Glencoe Science
Chapter Resources
Earth’s Energy and
Mineral Resources
Includes:
Reproducible Student Pages
ASSESSMENT
TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES
✔ Chapter Tests
✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities
✔ Chapter Review
✔ Teaching Transparency Activity
HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES
✔ Assessment Transparency Activity
✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity
Teacher Support and Planning
✔ Laboratory Activities
✔ Content Outline for Teaching
✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet
✔ Spanish Resources
✔ Teacher Guide and Answers
MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery
✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish
✔ Reinforcement
✔ Enrichment
✔ Note-taking Worksheets
Date
Class
Hands-On Activities
Name
Practicing Energy Conservation
Procedure
1. Have an adult help you find the electric meter for your home and record
the reading below.
2. Do this for several days, taking your meter readings at about the same time
each day.
3. Below list things you and your family can do to reduce your electricity use.
4. Encourage your family to try some of the listed ideas for several days.
5. Record your observations below.
Data and Observations
Day
Meter reading
1
2
3
4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5
Things we can do to reduce electricity use:
Observations about reducing electricity use:
Analysis
1. Keep taking meter readings and infer whether the change makes any difference.
2. Have you and your family helped conserve energy?
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
3
Name
Date
Class
Procedure
1. Pour warm water into a thermos bottle. Cap it and set it aside.
2. Pour cold water with ice into a glass surrounded by a thermal cup holder.
3. Pour warm water—the same temperature as in step #1—into an uncovered
cup. Pour cold water with ice into a glass container that is not surrounded
by a thermal cup holder.
4. After 2 h, measure the temperature of each of the liquids. Record your
observations below.
Data and Observations
Containers
Temperature
warm water in thermos bottle
cold water and ice with thermal cup holder
warm water in an uncovered cup
cold water and ice without thermal cup holder
Analysis
1. Infer how the insulation affected the temperatures of each liquid.
2. Relate the usefulness of insulation in a thermos bottle to the usefulness of fiberglass insulation
in a home.
4 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hands-On Activities
Observing the Effects of Insulation
Name
Date
Class
Hands-On Activities
Soaking Up Solar Energy
Lab Preview
Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.
1. Why should you wear thermal mitts while handling the light source?
2. Why do you need graph paper during the lab?
Winter clothing tends to be darker in color than summer clothing. The color
of the material used in the clothing affects its ability to absorb energy. In this
lab, you will use different colors of soil to study this effect.
Real-World Question
How does color affect the absorption of
energy?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Materials
dry, black soil
dry, brown soil
dry, sandy, white soil
thermometers (3)
ring stand
graph paper
colored pencils (3)
metric ruler
clear-glass or plastic dishes (3)
200-watt gooseneck lamp
*200-watt lamp with reflector and clamp
watch or clock with second hand
*stopwatch
*Alternate materials
Goals
■
■
Determine whether color has an effect on
the absorption of solar energy.
Relate the concept of whether color affects
absorption to other applications.
Safety Precautions
WARNING: Handle glass with care so as not to
break it. Wear thermal mitts when handling the
light source.
Procedure
1. Label the dishes A, B, and C, and fill each with
a different color of soil to a depth of 2.5 cm.
2. Arrange the dishes close together on your
desk and place a thermometer in each dish.
Be sure to cover the thermometer bulb in
each dish completely with the soil.
3. Position the lamp over all three dishes.
4. You will need to read the temperature of
each dish every 30 s for 20 min after the light
is turned on. Record your Observations in
the Data and Observations section.
5. Turn on the light and begin your
experiment.
6. Use the data to construct a graph. Time
should be plotted on the horizontal axis
and temperature on the vertical axis. Use a
different colored pencil to plot the data for
each type of soil, or use a computer to
design a graph that illustrates your data.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
5
Name
Date
Class
(continued)
Time and Temperature
Time
(min)
Temperature
Dish A (˚C)
Temperature
Dish B (˚C)
Temperature
Dish C (˚C)
Conclude and Apply
1. Observe which soil had the greatest temperature change. The least?
2. Explain why the curves on the graph flatten.
3. Infer why flat-plate solar collectors have black plates behind the water pipes.
4. Explain how the color of a material affects its ability to absorb energy.
5. Infer why most winter clothing is darker in color than summer clothing.
6 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hands-On Activities
Data and Observations
Name
Date
Class
Model and Invent
Hands-On Activities
Home Sweet Home
Lab Preview
Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.
1. Where can you find information about home energy use?
2. What are some ways a home uses energy?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
As fossil fuel supplies continue to be depleted, an increasing U.S. population
has recognized the need for alternative energy sources. United States residents
might be forced to consider using inexhaustible and other renewable energy
resources to meet some of their energy needs. The need for energy-efficient
housing is more relevant now than ever before. A designer of energy-efficient
homes considers proper design and structure, a well chosen building site with
wise material selection, and selection of efficient energy generation systems
to power the home. Energy-efficient housing uses less energy and produces
fewer pollutants.
Real-World Question
Make a Model
What does the floor plan, building plan, or a
model of an energy efficient home look like?
How and where should your house be
designed and built to use the alternative
energy resources you’ve chosen efficiently?
Plan
Goals
■
■
Research various inexhaustible and other
energy resources available to use in the home.
Design blueprints for an energy-efficient
home and/or design and build a model of
an energy-efficient home.
Possible Materials
paper
ruler
pencils
cardboard
glue
aluminum foil
1. Research current information about
energy-efficient homes.
2. Research inexhaustible energy resources
such as wind, hydroelectric power, or solar
power, as well as energy conservation.
Decide which energy resources are most
efficient for your home design.
3. Decide where your house should be built
to use energy efficiently.
4. Decide how your house will be laid out and
draw mock blueprints for your home.
Highlight energy issues such as where solar
panels can be placed.
5. Build a model of your energy-efficient home.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
7
Name
Date
Class
(continued)
1. Ask your peers for input on your home. As you research, become an expert in one area of alternative energy generation and share your information with your classmates.
2. Compare your home’s design to energy-efficient homes you learn about through your
research.
Test Your Model
1. Think about how most of the energy in a home is used. Remember as you plan your home that
energy-efficient homes not only generate energy—they also use it more efficiently.
2. Carefully consider where your home should be built. For instance, if you plan to use wind
power, will your house be built in an area that receives adequate wind?
3. Be sure to plan for backup energy generation. For instance, if you plan to use mostly solar
energy, what will you do if it’s a cloudy day?
Analyze Your Data
Devise a budget for building your home. Could your energy-efficient home be built at a
reasonable price? Could anyone afford to build it?
Conclude and Apply
Create a list of pro and con statements about the use of energy-efficient homes. Why aren’t inexhaustible and other renewable energy sources widely used in homes today?
Communicating Your Data
Present your model to the class. Explain which energy resources you chose to use in your
home and why. Have an open house. Take prospective home owners/classmates on a tour
of your home and sell it.
8 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hands-On Activities
Do
Date
1
Laboratory
Activity
Class
Efficiency of Fossil Fuels
Plants use light energy from the Sun to produce energy-containing molecules. While some plants
are burned directly to release that energy, other plants have undergone changes. Charcoal is
made from wood that has been heated without the presence of oxygen, and it retains its energycontaining molecules. Plants that die and are covered by more plants, water, and sediment change
first from peat to lignite, then to bituminous coal, and finally to anthracite coal. Heat and pressure
cause these changes. The more heat and pressure that have been applied, the more concentrated
the carbon content and the greater the energy-producing content of the deposit is. In this activity,
you will examine how the properties of charcoal and bituminous coal compare.
Strategy
You will compare the burning times of charcoal and bituminous coal.
You will compare the amounts of residue produced from the burning of charcoal and bituminous coal.
You will infer which fuel is more efficient.
Materials
ring stand with ring
pipe-stem triangle
crucibles (2)
Bunsen burner
balance
metric ruler
bituminous coal, small piece
newspaper
hammer
matches or striker
timer
tongs
hot pad
charcoal briquette
Procedure
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Figure 1
1. Set up the ringstand, ring, pipe-stem triangle, a crucible, and Bunsen burner as
shown in Figure 1. The top of the Bunsen
burner should be about 5 cm below the
bottom of the crucible.
2. Remove the crucible from the set-up. Use
the balance to determine the mass of the
crucible. Record its mass in the Data and
Observations table.
3. Wrap the piece of coal in several layers of
newspapers. Use a hammer to crush the
sample. WARNING: Be sure your fingers are
not in the way when using the hammer.
4. Add crushed coal to the massed crucible
until it is about one-fourth full.
5. Use the balance to determine the combined
mass of the crucible and the crushed coal
(fuel). Record this mass in the table.
6. Calculate the mass of the coal by subtracting the mass of the crucible from the combined mass of the crucible and fuel. Record
this mass in the table.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
9
Hands-On Activities
Name
Name
Date
Class
Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)
10. Repeat Steps 2 through 9 using the second
crucible and the charcoal briquette.
11. Allow both crucibles to cool completely. Be
sure you keep track of which sample is
which.
12. Use the balance to determine the mass of
each crucible and the residue it contains.
Record this mass in the table.
13. Calculate the percentage of residue from
each sample by dividing the mass of the
residue by the mass of the sample, then
multiplying the result by 100.
Data and Observations
Charcoal
Bituminous Coal
Mass of crucible (g)
Mass of crucible and fuel (g)
Mass of fuel (g)
Mass of crucible and
residue after burning (g)
Mass of residue (g)
Percentage of residue
Burning time (min)
Questions and Conclusions
1. Which sample took longer to burn?
2. Which sample produced the greater percentage of residue?
10 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hands-On Activities
7. Place the crucible containing the crushed
coal in the triangle. Light the Bunsen
burner and start the timer.
8. As the coal burns, it should give off a redhot glow. When all the crushed coal is gone
and you can no longer see red-hot embers,
turn off the Bunsen burner and stop the
timer. Record in the table the time it took
to completely burn the coal.
9. Allow the crucible to cool for 5 minutes.
With the tongs, remove the crucible from
the triangle and place it on a hot pad to
continue cooling. WARNING: The crucible
will still be very hot.
Name
Date
Class
Hands-On Activities
Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)
3. Which sample—coal or charcoal—was the more efficient fuel? Explain your answer.
4. Predict how you think the efficiency of a sample of anthracite coal would compare to the
samples you tested. Explain your answer.
Strategy Check
Can you compare the burning times of charcoal and bituminous coal?
Can you compare the amounts of residue produced from the burning of charcoal and
bituminous coal?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Can you infer which fuel is more efficient?
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
11
Date
2
Laboratory
Activity
Class
Using Biomass
Organic materials contain stored energy. When organic materials are used as biomass fuels, the
stored energy is released as heat energy. For example, a power plant in Hawaii burns sugarcane
waste to produce electricity. In other states, power plants burn wood chips or trash. In this activity, you will compare the amounts of heat given off by burning several examples of biomass.
Strategy
You will compare how biomass fuels burn.
You will compare the amounts of heat produced when different biomass fuels burn.
Materials
30-cm piece of uninsulated, heavy copper wire
test tube
metric ruler
clay
large straight pins (3)
peanut, shelled
water
graduated cylinder
thermometer
aluminum foil
scissors
fireplace matches
mini-marshmallow
half of a wood splint
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Procedure
1. Twist the copper wire into a spiral as shown
in Figure 1. The top of the spiral should be
able to securely hold the test tube.
2. Adjust the height of the spiral so that the
bottom of the test tube is about 8 cm above
the bottom of the spiral. See Figure 1.
3. Place a small piece of clay in the center of
the spiral.
4. Stick the pointed end of a straight pin into
a peanut. Stick the other end of the pin
into the clay so the pin stands upright, as
shown in Figure 2. The bottom of the test
tube should not touch the pin.
5. Pour 10 mL of water into the test tube. Place
a thermometer in the water and record the
water temperature. Record this figure in the
Data and Observations section.
6. Wrap the spiral of wire with aluminum foil
and cut an opening, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2
Peanut
Figure 1
Clay
Pin
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
13
Hands-On Activities
Name
Name
Date
Class
Laboratory Activity 2 (continued)
Thermometer
Foil
7. Light the peanut with a match. As the
peanut burns, observe any odors or smoke
produced. Record your observations in
the table.
8. After the peanut is finished burning, measure and record the water temperature.
Record the temperature in the table. Observe
and describe any residue left behind. Record
your observations in the table.
9. Allow the materials to cool for 5 minutes.
Then, carefully unwrap the foil covering
and remove the pin containing the peanut.
Pour out the water in the test tube.
10. Repeat steps 4 through 9 two more times,
first using the mini-marshmallow in place
of the peanut, then using the piece of
wood splint.
Data and Observations
Sample
Start
temperature (˚C)
Peanut
Marshmallow
Wood splint
14 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Final
temperature (˚C)
Change in
temperature (˚C)
Observations
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hands-On Activities
Figure 3
Name
Date
Class
Hands-On Activities
Laboratory Activity 2 (continued)
Questions and Conclusions
1. Did all three samples raise the water temperature an equal amount? Explain.
2. Which sample caused the most smoke? Which caused the least?
3. Did any of the samples cause less odor than the others? Explain.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Compare the amounts of residue left after burning the samples.
5. Which sample would you least like to use as a biomass fuel? Explain.
Strategy Check
Can you compare how biomass fuels burn?
Can you compare the amounts of heat given off when different biomass fuels burn?
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
15
Name
Date
Class
Hands-On Activities
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter.
Nonrenewable
Energy
Resources
coal
energy from alcohol
energy from wood
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Renewable
Energy
Resources
Mineral
Resources
industrial minerals
natural gas
ore
solar energy
wind energy
energy resources that are
constant and will not run out
energy resources that are
mined
energy resources that are
replaced over a relatively
short period of time
energy resources that can be
used up
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
17
Meeting Individual Needs
Meeting Individual
Needs
18 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
biomass energy
coal
nonrenewable resources
fossil fuels
alcohol
natural gas
garbage
Meeting Individual Needs
Energy
can be obtained from
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
renewable
resources
such as
such as
2.
5.
which include
which includes
4.
3.
7.
wood
6.
oil
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
19
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
■
Section 2
■
Class
Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
Directions: Match the term in the first column with the definition in the second column by writing the correct
letter in the space provided.
1. anthracite
3. methyl
hydrates
4. peat
5. petroleum
6. wind farm
b. produces electricity from an inexhaustible energy
resource
c. is produced during the first step of coal formation
d. occurs when the nuclei of uranium atoms are split
apart
e. produces less pollution than other types of coal
f. is a fossil fuel like coal and natural gas
Directions: Use the words below to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.
hydroelectric
biomass
nuclear
oil
renewable resource
inexhaustible resource
solar
coal
7. Alcohol is an example of a(n) ____________________ fuel.
8. ____________________ cells change the Sun’s energy into electricity.
9. A(n) ____________________ can be replaced within a human lifetime.
10. A(n) ____________________ will never run out, no matter how much is used.
11. ____________________ is formed from the buried remains of marine organisms.
12. One disadvantage of using ____________________ energy is that it may harm
wildlife habitats.
13. One disadvantage of using ____________________ energy is that it produces
radioactive waste.
14. One method of removing ____________________ that is close to Earth’s
surface is called strip mining.
20 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
2. fission
a. may someday become an important carbon-based
fuel
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
Class
■
Mineral Resources
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. People can help conserve mineral resources by
ccegilnry old materials to make new ones.
2. The chemical process called egilmnst is sometimes
used to remove unwanted elements from metals.
Meeting Individual Needs
3. aeggnu is waste rock that must be removed before a
mineral can be used.
4. Most mineral resources are said to be abeeelnnnorw
because they often take millions of years to form.
5. A nonmetallic mineral resource called aaeegggrt is
made up of crushed stone or gravel and sand and is
used in making concrete.
Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the two choices in parentheses.
6. A mineral called hematite is the main source of the metal (aluminum/iron).
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. (Halite/Bauxite) is a resource from which we get table salt.
8. The two basic groups of (metallic/nonmetallic) mineral resources are industrial
minerals and building materials.
9. The more valuable the mineral in a deposit is the (more/less) likely the deposit
is to be considered an ore.
10. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating
and (refining/recycling).
11. Corundum is used (to melt ice/as an abrasive).
12. (Gypsum/Granite) is used in the production of wallboard.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
21
Name
Date
Class
Key Terms
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Directions: Circle eleven terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.
M T
I
S F O S S
D A N
I
L
F
U E
L
L R O N C H A B N
H Y D R O E
L
E C T
I
C
S E D B O S A N O W T O
I
K
H E R M A
L
U M C
L
E A
E
S W D O S
T
L
I
S E R A S L
O P
L
L O V
L
R N U C
L E A R H F
E A N A
T U R A L G A S
L S O
T
1. energy obtained by using hot magma inside Earth
2. type of fossil fuel that exists in a gaseous state
3. type of fossil fuel that exists as a thick, black liquid
4. the most abundant type of fossil fuel; it exists as a rock
5. electricity produced by water power
6. a deposit of one or more minerals in large enough
amounts to be mined for profit
7. alternative energy source produced from atomic reactions
8. the amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit
9. energy from the Sun
10. a nonrenewable energy resource, such as oil and coal,
formed from the remains of plants and other organisms
11. renewable energy resource derived from burning organic
material such as wood and garbage
22 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
G E O T
R
Nombre
Fecha
Lectura dirigida para
Dominio del contenido
Clase
Sinopsis
Recursos energéticos
y minerales de la Tierra
Instrucciones: Completa el mapa de conceptos usando los siguientes términos.
combustibles fósiles
alcohol
gas natural
basura
Satisface las necesidades individuales
energía de biomasa
carbón
recursos no renovables
La energía
se puede obtener de
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.
los recursos
renovables
como
como
2.
5.
que incluyen
que incluyen
4.
3.
7.
madera
6.
petróleo
Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra
23
Nombre
Fecha
Lectura dirigida para
Clase
Sección 1
■
Sección 2
■
Dominio del contenido
Recursos energéticos
no renovables
Recursos energéticos
renovables
Instrucciones: Selecciona el término que está de acuerdo con cada descripción.
a. podría convertirse un día en un combustible
a base de carbono importante
1. antracita
3. hidratos de metilo
4. turba
b. produce electricidad a partir de un recurso
energético inagotable
c. se produce durante la primera etapa de formación del carbón
5. petróleo
d. ocurre cuando los núcleos de los átomos de
uranio se rompen
6. granjas eólicas
e. produce menos contaminación que otros
tipos de carbón
f. es un combustible fósil como el carbón y el
gas natural
Instrucciones: Usa las palabras para llenar los espacios en blanco en las oraciones siguientes
hidroeléctrica
biomasa
nuclear
petróleo
recurso renovable
recurso inagotable
solar
carbón
7. El alcohol es un ejemplo de un combustible de ____________________ .
8. Una célula ____________________ cambia la energía del Sol a electricidad.
9. Un(a) ____________________ puede ser reemplazado durante el tiempo que
dura una vida humana.
10. Un(a) ____________________ no se agotará nunca, no importa cuánto se use.
11. El(La) ____________________ se forma a partir de los restos enterrados de
organismos marinos.
12. Una desventaja de usar energía ____________________ es que puede causar
daños a los hábitats silvestres.
13. Una desventaja de usar energía ____________________ es que produce desechos radiactivos.
14. Un método para extraer ____________________ que está cerca de la superficie
terrestre es por medio de la minería a cielo abierto.
24 Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Satisface las necesidades individuales
2. fisión
Nombre
Fecha
Lectura dirigida para
Sección 3
Clase
■
Recursos minerales
Dominio del contenido
Instrucciones: Ordena las letras de los términos en bastardilla para completar las oraciones siguientes. Escribe los
términos en las líneas asignadas.
2. El proceso químico llamado ócfidunni se usa a veces
para eliminar elementos de los metales.
3. El nagga es roca de desecho que debe eliminarse antes
de poder usar el mineral.
4. Se dice que la mayoría de los recursos minerales son
on voraebelsn porque con frecuencia toman millones
de años en formarse.
5. Un recurso mineral no metálico llamado godearga está
hecho de roca molida o grava y arena y se usa para
hacer concreto.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Instrucciones: Completa correctamente cada oración subrayando la mejor de las dos opciones entre paréntesis.
6. El mineral llamado hematita es la fuente principal del metal (aluminio/hierro).
7. La (halita/bauxita) es el recurso del cual obtenemos la sal de mesa
8. Los dos grupos básicos de recursos minerales (metálicos/no metálicos) son los
minerales industriales y los materiales para la construcción.
9. Entre más valioso sea el mineral de un depósito, más (fácil/difícil) será que se le
considere una mena.
10. El proceso de extracción de una sustancia útil de una mena implica concentrarlo y (refinarlo/reciclarlo).
11. El corundio se usa para (derretir hielo/hacer abrasivos).
12. El (yeso/granito) se usa en la producción de fibra prensada.
Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra
25
Satisface las necesidades individuales
1. Podemos ayudar a conservar los recursos minerales al
ciraelar los materiales viejos para hacer materiales
nuevos.
Nombre
Fecha
Clase
Términos claves
Recursos energéticos
y minerales de la Tierra
Lectura dirigida para
Dominio del contenido
Instrucciones: Encierra en un círculo los términos de la sopa de letras y luego escríbelos en los espacios en blanco
a la izquierda de cada definición.
D
Y
K
I
H
B
L
A
C
G
D
N
E
F
U
L
D
T
N
S
S
V
F
T
B
N
G
I
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1. energía que se obtiene usando el magma caliente dentro
de la Tierra
2. tipo de combustible fósil que existe en estado gaseoso
3. tipo de combustible fósil que existe como un líquido
negro denso
4. el tipo de combustible fósil más abundante; existe como
una roca
5. electricidad producida por la potencia del agua
6. depósito de uno o más minerales en cantidades suficientes para que pueda ser extraído con ganancia
7. fuente alternativa de energía producida por reacciones
atómicas
8. cantidad de un combustible fósil que puede ser extraído
con ganancia
9. energía que proviene del Sol
10. recurso energético de combustibles no renovables, tal
como el petróleo o el carbón, formado por los restos de
plantas y otros organismos
26 Recursos energéticos y minerales de la Tierra
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Satisface las necesidades individuales
S
T
J
H
G
T
K
Q
X
H
S
M
V
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
Meeting Individual Needs
2
3
4
5
6
7
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8
9
10
11
Across
Down
2. Alternate energy source produced from
atomic reactions
1. Amount of fossil fuel that can be
extracted at a profit
6. Used faster than they’re replaced
2. Fossil fuel formed in a gaseous state
8. Nuclei of uranium atoms split apart
3. Marine organisms
10. First step of coal formation
4. Element used in fission
11. Materials of low mass fused together
5. Coal, oil, natural gas
7. Bituminous, lignite, anthracite
9. Thick black liquid formed from marine
organisms
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
27
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Renewable Energy Resources
Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble the
boxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.
___
2. used indirectly when winds and
ocean currents are used to do work
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___
3. collect the Sun’s energy
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___
4. use wind energy
___
5. hydroelectric power uses this
___ ___ ___
6. built to retain water
___
7. energy from hot magma
___ ___ ___
8. state where geothermal energy
is being used
___ ___ ___ ___
9. energy from burning organic material
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. ethanol mixed with gasoline
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
11. a large number of windmills placed
in one area to generate electricity
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
12. when using magma and water
to create energy, the magma’s heat
turns the water into this
___ ___ ___ ___
13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource
___ ___ ___ ___
14. using wood for energy can create this
___ ___ ___
15. cars that use solar cells as a power
source
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________
28 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. where solar energy comes from
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Mineral Resources
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are
hydroelectric.
3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.
4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.
5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.
6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Limestone is a source of silica.
8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.
9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.
10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?
12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
29
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Bauxite is an iron ore.
Name
Enrichment
Methane Ice
A new source of methane, or natural gas, has
been discovered in an ice-like form called
methane hydrate. Recently, methane hydrates
have been discovered along all the world’s continental slopes at a depth of about 500 m. These
discoveries may provide a great new source of
energy. However, there is more to the story of
these methane hydrates than just energy.
Meeting Individual Needs
See-Saw Effect
Methane ice forms deep in marine sediments.
Methane ice develops best under high pressure
and low temperatures. Many scientists believe
that the buildup or shrinking of these deposits
of methane have a huge impact on global climate. There is a sort of see-saw effect between
ice ages and the release of methane from its ice
form. When the average global temperatures on
Earth are warm, as they are now, the ice caps at
the North and South poles are small and glaciers are reduced in size. This means there is
much more water in the oceans.
The weight of the additional water increases
the pressure on the sediments where the
methane is trapped. The ice forms and the
carbon in the methane is bound in the ice.
While ocean water levels remain high, the
methane continues to build up and the Earth
cools. There is a point at which the cool
temperatures begin to start an ice age.
Release of Carbon
During an ice age the temperatures are so
cold at the poles that the snow and water stay
frozen year after year. The ice continues to grow
and the water captured in the ice causes the
global sea level to drop. When this happens, the
pressure on the methane ice becomes less. The
decrease in pressure then causes the methane to
melt, and the gas is released up through the
water like the bubbles in a can of soda. In turn,
this puts more carbon into the atmosphere.
The increase of carbon in the atmosphere captures the Sun’s energy and the planet begins to
warm. As it warms, the ice caps melt, the seawater levels rise, and the pressure is put back
on the methane hydrate. It is a cycle that will be
repeated over and over. However, if we can find
a way to drill and capture the methane trapped
in the ice to use for fuel, there may be some
decline in the see-saw effect.
1. What is the major atom in methane that contributes to climate change?
2. What conditions are most favorable for making methane hydrates?
3. How does an ice age lead to the global temperatures rising?
30 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Class
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
Date
Name
Enrichment
Lightning Energy
The most powerful source of electrical energy
on Earth is lightning. Ever since Benjamin
Franklin began his study on the electrical nature
of lightning, humans have been interested in its
potential for energy. Until recently, the main
interest was a concern for damage and deaths
that are caused by lightning every year.
However, recent advances in technology have
helped scientists study lightning with the idea
of one day harnessing the energy it contains,
although this possibility is still a long way off.
Electric Strokes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Class
Lightning is produced when the electrical
potential, or the difference between the positive
and negative electrical charges, in the storm
clouds becomes so great that the energy is
released as a stroke of electricity. The clouds
may contain millions of volts of potential
electrical energy. The energy forms a small
leader or strand of electricity. As it grows, it
reaches toward Earth. In turn, a bit of electricity
produced in the ground streams upwards
towards the clouds and meets the downward
dropping leader. This is the first stroke.
Lightning is made of many strokes although
you cannot really see them with the naked eye.
Each flash of lightning has about four strokes,
lasting around 30 microseconds. Each stroke
carries nearly 1,012 watts of electricity. This is
a tremendous amount of electricity.
Harnessing the Energy
Scientists are trying to find a way to harness
lightning’s energy, but it is impossible to
predict exactly where a lightning strike will
land. Some scientists believe that if they can
produce an initial leader from the ground, the
lightning will be drawn to it like a lightning
rod. The real problem is how to capture that
huge burst of energy when it reaches the
ground. At the moment there is nothing
strong enough to withstand a direct hit from
lightning and capture all that energy. Studies
from the space shuttle and many research
institutes around the world are working on
the problem right now. Scientists believe that
with continued research and new materials,
they will be able to design ways to capture
lightning’s energy.
1. What kind of energy is found in the clouds before a lightning flash occurs?
2. What is the first sign or phase of a lightning flash?
3. Why is it impossible to capture the energy from lightning today?
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
31
Meeting Individual Needs
2
Date
Name
Enrichment
Class
Minerals and Mountains
Meeting Individual Needs
Have you ever wondered why most mineral
mines, like quartz, gold, or iron, are located in or
near mountains? This is because the process of
forming mountains makes conditions that are
just right for depositing certain minerals. When a
mountain is rising above the flatland, tremendous
pressure is applied to the underlying rock. This
makes great cracks or fractures in rock through
which water can seep. Even more important, some
parts of magma can rise up through the cracks.
Mineral Formation
Magma contains a wide range of minerals. A
mineral is a substance made up of certain atoms
arranged in a particular and characteristic
shape. The atoms can float freely in the molten
magma without becoming fixed to one another
and forming a mineral. This is because the
temperature of molten magma is so high that
the atoms cannot cool enough to solidify.
When a mountain range is forming, the
cracks in the crust can run very deep into the
Earth. When this happens, the pressure above
the magma is decreased in that particular spot.
Water and other mineral components can turn
into gas and rise up through the cracks. The
higher they rise, the cooler the temperatures
surrounding the gases. Many atoms in the gases
join together to form particular crystals. These
are often called precipitates. The various
molecules in the gas condense on the walls of
the large cracks and form specific minerals.
Gold in the Hills
In California where the Sierra Nevada
mountain range continues to rise, large cracks,
or veins, are filled with quartz and one of its
associated mineraloids, gold. These deposits
continue to grow until all the spaces in the
cracks are filled. When new cracks occur, they
will eventually fill with certain minerals.
The search for mineral deposits is of great
economic importance. Much of the mapping
from satellites cannot be done in mountains
where forests cover geologic clues. Also, as long
as mountains continue to rise, there will be
new minerals forming for future mineralogists
to find.
1. What is one thing that happens when a mountain is rising?
2. Where do the molecules that make up some mineral deposits come from?
3. Why are satellites not always able to detect where minerals occur in mountains?
32 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3
Date
Name
Date
Note-taking
Worksheet
Section 1
Class
Earth’s Energy and
Mineral Resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
A. Most energy sources are _____________________, which means they are used up faster than
natural processes can replace them.
B. _____________________ such as oil, natural gas, and coal formed from the remains of swamp
1. _____________—most abundant fossil fuel, a rock that contains at least 50 percent
plant remains
a. Hydrocarbons can be extracted from coal to form liquid and gaseous
________________________.
b. As decaying plant material loses gas and moisture, carbon ________________ increases.
c. Stages of coal formation—peat, lignite coal, bituminous coal, and ________________
coal, the cleanest-burning type of coal.
2. Over millions of years, the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms form
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
________________ and ________________.
a. Oil is a thick black liquid hydrocarbon.
b. Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon that often forms with oil, but above it, since
natural gas is a lighter molecule.
c. Americans obtain most of their _______________ from oil and natural gas.
d. ____________________ is used mostly for heating and cooking.
e. ____________ is used in many ways including as heating oil, or gasoline, and in
manufacturing.
3. Fossil fuels are ________________ from the ground through mining or pumping.
a. _____________________, in which upper layers of rock and soil are removed to expose
coal, is used when coal deposits are near the surface.
b. ____________________ coal mining methods—tunneling, drift mines, and slope mines
c. Since oil and natural gas are under pressure, they can be _______________ up a narrow
pipe to the surface.
4. ________________—amount of a fossil fuel that can be extracted at a profit using current
technology
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
33
Meeting Individual Needs
plants and other organisms that were buried and altered over millions of years.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
a. Current reserves of coal will last about ____________ years.
b. United States reserves of natural gas will last about ___________ years.
c. _________________________, located in ocean floor sediments, are believed to contain
high amounts of carbon and might someday be a useable source for clean-burning methane.
d. ___________________ fossil fuels will help slow down the current consumption rate.
C. _______________________—alternate energy source produced from the fission, or splitting,
of uranium atoms
2. One problem with nuclear energy is that nuclear power plants produce highly radioactive
______________________; EPA has determined that nuclear waste must be stored and
contained for at least _______________ years.
3. _______________—the fusing of low-mass materials to form higher-mass substances
a. Potential clean source of energy
b. Current _____________________ do not exist to allow fusion in a controlled manner.
Section 2
Renewable Energy Resources
A. ______________________ energy resources include the Sun, wind, water, and geothermal energy.
1. _____________________—energy from the Sun
a. South-facing windows act as ________________ solar collectors, warming exposed rooms.
b. Solar cells _________________ collect Sun energy and convert it to electricity.
c. Solar energy is not readily useable on _______________ days or at ______________.
2. A __________________ uses a large number of windmills to generate electricity.
a. Few regions of the world have _______________ enough wind to generate electricity.
b. Wind does not always blow _________________, so it is an unreliable energy source.
3. _____________________________—electricity generated from running water flowing
over dams; dams can create environmental problems.
4. __________________________—energy obtained from hot magma or dry, hot rocks
inside Earth
34 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Nuclear energy is considered a _____________________ energy resource.
Name
Date
Class
Note-taking Worksheet (continued)
B. __________________ energy resources, such as _______________________, energy from burning organic material, can be replaced in a relatively short time such as during a human life span.
1. Burning _____________, the most commonly used biomass fuel, can cause pollution and
disrupt natural habitats when trees are cut down.
2. Biomass fuel, such as corn, can be distilled into an ________________, such as ethanol, and
mixed with another fuel.
than the ethanol produces.
4. Trash-burning power plants can burn ________________ to generate electricity, but the
resulting air pollution and toxic ash residue can present problems.
Section 3
Mineral Resources
A. __________________________—deposits of useful minerals; metals are from ____________,
deposits in which a minerals exist in quantities large enough to be mined at a profit.
1. _________________ factors such as supply and demand determine whether a mineral
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
deposit is an ore.
2. To extract a useful substance from an ore, it must be concentrated and ________________,
which uses energy; smelting is one method of refining some ores.
B. ____________________ mineral resources—any mineral resources not used as fuels or as
sources of metals, can be grouped into industrial minerals and building materials.
1. ____________________________ include sandstone (for glass making), halite (for table
and road salt), and garnet (for abrasive sandpaper).
2. Nonmetal mineral resources used for _______________________ include aggregate
(for concrete), gypsum (for plaster, wallboard), and stones (such as granite, limestone, and
sandstone).
C. __________________ uses old materials to produce new ones and helps reduce demand for
mineral resources, which are nonrenewable.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
35
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Currently, the production processes for biomass fuels, such as ethanol, use more energy
Assessment
Assessment
36 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Name
Date
Class
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Circle 12 terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.
Terms may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or backward.
F H K B D A
J G A S C O
N O N R E N E W A B
I
U T N O L
F
Y R J
N E V M B
I
N
E R A
L R E S O U R C E S
H S A G L A R U T A N B
B
I
T B U F
A A Y W Y C U D R
N
I
U S
L E
L P D P O B O N M
U
I
O F
S
L
I
S B
T
F
I
R D H A
R U
I
H R D H D N G E U C
P E A T
G L
I
J
I
K N K E C M L
T E
N H A U
I
I
L B
E A
J
H
L
P K R B
I
S N
C E Q A H R
I
T R O
I
R M C K
I
T
L
B Y F
S L G S X G N
I
T
L
E M S
T C E F A
I
J
J
L O
C T V D A G B T E P O R H
I
I
G R B A V F R R E T
J
M M N C E T O X C E Y M S C B B D V E H B E R G B
L A
L
E G O N
B
Y A P H W B F
G K K Q E N N U H R E E
E
G G A A E M E E U F
A
G L
J
P
P F U R Y G E
I
F
J
I
S M
K E L O P A H R N A
S E U U
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
T C P B R S D
I
F
B
I
H E W I
J
D D H S P
L
A D
V H Y D R O E
L E C T R
I
C G C G S H F
P
H M D
I
G R B F X
T O L G K
S Y F G F Q U
I
L
E
Y Y R
J
S
I
J
A N H K X D U B V B W E M
1. energy resources that are used faster than Earth processes can
replace them
2. a gas often formed along with oil
3. type of mine that uses a horizontal opening in a hill or mountain
4. electricity produced by waterpower
5. layer of organic sediment
6. biomass energy comes from burning wood, alcohol, and ______
7. oil, natural gas, and coal
8. resources from which metals are obtained
9. sources of energy that are constant and will not run out
10. chemical process that removes unwanted elements from metal
11. deposits of minerals in large enough amount to be mined at a profit
12. alternate energy source produced from atomic reactions
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
37
Assessment
E
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Building
Industrial
Nonmetallic
Metallic
Renewable
Nonrenewable
Type of mineral
or fuel
Inexhaustible
13. Complete the table below by writing an X in the appropriate boxes following each fuel or
mineral.
coal
oil
natural gas
methane hydrates
nuclear energy
solar energy
wind farm
hydroelectric energy
geothermal energy
iron ore
Assessment
limestone
gypsum
garnet
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Match the source of energy in the first column with the type of energy in the second column by
writing the correct letter in the spaces provided.
1. water
a. solar
2. Sun
b. nuclear
3. uranium
c. electric
4. hot magma
d. hydroelectric
5. wood
e. biomass
6. wind
f. geothermal
38 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
biomass energy
Name
Date
Chapter
Test
Class
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
I. Testing Concepts
Directions: Match the description in the first column with the item in the second column by writing the correct
letter in the space provided. Some items in the second column may not be used.
1. oil, natural gas, coal
a. nonrenewable
2. forms in a gaseous state under similar conditions as oil
b. fossil fuels
3. most abundant fossil fuel in the world
c. coal
d. oil
4. energy from burning wood, alcohol, or garbage
e. natural gas
5. soft brown coal made from peat
6. marine organisms that decay to make oil and natural gas
7. electricity produced by waterpower
g. nuclear
h. solar
8. large enough amount of a mineral that can be mined at
a profit
9. resources used faster than Earth can replace them
f. reserve
i. wind farm
j. hydroelectric energy
k. geothermal
11. energy source produced from atomic reactions
12. thick, black liquid
l. biomass
m. mineral resources
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. using old materials to make new materials
n. ore
13. energy from hot magma
o. recycling
14. a large number of windmills generating electricity
p. lignite
15. energy from the Sun
q. plankton
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
16. Waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used is called ______
a. ore.
b. methane.
c. gangue.
d. peat.
17. Stable molecules that contain carbon and are formed below sea level under low
temperatures and high pressures are called ______
a. hydroelectric energy.
c. industrial minerals.
b. methane hydrates.
d. mineral resources.
18. ______ is composed of crushed stone or gravel and sand and has many uses in the
building industry.
a. Aggregate
b. Gangue
c. Limestone
d. Ore
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
39
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test (continued)
19. Materials of low mass are fused together to form a substance of higher mass
during ______
a. smelting.
b. fission.
c. refining.
d. fusion.
20. ______ is a chemical process that removes unwanted elements from the metal being
processed.
a. Fission
b. Strip mining
c. Recycling
d. Smelting
21. The removal of coal that is not close to Earth’s surface through a horizontal opening
in the side of a hill or mountain is called ______
a. slope mining.
b. drift mining.
c. drilling.
d. strip mining.
22. Coal, oil, and natural gas that formed from decaying plants and other organisms over
millions of years are called ______
a. renewable resources.
c. fossil fuels.
b. mineral resources.
d. hydrocarbons.
23. ______ is an example of inexhaustible energy.
a. Wind energy
b. Reserve energy c. Nuclear energy
d. Biomass energy
24. Biomass energy is derived from burning organic material such as wood, garbage,
and ______
a. coal.
b. oil.
c. alcohol.
d. natural gas.
Assessment
II. Understanding Concepts
Skill: Using a Diagram
Directions: Study the following diagram of an oil trap. Then label the diagram with the correct terms from the list.
oil
1. ____________
4. ____________
40 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
roof rock
gas
reservoir rock
2. ____________
3. ____________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
25. ______ are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms.
a. Ores
c. Methane hydrates
b. Hydrocarbons
d. Aggregates
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test (continued)
Directions: Study the following diagram of percentage of energy resources used in the United States. Then label
the circle graph using the correct terms from the list.
coal
biomass
natural gas
hydroelectric
nuclear
oil
geothermal, wind, solar, and other
Energy Use in the United States, 2002
39.4%
6. ____________________________
23.6%
8.3%
12. ____________________________
7. ____________________________
2.7%
22.7%
8. ____________________________
2.8%
9. ____________________________
11. ____________________________
0.5%
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. ____________________________
III. Applying Concepts
Directions: Number the following steps of coal formation in the correct order.
1. Anthracite coal is formed.
2. Peat is formed.
3. Plants decay.
4. Peat changes into lignite.
5. Bituminous coal is formed.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
41
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test (continued)
IV. Writing Skills
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Explain some of the disadvantages of using nuclear energy.
3. Name some materials that you can recycle.
Assessment
4. Explain why inexhaustible and renewable resources are used less than nonrenewable resources.
42 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Describe how geothermal energy works.
Transparency Activities
Transparency
Activities
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
43
Name
1
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
Earth’s Energy
Transparency Activities
1. What difficulties might people face in trying to gather energy
reserves from under the sea?
2. Name some other sources of energy that people use.
3. How can energy be conserved?
44 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
This photograph, taken in the Gulf of Thailand, shows one way that
people get energy resources from Earth. Offshore drilling platforms
like this one are used worldwide to tap energy reserves under the
seabed.
Name
2
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
Energy for Life
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How does life on Earth depend on the Sun? Every time you eat,
exercise, or simply bask in the light of a warm day, you use energy
from the Sun. Even energy from fossil fuels originally came from
the Sun—it’s been stored in plant and animal remains for millions
of years!
1. How do we use the Sun’s energy when we eat?
2. What are some sources of energy than are not depleted as they
are used?
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
45
Name
3
Date
Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Class
For a Big Pay-Off
Transparency Activities
1. You may have seen pictures of gold bars. Does gold come straight
from the ground in this form? If not, how does it get that way?
2. How do people use mineral resources?
3. What factors might determine whether or not a particular
mineral is mined?
46 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The deepest mines in the world are about 5 km beneath the surface
of Earth in South Africa. The depth, combined with very hot temperatures, makes the mines expensive and dangerous to operate. Why do
people go to all this effort? These mines yield a valuable mineral
resource—gold ore.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Transparency Activities
Pump
Pump
Pump
Large water
source
Date
Water
Nuclear
reactor
Steam
generator
Condenser
(steam from turbine
is condensed by
river water)
Electrical
output
Teaching Transparency
Activity
Fuel
rods
Control
rods
Steam
Steam
turbine
and
generator
1
Containment
shell
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Name
Class
Nuclear Reactor
47
Name
Teaching Transparency Activity
Date
Class
(continued)
1. To what is the heat released in a nuclear reactor converted?
2. What two types of rods are contained within the nuclear reactor?
3. Is nuclear energy from fission a renewable or nonrenewable energy source?
4. What does the splitting of the atoms create?
5. How much of the United States’ energy do coal, oil, and natural gas supply?
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Where are the source materials of fossil fuels?
48 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Name
Date
Assessment
Transparency Activity
Class
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions.
Alternative Energy
Use
Benefit
Vegetable
oils
Diesel-run
cars and
trucks
Biodegradable,
less air
pollution
Earth's
interior
Heat and
light homes
Renewable,
no air pollution
Ethanol
fuel
Raw corn,
barley, and
wheat
Gasoline
alternative
Renewable, less
petroleum gas
Solar
energy
Sun
Heat and light
homes; cars
Renewable,
inexpensive
Type
Source
Biodiesel
fuel
1. Which energy source is renewable and inexpensive?
A biodiesel
C ethanol
B geothermal energy
D solar energy
2. According to the table, which energy source produces no
air pollution?
F Biodiesel
H Ethanol
G Geothermal energy
J Solar energy
Transparency Activities
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Geothermal
energy
3. According to the table, vegetable oil would be a good source of ___.
A biodiesel
C ethanol
B geothermal energy
D solar energy
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
49
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Name
Date
1
Study Guide
Class
Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.
Resource
1.
Fossil fuel
2.
3.
Oil
Made From
Commonly Used For
plants and organisms
buried and altered
over millions of years
a sedimentary
rock containing
hydrocarbons
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Description
bacteria reacting with
dead plants
a thick, black
liquid hydrocarbon,
commonly called
petroleum
hydrocarbons
in a gaseous state
heating, electricity,
gasoline,
making plastics
heating, gasoline,
manufacturing
plastics
the remains of
marine animals,
lighter than oil
5.
Synthetic
fuel
a human-made
liquid or gaseous
fuel
heating,
electricity
6.
Methane
hydrate
hydrocarbons
trapped in ice
structures on the
seafloor
heating,
electricity
7.
Nuclear
energy
uranium-235
8.
the splitting of
heavy elements to
produce energy
9.
when materials of
low mass are fused
together to form
substance of higher
mass
electricity
in the future,
hydrogen fused into
helium molecules
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
15
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Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Renewable Energy Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble the
boxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.
1. where solar energy comes from
___
2. used indirectly when winds and
ocean currents are used to do work
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___
3. collect the Sun’s energy
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___
4. use wind energy
___
5. hydroelectric power uses this
___ ___ ___
6. built to retain water
___
7. energy from hot magma
___ ___ ___
8. state where geothermal energy
is being used
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. ethanol mixed with gasoline
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
11. a large number of windmills placed
in one area to generate electricity
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
12. when using magma and water
to create energy, the magma’s heat
turns the water into this
___ ___ ___ ___
13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource
___ ___ ___ ___
14. using wood for energy can create this
___ ___ ___
15. cars that use solar cells as a power
source
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________
16 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. energy from burning organic material
___
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Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Mineral Resources
Chapter
5
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are
hydroelectric.
2. Bauxite is an iron ore.
3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.
4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.
5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.
6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Limestone is a source of silica.
8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material.
9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones.
10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?
12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
17
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chapter
53
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
1
section ●
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Before You Read
What do you think of when you hear the word fuel? Write
your ideas on the lines below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Read to Learn
Energy
The world depends on energy. Energy is the ability to
cause change. People use many different energy resources.
Some of the energy resources on Earth are being used faster
than natural Earth processes can replace them. Energy
resources that cannot be replaced, or renewed, are called
nonrenewable resources.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy resources that
formed over millions of years from the remains of dead
plants and other organisms. Fossil fuels include coal, oil,
and natural gas. Coal is a type of sedimentary rock formed
from layers of ancient plant matter. Oil, or petroleum, is a
liquid hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are compounds that
contain both hydrogen and carbon atoms. Oil and natural
gas formed from tiny organisms that lived millions of years
ago. Fossil fuels are used to make gasoline for cars, to heat
homes, to generate electricity, and for many other uses.
What You’ll Learn
■
about formation and
uses of nonrenewable
resources
■ about advantages and
disadvantages of using
fossil fuels and nuclear
energy
Highlight Identify the key
terms and their meanings as you
read this section.
A Compare and Contrast
●
Use quarter-sheets of notebook
paper to compare coal, oil,
natural gas, and nuclear energy.
Coal
Oil
Natural
gas
Nuclear
energy
Reading Essentials
57
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Picture This
1.
Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite
Locate and Identify
Mark where you live on the
map. Is it an area where
coal is found?
What is coal?
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the world. The
United States has many coal reserves, as shown on the map
above. The world’s supply of coal should last 250 more years
at the present rate of use. Coal is sedimentary rock that
contains at least 50 percent decayed plant material. Coal
starts to form when plants die in a swampy area and are
covered by more plants, water, and sediment. Over millions
of years, this material becomes coal.
What are synthetic fuels?
How is coal formed?
Coal forms in several stages. Each stage yields a different
fuel. In the first step, peat forms.
Peat Dead plant material builds up in swamps, forming a
layer of organic sediment, or peat. As decaying plant matter
loses gas and moisture, the concentration of carbon
increases. When peat burns, it gives off large amounts of
smoke because it contains water and impurities.
2.
Identify What two
factors cause peat to
change into lignite and
lignite to change into
bituminous coal?
58
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Lignite If peat is buried under more sediment, it becomes
lignite, a soft, brown coal with much less moisture than peat.
Lignite forms as heat and pressure force water from the peat,
further increasing the concentration of carbon. When lignite
is burned, it releases more energy and less smoke than peat.
Bituminous Coal Over time, if layers of lignite are buried
deeper, bituminous coal, or soft coal, forms. Bituminous
coal is compact, black, and brittle. It provides lots of heat
energy when it is burned. Bituminous coal contains some
sulfur which can pollute the air.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Synthetic fuels are made from solid organic material, such
as coal, and may be liquids or gases. Liquid synthetic fuels
are used to make gasoline and fuel oil. Gaseous synthetic
fuels are used to produce electricity.
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Anthracite Coal If enough heat and pressure are applied to
buried layers of bituminous coal, anthracite coal forms.
Anthracite is also called hard coal. It has the highest amount
of carbon of all kinds of coal. As a result, it is the cleanest
burning of all coals.
What other fossil fuels are used for energy?
3.
Coal isn’t the only fossil fuel that is used for energy. Two
other fossil fuels, oil and natural gas, provide large amounts
of energy. Oil is a thick, black liquid formed from the
buried remains of organisms that once lived in the oceans.
Natural gas is also formed from the buried remains of
ancient ocean organisms. Natural gas is gaseous rather than
liquid. Although oil and natural gas both come from ocean
organisms, the compounds found in natural gas are lighter
than the compounds found in oil.
People in the United States use large amounts of oil and
natural gas each day. The circle graph below shows how much
of the energy we use comes from these two fuels. Natural gas
is used mostly for heating and cooking. Oil is used in many
ways, including making heating oil, gasoline, and plastics.
Explain Why is
anthracite the cleanest
burning form of coal?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Energy Use in the United States, 2002
Oil
39.4%
Natural gas
23.6%
Nuclear
8.3%
Coal
22.7%
Applying Math
Hydroelectric
2.7%
Biomass
2.8%
Geothermal, wind, solar,
and other 0.5%
4.
Evaluate Add together
the percentages of coal, oil,
and natural gas shown in
the graph. How much of
the graph is not one of
these three fuels? Show
your work.
How do oil and natural gas form?
It takes millions of years for oil to form from the remains
of tiny marine organisms. The process begins when tiny
organisms called plankton die and fall to the seafloor.
Sediment covers the dead plankton. Over time, more
plankton and sediment pile up. As the piles grow thicker,
pressure builds up and temperatures rise. The increased heat
causes the dead plankton to slowly become oil and natural gas.
Reading Essentials
59
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What is a reservoir rock?
Oil and natural gas often are found in layers of rock that
have been tilted or folded. Fossil fuels are not as dense as
water, so they tend to move upward. Some rock layers, such
as shale, stop this upward movement. A folded layer of shale
can trap the oil and natural gas as shown in the figure
below. The rock layer underneath the trapped oil and
natural gas is called a reservoir rock.
Picture This
5.
Identify Where can oil
and natural gas be found?
Gas
Shale
Oil
Reservoir
rock
Removing Fossil Fuels from the Ground
Coal Mining Strip mining is used only when coal deposits
are close to the surface. Layers of soil and rock above coal
are removed and piled to one side. The exposed coal is
removed and hauled away. The soil and rock are then
returned to the open pit and covered with topsoil. Trees and
grass are planted in a process called land reclamation.
There are several methods of underground mining. In one
method, tunnels are dug and coal is brought to the surface
through them. Two types of underground coal mines are drift
mines and slope mines. In a drift mine, coal is removed from
the ground through a horizontal opening in the side of a hill
or mountain. In slope mining, an angled opening and air
shaft are dug in the side of a mountain to remove coal.
6.
Identify Name two types
of underground coal mines.
60
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Oil and Gas Pumping Oil and natural gas are pumped from
underground deposits. First, a narrow hole, or a well, is drilled
down through rock to the oil deposit. Next, equipment is put
into the well to control the oil flow. Finally, the rock that
surrounds the oil and gas is broken to allow the fuels to flow
into the well. The oil and gas are pumped to the surface.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Coal is removed from the ground by many methods. Two of
the most common are strip mining and underground mining.
Oil and natural gas are removed from the ground by pumping.
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Fossil Fuel Reserves
The terms reserve and resource are often used when fossil
fuels are discussed. The amount of a fossil fuel that can be
taken from the ground for a profit, using current
technology, is called a reserve. A fossil fuel resource is a
deposit that contains enough fuel to be taken from the
ground in useful amounts, whether or not a profit can be
made. A fossil fuel resource is called a reserve if the fuel in
it can be mined or pumped at a profit.
What are methane hydrates?
7.
Explain What is the
difference between a
reserve and a resource?
8.
Identify Name a source
of energy that comes from
atoms.
Current reserves of natural gas in the United States are
expected to last about 60 years. The main substance in
natural gas is methane. Recent studies show a new source of
methane may be located under the seafloor. This new source
of methane is an icelike substance called methane hydrate.
Methane hydrates are found in sediments on the ocean floor.
They form where temperatures are cold and pressure is high.
Scientists estimate that methane hydrates contain more fuel
than all of today’s fossil fuel deposits. As a fuel, methane
burns cleanly. If methane could be removed from the sea,
the world’s supply of clean energy would be much greater.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How can fossil fuels be conserved?
You can avoid wasting fossil fuels by turning off lights
when you leave a room. Make sure doors and windows are
shut tightly during cold weather so heat won’t leak out of
your home. If you have air conditioning, run it as little as
possible. Check with an adult in your home to see if more
insulation could be added to your home to help save energy.
See if an insulated jacket could be put on the water heater.
Energy from Atoms
In the United States, most electricity comes from power
plants that burn fossil fuels. But, there are other ways to get
energy. Nuclear energy is an alternate source of energy
produced from atoms.
Atoms give off energy during atomic reactions. The center
of the atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of
particles called protons and neutrons. When the nucleus of
a heavy element is split, lighter elements form and energy is
released. This energy, produced by nuclear fission, can be
used to make electricity or power a submarine.
Reading Essentials
61
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Picture This
9.
Nuclear Power Plant
Identify Look at the
figure. Circle the two kinds
of rods in the nuclear
reactor. Name them.
Containment
shell
Steam
Control
rods
Steam
turbine
and
generator
Steam
generator
Fuel
rods
Nuclear
reactor
Electrical
output
Condenser
(steam from
turbine is
condensed by
river water)
Large water
source
Pump
Pump
Water
Pump
A nuclear power plant has a large chamber called a nuclear
reactor, which houses fuel rods containing uranium-235. The
fuel rods sit in a pool of cooling water. Neutrons are fired into
the fuel rods. When the neutrons hit uranium-235 atoms, the
atoms split apart and fire out more neutrons that hit other
atoms. Those atoms also split, starting a chain reaction.
As each uranium atom splits, it does two things: it fires
neutrons and it releases heat. In a nuclear power plant, that
heat can be used to boil water to make steam. The steam
drives a turbine which turns a generator to produce electricity.
Nuclear energy from fission presents problems.
Uranium-235, the fuel, is a nonrenewable energy source.
Nuclear energy also produces waste. Nuclear waste is highly
radioactive and must be stored away from people and the
environment for at least 10,000 years.
10.
Explain What is one
problem with nuclear
energy?
62
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
How does fusion provide energy?
Fusion is a nuclear reaction that occurs when two atoms
are joined, or fused, to form one atom. During this process,
large amounts of energy are released. The Sun is a natural
fusion power plant that provides energy for Earth and the
solar system. Scientists have not yet developed controlled
technology to produce energy by nuclear fusion. If the
technology is developed, nuclear energy would no longer
be considered a nonrenewable fuel resource.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How does nuclear energy make electricity?
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After You Read
Mini Glossary
coal: sedimentary rock formed from decayed plant material
fossil fuels: nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal
and oil, that formed over millions of years from the
remains of dead plants and other organisms
natural gas: fossil fuel that forms in a gaseous state from
the buried remains of marine organisms
nuclear energy: alternate source of energy produced
from atoms
oil: thick, black liquid fossil fuel formed from the buried remains
of organisms that lived in the seas; known as petroleum
reserve: amount of fossil fuel that can be taken from Earth at
a profit using current technology
1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Explain how a fossil fuel
resource is classified as a reserve.
2. Circle the correct answer and fill in any missing information in the following table.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Fuel
Fossil Fuel?
Renewable?
How Long Will It Last?
Coal
yes / no
yes / no
Oil
yes / no
yes / no
100 years
Natural gas
yes / no
yes / no
60 years
Uses?
Heating, travel, industry, electric power
3. How did highlighting the text help you learn and understand the key terms and their
meanings?
Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactive
games, and projects to help you learn more about nonrenewable
energy resources.
End of
Section
Reading Essentials
63
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53
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
2
section ●
Renewable Energy Resources
What You’ll Learn
■
what inexhaustible and
renewable energy
resources are
■ why these energy
resources are used less
than nonrenewable
resources
Study Coach
Authentic Questions As
you read this section, write
down any questions you may
have about each topic. Discuss
your questions with your
teacher or another student.
Before You Read
Think about the last time you were really tired. What is the
best thing to do when you feel exhausted?
Read to Learn
Inexhaustible Energy Resources
How soon will the world run out of fossil fuels? That
depends on how fast they are used. Fortunately, there are
some sources of energy that are inexhaustible. Inexhaustible
resources will never run out. They include the Sun, wind,
water, and geothermal energy.
How can people use energy from the Sun?
●
B Compare Make a layered
Foldable using three sheets of
paper. Use it to compare energy
resources.
64
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Solar energy is energy from the Sun. Solar energy is
clean, inexhaustible, and can be used to produce electricity.
You already know that the Sun’s energy heats Earth. It also
causes winds in the atmosphere and currents in oceans.
People can use solar energy in a passive way or an active
way. Windows are passive solar collectors. Windows on the
south side of a building trap sunlight. The sunlight warms
the inside of the building. Solar cells actively collect energy
from the Sun and change it into electricity. Solar cells are
used to power calculators, street lights, and experimental
cars. In sunny regions, people put solar cells on their roofs
to produce electricity for their homes.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chapter
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What are the disadvantages of solar energy?
Solar energy does have some drawbacks. Solar cells don’t
work as well on cloudy days. They cannot work at all at
night. Batteries can be used to store solar energy for use at
night or on cloudy days. However, it is difficult to store
large amounts of energy in batteries. Also, old batteries
must be disposed of in a way that does not pollute the
environment.
How can wind be used for energy?
Wind is a source of energy. Wind powers sailing ships.
Windmills have been built that used wind energy to grind
corn or pump water. Today, windmills are used to produce
electricity. A large number of windmills placed in one area
to generate electricity is called a wind farm.
Wind energy has advantages and disadvantages. Wind
energy does not cause pollution and it’s free. It does little
harm to the land and produces no waste. But, only a few
places in the world have winds that are strong enough to
generate electricity using windmills. Also, wind isn’t steady.
At times it blows too hard. At other times, it is too weak or
even stops completely. For reliable power, an area must have
steady winds that blow at the right speed.
1.
Explain How are
windmills used today?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How is flowing water used for power?
Running water also can be used to generate electricity.
Hydroelectric energy is electricity produced by waterpower.
To produce hydroelectric energy, a large dam is built across a
river. The dam holds back the water, causing a lake to form
behind the dam. As the figure below shows, when water is
released from the lake, it turns turbines at the base of the
dam. The turbines then turn generators that make electricity.
Power lines
Power plant
Lake
Picture This
2.
Intake
pipe
Generator
Turbine
Interpret Diagrams
Place arrows on the figure
to show the direction of
water flow through the
hydroelectric power plant.
Discharge pipe
Reading Essentials
65
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What are the disadvantages of water power?
Hydroelectric energy does not create air pollution. But
dams do cause some harm to the environment. When dams
are built, land is flooded and wildlife habitats are damaged.
Lakes created by dams can slowly fill with silt. Silt destroys
the habitats of organisms that live in the water. In the
stream below the dam, erosion can become a problem.
3.
Determine What
supplies the heat to make
steam in geothermal
energy?
Earth’s heat can be used to generate electricity.
Geothermal energy is an inexhaustible energy resource that
uses hot magma or hot, dry rocks from below Earth’s
surface to produce steam to generate electricity.
If magma rises fairly close to the surface, it can heat large
pockets of water in the ground. The heat turns the water to
steam. Geothermal power plants, such as the one in the
figure below, can use this steam to turn turbines and
generators that produce electricity. There are a few places on
Earth where steam is naturally produced. In another type of
geothermal power plant, water is pumped deep
underground where it can flow through hot, dry rocks. The
water becomes steam that can be pumped back to the
surface and used to produce electricity. One advantage of
this type of geothermal plant is that hot, dry underground
rocks are found just about everywhere on Earth.
Geothermal Power Plant
0
Picture This
4.
Evaluate Look at the
figure. How deep into Earth
do the pipes from the
geothermal plant reach?
How many meters is that?
Depth (km)
1
2
3
4
Hot water
and steam
enter the
power plant.
5
6
7
Groundwater is heated
to high temperatures inside
fractures near a magma body.
66
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Cold water is
returned to the
fractured hot rock.
Fractures
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How can Earth’s heat supply power?
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Renewable Energy Resources
When you are exhausted, a good night’s sleep can renew
you. In the same way, time and rest can renew some energy
resources. Renewable energy resources can be replaced by
nature or by people within a person’s normal lifetime. For
example, trees can be a renewable resource. As one tree is
cut down, another tree can be planted in its place.
5.
Explain What makes an
energy resource
renewable?
6.
Compare What is a
Biomass Energy
Biomass materials are an important renewable energy
resource. Biomass energy is renewable energy that comes
from burning organic materials such as wood, alcohol, or
garbage. The word biomass comes from combining the
words biological and mass.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Wood If you ever sat near a campfire or a fireplace to keep
warm, then you have used renewable energy from wood. As
a tree grows, it stores energy from the Sun in its wood.
When the wood burns, that stored solar energy is released as
heat energy. People have long used wood as a source of
energy. Much of the world still cooks with wood. Using
wood has its problems. Gases and ashes that can pollute the
air are released when wood is burned. When trees are cut
down, natural habitats may be destroyed.
Alcohol Some biomass materials can be changed into
cleaner-burning fuels. Corn is a biomass fuel that can be
used to produce a kind of alcohol called ethanol. Ethanol
mixed with gasoline is called gasohol. Gasohol can be used
as fuel for cars and trucks. Using gasohol can cut down on
the amount of fossil fuel needed to produce gasoline. But
there is a problem with the process that produces ethanol.
Growing the corn and making the ethanol often uses more
fossil fuel energy than is saved by using gasohol.
Garbage Every day humans throw away mountains of
garbage. Two-thirds of it could be burned as a fuel. Burning
garbage as a fuel has three benefits. It’s a cheap source of
energy, it cuts down on the need for fossil fuels, and it
reduces the amount of material dumped into landfills.
Unfortunately, burning garbage can pollute the air. Toxic ash
residue remains after certain wastes are burned.
problem that occurs with
burning garbage and
wood?
Reading Essentials
67
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After You Read
Mini Glossary
biomass energy: renewable energy that comes from
burning organic materials such as wood and alcohol
geothermal energy: inexhaustible energy resource that
uses the energy from hot magma or hot, dry rocks deep
below Earth’s surface to generate electricity
hydroelectric energy: electricity produced by waterpower
using large dams in a river
solar energy: power from the Sun that is clean,
inexhaustible, and can be used to produce electricity
wind farm: area where many windmills use wind to
generate electricity
1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Then choose one of the four
kinds of energy listed above. Explain why it is a renewable resource.
2. Make a data record to compare the four kinds of renewable energy you learned about in
this section. You may have to infer some answers.
Biomass energy source
Advantages:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Disadvantages:
Geothermal energy source
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Hydroelectric energy source
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Solar energy source
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
End of
Section
68
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactive
games, and projects to help you learn more about renewable
energy resources.
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chapter
53
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
3
section ●
Mineral Resources
Before You Read
Do you recycle wastes at your home or your school? Write
the items you recycle on the lines below. If you don’t
recycle, list items that could be recycled.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Read to Learn
Metallic Mineral Resources
Look carefully around your home. You probably will find
many metal items. The frame of your bed, soft-drink cans,
and spoons are all made from metal. Metals are obtained
from Earth materials called metallic mineral resources. A
mineral resource is a resource from which metal is obtained.
What You’ll Learn
■
how minerals are
classified as ores
■ what metallic and
nonmetallic mineral
resources are
Study Coach
Make Flash Cards As you
read this section, make flash
cards for each vocabulary term
or unknown word. On one side
of the card, write the term or
word. On the other side of the
card, write the definition.
What are ores?
Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined at
a profit are ores. Most often, the word ore is used to
describe deposits of metals. Hematite is an iron ore. Bauxite
is an aluminum ore. Both are metallic ores.
When is a mineral deposit considered an ore? First,
people must have a need for the mineral. Second, there
must be enough of the mineral present in the deposit to
make it worth removing. Third, it must be fairly easy to
separate the mineral from the material in which it is found.
Economic factors largely determine what an ore is. If any
one of these three conditions is not met, the deposit might
not be considered an ore.
C Contrast Make a two-tab
●
Foldable to explain the
differences between metallic
and nonmetallic mineral
resources.
Mineral Resources
Metallic
Nonmetallic
Reading Essentials
69
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1.
Explain What is gangue?
Refining Oil There are two steps for separating a useful
mineral from its ore—concentrating and refining. Concentrating is the first step. After a metallic ore is mined from
Earth’s crust, it is crushed and the waste rock is removed.
The waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can
be used is called gangue (GANG).
Refining is the second step in separating a mineral from its
ore, producing a pure or nearly pure mineral. One way to
refine metal is by smelting, a chemical process that removes
unwanted elements. For example, iron ore, or hematite,
contains iron oxide. During smelting the concentrated iron
ore is combined with a certain chemical and heated. The
chemical mixes with the oxygen in iron oxide, leaving behind
pure iron. Smelting uses a fossil fuel resource to produce the
heat needed to obtain another resource, in this case, iron.
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
2.
Classify What are the
two groups of nonmetallic
mineral resources?
Industrial Minerals Industrial minerals are sources of many
useful chemicals. For example, sandstone is a source of silica,
which is used to make glass. Sylvite, a mineral that forms when
seawater evaporates, is used to make fertilizers for farms and
gardens. Table salt comes from halite, a nonmetallic mineral
resource. Halite also is used to melt snow and ice on roads
and sidewalks and to help soften water.
Some industrial minerals are useful because of their
physical properties. Garnet is a hard mineral that can
scratch most other materials. Tiny pieces of garnet are glued
on heavy paper to make sandpaper.
Building Materials Building materials are used to construct
roads and buildings. An important nonmetallic mineral
resource is aggregate, which is crushed stone or a mix of
gravel and sand. It has many uses as a building material.
Concrete is made by mixing gravel and sand with cement
and water. Concrete is used for sidewalks, roads, driveways,
basements, and foundations.
70
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Any mineral resources not used as fuels or as sources of
metals are called nonmetallic mineral resources. These
resources are mined for the nonmetallic elements they
contain or for their physical or chemical properties. In
general, nonmetallic mineral resources fall into two
groups—industrial minerals or building materials. Some
materials, such as limestone, belong to both groups.
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Gypsum and Rock When seawater evaporates, gypsum
forms. It is a building material used to make plaster and
wallboard.
Rock also is used as building stone. Some buildings in your
area are probably made from granite, limestone, or sandstone.
Some rock also is used to make statues and other artwork.
Recycling Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mineral resources are nonrenewable. They cannot be
replaced by natural Earth processes within an average
person’s lifetime. Most mineral resources take millions of
years to form. Have you ever thrown away an empty
soft-drink can? These cans end up as solid waste. It would
be better if cans and other items made from mineral
resources were recycled into new items.
Recycling is using old materials to make new items.
Recycling has many benefits. It reduces the need for new
mineral resources. Also, recycling often costs less than
making the same item from new materials. Minerals are
nonrenewable resources. The graph below shows the
percentage of mineral resources that are imported to and
produced in the United States. In the future, supplies of
some minerals might become limited. Recycling might be
the only way to meet the need for them.
3.
Explain What is one
benefit of recycling?
Picture This
Percentage Comparison
of Mineral Resources
4.
Chromium
Interpret According to
the graph, what is the most
widely produced mineral
resource in the U.S.?
Nickel
Platinum
Manganese
Tin
Silver
Copper
0
25
50
75
Percentage imported
Percentage produced in the United States
100
Reading Essentials
71
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After You Read
Mini Glossary
mineral resource: resource from which metal is obtained
ore: deposits of minerals that are large enough be mined at a
profit
recycling: processing old materials to make new items
1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Then explain how a mineral
resource and an ore are similar and different.
2. Use the following diagram to describe the similarities and differences of metallic and
nonmetallic mineral resources.
Metallic
mineral resources
Nonmetallic
mineral resources
3. How did making flash cards help to learn the new terms and the definitions? Would you
use this strategy again?
End of
Section
72
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Visit earth.msscience.com to access your textbook, interactive
games, and projects to help you learn more about mineral
resources.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Both
Name
Date
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
Before You Read
Preview the chapter including section titles and the section headings. Complete the chart
by listing at least one idea for each of the three sections in each column.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
K
What I know
W
What I want to find out
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal
Write three ways electricity may be generated at a power plant.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
47
Name
Date
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Scan Section 1 of your book, using the checklist below.
Read all section titles.
Read all boldface words.
Look at all of the pictures.
Think about what you already know about nonrenewable
resources.
Write three facts that you discovered about nonrenewable resources
as you scanned this section.
1.
2.
3.
fuel
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.
resource
nonrenewable resource
conservation
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define extract.
extract
48
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Review
Vocabulary Define fuel.
Name
Date
Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Energy
(continued)
Complete the paragraph below to describe resources and energy.
I found this information
on page
.
A
is any material used to satisfy a need. Most
energy resources used to generate electricity are
.
Nonrenewable resources are
.
Fossil Fuels
I found this information
on page
.
Organize information about fossil fuels by completing the outline.
I. Fossil Fuels
A. Made of
B. Formed over
of years
C. Include:
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
3.
D. Used to:
1. Make gasoline for
2. Heat
3. Generate
I found this information
on page
.
Complete the chart describing the stages of coal formation. Then
identify the change in the amount of energy contained in the fuel.
Formation of Coal
1.
peat
contains
energy
contains
energy
2.
3.
4.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
49
Name
Date
Section 1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources
I found this information
on page
.
Removing
Fossil Fuels
from the
Ground and
Fossil Fuel
Reserves
Compare oil and natural gas by completing the Venn diagram
with at least nine facts.
Oil
Natural Gas
Both
Create a graphic organizer to identify the ways fossil fuels are
removed from the ground. Then complete the sentence below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Fossil Fuels
(continued)
I found this information
on page
.
Fossil fuel
are the useable and cost-effective part
of existing fossil fuel
Energy from
Atoms
I found this information
on page
.
.
Sequence the steps in a nuclear chain reaction.
are fired at fuel
rods containing
Neutrons hit
atoms. The atoms split
More
atoms split, releasing
apart, releasing
more
.
and
50
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
.
and more
.
Name
Date
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 as you
read the headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the scientific term energy using your book or a dictionary.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
energy
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.
renewable resource
geothermal energy
biomass energy
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define derive.
derive
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
51
Name
Date
Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable
Energy
Resources
(continued)
Contrast passive and active solar energy by providing examples.
An example of passive solar energy is
I found this information
on page
.
.
An example of active solar energy is
.
I found this information
on page
.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of generating
electricity from wind energy.
Wind Energy as Source of Electricity
I found this information
on page
.
52
Disadvantages
Model a hydroelectric power plant. Use the figure in your book.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Advantages
Name
Date
Section 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable
Energy
Resources
I found this information
on page
.
(continued)
Identify three problems associated with geothermal power.
1.
2.
3.
Other Renewable
Energy
Resources
I found this information
on page
.
Compare these examples of biomass that can be used to generate
energy. List the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Biomass Energy
Material
Advantages
Disadvantages
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Wood
Alcohol
Garbage
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
53
Name
Date
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources
Section 3 Mineral Resources
Skim through Section 3 of your book. Read the headings and look at
the illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define metal using your book or a dictionary.
metal
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the vocabulary terms.
ore
recycling
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define obtain.
obtain
54
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
mineral resources
Name
Date
Section 3 Mineral Resources
Metallic Mineral
Resources
I found this information
on page
.
(continued)
List the three things that are required for a mineral deposit to be
considered an ore.
A mineral deposit is considered an ore when:
1.
2.
3.
I found this information
on page
.
Sequence the steps in separating a useful mineral from its ore by
completing the graphic organizer below. Then define smelting.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Ore
Concentrating:
Gangue
.
Refining:
.
Useful ore
Smelting:
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
55
Name
Date
Section 3 Mineral Resources
Classify mineral resources and building materials by completing
the Venn diagram with at least seven materials.
Industrial Minerals
I found this information
on page
.
Recycling
Mineral
Resources
Both
Building Materials
Create a graphic organizer to identify three ways to conserve
mineral resources.
I found this information
on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe specific ways you could practice each of the three ways
to conserve mineral resources in your home.
56
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nonmetallic
Mineral
Resources
(continued)
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Evaluate Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identify which alternative energy resource you think could best serve your community.
Write a report explaining why you believe it would be the best choice. Discuss advantages
and disadvantages for your community of using the alternative energy resource.
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
57
Name
Date
Earth’s Energy and Mineral
Resources Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in
the third column.
K
What I know
W
What I want to find out
L
What I learned
Review
Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Review daily homework assignments.
Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Self Check at the end of each section.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have
learned about Earth’s energy and mineral resources.
58
Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use this checklist to help you study.