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masteringgeography.com
Earth’s Four Spheres
A Model of Earth’s Physical Geography* A model is a simplified, idealized
representation of part of the real world.
Models are designed with varying degrees of
generalization. The simplicity of a model
makes a system easier to understand.
Inputs
Actions
Outputs
Components and driving force
Movements, processes, and storage change
Results and consequences
Human‐Environment Interaction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.10
* Adapted from Geosystems 8th ed. by Robert W. Christopherson
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Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
Global Temperature Ranges
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.10
Figure 5.18
Photochemical Smog
Urban Heat Island
Figure 4.22
Land–Water Heating Differences
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.10
Phase Changes
Figure 5.7
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.7
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Three States of Water
General Atmospheric Circulation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.11
Monsoonal Winds
Bolivar Peninsula, TX
Before and After Hurricane Ike
Figure 8.X.X
Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 6.19
Precipitation in North America
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.5
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Potential Evapotranspiration
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Soil‐Water Balance Equation
Figure 9.6
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9.3
The Geologic Cycle
Climatic Relationships
Figure 10.3
The Rock Cycle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.6
The Geologic Cycle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.6
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Stress and Strain
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.7
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High School customers
In the U.S., call Pearson School Customer Service at 800‐848‐9500 to request an exam copy or make a purchase. 8