHUHVLPLODULQWKDWWKH\%
caused a dramatic decrease in the influence of the nobility. 7KHQRELOLW\ZDVYLUWXDOO\
DEROLVKHGDIWHUWKH%ROVKHYLN5HYROXWLRQZKLOHPDQ\QREOHVIOHGIRUWKHLUOLYHVGXULQJWKH
)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQ$:KLOHWKH%ROVKHYLN5HYROXWLRQZDVFDXVHGE\LQWHUQDWLRQDOZDUV
:RUOG:DU,WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQZDVQRW&:KLOHWKHERXUJHRLVLHOHGWKH)UHQFK
5HYROXWLRQWKHPLGGOHFODVVZDVGHPRQL]HGE\WKHFRPPXQLVW%ROVKHYLNV'$QGZKLOH
WKH)UHQFK5HYROXWLRQHDUO\RQHQMR\HGVXSSRUWIURPDPDMRULW\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQWKH
%ROVKHYLNVZHUHDOZD\VLQWKHPLQRULW\(
$PDMRUWDUJHWRI6WDOLQ¶VZUDWKGXULQJWKH6RYLHWFROOHFWLYL]DWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUHZDV
WKH'kulaks. ³.XODN´ZDVDWHUPXVHGWRSHMRUDWLYHO\UHIHUWRDZHDOWKLHUSHDVDQWZKR
RSSRVHG6WDOLQ¶V)LYH<HDU3ODQV6WDOLQKDGRUGHUHGIDUPHUVLQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQWRMRLQ
FROOHFWLYHIDUPV7KHNXODNVZKRKDGVRPHSURSHUW\VWRRGWRORVHPXFKLQFROOHFWLYL]DWLRQ
DQGUHVLVWHGWKHSURJUDP,QUHVSRQVH6WDOLQVRXJKWWROLTXLGDWHWKHNXODNVDVDFODVV
%HWZHHQVHYHQDQGWHQPLOOLRQNXODNVGLHGLQ8NUDLQHLQWKHHDUO\VDVDUHVXOWRID
IRUFHGVWDUYDWLRQVSRQVRUHGE\6WDOLQ(Unit 10.1, pp. 6-7)
7KHPRVWQRWRULRXVH[DPSOHRIDSSHDVHPHQWGXULQJWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\RFFXUUHGDW
WKH%Munich Conference.,Q$GROI+LWOHUGHPDQGHGIURP&]HFKRVORYDNLDDVWULS
RILWVWHUULWRU\²WKH6XGHWHQODQG²WKDWERUGHUHG*HUPDQ\:KHQ&]HFKRVORYDNLDUHIXVHGD
JHQHUDOZDULQ(XURSHVHHPHGLPPLQHQW+RSLQJWRIRUHVWDOOZDU%ULWLVK3ULPH0LQLVWHU
1HYLOOH&KDPEHUODLQDUUDQJHGDFRQIHUHQFHLQ0XQLFKWKDWLQFOXGHG*HUPDQ\,WDO\)UDQFH
DQG%ULWDLQ&]HFKRVORYDNLDZDVQRWLQYLWHG&KDPEHUODLQKRSHGWRDSSHDVH+LWOHUE\JLYLQJ
KLPWKH6XGHWHQODQGLQH[FKDQJHIRUDVVXUDQFHVWKDW*HUPDQ\ZRXOGPDNHQRPRUH
WHUULWRULDOGHPDQGV$VDUHVXOW&]HFKRVORYDNLDORVWLWVWHUULWRU\+LWOHUGRXEOHFURVVHG
&KDPEHUODLQZKHQVL[PRQWKVODWHUWKH*HUPDQZDUPDFKLQHUROOHGLQWRWKHUHVWRI
&]HFKRVORYDNLD&KDPEHUODLQ¶VSROLF\RIDSSHDVHPHQWEHFDPHDQRWRULRXVH[DPSOHRIKRZ
QDLYHO\SODFDWLQJUXWKOHVVGLFWDWRUVFRXOGOHDGWRGLVDVWHU(Unit 10.2, p. 5)
7KHWKRUQ\LVVXHRI86)UHQFKDQG%ULWLVKIRUFHVLQ:HVW%HUOLQGXULQJWKH&ROG
:DUZDVHVVHQWLDOO\VHWWOHGE\$the building of the Berlin Wall8QWLO(DVW*HUPDQ\
EXLOWWKH%HUOLQ:DOODURXQG:HVW%HUOLQLQWKHUHKDGEHHQQXPHURXVFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQ
WKH86DQG6RYLHW8QLRQFRQFHUQLQJ$OOLHGPLOLWDU\IRUFHVLQ:HVW%HUOLQ7KRXVDQGVRI
(DVW*HUPDQVKDGHVFDSHGLQWR:HVW%HUOLQSHU\HDUZKLOHFRPPXQLVWDXWKRULWLHVJUHZ
LQFUHDVLQJO\IUXVWUDWHG:KLOHWKH%HUOLQ:DOOFDPHWREHVHHQDVDV\PERORIFRPPXQLVW
RSSUHVVLRQEHKLQGWKH,URQ&XUWDLQLWDOVRUHGXFHG&ROG:DUWHQVLRQVVLQFH(DVW*HUPDQV
ZHUHQRORQJHUDEOHWRHVFDSHWRWKH:HVW(Unit 10.3, pp. 8-9)
7KHDERYHSDLQWLQJE\6DOYDGRU'DOLLVDQH[DPSOHRIZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJDUWLVWLF
VW\OHV(Surrealism,QVSLUHGE\)UHXGLDQWKHRULHVUHJDUGLQJGUHDPV6DOYDGRU'DOL
OHGWKH6XUUHDOLVWPRYHPHQWWKDWRIWHQSRUWUD\HGVWUDQJHGUHDPVFDSHV7KH
6XUUHDOLVWPRYHPHQWVDZPXFKRILWVJUHDWHVWZRUNLQWKH\HDUVSULRUWR:RUOG:DU,,(Unit
9.3, p. 7)
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZDVWUXHDERXW)DVFLVW,WDO\XQGHU%HQLWR0XVVROLQL"%He
organized all independent labor unions into government-controlled syndicates$VSDUWRI
0XVVROLQL¶VYLVLRQIRUD³FRUSRUDWHVWDWH´KHRUJDQL]HGODERUXQLRQVLQWRV\QGLFDWHV%\
WKHIDVFLVWJRYHUQPHQWHVWDEOLVKHGRUJDQL]DWLRQVRIZRUNHUVDQGHPSOR\HUVZKLOH
RXWODZLQJVWULNHVDQGZDONRXWV&RUSRUDWLRQVZHUHFUHDWHGZKLFKFRRUGLQDWHGDFWLYLWLHV
EHWZHHQZRUNHUHPSOR\HUV\QGLFDWHV(Unit 10.1, p. 10)
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϯͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
$OORIWKHIROORZLQJZHUHLPSRUWDQWFDXVHVIRUZHVWHUQ(XURSH¶V³HFRQRPLFPLUDFOH´
DIWHU:RUOG:DU7ZR(;&(37'rejection of fiscally strict Keynesian policies,Q
IDFWOLEHUDOZHVWHUQ(XURSHDQJRYHUQPHQWVDIWHU:RUOG:DU,,²HVSHFLDOO\%ULWDLQ*HUPDQ\
DQG)UDQFH²ZLGHO\HPEUDFHG.H\QHVLDQHFRQRPLFSROLFLHVZKLFKFDOOHGIRUODUJH
JRYHUQPHQWVSHQGLQJWRVWLPXODWHWKHHFRQRP\ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHSURYLGLQJDVDIHW\QHW
LQWKHIRUPRIWKH³ZHOIDUHVWDWH´7KLVRIWHQPHDQWWKHJRYHUQPHQWVZRXOGVSHQGOHVVWKDQ
WKHLUUHYHQXHV²GHILFLWVSHQGLQJ7KLVSROLF\UHPDLQHGSRSXODUXQWLOWKHHFRQRPLFUHFHVVLRQ
RIWKHVZKHUHFRQVHUYDWLYHVVRXJKWWRUHGXFHJRYHUQPHQWVSHQGLQJ(Unit 10.4, p. 3)
7KHDERYHSROLWLFDOFDUWRRQSRUWUD\LQJ863UHVLGHQW-RKQ).HQQHG\DQG6RYLHW
3UHPLHU1LNLWD.KUXVKFKHYUHIHUVWRWKHDIWHUPDWKRIZKLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJHYHQWV()
the Cuban Missile Crisis3HUKDSVWKHFOLPDFWLFPRPHQWRIWKH&ROG:DUWKH&XEDQ0LVVLOH
&ULVLVLQEURXJKWWKH86DQGWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDVFORVHWRQXFOHDUZDUDVWKHWZR
VXSHUSRZHUVZRXOGFRPH7KHFULVLVZDVUHVROYHGZLWKDGHDOWKDWLQFOXGHG86DVVXUDQFHV
WRQHYHULQYDGHFRPPXQLVW&XEDLQUHWXUQIRUWKH6RYLHWVUHPRYLQJDOOWKHLUQXFOHDUPLVVLOHV
IURP&XED7KH86DOVRDJUHHGWRUHPRYHLWVQXFOHDUPLVVLOHVIURP7XUNH\MXVWDFURVVWKH
6RYLHWERUGHU(Unit 10.3, p. 9)
7KHZHVWHUQ(XURSHDQFRXQWU\ZKLFKVWHSSHGEDFNIURPWKHSURFHVVRI(XURSHDQ
HFRQRPLFDQGPLOLWDU\XQLW\LQWKHODWHVDQGVZDV&France.$ELWWHU
FRORQLDOZDULQ$OJHULDUHVXOWHGLQWKHHOHFWLRQLQRI*HQHUDO&KDUOHVGH*DXOOHZKR
HVWDEOLVKHGWKH)LIWK)UHQFK5HSXEOLFDQGOHGDVSUHVLGHQWXQWLO+HZLWKGUHZ)UDQFH
IURPZKDWKHVDZDVD86FRQWUROOHG1$72DQGKHVXSSRUWHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI)UDQFH¶V
RZQQXFOHDUZHDSRQVSURJUDP'H*DXOOHWZLFHYHWRHGDSSOLFDWLRQRI³SUR$PHULFDQ´
%ULWDLQLQWRWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPRQ0DUNHW(&$VDUHVXOW%ULWDLQGLGQRWHQWHUWKH(&
XQWLO(Unit 10.4, p. 7)
,QWKHWZRGHFDGHVIROORZLQJ:RUOG:DU7ZRWKHDYHUDJH(XURSHDQZRPDQ%had
fewer children. ,QWKHSRVWZDUHUDZRPHQFRQWLQXHGWRPDUU\HDUOLHU:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQ
FXOWXUHRQFHDJDLQHPSKDVL]HGWKHGRPHVWLFUROHZRPHQVKRXOGSOD\LQWKHKRPH:KLOHWKH
W\SLFDOZRPDQLQ(XURSHKDGFKLOGUHQTXLFNO\DIWHUPDUU\LQJVKHRQO\KDGWZRFKLOGUHQ
7KHUHIRUHPRWKHUKRRGRFFXSLHGDPXFKVPDOOHUSRUWLRQRIDZRPHQ¶VOLIHWKDQDWWKHWXUQRI
WKHFHQWXU\%LUWKFRQWUROXVHLQFUHDVHGZLWKRUDOFRQWUDFHSWLYHVDQGLQWUDXWHULQHGHYLFHV
:LWKPDQ\\HDUVDKHDGRIWKHPDIWHUWKHLU\RXQJHVWFKLOGKDGOHIWKRPHZRPHQLQFUHDVLQJO\
VRXJKWRSSRUWXQLWLHVLQWKHZRUNSODFH7KLVZDVRQHRIWKHPDMRUFDXVHVRIWKHZRPHQ¶V
ULJKWVPRYHPHQWRIWKHV(Unit 10.4, p. 15)
7KH6HFRQG9DWLFDQ&RXQFLODQGWKH&RXQFLORI7UHQWZHUH
VLPLODULQWKDWERWK'reaffirmed the core doctrines of the Catholic church7KH6HFRQG
9DWLFDQ&RXQFLODOORZHGIRUXVHRIWKHYHUQDFXODULQWKH&DWKROLFOLWXUJ\ZRUOGZLGH7KLV
ZDVDQDWWHPSWWRNHHSWKH&DWKROLFFKXUFKUHOHYDQWLQWKHPRGHUQZRUOG+RZHYHUVFULSWXUH
ZDVGHFODUHGWREHWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKH&KXUFK7KH&RXQFLODOVRGHFODUHGWKDWDOWKRXJKWKH
&DWKROLFFKXUFKZDVWKHRQHWUXH&KXUFKRWKHU&KULVWLDQJURXSVZKRVKDUHGDEHOLHILQ
&KULVWZHUHWREHUHVSHFWHG7KH&RXQFLORI7UHQWKDGUHDIILUPHGYLUWXDOO\DOORIWKHFRUH
GRFWULQHVRIWKHFKXUFKZKLOHVHHNLQJWRUHIRUPDEXVHVLQFKXUFKSUDFWLFHV(Unit 10.4, p. 16)
7KH$WODQWLF$OOLDQFHZDVUHYLWDOL]HGLQWKHVGXHLQSDUWWRWKHHPHUJHQFHRI%
Margaret Thatcher. $VWURQJDQWLFRPPXQLVWFRQVHUYDWLYH%ULWLVKSULPHPLQLVWHU7KDWFKHU
ZRUNHGDORQJVLGH*HUPDQFKDQFHOORU+HOPXW.RKODQG86SUHVLGHQW5RQDOG5HDJDQLQ
FUHDWLQJDVWURQJIURQWDJDLQVW6RYLHWDJJUHVVLRQHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHZDNHRIWKH6RYLHW
LQYDVLRQRI$IJKDQLVWDQLQ:KLOHWKHHDUO\VZDVDWHQVHWLPHGXULQJWKH&ROG
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϰͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
:DUDEHWWHUFOLPDWHHPHUJHGLQZLWKWKHDVFHQVLRQWRSRZHURI6RYLHWSUHPLHU0LNKDLO
*RUEDFKHY (Unit 10.3, p. 13)
$OORIWKHIROORZLQJIRUPHUFRORQLHVDFKLHYHGWKHLULQGHSHQGHQFHIURP(XURSHDQ
FRXQWULHVDIWHU:RUOG:DU,,(;&(37$the Philippines7KH3KLOLSSLQHVZDVDQ
$PHULFDQFRORQ\WKDWJDLQHGLWVLQGHSHQGHQFHLQ$OORIWKHRWKHUDQVZHUFKRLFHVZHUH
(XURSHDQFRQWUROOHGFRORQLHVWKDWJDLQHGWKHLULQGHSHQGHQFHGXULQJDZDYHRIGHFRORQL]DWLRQ
LQWKHWZRGHFDGHVIROORZLQJ:RUOG:DU,,9LHWQDPDQG$OJHULDZHUH)UHQFKFRORQLHVWKDW
JDLQHGWKHLULQGHSHQGHQFHWKURXJKZDUIDUHZKLOH(J\SWDQG,QGLDJDLQHGWKHLULQGHSHQGHQFH
IURP*UHDW%ULWDLQPRUHSHDFHIXOO\(Unit 10.3, pp. 19-21)
:K\ZDVWKHLQYDVLRQRI1RUPDQG\''D\VRLPSRUWDQWLQWKHILQDORXWFRPHRI:RUOG
:DU,,(Had the invasion failed, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union may have opted
for a mutually beneficial peace treaty.:KLOHWKH%DWWOHRI6WDOLQJUDGZDVDWXUQLQJSRLQWIRU
WKH$OOLHVLQWKHLUZDUDJDLQVW1D]L*HUPDQ\LWZDVWKHVXFFHVVIXO$OOLHGDPSKLELRXV
LQYDVLRQRI1RUPDQG\WKDWVHDOHG*HUPDQ\¶VIDWH+DGWKHLQYDVLRQIDLOHG*HUPDQ\ZRXOG
KDYHEHHQDEOHWRFRQFHQWUDWHPRVWRILWVPLOLWDU\IRUFHVDJDLQVWWKH6RYLHWVRQWKHHDVWHUQ
IURQW7KLVPD\KDYHUHVXOWHGLQDVWDOHPDWHDQGDQHYHQWXDOSHDFHWUHDW\ZLWKWKH6RYLHWVLQ
FRQWURORIHDVWHUQ(XURSHDQG*HUPDQ\LQFRQWURORIFHQWUDODQGZHVWHUQ(XURSH(Unit 10.2,
p. 11)
7KHSHULRGRILPSURYHGUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH8665DQGWKH86LQWKHVZDV
NQRZQDV%GpWHQWH86SUHVLGHQW5LFKDUG1L[RQWUDYHOHGWR&KLQDDQGWKH6RYLHW
8QLRQLQXVKHULQJLQDQLPSURYHGSKDVHLQUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHVXSHUSRZHUV1L[RQ
KRSHGWRJHW6RYLHWKHOSLQHQGLQJWKH9LHWQDP:DU7KH86DQG8665VLJQHGWZR
WUHDWLHVWROLPLWQXFOHDUZHDSRQVV\VWHPVDQGODWHUPHWDWWKH+HOVLQNL&RQIHUHQFHLQ
ZKHUHWKH86UHFRJQL]HG6RYLHWLQIOXHQFHLQHDVWHUQ(XURSHLQUHWXUQIRU5XVVLDQSOHGJHVWR
LPSURYHKXPDQULJKWVLQWKH6RYLHWHPSLUHDétente HQGHGDEUXSWO\LQZLWKWKH6RYLHW
LQYDVLRQRI$IJKDQLVWDQ(Unit 10.3, pp. 11-12)
2QHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFDXVHVRIWKHHFRQRPLFUHFHVVLRQRIWKHVZDV'the
“oil shock” caused by OPEC’s reduction of oil supplies. ,QWKH2UJDQL]DWLRQRI
3HWUROHXP([SRUWLQJ&RXQWULHV23(&GUDPDWLFDOO\LQFUHDVHGWKHSULFHRIRLODQGWKHQ
GHFUHDVHGSURGXFWLRQFUHDWLQJDQRLOVKRUWDJH7KHVHPHDVXUHVZHUHGRQHDVUHWDOLDWLRQIRU
86DQGZHVWHUQ(XURSHDQVXSSRUWRI,VUDHOGXULQJWKH<RP.LSSXU:DUDJDLQVW(J\SWDQG
6\ULD7KHUHVXOWZDVVLJQLILFDQWLQIODWLRQLQ(XURSHFRXSOHGZLWKULVLQJXQHPSOR\PHQW7KH
³RLOVKRFN´H[DFHUEDWHGWKHXSKHDYDODOUHDG\IHOWZRUOGZLGHGXHWRDURFN\LQWHUQDWLRQDO
PRQHWDU\V\VWHP$VHFRQGRLOVKRFNURFNHGWKH:HVWLQ(Unit 10.4, pp. 8-9)
7KHDERYHTXRWHLVPRVWOLNHO\DWWULEXWHGWR&Mikhail Gorbachev6RYLHWOHDGHU
0LNKDLO*RUEDFKHYVRXJKWWRLPSURYHUHODWLRQVZLWKWKH:HVWEHJLQQLQJLQ+LVSROLF\
RIglasnostUHOD[HGFHQVRUVKLSDQGLPSURYHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKWKH86DQGZHVWHUQ
(XURSH(YHQPRUHGUDPDWLFZDVKLVUHIXVDOWRFUDFNGRZQRQ6RYLHWVDWHOOLWHVEHKLQGWKH
,URQ&XUWDLQZKRGHFODUHGWKHLULQGHSHQGHQFHLQ(Unit 10.3, p. 14-15)
2QHRIWKHPRVWWURXEOLQJLVVXHVIRUULJKWZLQJXOWUDQDWLRQDOLVWSROLWLFLDQVLQ(XURSH
GXULQJWKHVZDV$the large number of guest workers coming into Europe from
non-European areas7KH\HDUVIROORZLQJ:RUOG:DU,,VDZWKHFRQWLQXHGLQIOX[RIORZ
ZDJHLPPLJUDQWVIURP$IULFDDQGFHQWUDO$VLDLQWR(XURSH)UDQFHH[SHULHQFHGDFRQWLQXHG
ZDYHRILPPLJUDWLRQIURP$OJHULD/LNHZLVH*HUPDQ\DQG$XVWULDDOORZHGKXQGUHGVRI
WKRXVDQGVRI7XUNVWRHQWHUDV³JXHVWZRUNHUV´$VDUHVXOW[HQRSKRELDIHDURILPPLJUDQWV
HPHUJHGLQXOWUDFRQVHUYDWLYHFLUFOHVLQYDULRXVFRXQWULHVLQ(XURSH7KHPRVWQRWDEOHFULWLF
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϱͲ AP European History Comprehensive Exam #1
RILPPLJUDWLRQZDV-HDQ0DULH/H3HQLQ)UDQFHZKRDUJXHGWKDWLPPLJUDWLRQVKRXOGEH
VWRSSHG(Unit 10.3, p. 23)
7KHDERYHTXRWDWLRQZDVPRVWOLNHO\ZULWWHQE\&Simone de Beauvoir. 6KHLV
FRQVLGHUHGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW(XURSHDQIHPLQLVWRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\,QKHUVHPLQDOThe
Second Sex VKHDUJXHGWKDWZRPHQZHUHLQHVVHQFHIUHHEXWKDGDOPRVWDOZD\VEHHQ
WUDSSHGE\SDUWLFXODUO\LQIOH[LEOHDQGOLPLWLQJFRQGLWLRQV2QO\E\FRXUDJHRXVDFWLRQDQG
VHOIDVVHUWLYHFUHDWLYLW\FRXOGZRPHQEHFRPHIUHHDQGHVFDSHWKHUROHRIWKHLQIHULRU³RWKHU´
'H%HDXYRLULQVSLUHGDIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQRIZRPHQ
VULJKWVLQWHOOHFWXDOV(Unit 10.4, p. 15)
7KHHFRQRPLFUROHRIWKHVWDWHGXULQJWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\ZDVVLPLODUWRHFRQRPLF
UROHRIWKHVWDWHDIWHULQWKDW(command economies in post-World War II eastern
Europe used centralized planning that was characteristic of France’s mercantilist
economy in the seventeenth century.0RVWRIHDVWHUQ(XURSHDIWHU:RUOG:DU,,ZDV
JRYHUQHGE\6RYLHWVW\OHFRPPDQGHFRQRPLHVZKHUHWKHVWDWHQRWWKHIUHHPDUNHW
GHWHUPLQHGZKDWKRZDQGIRUZKRPJRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVZRXOGEHSURGXFHG7KLVLVQRW
XQOLNH)UDQFHXQGHU/RXLV;,9ZKHUHWKHVWDWHSOD\HGDPDMRUUROHLQJUDQWLQJPRQRSROLHV
DEROLVKLQJJXLOGVDQGGHWHUPLQLQJKRZFHUWDLQJRRGVZHUHWREHSURGXFHG
:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVEHVWH[SODLQVWKHDERYHJUDSKRI5XVVLD¶VSRSXODWLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQ$women tend to live longer than men at nearly all ages$FDUHIXOORRNDW
WKHJUDSKZLOOVKRZWKDWDQVZHU$LVWKHRQO\SRVVLEOHFKRLFH
Ξ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ^ĂŐĞ͘ĐŽŵϮϬϬϴ
ͲϯϲͲ