Captain Richard Gardiner of Calvert County
Captain Richard Gardiner of Calvert County was a planter in Maryland during the second
half of the seventeenth century. He was a captain in the Maryland militia and a church
official. However, his career has been obscured by that of the members of the more famous
Gardiner family of Maryland, who had arrived in the Province in 1637.
The first reference to Richard Gardiner of Calvert County is found in the Proceedings of the
Provincial Court of Maryland on 11 December, 1660, when William Ewen, Sheriff of Calvert
County, reported on an inquest into the death of Catherine Lake.1
The sheriff reported:
The Declaration of William Sankeh, Richard Gardner, Wm Palmer, John
Meeres, Thomas Cosby.
All Servants of the howse and Present when Thomas Mertine shoved the
said Catherine Lake with his hand on the Shoulder and also gaue her a Kick
upon the britch, and the said Lake being troubled with the ffitts of the mother
fell into the said ffitts as formerly, and soe departed this world within one
hower.
The Juryes Verdict aboue named is that at the viewe of the Corps aboue
mentioned they found it very cleare, and caused the said Thomas Mertine and
the Servants of the howse to ley their hands upon the dead Corps, and there
was noe issue of bloud from the Corps, neither could they perceiue any
alteration in the Corps or any action from any personall man that was the
Cause of her Death but the providence of the Allmighty.
These sad proceedings show that in December, 1660, Richard Gardiner was an indentured
servant in Calvert County. Richard, along with two of the other servants, John Meeres and
Thomas Cosby had been transported to Maryland in 1660.2
On 11 December 1665, his term of service having expired, a man named Richard Gardiner
demanded land “for his freedom right.”3 Whether this is the same Richard Gardiner is
unknown.
By 1665 Richard Gardner had received his first tract of land. In 1664 Richard, along with
George Lingan, was issued a patent for 450 acres in Calvert County, called “Batchellors
Quarter”4 Across the next thirty years Richard Gardiner acquired several more properties. In
1676 he acquired “The Garden Spot” in St Mary’s County, in 1680 the “Margery” in what
later became Prince George’s County and at his death also held “The Parting Path” and
“Hopewell” in St Mary’s County.5
Richard also inherited property. On 8 September, 1665, while ‘being at the plantacõn of Mr
Willm Groome upon the South side of Patuxent River” Thomas Gibbs made his nuncupative
will bequeathing his estate to Richard Gardner and John Smith. His estate was valued at
£1,820.6
As a member of the Calvert County community Richard appeared in testamentary
proceedings. In February 1676/77 he was appointed as an overseer in the will of William
Groome and in October 1680 in the will of John Wittom. He appraised the estates of John
Ashcom in 1684, George Powell in 1685 and John Hunt and Elizabeth his wife in 1686 and
was again appointed an overseer in the will of Mordecai Hunton in January 1686/87.7
1
By 1685 Richard was styled Captain Richard Gardiner8 although there is no record of his
appointment to the Maryland militia. On 10 May 1692 it was reported to the Council of
Maryland that Captain Richard Gardiner was one of the six men chosen by the principal
freeholders to be a vestryman of the new church of All Faiths in Calvert County.9
On 15 January, 1693/94, Richard Gardner of Calvert County signed and sealed his will in the
presence of Charles Ashcom, James Keeth, Luke Gardner and Charles Carles. Shortly after
he died as on 23 February, 1693/94, Margery Gardiner, relict and executrix of Richard
Gardiner, exhibited his will. On 20 March, 1693/94, his estate was appraised by Charles
Ashcom and Luke Gardner, and valued at £401.13.09.10
In his will Captain Gardiner disposed of his estates:
 To his wife, Margery Gardner and her heirs, he left a 380 acre plantation “The Parting
Path,” an 80 acre property “The Garden Path” and a 100 acre plantation, “Hopewell.”
 His remaining tract of land “Lying near Perssimons and being Two hundred and Thirty
odd acres” he left to “Willm Wickham and Tho: Stone & their heirs for Ever.” This tract
of land was the property called “Margery” and passed first to Margery Gardiner before
being split between its new owners.11
 To his two sisters Jone Bennett and Mary Gardner “Living at WmScott in Oxfordshire” he
left “Twenty pounds sterling to Each sister if they are Living to be paid them out of what
money I have in England.”
 His god-daughters, Elizabeth Hall and Cibby Jowles received “one feather bed and
furniture” and one guinea respectively.
 James Crook received Richard’s young horse and Thomas Gosling received “one three
year old heifer out of the Stock.”
The Beneficiaries of the Estate
1. The Widow
The principal beneficiary of the estate was the Captain’s widow, Margery Gardiner.
2. William Wickham and Thomas Stone
A Deed of Gift dated 4 November 1696 identifies William Wickham as William Wittam.12
William Wittom was the elder son of John Wittom, who, in 1680, had appointed Richard
Gardiner as one of his two Overseers.13
Thomas Stone, planter of Calvert County, sold his half of “Margery” to Joshua Cecil in 1702,
signing the indenture with his mark. 14 He died in 1703, leaving his entire estate to his
brother, Henry Stone.15 His estate was administered by Thomas Gosling. Nothing is known
of Thomas Stone’s background, although he may be related to John Stone of Calvert County
who signed his will in December 1693.16
3. The two sisters Jone Bennett and Mary Gardner
Richard’s sisters were living in Oxfordshire when their brother wrote his will.
4. The god-daughters
Elizabeth Hall was the daughter of Richard Hall of Calvert County, who had died in 1688.17
One of the witnesses to her father’s will was George Lingan, who in 1665 had received the
patent for “Batchellors Quarter” together with Richard Gardiner.
2
Cibby Jowles was Sybill, daughter of Colonel Henry Jowles of Calvert County who died in
1701.18
5. The inheritors of livestock
James Crook, who inherited a young horse, was the son of John & Sarah Crook. Sarah Crook
was the widow of George Powell of Calvert County, whose estate had been appraised by
Richard Gardiner in 1685.19
In 1703 Thomas Gosling, who inherited a three year old heifer in Captain Gardiner’s will,
was appointed administrator of the estate of Thomas Stone of Calvert County. Thomas
Gosling died in 1744.20 In 1753 his widow, Elizabeth, occupied both “The Parting Path” and
“The Garden Spot.”21 Elizabeth Gosling was the daughter of Mordecai Hunton, who, in
January 1686/87, had appointed Captain Gardiner as one of his overseers. The exact date of
the marriage is not known but Thomas and Elizabeth were married before 12 May 1699.22
The English Family of Captain Gardiner
The only clue to the English origins of Captain Richard Gardiner is in a bequest in his will:
I give and bequeath unto my two Sisters Jone Beñett and Mary Gardner
Living at WmScott in Oxfordshire Twenty pounds sterling to Each sister if they
are Living to be paid them out of what money I have in England.
The hamlet of Williamscot lies in the parish of Wardington, Oxfordshire.23 The burials of
both sisters are found in Parish Register of Wardington.24 Joanna Bennett was buried on 1
May, 1696, and Mary Gardner on 28 April, 1697.
Both sisters left wills. Joan Bennett signed her will on 21 April 1696. 25 Mary Gardner
signed hers on 22 April 1697. 26 Joan Bennett’s estate was valued at £7.3.8. Mary’s was
valued at £58.4.0 of which £35 was money at interest. This £35 was probably the remainder
of the £40 that Richard had left his sisters.
The marks of Joanna Bennett and Maria Gardner.
Joan Bennett’s principle heir was her sister, Mary Gardner. Both women left bequests to
their relatives, Thomas Eden of Wardington and Elizabeth his wife, Thomas Gardner and
Mary his wife, Sarah Hirons, daughter of Richard Hirons, John Gill of Hanwell and Susanna
his wife and their son John Gill.
3
The Gardiner or Gardner family was first recorded in the registers of Wardington in the
1570s and appeared continually thereafter. The baptisms of the sisters Joan and Mary
occurred at Wardington on 11 September, 1628, and 8 May, 1631, respectively. They were
the daughters of Calcott Gardner and his wife Joan Larden, who were married at Wardington
on 29 November 1624. Two sons of Calcott and Joan, John and Gabriel, were baptised in
1625 and 1633. The baptisms of any later children are lost as there is a gap in the parish
registers from 1636 to 1643.
Calcott Gardner of Williamscot was buried at Wardington on 6 January, 1660/61. In his will,
dated 14 July, 1653, he left bequests to his sons, Gabriel and Richard, and his daughters Joan,
Mary and Hester. 27 His estate was valued at £ 3.2.6.28 His second son Richard, and third
daughter, Hester, were baptised during the missing period of 1636 to 1643, possibly in 1636
and 1638.
The signature of Calcott Gardner
Captain Richard Gardiner of Calvert County was born at Williamscot, in the parish of
Wardington, in about 1636 or 1638. He was a member of a family which had been
established at Wardington since the early 1590s.
The American Family of Captain Gardiner
Captain Gardiner’s will identifies his widow as Margery. In his will Richard made no
mention of any children, left one property to two men who were not his relatives and three
properties to his widow and her heirs, with no provision as to what was to happen to the land
on Margery’s death or remarriage. This indicates that Richard did not have any children.
Richard and Margery’s marriage can be dated to before 1680 when his newly acquired tract
of land in Prince George’s County was named Margery after his wife.
On 26 August, 1695, Margery Gardiner exhibited accounts for her husband’s estate.29 On 4
November 1696 she transferred one half of the tract called “Margery” to William Wittam.
One of the witnesses to the transfer was Robert Stortan.30 The other half of “Margery”
passed to Thomas Stone who sold it to Joshua Cecil. In 1703 “Robert Storton of St Mary’s
County in the Province of Maryland and Margery his wife lately called Margery Gardiner of
St Mary’s County Widdow the Relict of one Richard Gardiner, late of St. Mary’s County, but
before ye Devision of the Counties Called Calvert County” sold their remaining rights to
“Margery” to Joshua Cecil. 31
When Margery Gardiner married Robert Stourton all her property passed to her new husband.
When Robert signed his will on 4 December, 1714, he bequeathed “The Parting Path,” “The
Garden Spot” and “Hopewell” to his wife, Margery. 32 On 12 January, 1715/16, The accounts
of Margery Storton, executrix of Robert Storton, were ordered to be examined. 33
What happened to Margery Stourton after January 1715/16 is not known. However, by 1753
both “The Parting Path” and “The Garden Spot” belonged to Elizabeth, widow of Thomas
4
Gosling. As has been noted Elizabeth was the daughter of Mordecai Hunton, a friend of
Captain Gardiner.
Relationship to the Gardiners of St Mary’s County.
Some pedigrees of the Gardiner family identify Captain Gardiner as the son of Richard
Gardiner who arrived in Maryland in 1637.34 These pedigrees are wrong. However, Luke
Gardiner, a descendant of the Gardiners who arrived in 1637, was both a witness to Captain
Gardiner’s will and an appraiser of his estate. Could this indicate a relationship?
Luke Gardiner, who died in 1705,35 was Roman Catholic and in his will requested to be
buried “according to ye rites of ye holy Roman Catholick Church (of which I am an unworthy
member).” Captain Gardiner was a Protestant, serving as Vestryman of the parish of All
Faiths. 36
Captain Gardiner was born at Williamscot, Wardington, in the 1630s. His father, Calcott
Gardner, was baptised there in 1592.37 This makes Calcott a contemporary of Richard
Gardiner who migrated to Maryland in 1637. An examination of the Registers of
Wardington, shows that Calcott did not have a brother named Richard, so he could not be the
brother of migrant of 1637. Therefore Calcott’s son, Richard, was not a near relative of Luke
Gardiner.
Luke Gardiner was a man of considerable property in St Mary’s County where both he and
Captain Richard Gardiner held property in 1693. Therefore it would be quite appropriate for
him to be the witness to the will of Captain Gardiner, or of any other property owner in the
County, and to prepare the inventory of his estate. It does not necessitate a relationship.
Captain Gardiner and Luke Gardiner were not closely related. They were of different
religions. Therefore Luke Gardiner’s roll as a witness to Captain Gardiner’s will and as an
appraiser of his estate, is that of a neighbour and not that of a relative.
It is unlikely that Captain Richard Gardiner was related to the Gardiners who migrated in
1637.
Putative Relatives
It has been suggested on some family trees that Captain Gardiner married a woman named
Margaret Mainwaring and had one or more children.38
Suggested Children
Julian Mudd
Julian Gardiner is supposed to have been the first wife of Thomas Mudd of Charles County.
Certain Gardiner pedigrees assert that she was born in 1654 in Charlotte Hall, St Mary’s
County, the daughter of Richard Gardiner and Margaret Mainwaring.39
In 1654 Captain Richard Gardiner was aged about 17 and living in Oxfordshire.
The only reference to the Mudd/Gardiner marriage is found in the papers of Thomas
Semmes:
5
Julian, sister of Captain Luke Gardiner, married the first Thomas Mudd and
was the mother of Julian Mudd who married Thomas Clarke, but this MuddGardiner alliance is purely suspicion and I cannot prove it.40
Julian, sister of Captain Luke Gardiner, arrived in Maryland with her family in 1637 and,
after the family had been forced out of Maryland in the Plundering Time, she returned with
her brother Luke in 1647.41 Records give her age in 1637 as 6.42
Thomas Mudd was born in about 164743 and so was sixteen years younger than Julian. This
age difference has led researchers to conclude:
It would seem that enough deference has been paid to the fine labors of Mr.
Semmes in granting that Thomas Mudd had a first wife named Juliana
Gardiner and all we can add is that of there was a Mudd-Gardiner alliance
the wife could hardly have been the daughter of Richard Gardiner who came
to Maryland in 1637 and died thirteen years later.44
While accepting the existence of the marriage, but troubled by the age gap, some researchers
have moved Julian Gardiner/Mudd down a generation in the Gardiner family, making her the
daughter of Richard Gardiner the younger, and born in 1654. This is impossible as Richard
Gardiner the younger died in about 164445 and the only source for the marriage states
categorically that Julian Gardiner Mudd was the sister of Luke Gardiner and not his niece.
This source must be accepted as it stands or completely rejected. Evidence cannot be altered
to suit a theory.
The age gap between Julian Gardiner and Thomas Mudd is large, but not unreasonably so. If
it were supposed that Julian Gardiner had lived all her adult life with her brother Luke, then
on his death in 1674 she would have been faced with the choice of either living with her
sister-in-law, who would probably remarry, or making a new life for herself by marrying.
She would have been 43 years old. The advantage for Thomas Mudd, aged 27, in marrying
into a wealthy, well-connected family would be considerable. Therefore the marriage of
Thomas Mudd to Julian Gardiner, followed by the birth of a daughter and the possible death
of Julian in childbirth is quite feasible.
The assertion that Julian Gardiner was born in 1654 and was the daughter of Captain Richard
Gardiner is directly contradicted by all existing evidence.
Joseph Gardiner
On 15 April, 1715, Joseph Gardner, aged about 66 years, made a deposition regarding the
bounds of Manwaring’s land.46 From this his date of birth can be calculated as about 1649.
Based on the assumption that Captain Richard Gardiner was the same person as Richard
Garnett the younger who had arrived in Maryland in 1637 and as Richard would then have
been the only Gardiner other than Captain Luke Gardiner to be living in Maryland in about
1649, Joseph has been identified as Captain Gardiner’s son.
There are two difficulties with this suggestion:
 Captain Gardiner did not arrive in Maryland until 1660 and was aged about 12 in 1649.
 There is no evidence that suggests that Joseph Gardner was born in Maryland. A man of
that name was transported to Maryland by 1667 and is probably to be identified as the
deponent of 1715.
6
Joseph Gardner was not the son of Captain Richard Gardiner.
John Gardiner (1)
On 19 July, 1688, John Gardner, who married Constant, relict of Thomas Riggs of Charles
County, was granted administration of Thomas Riggs’ estate.47 John Gardiner of Charles
County died in 1742 and in his will mentioned his wife Constant.48 One of the witnesses to
the will was Thomas Mudd.
On 28 November, 1728, John Gardiner, aged about 76, made a deposition in a land dispute in
Prince George’s County. 49 From this his date of birth can be calculated as about 1652.
Based on the assumption that John Gardiner of Prince George’s County was the same person
as John Gardiner of Charles County and the presence of Thomas Mudd as a witness to the
latter’s will, it has been suggested that John was related to an earlier Thomas Mudd’s wife,
Julian Gardiner. As Julian has been suggested as a daughter of Captain Richard Gardiner it
has also been suggested that John was Richard’s son, born in about 1652.
There are four major problems with this suggestion:
 In 1652 Captain Richard Gardiner was aged about 15 and was living in Oxfordshire.
 Julian Mudd was not the daughter of Captain Gardiner so there is no implication that John
Gardiner could be his son.
 Thomas Mudd, who witnessed the will signed on 25 January 1741/42, may have been the
grandson of Thomas Mudd, husband of Julian Gardiner. If so, he was not descended
from Julian who is said to have had only one child, a daughter. Therefore the presence of
Thomas Mudd as a witness to the will sheds no light on John Gardiner’s background.
 Several men of the name John Gardiner were transported to Maryland prior to 1688, any
one of whom could be John Gardiner of Charles County or John Gardiner of Prince
George’s County.
Therefore there is no reason to suppose that John Gardiner of Charles County was the son of
Captain Gardiner.
John Gardiner (2)
In 1695 the inventory of John Gardiner, deceased, was prepared by James Cob and Nicholas
Willson. 50 The inventory of the estate does not identify in which County John Gardiner
lived. It has been suggested that John Gardiner was a son of Captain Gardiner.
There is no reason to suppose that John Gardiner who died in 1695 was the son of Captain
Gardiner.
Mary Stone
Thomas Stone of Charles County died in 1676. In his will, signed on 24 April, 1676, he
appointed his wife Mary as his executrix and left his plantations to his sons Richard and
William.51
Based on the presence of a man (or boy) named Thomas Stone as a beneficiary in Captain
Gardiner’s will in January, 1693/94, it has been suggested that Mary Stone was Captain
Gardiner’s daughter and that, presumably, the beneficiary in Captain Gardiner’s will was her
son. It should be pointed out that no suggestion has been made that the other beneficiary,
William Wickham or Wittom, was related to Captain Gardiner.
7
A deposition made by William, son of Thomas and Mary Stone, on 24 June, 1727, gives
William’s age in that year as about 60.52 William was therefore born in about 1667. As he
was the second son of Mary Stone it is unlikely that his mother could have been born any
later than 1648. This is twelve years before Captain Gardiner arrived in Maryland. In 1648
Richard Gardiner was about eleven years old.
Following the death of her husband in 1676 Mary Stone remarried.53 Her second husband
was John Blackfan. The marriage was short lived as John Blackfan died shortly before 19
February, 1676/77. 54 In his will, dated 31 January 1676/77, he referred to his stepsons,
William and Richard Stone.55
Mary Stone did not have a son named Thomas Stone and Captain Richard Gardiner was not
her father.
Margaret Mainwaring
It has been asserted that Richard Gardiner married Margaret Mainwaring in 1654. Margaret
Mainwaring is said to have been transported to Maryland in 1653 as an indentured servant
and was supposedly born in Surrey in 1635. 56
The reference cited in Gardiner: Generations and Relations for this marriage is “PR Liber Q,
folio 70.” This reference is to Maryland State Archives, Land Office (Patent Record) 16371975, MSA SM 2-6, Liber Q, covering requests for land made in 1658. The entry at this
reference reads:
Mr Edward Lloyd entreth these his rights viz for transporting Richard
Gardner Anõ 1649 Jane Dingher Anõ 1656 Henry Costin Anõ 1657.
This reference refers to neither Captain Richard Gardiner nor to Margaret Mainwaring.
The source of the name Margaret as the wife of Richard Gardiner can be found in the
Inventory and Account Books held at the Maryland State Archives. They record that, on an
unspecified date in 1695, the accounts of the estate of Richard Gardiner of Calvert County
were presented by his executrix, Margertt Gardiner.57
This information was published in Maryland Historical Magazine in 1922 as “Gardiner,
Richard, extx. Margrett, Calvert Co.”58 The same event is published elsewhere as “Margery
Gardiner relict & executrix of Richard Gardiner (SM) exhibited accounts”59 The name
Margertt in the Inventory and Account Book is a clerical error.
All other references to the widow of Captain Gardiner record her name as Margery.
The source of the surname Mainwaring can be found in the deposition of Joseph Gardner
from 1715. 60 If Joseph Gardner knew details of the Manwaring estate then this could suggest
that he might be a relative of Manwaring. If Joseph were Richard Gardiner’s son then his
8
mother’s name was thought to be Margaret. The Maryland Archives record the arrival in the
period 1653 to 1658 of an indentured servant named Margaret Mannaring.61
By this questionable reasoning Richard Gardiner’s wife can be identified as Margaret
Mainwaring. The suggested date of marriage, 1654, is an estimate based on the calculated
birth year of Julian Gardiner, 1654, which is itself a calculation based on the estimated date
of her marriage to Thomas Mudd, 1672. All these dates are unsubstantiated and are
incompatible with what is known of Captain Gardiner’s career.62
Richard Gardiner did not arrive in Maryland until 1660. If Margaret Mainwaring did marry a
man named Richard Gardiner in 1654 then that Richard was the indentured servant named
Richard Gardner who had been transported to Maryland by Mr Edward Lloyd in 1649.
However, the year of Margaret’s arrival in Maryland is not certain. She may not have arrived
in Maryland until 1658.
The suggestion that Richard Gardiner married Margaret Mainwaring in 1654 is, therefore,
based on four “facts:”
 Richard Gardiner’s wife was named Margaret;
Richard’s wife was named Margery. She was once recorded as Margertt in error.
 Richard Gardiner’s son, Joseph, was related to the Mainwarings;
Richard did not have a son named Joseph and there is no evidence Joseph was related to
the Mainwarings;63
 Margaret Mainwaring arrived in Maryland in 1653
Margaret Mannering arrived in Maryland in the period 1653 to 1658. The exact year is
not specified; and
 Richard’s daughter Julian was born in 1654.
Julian Gardiner was Captain Luke Gardiner’s sister, not Captain Richard Gardiner’s
daughter. She was born in about 1631.
The suggestion that Captain Richard Gardiner married Margaret Mainwaring is not just
unsubstantiated speculation, it is fantasy.
Conclusion
Richard Gardiner of Williamscot in the parish of Wardington, Oxfordshire, was transported
from England to Maryland in 1660 as an indentured servant aged in his early twenties. After
completing his service he built up an estate of nearly 800 acres and became a successful
planter. He served in the Maryland militia and was a founding church official in the parish of
All Faiths at Charlotte Hall in Maryland. His success was due entirely to his own hard work
as he had no relatives in Maryland on whom he could depend. At his death in 1694 at the age
of about 57 he left a widow, Margery, to whom he left the majority of his property.
It has been said that servitude “was a way of getting to the New World, and, once there, of
building a life with more prosperity and standing than one could reasonably expect to attain
at home.”64
Calcott Gardner died leaving an estate worth £3. Captain Richard Gardiner left an estate of
nearly 800 acres and property valued at £400. His migration to the New World had, indeed,
brought him prosperity and standing.
William Good
© September 2014
9
1
Archives of Maryland XLI (Baltimore 1922), page 385
New Early Settlers of Maryland Query http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc4300/sc4341/html/search.html
3
Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume XVI (Baltimore 1921) page 22
4
Maryland State Archives Maryland Indexes (Patents, Index) MSA S1426
http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagser/s1400/s1426/g/pdf/54gardn-gary.pdf
5
Ibid.
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-2, Will 2.265
6
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-1, Will 1.234
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland by V.L. Skinner Volume 1
(Baltimore 2004) pages 82, 83 & 85
7
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 5 (Baltimore
2006), pp. 80, 117, 169 & 175.
The Maryland Calendar of Wills compiled & edited by Jane Baldwin Volume 1 (Baltimore 1904) pp.98 &
187
8
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 5, page 122
9
Archives of Maryland VIII (Baltimore 1890), page 474
10
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-2, Will 2.265
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 7 (Baltimore
2006), page 24
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Inventories and Accounts) 1674-1718 SM13-19, Inventories &
Accounts 12.92
11
Maryland State Archives Maryland Indexes (Patents, Index) MSA S1426
http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagser/s1400/s1426/g/pdf/54gardn-gary.pdf
12
Maryland State Archives, Prince George's County Court (Land Records) 1696-1702, MSA CE 65-1, Liber A,
folio 44
13
The Maryland Calendar of Wills Volume 1 pp.98
14
Maryland State Archives, Prince George's County Court (Land Records) 1696-1702, MSA CE 65-2, Liber C,
folio 5-6
15
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-17, Will 11.364
16
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-2, Will 2.262
Notes on the Stones of Maryland and Virginia by Neil Allen Bristow (2004)
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~greenwolf/stone/calvert.htm
17
The Maryland Calendar of Wills compiled & edited by Jane Baldwin Volume 2 (Baltimore 1906) p.32
18
The Maryland Calendar of Wills Volume 2 p.202
19
http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=mrmarsha&id=I031790
20
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-35, Will 24.18
21
Maryland State Archives, SMC Debt Books, cited at http://www.mdgenweb.org/stmarys/owners/ownersG.htm
22
The inventory of Hugh Ellis, who had married the widow of Mordecai Hunton, refers to Thomas Gosling as
the husband of his predecessor’s daughter.
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Inventories and Accounts) 1674-1718 SM13-27, Inventories &
Accounts 18.143
23
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardington
24
Parish registers of St Mary Magdalene, Wardington published by the Oxfordshire Family History Society
25
Somerset House Wills, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Will 33/4/38
26
Somerset House Wills, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Will 40/1/8
27
Somerset House Wills, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Will 39/5/9
28
Somerset House Wills, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Will 39/5/9
29
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 7, page 124
30
Maryland State Archives, Prince George's County Court (Land Records) 1696-1702, MSA CE 65-1, Liber A,
folio 44
31
Maryland State Archives, Prince George's County Court (Land Records) 1696-1702, MSA CE 65-2, Liber C,
folio 87a
32
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM1621, Will 14.46
33
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 13 (Baltimore
2008), page 198
34
Gardiner: Generations and Relations by Thomas Richard Gardiner (Leonardtown 1991) Volume 1 page 18
35
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-8, Will 3.470
36
Archives of Maryland VIII (Baltimore 1890), page 474
37
Calkit, son of Gabriel Gardner of Williamscott, was baptised at Wardington on 25 October 1592. Other
children of Gabriel Gardner baptised at Wardington were Gabriel Jr on 21 May 1594, Ester on 12 September
1596, Thomas on 4 May 1600, Robert on 12 February 1601/02. His daughter Ales was buried there 22
2
10
October 1604.
Gabriel Gardner, probably the child born in 1594, was buried 7 May 1611. Joan wife of Gabriel Gardner was
buried on 11 November 1623, followed by her son, Robert, on 17 January 1623/24. Gabriel Gardner was
buried 29 October 1628. Unfortunately he did not leave a will. (Parish registers of St Mary Magdalene,
Wardington)
Gabriel Gardner married Joan Gill at Cropredy in 1591.
http://gone-butnotforgotten.org.uk/cropredybourtons.htm
38
Gardiner: Generations and Relations Volume 1 page 19 and various trees on www.ancestry.com
39
Gardiner: Generations and Relations Volume 1 page 19
40
The Mudd Family of the United States by Richard D. Mudd (1951), volume 1 page 29
No other reference to this marriage has ever been found.
41
Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume IX (Baltimore 1914) page 39
42
New Early Settlers of Maryland Query http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc4300/sc4341/html/search.html
43
Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1681-1685/6, Archives of Maryland XVII (Baltimore 1898) p.55
“9th Day of November 1681. … The Deposition of Thomas Mudd aged thirty four yeares or thereabouts”
This suggests a date of birth in 1647 but it is always possible that Thomas Mudd had understated his age.
44
The Mudd Family of the United States p.29
This statement says more about the author’s discomfort with the idea of a man marrying a much older woman
than about his understanding of the reasons why such marriages could and did occur.
45
There is only one definite mention of Richard Gardiner the younger in Maryland. On 27 March, 1638,
Richard Garnett senior and Richard Garnett junior lodged a bond in regard to an inventory to be prepared of
the estate of John Brian. (Archives of Maryland IV pp.25-26) He was referred to by inference, as in his
dealings up to December, 1643, Richard’s father was referred to as Richard Garnett Senior or Richard Garnett
the older (Archives of Maryland III p.138). In all dealings after December 1643 Richard’s father was referred
to only as Richard Garnett. On 27 December, 1644, Richard Garnett, the father, demanded 600 pounds of
tobacco from John Dandy. He acted “p filiu Luca.” This is an abbreviation of a Latin phrase meaning
“through his son Luke.” (Archives of Maryland IV p.289) It could be deduced from these references that
Richard Gardiner,the younger, died soon after December 1643, probably early in 1644, and that by December
1644 Luke Gardiner was acting as his father’s heir. In 1651 Luke Gardiner was recognised as his father’s
heir. For this to true his elder brother, Richard, had to be dead. (Maryland Historical Magazine XVI p.23)
46
Abstracts of Chancery Court records of Maryland 1669-1782 by Debbie Hooper (Maryland 1996), page 34
47
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 6 (Baltimore
2006), p.95
48
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Wills) 1635-1777 SM16-33, Will 22. 526
49
Maryland State Archives, Prince George's County Court (Land Records) 1726-1730, MSA CE 65-8, Liber M,
Page 343
50
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Inventories and Accounts) 1674-1718 SM13-21, Inventories &
Accounts 13B.52
51
The Maryland Calendar of Wills Volume 1 p.177
52
Abstracts of Chancery Court records of Maryland 1669-1782 page 62
53
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 3 (Baltimore
2006), p. 101
54
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 3, p.153
55
The Maryland Calendar of Wills Volume 1 p.191
56
Gardiner: Generations and Relations Volume 1 page 19.
57
Maryland State Archives, Prerogative Court (Inventories and Accounts) 1674-1718 SM13-15, Inventories &
Accounts 10.473
58
Maryland Historical Magazine Volume XVII (Baltimore 1922), page 67
59
Abstracts of the Testamentary Proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland, Volume 7, p. 124
60
Abstracts of Chancery Court records of Maryland 1669-1782 page 34
61
New Early Settlers of Maryland Query http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc4300/sc4341/html/search.html
62
The dates appearing on most Gardiner pedigrees are taken from Gardiner: Generations and Relations. This
book asserts that certain events happened at certain places and on certain dates. Little, if any, evidence is
produced to support the events, places or dates. What evidence is produced is frequently irrelevant or
misinterpreted. The events, places or dates asserted to be facts are often nothing more than guesswork.
63
On the same day that Joseph Gardner made his deposition regarding Manwaring’s land another deposition a
second deposition was made by Thomas Hagan of Charles County, planter, aged about 70. There has never
been any suggestion made that Thomas Hagan was related to anyone named Mainwaring.
Abstracts of Chancery Court records of Maryland 1669-1782 page 34
11
64
From Servant to Freeholder: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland
by Russell R. Menard The William and Mary Quarterly Third Series, Vol.30, No.1, Chesapeake Society (Jan
1973) P.64
12