24-hour national dietary survey
data. Times 2.
Malcolm Riley | Nutrition Epidemiologist
July 2014
FOOD AND NUTRITION FLAGSHIP
Conduct of survey
February to September 2007
Complete datasets from a total of 4487 children aged 2-16 years
Cluster sampled and selected on a household basis
CAPI interview followed by a CATI interview 7 to 21 days later
Response rate 40%
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Energy intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (CAPI)
Mean intake: 8397KJ (95% CI: 8305 KJ -8490 KJ)
N = 4487 (CATI)
Mean intake: 7930 KJ (95% CI: 7848 KJ – 8012 KJ)
P < 0.0001 by Wilcoxon Signed Rank test
Day 1 is about 6% higher than day 2.
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (CAPI)
Mean intake: 28.4g
Median intake: 0 g
25%: 0g
75%: 0g
Max: 1036 g
25%: 0g
75%: 0g
Max: 900 g
N = 4487 (CATI)
Mean intake: 29.4g
Median intake: 0 g
P=0.71 Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (no diff for 3188 or 71%)
[3.7% are non-zero]
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – specific intakes
CAPI Yogurt intake 1036 g (Reduced fat vanilla yogurt)
23rd July 2007: 16yo boy living in Melbourne
518g at 5pm
518g at 7:45pm
CATI Yogurt Intake 900g (Reduced fat vanilla yogurt)
20th April 2007: 8yo boy living in NSW
300g at 1pm
300g at 3pm
300g at 8pm
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (mean of CAPI and CATI)
Mean intake: 28.9g
Median intake: 0 g
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
25%: 0g
75%: 40g
Max: 838.5 g
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (CAPI and CATI adjusted using the NCI method)
Mean intake: 29.1g
Median intake: 10.7 g
25%: 3.6g
1% 0.1g
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
75%: 42.7g
99%: 177.6g
0
1000
2000
n
3000
4000
Yogurt Intake (CATI)
0
200
400
600
Yogurt (g)
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
800
1000
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
Consumers only
N = 974 (21.7% of CAPI)
Mean intake: 143.4g
Median intake: 100 g
25%: 77.7g
75%: 200g
25%: 100g
75%: 200g
N = 973 (21.7% of CATI)
Mean intake: 145.3g
Median intake: 100 g
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
Consumers only
N = 1465 (32.6%) (mean of CAPI and CATI)
Mean intake: 94.0g
Median intake: 75.0 g
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
25%: 50.0g
75%: 107.5g
0
100
n
200
300
Yogurt Intake (CATI)
0
200
400
600
Yogurt (g)
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
800
1000
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
CAPI
CATI
70g
7.7%
8.2%
100g
25.9%
27.5%
200g
11.6%
15.0%
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
CAPI + CATI
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
CAPI
CATI
CAPI + CATI
35g
6.2%
50g
16.2%
100g
15.5%
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
Categorise yogurt intake - category 1: no intake
- category 2: < 75g
- category 3: > 75g
1
2
3
CAPI
78.3%
5.4%
16.3%
Mean
(CAPI + CATI)
67.3%
16.8%
15.9%
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
Categorise yogurt intake - Category 1: no intake, Category 2: 0g to 75g, Category 3: > 75g
Mean Age (yrs)
1
2
3
CAPI
9.1
6.3
6.6
Mean
(CAPI + CATI)
9.5
6.5
6.9
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
Mean yogurt intake (gms)
2-3 yrs
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
CAPI
46.3
31.0
20.9
23.8
Mean
(CAPI +
CATI)
47.2
32.1
22.1
22.1
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Yogurt intake – children 2 to 16 years
% consuming + mean yogurt intake (gms) of consumers
2-3 yrs
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
CAPI
36.8%, 125.8
23.6%, 131.6
13.6%, 153.6
13.0%, 182.6
Mean
(CAPI +
CATI)
50.5%, 93.4
37.7%, 85.0
23.0%, 96.0
19.3%, 114.8
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
% who consume yogurt
60
50
40
CAPI
% 30
Mean 2 day
20
10
0
2-3yrs
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
Mean yogurt amount consumed - by
consumers (g)
200
180
160
140
120
CAPI
g 100
Mean 2 day
80
60
40
20
0
2-3yrs
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (CAPI)
Mean intake: 1.05 serves
Median intake: 0.81
25%: 0
75%: 1.6
Max: 12.2 srvs
25%: 0
75%: 1.6
Max: 8.8 srvs
N = 4487 (CATI)
Mean intake: 1.07 serves
Median intake: 0.83
P=0.02 Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (no diff for 913 or 20%)
[2.7% are non-zero]
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – specific intakes
CAPI Fruit intake 1824 g (7 apples, 2 oranges)
24th May 2007: 13yo girl living in Canberra
7:25am, 11:25am, 11:40am, 3:40pm, 7:40pm
CATI Fruit Intake 1326g (4 apples, mandarin, peach, fruit salad)
7th May 2007: 4yo boy living in Melbourne
10:45am, 12:30pm, 2pm, 4pm, 7:30pm
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (mean of CAPI and CATI)
Mean intake: 1.06 serves
Median intake: 0.87 25%: 0.35
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
75%: 1.5
Max: 7.7 serves
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
N = 4487 (adjusted distribution using the NCI method)
Mean intake: 1.02 serves
Median intake: 0.94 srvs
25%: 0.49 srvs
1% 0.03 serves
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
75%: 1.44 srvs
99%: 2.9 serves
400
0
200
Frequency
600
800
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
0
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
2
4
Fruit Intake (serves)
6
8
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
Consumers only
N = 3039 (67.7% of CAPI)
Mean intake: 1.5 serves
Median intake: 1.2
25%: 0.8
75%: 2.0 serves
25%: 0.8
75%: 2.0 serves
N = 3113 (69.4% of CATI)
Mean intake: 1.5 serves
Median intake: 1.2
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
Consumers only
N = 3697 (82.4%) (mean of CAPI and CATI)
Mean intake: 1.3 serves
Median intake: 1.1
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
25%: 0.6
75%: 1.7 serves
0
100
200
300
400
Fruit Intake (CAPI - consumers only)
0.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
5.00
10.00
Fruit Intake (serves)
15.00
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
Categorise fruit intake
- category 1: no intake
- category 2: < 1.2 serves
- category 3: > 1.2 serves
1
2
3
CAPI
32.3%
34.5%
33.3%
Mean
(CAPI + CATI)
17.6%
46.3%
36.1%
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
Categorise fruit intake
- Category 1: no intake, Category 2: to 1.2 serves, Category 3: > 1.2 serves
Mean Age (yrs)
1
2
3
CAPI
10.5
7.5
7.8
Mean
(CAPI + CATI)
11.5
8.1
7.8
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
Mean fruit intake (serves)
2-3 yrs
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
CAPI
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.85
Mean
(CAPI +
CATI)
1.1
1.2
1.0
0.82
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Fruit intake – children 2 to 16 years
% consuming + mean fruit intake (serves) of consumers
2-3 yrs
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
CAPI
83.4%, 1.3
75.3%, 1.5
61.4%, 1.7
49.9%, 1.7
Mean
(CAPI +
CATI)
92.8%, 1.2
91.4%, 1.3
79.3%, 1.3
65.3%, 1.3
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
% who consume fruit
100
90
80
70
60
CAPI
% 50
Mean 2 day
40
30
20
10
0
2-3yrs
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
Mean fruit amount consumed - by
consumers (serves)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
g
1
CAPI
0.8
Mean 2 day
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2-3yrs
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
4-8 yrs
9-13 yrs
14-16 yrs
Recommendations:
1) When presenting 24-hour recall data present the prevalence of
consumption + an indicator of the consumption of consumers.
2) Rarely characterise ‘low’ and ‘high’ consumers using 24 hour
recall data. [Categorise using stable characteristics].
3) Use 2 days of dietary information per person if it suits your
purpose
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Considerations:
* Consider data artifacts introduced by the measurement
methodology
* Consider potential errors introduced by the analytical
methodology.
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
In 2200 children aged 9 to 16 years.
EI/BMR is 11% lower by CATI than CAPI.
The physical activity measurement PAL implies a CAPI energy intake
which is 6.7% less than requirements.
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
60
40
0
20
Frequency
80
100
Estimated Dietary Energy Intake to BMR
(Day 1)
0.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
2.00
3.00
EI_BMR.1ratio
4.00
5.00
60
40
0
20
Frequency
80
100
Estimated Dietary Energy Intake to BMR
(Day 2)
0.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
2.00
EI_BMR.2ratio
3.00
4.00
60
40
0
20
Frequency
80
100
Estimated Dietary Energy Intake to BMR
(Mean of Day 1 and Day 2)
0.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
2.00
EI_BMR_mean_ratio
3.00
4.00
40
0
20
Frequency
60
80
Estimated Energy Requirement (in BMR
multiples)
1.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.50
2.00
pal_mean
2.50
3.00
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.55
1.50
0.22
4.69
EI/BMR 2
1.40
1.36
0.14
4.35
EI/BMR mean
1.48
1.44
0.34
3.87
PAL
1.65
1.62
1.13
2.76
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Remove subjects with EI/BMR less than 0.9
[91.5% remaining]
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.63
1.55
0.9
4.69
PAL
1.66
1.62
1.13
2.76
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
+ Remove subjects with EI/BMR greater
than 2.8
[89% remaining]
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.59
1.53
0.9
2.80
PAL
1.66
1.62
1.17
2.76
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
Unusual food intake on day of survey:
40% of 2200 (n=887)
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.55
1.49
0.22
4.69
PAL
1.65
1.61
1.13
2.76
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
20
0
10
Frequency
30
40
Unusual food intake on day of survey:
40% of 2200 (n=887)
0.00
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
2.00
3.00
EI_BMR.1ratio
4.00
5.00
Unusually low food intake on day of survey:
3.8% of 2200 (n=83)
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.23
1.2
0.46
2.55
PAL
1.60
1.58
1.17
2.37
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
4
0
2
Frequency
6
8
Unusually low food intake on day of survey:
3.8% of 2200 (n=83)
0.50
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
1.50
EI_BMR.1ratio
2.00
2.50
Usual diet is ‘no special diet’:
94% of 2200 (n=126)
‘Weight Reduction’ is 0.7% (n=15)
Mean
Median
min
max
EI/BMR 1
1.21
0.98
0.61
3.13
PAL
1.62
1.57
1.29
1.98
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
0
2
Frequency
4
6
Usual diet is ‘weight reduction’:
0.7% of 2200 (n=15)
0.50
Children's Food Intake | Malcolm Riley
1.00
1.50
2.00
EI_BMR.1ratio
2.50
3.00
Thank you
Food and Nutritional Sciences
Malcolm Riley
Nutrition Epidemiologist
t +61 8 8273 8133
e [email protected]
FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES