Section 3: The Late Republic Growth of Territory and Trade I.
Growth of Territory a. ​
the Gauls attack Rome in 387 BC and Rome pays the Gauls a large amount of gold to leave the city, therefore creating a trend to Rome’s neighboring cities b. with some difficulty the Romans defeated the attackers and took over their land c. one reason why Rome won was because of their well­organized legion 1. legion­ groups of up to 6,000 soldiers d. with legions Rome could fight as a large group or fish as several small groups, therefore giving Rome the power to defeat most enemies ​
II.​
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Farming and Trade a. most Romans were farmers before Rome conquered Italy b. farms built by wealthy Romans usually worked by slaves c. owners of farms didn’t usually live on the farms, and had others run the farm while they were living in Rome or other cities d. because farmers didn’t produce enough food to support the city merchant had to bring food from other part of the Mediterranean e. merchant also brought other goods such as slaves and metal goods f. to pay for these products Rome produced coins, that often appeared in market, made out of silver, copper, and other metals Rome Grows Beyond Italy ​
I. The Punic Wars a. ​
the Punic Wars­ a series of wars against Carthage, a city in northern Africa 1. the Punic Wars were called the Punic Wars because Punic means “Phoenician” in Latin and the Phoenicians created Carthage 2. the Punic Wars were the fiercest wars that Rome had ever fought b. between 264 and 146 Rome and Carthage went to war three times 1. the wars began when Carthage sent its armies to Sicily and Rome replied by sending an army to the island a.Sicily­ an island just southwest of Italy c. after 20 years of fighting Rome eventually fought off Carthage and regained control of Sicily d. when everything seemed well Carthage tried to attack Rome in 218 BC 1.this attack was lead by the general Hannibal e. although Hannibal defeated the Romans he was never quite able to defeat Rome itself 1.in the meantime the Romans sent an army to attack Carthage a.Hannibal tried to defend his city and rush home but his troops were defeated in a city named Zama f. many senator during 140’s BC grew afraid that Carthage, the powerful city that had once tried to attack Sicily and Rome, was growing powerful again 1. therefore, they convinced the consuls of Rome to declare a war on Carthage a.after winning the war against Carthage the Romans burned the city, killed most of the people, and enslaved all the people they didn’t kill b.they also gained control of northern Africa ​
II. Later Expansion a. Rome took control of Sicily, Corsica, Spain, and North Africa during the Punic Wars 1.as a result Rome had control of most of the western Meditterranian region 2.in the years after,as Rome marched north and east they conquered the southern part of Gaul. Along with Greece and parts of Asia. b. by taking over Greece the Romans began to adopt ideas about literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education from the Greeks Crises Strike the Republic I.
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus a. the brothers Tiberius and Gaius ​
Gracchus​
were the first to address Rome’s problems 1. both served as tribunes, or elected officials in Rome b. Tiberius who took office in 133 BC wanted to create farms for unwealthy Romans 1. he wanted to create these fams so that the poor could be happy and to prevent rebellions 2. Tiberius wanted to create these farms on public land that wealthy Romans had illegally taken over 3. although the public supported the idea the wealthy didn’t a.the conflict of Tiberius’s idea created riots in the city and during all of it Tiberius was killed c. after Tiberius’s death his brother Gaius,his brother, took over 1. he too wanted wanted to create new farms and he began to sell food at a cheap price to the poor citizens of Rome 2. his ideas, like his brother, created tension among the citizens and he took was killed d. ever since the death of the Gracchus brothers people have seen violence as a political weapon, and they attacked leaders when they disagreed with their ideas ​
II. Marius and Sulla a. in the late 100s BC another social change threatened to lead to the end of the republic b. Gaius ​
Marius ​
,a consul, encouraged the poor citizens of Rome to join the army when in 107 BC the Roman army needed more troops\ 1. before, only the people that owned property could join the army 2. because of Gaius ​
Marius ​
thousands of unemployed citizens joined Rome’s army c. Marius was a good general, so his troops were more loyal to him than they were to Rome 1. with the support of his army Marius had great political power. Soon after him, other politicians began to get their armies’ support d. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, another politician, became consul in 88 BC e. a war broke out between Sulla and Marius when there was a conflict f. after winning the war, Sulla used his power to dictate and punish his enemies ​
III. Spartacus a. after Sulla died another crisis came about which was led by a former Gladiator b. Spartacus and his followers (slaves) defeated an army that was sent to stop them and took over much of southern Italy c. soon, Spartacus was killed in battle and without his leadership the revolt fell apart d. after winning, the Romans executed 6,000 rebellious slaves as an example to those who thought about rebelling e. although the rebellion was over, the problems of the republic were not