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12-1984
A study to analyze the degree of hurricane
preparedness in selected Miami Beach hotels
Gina Brink
Florida International University
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A STUDY
TO ANALYZE THE
DEGREE OF HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS
IN SELECTED MIAMI
BEACH HOTELS
by
Gina Brink
A thesis submitted
the
in partial fulfillment of
requirements
for
the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
at
FLORIDA
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
1984
To
Professors Joe
This
for
Gregg
hospitality
judgment
upon
its
and
P.
project
Darby:
is
substantial
being
referred
to
you
merit.
Dean
Anthony
G.
Marshall
School of Hospitality
The
Date
hospitality
project
of examination:
of
Gina
Brink
Profegqor
Joe
Professor
P.
December
1984
is
approved.
GrOgg
Darby
PREFACE
This
requirements
of
leading
paper
the
is
presented
University
the
in
this
to
of
be
discuss
will
sent,
when
a
degree the hotels
gency
of
light
of the
The
to
in
the
effects
to
conducted
identify
results
will
then
be
the pre-
to
what
for the emerdiscussed
in
problem.
like to take this opportunity
researcher would
acknowledge the
during
The
the
focus to
on Miami Beach are prepared
a hurricane.
Degree
industry on Miami
then shift its
be
will
of
this city and its hotels will
paper will
survey
of
fulfillment
institution. Through
researcher
vulnerability of
analyzed. The
faculty
Science
a hurricane could have on the hospitality
Beach. The
the
partial
a Master
to
at
Management
Hospitality
course
paper
International
Florida
the
research
the course
help and support of
of
the
N.
Prof.
Joe Gregg, Advisor
Prof.
P. Darby
R.
following persons
project:
Prof.
Mr.
the
Ringstrom
McMullen, Office of Emergency Management
All General Managers and other management personnel of the selected hotels in this study
Without
merous
to
tempted.
be
the
support
mentioned,
of
this
these
project
and
other
could
not
friends
have
too
been
nuat-
THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THE RESEARCHER
Gina Brink was
she finished
In
at a
High School.
1977,
she studied French and English
'Finishing School'
In
1959 in Holland,- Europe, where
born in
1978,
for one year
in Switzerland.
she immigrated
to the island of St.Maarten,
Netherlands Antilles, where she was an administrative assistant to
to
her father,
helping him with all
the paperwork necessary
build and develop his new resort hotel.
In
Mullet
1979, Gina worked as an Activities Hostess
Bay Beach
Resort
From January
Miami
at the
on St.Maarten.
1980 until December
1981,
Gina attended
Dade Community College/New World Center, where
she re-
degree in Business Administration.
ceived an Associate in Arts
She continued her education at
the University of Florida in
receiving a Bachelor of Science from the College
Gainesville,
of Business Administration.
To satisfy her interests
Brink
came
to back to Miami
International
Masters of
degree
As part of her studies at
as
Calder
Race
an
intern
Course,
at
the
North
field,
Gina
to do post graduate work at Florida
University, with the
Science
worked
in the hospitality
in
Hotel
objective of obtaining a
and
Restaurant
Management.
Florida International University she
Front
Miami.
i
Desk
of
the
Holiday
Inn
at
FOR THOSE WHO HAVEN'T FELT THE FORCE OF A HURRICANE
It
the
was
pleasant
hurricane approached
time residents sat
The
-
a
breezy
summer
evening.
the beautiful saucer-deep
on their
patios and sipped
bay,
As
long-
tall drinks.
last hurricane was only a dim 22-year old memory. The
storms broke
coast
their
once-every-six-year average of
long ago. When they
than a splash of water
steps.
did hit,
blown up
Evacuate in response
warnings? Why
But
it
to civil defense
bedrooms, clinging
Those alive
porch
sirens and radio
Then a mighty storm
waves over 20 feet
They were stuck.
in
upper floor back
to mattresses.
tried to concentrate on shutterless
backs of their lives
as they waited
surge plowed
high,
in terror
inland,
flash-
for the end.
its giant wind-driven
strewing devastation, and
finishing
had started.
could happen to
*"Hurricane. "(Miami:
Emergency
line or
shredded their homes
splinter by splinter, as they cowered
This
the
bother? They were having too much fun!
by morning the bridge was out.
the wind
hitting
never amounted to more
to the property
Record 200 mile per hour plus winds
what
Sunday
Management,
1984).
you!
Metropolitan
Dade
County Office
of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I.
II.
Page
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
the Problem.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING.
of
A.
Statement
B.
Hypothesis.
C.
Delimitation.
D.
Assumptions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
E.
Definitions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
F.
Importance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
3
THE REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
"Hurricane".
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
8
Study
.
.
.
.
the
.
.
1
.
of
.
.
A.
Florida and Hurricanes.
B.
Origin
C.
Hurricane
Season.
D.
Frequency
of
E.
Intensity of a Hurricane.
F.
Response Rate to
G.
Hurricane Probabilities
H.
The
I.
Storm
J.
The
K.
Evacuation.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L.
Preparation
for a Hurricane
of the Word
1926
Surge
B.
.
.
.
in
.
8
County.
.
.
12
a Hurricane Warning.
.
.
14
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
18
an Example.
.
.
.
.
.
19
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
24
26
30
. . . . . . . . . . . .
35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Data.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
37
. . . . . . . . . . .
37
1.
Primary
2.
Secondary Data.
The Criteria Governing
the
.
Dade
"Hurricane" Building Code
The Data.
of
C.
.
.
Hurricane:
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A.
.
Hurricanes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
III.
.
Data
the Admissibility
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
.
38
The Research Methodology.
iii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Table
of
Contents
(continued)
Chapter
III.
Page
D.
The Questionnaires.
.
.
.
.
-. .
..39
E.
The Subjects.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
F.
The
Treatment of
the Problem.
.
.
.
41
1.
Data Needed
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
41
2.
Location of
the Data.
.
.
.
.
.
42
3.
The means of Obtaining the Data
42
4.
Treatment
of
IV.
V.
THE RESULTS.
.
.
and
the Data
.
.
.
.
.
Interpretation
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
Discussion of
B.
The
C.
Summary of
the
42
44
Responses
.
.
.
.
44
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
57
Results.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
59
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
62
hypothesis.
A.
Summary
B.
Conclusions
C.
Recommendations
.
.
. .
. . .
. .
. .
.
. . .
. .
. . .
.
.
. . .
.
62
. .
.
63
.
.
.
64
APPENDIX A
Hurricane Refuge Capacities.
.
66
APPENDIX B
Dade County Traffic-Evacuation
Zonal
APPENDIX C
Data
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
67
Dade County Assumed Evacuee
Percentages by Destination
Type
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX D
Sample Cover
APPENDIX E
Sample Questionnaire .....
APPENDIX
Sample Table of Contents of a
F
Letter.
.
Hurricane Preparedness
APPENDIX G
.
.
.
.
68
69
70
Plan.
72
Example of a Simple Hurricane
Preparedness
Plan.
iv
.
.
.
.
.
.
73
Table
of
Contents
(continued)
Page
APPENDIX
H
Three
Examples
Hurricane
APPENDIX I
an
for
Extensive
.
74
.
92
the Governor.
95
Plan.
Recommenda-
Hurricane Planning
Evacuation Notice by
.
.
Preparedness
American Red Cross tions
APPENDIX J
of
.
.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
A.
Books, magazines and newspapers..
.
.
.
96
B.
Bulletins and unpublished
.
.
.
97
v
papers.
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
2.1
Past
Hurricanes Causing
Destruction
11
in Florida
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
2.1
Hurricane Tracks Since
2.2
Dade County Evacuation Zones
vii
1900
10
22
APPENDICIES
Appendix
Page
A
Hurricane
Refuge
Capacities
B
Dade
County Traffic-Evacuation
C
Dade
County
Assumed
Evacuee
66
Zonal
Data
67
Percentages
by Destination Type
68
D
Sample Cover
69
E
Sample
F
Sample Table
Preparedness
G
Example
Letter
Questionnaire
of
a
70
of Contents
Plan
Simple
for
a Hurricane
72
Hurricane
Preparedness
Plan
H
I
J
73
Three Examples of
Preparedness Plan
an Extensive
American Red Cross:
Hurricane Planning
Evacuation
Notice by
viii
Hurricane
74
Recommendations
for
92
the
Governor
95
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1
I
CHAPTER
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
purpose
The
this
of
hypothesis
well
the
dangers
to
of a
C.
The study will
on Miami
Beach with
to
be
us
with
make
for
use of
safer
least
at
second
The
the
hotels
but
they
do
Beach are
on Miami
know
Hotel managers
not
spend enough
time
Delimitation
be
limited to
and
selected
fifty
sea-front hotels
or
rooms
more.
Assumptions
at
hotels on
is
their
assumption
will
hotels.
plan.
assumption
first
hotels
hurricane.
one hundred
D.
The
a
for
hurricane
an emergency
prepare
Beach
of
degree
the
analyze
Miami
that most
is
enough prepared
not
to
is
Hypothesis
B.
The
study
selected
in
hurricane preparedness
problem
the
of
Statement
A.
is
Miami
continue.
that
hurricanes
present
that
Beach
will
continue
frequency.
people
and
will
that
continue
their
to
demand
E.
Hurricane:
with
sustained
hour
or
wind
by
threat
to
a
certain
Warning:
rain
and
tion
as
tide
storm
the
storm
area.
the
conditions are
24
area within
time
of
land
approaches
hours.
to
and
the
expected
3
hurricane winds,
which
in
a danger
present
a possible
2
Hurricane
period
The
Landfall:
on
pose
conditions
Hurricane
coastal
coastal
a specified
accompanied
often
per
surge.'
Watch:
Hurricane
in
is
tropical cyclone
seventy-four miles
of
velocities
a storm
Hurricane
a severe
is
hurricane
A hurricane
higher.
beachfront
A
Definitions
popula-
general
through
passes
the
area.4
Storm surge:
high and
40
where
point
series
of
50 miles
to
the
eye
of
across,
the
makes
more
at
ashore
sweeps
landfall,
feet
the
creating
a
5
Oceanic
National
12 or
seawater
which
storm
destructive waves.
NOAA:
of
dome
A great
and
Atmospheric
Administration.
1 Gilbert
F.White and Eugene Haas, Assessment of ReNatural Hazards (Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT
search
on
Press,
1975),
cane
p.
242.
2"Survival in
Center, 1984.
a
hurricane,"Pamphlet,
National
Hurri-
3Ibid.
4
litan
Hurricane
Dade County
5
Procedure
Office of
Plan, Section I (Miami: MetropoEmergency Management, 1984).
Hurricane (Miami: Metropolitan
Emergency Management, 1984).
Dade County
Office
of
3
to
opportunity
on
quired
tect
promote
to
Importance
F.
is
It
necessary
and
of
in
people
of
the
coastal
what
areas
when
one
hit by hurricane wind and storm surge.
more
than
hotels
more
percent.
40
been
has
vulnerable
6
Dade
living
people
9
it
County
on Miami
ever
was
last
50
Beach,
can
day
happen
will
they
1960 and
Between
vacationing
During the
built
than
and
of
crime.8
know
be
of
pro-
study
thousands
number
to
exposure
minimize
to
the
guest,
the
to
important
re-
those measures
for
to
and
an
7
disasters or
man-made
or
her.
well-being
property
life and
natural
to
guest
the
her
or
his
of
a state
or
includes
safety
Guest
safety:
Guest
him
accomo-
innkeeper
the
gives
who
herself
or
requests
who
servant;
reject
or
receive
or
and
these;
for
pays
and
his agent
or
innkeeper
an
dations
of
Terrace
him-
presents
who
person
is a
A guest
Guest:
of
87th
to
South
the
corporate
the
in
facilities
North. 6
the
to
on
Cut
from Government
limits
tourist
All
Beach:
Miami
1970,
on the
coast
soared
a
great
number
years,
which
makes
this area
before.
Tourism Facts (Miami: Metro-Dade Department
Tourism, 1983).
7
Walter J.Buzby and David Paine,
tyManagement (Los Angeles, California:
ing Co.,
Inc.,
8Ibid.,
9
p. 373.
Ben
1976),
Hotel and Motel SecuriSecurity World Publish-
p. 48.
p. 6.
Funk,"Hurricane!."National
Geographic,
Sept.
1980,
4
rity
program or
prevention of
the
destroy
in
pleasantness as
management's
of
lots
lives
Safety
needed
and
does
not
personnel
are
responsibilities
are at
go
in
in
Security
Dade County
pace with
is
change
new
arise,
hazards
and
equipment change.
cepts and physical
threatens,
greater
because
a living
the
A hotel's
are
that
the changes
thing
continuously:
security
within
are
plans
Security
hand.
Conditions
fixed.
new
both
hand
safety.
guest
remain
un-
stake.
security
and
may difor
injuries
even
probably
injure
hotel's
the
a guest
When a hurricane
are
preventive
extremely
with
to
any
a
be
should
guests and
avoid
be
can hurt,
that
responsibility
possible.
as
far
changes,
developed
their
secu-
hotel's
means
all
hotels
All
innkeeper must
maintain
to
hotel's
the
the
degree,
of
by
hazards
those
property.
safety
the
property. While
fer
or
lives
with
concerned
should
It
a
of
part
under
employees
and
guests
important
very
program.
safety
and
a
is
circumstances
all
its
of
safety
the
Insuring
measures
hotel.
Con-
security systaking
place,
tem should
keep
especially
these days when people are expecting and demanding
safer
hotels
law suits
care"
should
for
against
its
accept
preparedness
dards
and
rooms.
and
a
plans
are
also
that
did
not
These
proper
plan.
are
hotel
guests.
a
People
More
are
standard
important,
known
and
afraid
provide
file
to
"reasonable
hotels
of
the
reasons
why
care
and
develop
a
is
these
some
of
less
however,
enforced
by
that
management.
hurricane
stan-
5
thought
The
know
what
should
that
they
for
or
put
of
it
into
and
to
-
do
again
is
cities and
all
security-conscious
know
about
the
if
If
disaster
the field
that
is
thesis
but
planning
of
be
it
laziness,
lack
of
control
develop
a written
plan
or
do
-
emergency
hotels
most
terms
in
they
and
of
becoming
may
safety,
don't,
never
in
than ever.
our
Miami
be
the
one of
travelers
hotels on
guest's
their
ricane.
not
this
not
action.
Miami
visited
done
some reason
money
lack
be
behind
general
Therefore
beaches
able
in
do
especially
Beach
most
in
might
again
hospitality and tourism.
to
frequently
safety-
are more
it
is
important
enough
fact care
the
event of
experience
revive
its
a
a
hur-
true
image
in
CHAPTER
II
THE REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
lI
CHAPTER
THE REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
A.
Hurricanes
and
Florida
Atlantic
subtropical
all
of
posed
states.
the
east,
the
to
the
west.
Since
state,
more
age are
are
they
intense.
Because
important
of
factor
struck
approach
and
south,
the
experiences
Hurricanes have
farther
between the
sea
is
the
from
Gulf
the
southward
on
hurricanes which
their
in
frequency
Florida
the
and
.
in
damage during
when
asked
when a hurricane
Atlantic
of
Mexico
than any
the
aver-
severity
quarter
billion
century." 1 1
Frank, Administrator
Richard A.
following answer
this
ex-
economy. 1 0
from every
state
the
most
the
causing more than 2,500 deaths and $1.5
".
devastation
can
also extends
it
Florida
most
a
to
Caribbean
to
other
Hurricanes
Mexico,
of
Gulf
the
and
the
into
thumb
a
like
jutting
Florida,
what
areas
of
the NOAA gave the
are most
vulnerable
to
hits:
Florida, Texas, . . . are very vulnerable states.
.
".
During the 1970's, hurricanes have focused on the Gulf
rather than the Atlantic. Specific areas that we worry
about are Galveston, Texas, the Florida Keys and Miami.12
canes
cy,
1 0 Gordon E. Dunn and
(Louisiana: Louisiana
IlEmergency
1984).
1 2
News
and
"When
World
Measures
Hurricanes
Report,
18
Banner I. Miller, Atlantic HurriState University Press, 1964), p.
(Federal
Emergency Management
Hit,'Complacency'
Aug. 1980, p. 56.
Can
Kill
8.
Agen-
You,"U.S.
7
future
Olson
and
Bezold
in
article
their
Florida's
about
that
state
hit
125
. . . statistically, Florida can expect to be
each century by 21 hurricanes with winds over
miles per hour.13
They
of
hotel
The
B. Origin of
across
13,000
States
United
'hurricane' comes
is
or
'hurricane are
'monster of
by
the
the
tribes.
'evil
the sea'.
been killed
have
vulnerable.
since
dreaded
hurricanes
that
the
Caribbean.
The
from
Spanish
originated
Indian
the Caribbean
people
spring
from
have
to
thought
word
alone
Atlantic
the
particularly
is
Beach
Miami
1980's.
the
during
winds
probability
80%
'hurricane'
the word
than
More
the
along
line-up
has an
area
Miami
hurricane-force
by
hit
being
the
that
say
further
from words
of
Some
spirit',
the
in
use among
in
translations
rage
term
turn
of
some
for
the
and
'storm god','big wind',
reflect
well
very
These words
which
'huracan',
in
1900
an
age-old
terror.14
Because
hurricane
all
is
storms.
natural
of
said
In
its
to
total
considerable
be
the most
damage,
size
and great
dangerous
hurricanes
and
have
intensity,
of
destructive
exceeded
any
other
catastrophe.
13
Clement Bezold
Florida,"Futurist, Oct.
1 4 Funk,
National
and Robert L.
1983, p. 15.
Olson,
Geographic, p. 361.
"The
a
Future of
C.
Hurricane
An
as
Season
old
mariner's rhyme
expresses
the
hurricane
season
follows:
"June...too soon
by
July...stand
August...look out you
September... remember
October...all over"15
The
official
hurricane
Most
hurricanes occur
have
been
Between
to
eight
1 and
ten
storms
span of
normally
Dade County,
are historically
Frequency
of
Southeast
from
and
of
the
or
as
be
there will
Five
life
six
longest,
to
late
an
there
December.
as
of
average
into
intensify
is
with
November.
However,
will
a hurricane
months of
the
most
the
occur in September.
page,
September.
as March
30
live
and
from June
about
an
nine
average
days.
life
twelve days.
For
D.
early
storms.
average
is
season
August
November
tropical
The
hurricanes.
August
in
hurricanes as
June
must
vulnerable.
to
1 5 Leonard
Florida,
(Miami, Florida,
G.
as
Fourteen
Pardue,
1982),
1 6 Hurricane
third
of
all
storms
Table
on
the
next
Dade County
in
hurricanes
1983.
One
October
16
shown
in
has been affected by a total of
1900
September and
p.
of
those
the
thirty-one
have made
hurricanes
landfall
in
September,Remember...Weatherwatch
1.
Procedure Plan,
Section
I
Dade
County.
October
the
As
have
county.'
can
the
be
seen
highest
the months
incidence
of
of
September
hurricane
and
landfall
in
7
NUMBER OF HURRICANES SINCE
BY COUNTY BY MONTH
MONTH
DADE
June
July
0
0
August
September
October
MONROE
1900
BROWARD
PALM BEACH
REGION
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
7
8
9
2
4
6
2
14
10
November
1
1
0
0
2
December/May
0
0
0
0
0
14
19
7
13
31
TOTAL
Dunn
firm these
and Miller
in
their
book
Atlantic
con-
Hurricanes
statistics:
. . . In any September there is a 92 percent chance that
there will be at least one tropical storm somewhere in
the Atlantic and a 42 percent chance there will be three
or more storms.18
Figure
the
hurricane
ginning
of
in
on
tracks
this
Table
truction
2.1
gives
following page
the
over
passing
South
overview of
an
since
Florida
be-
century.
2.1
shows
Florida
all
since
hurricanes
the
year
that
have
caused
1919.
17Ibid.
18Dunn
the
and
Miller,
Atlantic
Hurricanes,
p.
52.
des-
10
2.1
FIGURE
LEGEND
/
SAFFIR
YEAR
SIMPSON
CATEGORY
4N
1920
Q
TtTY9NLLL
Citt
r
C+"c
c.wvc..i
s
v
-
O
CL9AN"
W
wccufo
w
n
"
sT
am"
h
Few
PIVKC
M
70
O
ib
P0'
t1
y
933x31
s
wcs"
fir
Xcs
.
Feet
w
b
I
i
,yam
n
'
o
1l
3r21
"ay
LameovaimA
"a
'Vol
fgLsfa000
p9
ff
9
tTO
f0
X1
...
we,
cuts
F
BETsY
rf
Miami
Q
JJ
fpitsTUD
tw.MM".
cr.
929
,
/CO
~,vE
r9g5
,
1
L
"
f"r
S
X11
.
w
"f"
gr9le
wff
HURRICANE
TRACKS
SINCE
1900
LOWER SOLMHEAST
.,.t-IIeT1nN
FLORIDA
STUDY
11
TABLE 2.1
PAST HURRICANES CAUSING
Name and date
mph
Winds
DESTRUCTION
Deaths
IN FLORIDA*
Damage and other facts
than 500
sea
(No name),Sept.1919
n/a
287
Extreme; more
casualties at
(No name),Sept.1926
138
243
Severe storm in Miami
(No name),Sept.1928
200
1,836
Severe flooding; most
people drowned
(No name),Sept.1935
180
408
(No name),Sept.1945
150
4
(No name),Sept.1947
120
51
150
4
160
50
Record amount of damage
in Miami
Cleo, Sept.1964
180
50
First hurricane in to
directly hit Miami
since hurricane King
Betsy, Sept.1965
n/a
75
Most damage caused by
flooding
Agnes, June 1972
n/a
122
n/a
4
David, Aug.1979
150
12
Frederic, Sept.1979
135
5
King,
Oct.1950
Donna,
Eloise,
Sept.1960
Sept.1975
Flooding
Very heavy damage in
Dade County. Evacuation
of exposed locations
prevented heavy loss
of life
Wind and water damage
heavy on FLorida east
coast
Worst storm since 1926
Costliest natural disaster in U.S. history
Major storm surge and
wind damage to structures along beach strip
Tornadoes;
damage
not much
Wind and storm surge
damage
Adapted from "Hurricane Preparedness,"The Miami Herald,
19 July 1984, Sec. HA, p. 3.
*
12
E.
Intensity
The
storm
and
of
a hurricane
a hurricane
intensity of
surge
damage
can
be
or
five
into
divided
for
potential
the
wind
categories.
The Saffir/Simpson Scale gives a continuing assessment of
the
severity of a hurricane. Scale numbers are made available to
public within 72 hours of storm landfall and they are re-
the
vised with each
is an
new observation. The following Table
overview of the five categories of storms on the Saffir/Simpson Scale.
19
SAFFIR/SIMPSON SCALE
CATEGORY
WINDS(MPH)
DAMAGE
STORM TIDE(FT)
1
74-95
4-5
Minimal
2
96-110
6-8
Moderate
3
111-130
9-12
Extensive
4
131-155
13-18
Extreme
5
155 +
18 +
Catastrophic
Studies by
the National Hurricane Center
certain intensities of
hurricanes are more frequent
east Florida as well as Dade County.
Using the
Scale, most hurricanes making landfall
been
a category
two or
three
storm,
as
Procedure Plan,
in south-
Saffir/Simpson
in Dade County have
be
can
on the following page.
1 9 Hurricane
have shown that
Section
I
seen
in
the
Table
13
NUMBER OF HURRICANES SINCE 1900
BY COUNTY, BY SAFFIR/SIMPSON SCALE NUMBER 2 0
SAFFIR/SIMPSON
PALM BEACH
BROWARD
MONROE
DADE
CATEGORY
REGION
1
1
2
0
1
3
2
6
6
4
7
12
3
6
8
1
3
11
4
1
2
2
2
4
5
0
1
0
0
1
14
19
7
13
31
TOTAL
the odds in
Taking
Dade
may hit
County
at an
account, a category five hurricane
unknown
time
in
the
near
the hurricane season in
When asked about
said
Frank, head of the NOAA
future.
1980, Richard
that
. . the chances of a hurricane of any size are substantial. The chances of a major hurricane are less,
but nonetheless fairly high. Hurricanes strike the
U.S. on the average of about three every two years; a
major
hurricane
strike
occurs at a
rate of
two
about
every three years...One of the problems right now is
that there were fewer hurricanes in the 1970's than
in any other decade this century. That gives us a great
deal of concern because there could be a resurgence
2
of hurricanes at any time - this year, for instance. 1
However, people should
cane
is classified major
can cause
always
20
or minor
preparations
for
the
hurricane plans should
worst
size storm can be effectively
possible
dealt with.
Ibid.
21U.S.
News
and World
a hurri-
because even a minor storm
tremendous damage. Therefore,
reflect
that any
not be concerned whether
Report,
p.
56.
storm
so
14
F.
There
living
near
a
In
hurricane warning
a
great
influx
1900,
there
were
been
has
areas.
coastal
to
rate
Response
the Atlantic
are more than 40 million
Gulf
20 million
shoreline;
coast
now
people
there
people living on these coasts. 2 2
moved to coastal areas
of these people have only recently
Many
and
and
than
less
the
into
people
of
therefore have never experienced a hurricane. They seem to
become complacent about the threat of a hurricane. This is
bably
a result of the fact that there have been
fewer hurri-
canes recently. This complacency might also have lead
construction of the many
seem to think that
only to others.
hotels on Miami
to a 1975 National Weather
survey, almost 80 percent of
hurricane-threatened areas
by a major hurricane.
had never experienced a direct hit
people should act
swiftly to
threaten and a warning
evacuate once the warn-
to avert a major disaster. Those
people who do not promptly react
to the warning are trapped
by the time the magnitude of the hurricane
becomes apparent.
22
"Hurricane Warning!,"People, 29 Aug.
23
Hurricane Survival
1984).
Service
23
ing is received in order
Service,
them,
the 40 million people living in
When a hurricane would actually
is issued,
to the
Beach. People always
something bad will never happen to
According
pro-
(Miami:
1983,
p. 87.
NOAA and National Weather
15
in
article
An
the
National
states
Geographic
that
. since a large proportion of Florida's population has never witnessed a severe hurricane, a warning response rate of less than 50% can. be expected.
Even most police officers, fire fighters and Red
Cross people do not know what to do in the event of
a disaster. Reactions range from robotlike to hyperactive.24
The Department of Civil
One of
Defense also did
some studies.
studies indicates that
these
. . . many of the people living on the Florida coast
would refuse to evacuate voluntarily in the face of
an oncoming hurricane.25
when one
1926,
In
Miami, Mr.
. .
with
of a
They
of
Reardon wrote in
.
hurricanes
violent
the most
hit
his memoires that
on the way we bought a copy of the Miami Tribune
an eight-column 'streamer' heading giving warning
tropical storm. Of course, we paid little attention.
appear often here this season of the year. 2 6
The loss of life is mostly due,
not to a lack of warning,
individuals to stay despite the warning.
to a decision by
Many people do not seem to realize
is
how devastating
They think it
be easily stopped
or destroyed. The United States Weather
Bureau receives many
suggestions each year
(Miami:
Funk,
25
Ibid.,
26
L.F.
from people who
the annual death and destruction caused by
these severe storms. The
24
a
just a strong wind that can
hurricane can be.
are appalled by
but
Bureau claims that
National Geographic,
p.
p.
since many
proposals
374.
373.
Reardon, The
Publishing Company,
Florida
1926),
Hurricane
p.
7.
and
Disaster
16
have
made
been
so
impracticable
far,
of
realization
little
it
an
average
hurricane. One
by
several
atomic
The majority
storm
violent
to
decreased
a hospital
on
to be 80 miles
Miami
first
Alabama,
before they
miles
Beach
hour.
per
According
Mobile,
10
about
to
have
and
the
in
consumed
generated
energy
to
not seem
does
know
in the eye
per
6 miles
at
while
hour,
was
away
the
Miami,
downtown
over
wind
same
the
time
the wind
reporting
28
Norman Davis,
people
people
don't know that only
passed
hurricane
most
decrease. For example, as the eye
of a hurricane the winds
a
use
people also
how a hurricane works. They
of
can
been
2 7
the
of
that
generated
energy
the
bombs!
evident
is
have
all
and
prevention
hurricane
for
to
have
realize
Civil
experience
'this is it!'
director of
Defense
a
severe
storm
He says
. . . as long as memories of this one (severe storm)
remain, I don't think we will have any trouble convin-
cing people to
can
get
Mr.
Mc
that
evacuate. Folks
strong. 2
Mullen,
a hurricane
Office of Emergency Management
especially
on Miami
Beach
-
to
specialist
give
Dunn
28
Funk, National Geographic,
2 9
Dunn
and
Miller,
Miller,
the
of
Dade County
visits many hotels in Miami -
2 7
and
just don't-believe wind
9
Atlantic
Atlantic
lectures
and
Hurricanes,
p.
advice
p.
127.
p.
78.
376.
Hurricanes,
to
17
to
a
than
predict
"Human
little.
plishing
coast
the
along
life
as
people
People think they are
it may be
located.
something
serious
In
to
happens
The
the
Caribbean. A
in
serious
no
got mad
the
damage
they
that
had
National Geographic
.
The
real
Beach. Many
storm
People
seem
be
that
to
was
to
evacuate
described
tragedy may
be
nothing.
for
this
yet
come
missed
become
them,
careless after
to
put
stay
Interview with Mr. Mc Mullen, June
31
Funk,
p. 362.
evacu-
An article
for a
next
a while.
30
National Geographic,
elsewhere.
in Miami
people, outraged at being moved
vowed
and
follows:
as
to
after
issued
people who
the
so
was
for safety
looking
done,
close shave
passed off-shore
just
hurricane warning
left Miami Beach,
of people
Beach a
gave Miami
storm
devastating
ated
though, and
hotel can
the
guest,
the
David
hurricane
1979,
scare.
However,
leave
to
during the hurricane warnings.
When a major hurricane hits,
Day
a lot
not want
safe in a high-rise building, wherever
a Labor
and
do
for everything." 3 0
liable
held
-
people
places
beach even had hundreds of
on the
the hotel
check in to
to
difficult
some
-
residents
other
the area. Some hotels right
"In
says,
he
accom-
is
he
feels
even more
is
behavior
dangers
the
of
recognition
sometimes he
but
hurricane,"
as well
hotel-guests
for
pleads
He
management.
hotel
15,
1984.
time.31
18
G.
Hurricane
It
Probabilities
is very
difficult to
predict hurricanes. Mr.
in his book September, Remember
Pardue
says that hurricanes are unpre-
dictable:
. . Sometimes it seems that there are cyclical effects
in hurricane paths, numbers per year, and places of formation. One axiom that is useful in keeping us out of
traps is 'The moment a cycle is discovered, it is likely
to disappear'.32
Looking at the direction of a hurricane, a probability
forecast can be made for a hurricane to hit a specified area.
For
instance, when a hurricane is 72 hours offshore,the Weather
Bureau has only a 10%
chance of predicting accurately where it
will finally come ashore -
if it
comes ashore at all. Even when
a storm is just 24 hours off the coast, predictions are wrong
the time. The
more than half of
ral
pattern of the
toward
following table gives a gene-
probabilities that a hurricane will move
a certain shore. The probabilities describe
in percenta-
ges the chance that a storm's center will pass within 65 miles
of a particular place.
HURRICANE PROBABILITIES 3 3
HOURS BEFORE LANDFALL
PROBABILITY FORECAST
than 10%
72
less
48
36
24
13% to 18%
20% to 25%
35% to 40%
12
60%
32
Pardue,
33
Hurricane Procedure Plan,
to 70%
September, Remember...Weatherwatch,
Section
I.
p.
13.
19
Because
warning
it
and
there
the
actual
is going to be
landfall -
very hard
within those
twelve
overbuilding
in
fall
only
have concluded that
of a hurricane in
out alive. John Byrne,
such
With
this area.
a
between a
time
time
of
span
hurricane
only
12
hours
get all people- off Miami Beach
to
hours. The
coast of Miami, and no real
tists
a short
is such
good
reason
for
this
is
growth
an enormous
the
on the
hurricane forecasting, scien-
they can no longer predict the land-
time to guarantee that everyone can get
Administrator of the NOAA added to
this:
If a hurricane strikes this year, it can be ex. .
pected to hit a population largely inexperienced with
hurricane survival, facing inadequate escape time and
congested evacuation routes. We are one year closer to
a major hurricane, one that could kill thousands of us,
34
especially at the beaches.
H. The
1926 Hurricane:
an example.
The hurricane that hit Miami
of the most memorable ones.
It
in the year
destroyed a lot of
and caused a great deal of distress to many
lowing
is a summary
34
p. 21,
properties
people. The fol-
of storm damage in Dade County, with the
exception of property damage,
dated October 9,
1926 is one
as compiled by
the Red Cross,
1926:
"Storm Warnings,"Wall Street Journal,
col. 1.
14 Oct.
1983,
-
20
ESTIMATES OF STORM DAMAGE 35
INJURED
.FAMILIES AFFECTED
115
1,300
5,000
Miami Beach
17
1,632
2,000
Hialeah
26
800
1,500
5
40
2,000
DEAD
AREA
Miami
Rural
Dade County
As can be seen from the
family on Miami
Beach was injured by
dicates that Miami Beach
When exploring Miami
a Miami
table, almost one out of every
the
1926 storm. This in-
is indeed a very vulnerable area.
Beach after the hurricane, Mr.
native, observed and wrote
Reardon,
the following in his me-
moires:
. . We proceeded through scenes of desolation to
South Beach. Here is where the gale did its worst.
Most buildings and hotels were condemned or twisted
into an unrecognizable mass. Not one hotel escaped
the ravages of the storm...So clean was the sweep of
the torrent through the ground floor of the Roney
Plaza Hotel that not a little testimony remains, that
only two days ago there were here dozens of shops,
beauty parlors and drug stores...Sand of the beach
was two feet deep two hundred yards west of the ocean.
It seems the entire beach line has been moved a block
west.36
This
Beach was
is a very vivid description of
in.
the bad
shape Miami
And there were not even half as many hotels on
the Beach as today!
35
Reardon, The Florida Hurricane and Disaster,
36
Ibid..
p. 72.
p.
110.
21
Winds
and
storm
of the
surges
inundated -
1926
left
eight
hurricane reached 140 miles
Collins
Avenue and Mac
I. Storm
hour,
Causeway
feet of water washed out the Causeway! Storm
surges with hurricane waves of
a hundred
Arthur
per
up to
15 feet killed more than
people in Miami and Miami Beach.37
surge
The storm surge
Essentially,
is the killer
element in any hurricane. 3 8
it is an enormous dome of water,
wide, and when it hits -
perhaps 50 miles
sometimes traveling miles
low-lying areas like Miami
and the Beaches -
inland in
it can be as devas-
tating as a tidal wave. A hurricane may release torrential
with six inches of rainfall
hour,
The
and winds of up to 200 miles
rains
per
but nine out of ten deaths are caused by the storm surge.
shallower the water
In areas
that are
damage all
is,
subject to
the higher
the storm surge will be.
predictable flooding and wave
people should evacuate since their safety cannot be
guaranteed. The Office of Emergency Management
in Dade County
says that all residents east of Collins Avenue (on Miami Beach)
are in imminent danger from hurricane storm tides
through 7,
see Figure 2.3 on next
hurricane, the more
(Zones 2
page). The more severe
intense the threat to
in Zone 1 through 7 which are east
of the
life.
the
All residents
intercoastal waterway
should evacuate in any hurricane. 3 9
3 7
"The
Section H, p.
1926 Hurricane;"The Miami Herald,
1.
3 8 People,
p. 87.
7 June
1964,
23
A
surge
publication
the most
is
publication it
in
occurs
the
dangerous
is said that
also
NOAA
states
the threat of
In
storm
this
the
storm's
worst
of associated torna-
storm surge is capable of
structures to rubble, eroding
smashing
the
a hurricane to us
storm surge,
the possibility
and inland flooding. The
that
hurricane.
the
part of
following order:
wind damage, and
killer;
does;
the
of
long stretches of beach,
and undermining anchored buildings. Florida's hurricanes have
brought storm
surges of 15 feet
the hazard to Miami
or more above sea level,
Beach is extreme. While
storms with high
tides are rare, they are possible in any hurricane
All
Floridians in coastal
alike of
should make
areas -
so
season. 4 0
home-owners and hotel-owners
this extremely dangerous possibility
part
their hurricane planning.
Dunn and Miller in their book Atlantic Hurricanes
say
the following about the storm surge:
. . . The hurricane tide alone may result in extensive
damage to all buildings along the coast. Only wellconstructed and well-anchored buildings are usually
able to withstand the rise in the water level, the main
41
damage being done to furnishings, plaster, etc.
Recently,
in the Miami Herald,
a scenario was written
on what could happen when a Category Five storm would make
landfall at Miami Beach:
40
Hurricanes, Florida and You
Weather Service,
4 1
Dunn
(Miami:
NOAA and National
1984).
and Miller,
Atlantic
Hurricanes,
p. 220.
24
A storm surge will inundate coastal areas with
a tide of 17 feet or more. Pounding waves will slam
against the first and second stories of buildings
lining the beaches. Some of those buildings will
topple. The waves will pick up what is left of them
and batter the buildings that still stand. 4 2
From whichever viewpoint we look at the storm surge
we can conclude that ignorance of these storm surges will
cause a lot of damage and cost many lives.
J. The
'Hurricane' Building Code
One
day
should not begin to
before it
preparations
Since
strikes, or
codes for
a week, or even a month. Complete
require careful
planning years in advance.
the late twenties
east Florida coast
prepare for a hurricane the
communities along the South-
have adopted strict
all types of buildings.
hurricane building
Buildings erected in con-
formity with these codes are withstanding the hurricane winds
without serious damage.
however,
There are still many old buildings,
materials. Such structures will
There
damage. 4
continue to suffer
3
is no question that the modern building codes are pay-
ing off in greatly
are
proper
that have not been renovated yet with the
reducing property damage whenever they
properly enforced.
4 2
"Hurricane Preparedness,"The Miami
1984, Sec. HA, p. 3.
43
Dunn and
Herald,
Miller, Atlantic Hurricanes, p.
19 July
236.
25
The South Florida
from the
winds in
an
miles
hurricane with winds of
per hour. For example,
winds of
which
'average' hurricane,
to be a Category Three
protection
Building Code affords
is
considered
110 to
130
100-mile-per-hour sustained
the
1964's hurricane Cleo seriously damaged fewer
a dozen Dade County roofs. On the
other hand,
built to hurricane specifications will
150 miles per
of such violence are rare,
many structures
be damaged by winds as
Florida Keys a generation
strong as those which struck the
ago with winds of over
than
hour. Fortunately
storms
and building codes to protect against
them are probably not justified from an economic standpoint,
i.e. when protection costs more
value of
than the
the lost
property. Nothing can be built to withstand the awesome
of winds of 150 miles per hour of
higher. Even inland areas
will not escape the destruction of a Category Five
Some authorities say that,
power
storm. 4 4
in spite of the hurricane
building codes, rapid development has caused shoddy construction in hurricane zones, and that some of these new buildings
Frank of
might not stand up to a large storm. Dr.
confirms this.
the NOAA
He says that
. . . some individuals have built in areas where a
storm surge has totally wiped out buildings in the
past; others have built in front of dunes rather than
behind them. They often have failed to use pilings,
which are very important, or they have built in other
ways that are fragile. 4 5
4 4
The Miami Herald, Sec.
4 5
U.S.
News
and World
HA,
Report,
p.
p.
3.
56.
26
Some
examples
of
bad
book Atlantic Hurricanes:
construction
are
quoted
in
the
46
1. Inadequate connections between foundations and sills.
2. Inadequate reinforcements of building foundations
and piers.
3. Improper anchoring of roof and ceiling framing to
side walls.
4. Insecure attachment of roof coverings and sidings.
5. Weakness of concrete.
6. No installation of shutters to cover glass windows.
7. Broad roof overhangs.
8. Flat roofs.
Despite all warnings, developers continue
coast,
to crowd the
and often refuse to compromise with the giant storms.
K. Evacuation
We should ask ourselves why much of the building
done
without adequate means
of evacuating
is
the area efficiently
when a storm warning is issued. Money spent on warning system
development is wasted if people are allowed
to live or vaca-
tion in vulnerable places without adequate means to escape
when danger threatens.
Evacuation of people
problem all the
line.
is becoming more and more
time as a lot of residents flock to our coast-
Warning the public for an oncoming hurricane becomes a
problem since
questions of accuracy always remain. It
goal of the Hurricane Center in Miami
to warn the
time to give twelve hours of daylight to prepare
cane.
of a
4 7
Experience has
46
shown that
Dunn and Miller,
4par Brioso.
this much
time
Atlantic Hurricanes, p.
Ramnnae
is the
public
in
for a hurriis necessary
237.
(New York: David McKay Co..
Inc..
27
to
secure
But
the
and
property
more
people
evacuate
live
in
block these spans
cane winds come
in.
be closed quickly
i.e.
the
areas.
beaches,
by only a few low bridges.
are linked to the mainland
tides. 4
these areas,
exposed
evacuate them. Parts of Miami Beach
the harder it gets to
water could
from
residents
12 to 24 hours before
In a panic evacuation these
by auto wrecks or
Rising
the hurri-
bridges could
the heavy waves of
storm
8
The Wall Street Journal states in one of its articles
that
with nearly half a million people in South Florida
vulnerable to a big storm, evacuation time itself is
estimated at 21 hours, with six to twelve hours beyond
that required to get the process working. 4 9
If
would
this is
the case then a warning
12 hours in advance
not do much good to the people who have to evacuate. A
lot of coastal residents will then choose not to evacuate
because they know that the odds are good that they don't really
have to. They don't want to
evacuation of there is
go through the
inconvenience of
still a 30% probability
that they can
stay home safe.50
Residents on Miami Beach should get
or other locations which may
waves. Hotelguests should
4 8
Hazards,
White
and Haas,
by high tides or storm
be swept
be advised
Assessment
away from the beaches
to leave the area or
of
Research on
p. 3.
4 9
Wall
50
Ibid.
Street
Journal,
p.
21,
col.
1.
Natural
to
28
evacuate
water
still
can
Dr.
often
first
the
two
reach
floors
them.
5
of
the
hotels
where
the
ocean
1
Frank, Director of the National Hurricane Center,
travels the Atlantic and Gulf coasts,
vation of beaches,
preaching preser-
tougher building codes, and better avacu'vertical evacuation' -
ation procedures. He favors
people into the tallest,
soundest
moving
structures that are farthest
from the beach, thus escaping storm surges that can exceed
25 feet.52
White and Haas in their research have other ideas about
this vertical
evacuation. They say this concept is
. an increasing possibility with new construction,
but it is limited by space and the willingness of owners
to allow public access to their private property. 5 3
People have to be made aware of the dangers of a hurricane.
The NOAA has worked on storm surge plans for Dade County
that tell what areas would
hits and what
be inundated when the storm surge
roads would be available for evacuation.
body should know these plans, especially
Every-
the hotelmanagers of
Miami Beach hotels who work in an exposed area and could be
held liable
54
for the guest's life and property.
5 1
Dunn and Miller,
52
Funk, National Geographic, p.
5 3
White
Hazards,
5 4
and Haas,
Atlantic Hurricanes, p. 238.
Assessment of
374.
Research
p. 33.
U.S.
News
and
World
Report,
p.
56.
on Natural
29
number
A
evacuation
state
of
of
in
problems
following
the
successful
preclude
and
White
population.
Beach
Miami
entire
the
could
events
psossible
Haas
research:
their
. . . First, not all of the 12 hours of warning are
available for evacuation...Storm surge may cause tides
to rise as early as six hours prior to a hurricane's
used for evaculandfall, thereby flooding the roadways
ation.
The drawbridges represent another weak link in the
escape route. Rising winds and heavy seas contribute to
the probability of
the up position.
Evacuation by
is
been
issued.
than
40
to
out
therefore
hour
Rush
importance
be
even
this
amount
has
represents
expected
cannot
be
with
less
a warning
accomodated
with-
56
Evacuation remains
costly
and
a difficult
because
problem
failure
to
because
evacuate
needless
can
be
tragic.
5 5
Hazards,
56
White and
p. 32.
Ibid.,
by
Beach
after a warning
possible
could
and
evacuation
that Miami
which
evacuate,
lock in
and
of an airport and the
in high winds. 5 5
probably
traffic
is
and
dangerous
too
today
the
major delays.
as
to fail
traffic
% of
evacuation
is
utmost
of
soon
as
evacuate
residents
sea
drawbridges
precluded by the lack
utilizing helicopters
by air is
danger of
It
the
Haas,
p. 33.
Assessment
of
Research
on
Natural
30
L.
Preparation
for
In
ings
At
of
such
other
must
some
be
should
be
that
best
and
be
to
permit
incident
to
do
for
can
the
be
to
done
Paine
prepare
disaster
1. Special
is
safety
made
be
will
advance
precautions-to
occur
whatever
should
there
disaster
without
necessary
be
warn-
taken.
warning. Hotels
to
protect
pro-
of
all
persons within
the
a
bad
situation,
it
of
before disaster
done
could
Buzby
the
provide
The
of
incidents
prepared
hotel.
hurricane
cases
times
and
perty
a
a
for
planning
are many
There
strikes.
hurricane.
should
and
things
According
to
include
supplies.
Provisions for housing and feeding employees
unable to leave the building due to weather con-
2.
ditions.
Fresh water supplies.
Provisions for emergency lighting.
Various degrees of action to be taken
3.
4.
5.
spelled out. 5
authors
The
guests
in
on
that
say
of a
hurricane and
insure
that
guests
should
be
reviewed.
calmly
so
as
not
to
disrupt
Only
the
guests
be
kept
are
in
want
to
leave
Walter J. Buzby
Management (Los
Publishing Co.,
58
Ibid.,
Inc.,
p.
189
proper
the
should
manner
accomplished
be
ar
a
informed
the
of
hotel
what
or
the
con-
cause
hurricane actually
should
Security
instructions
when
kes
5 7
notify
operations
guests.
they
to
normal
the
case
done
the
in
react
is
Whatever
among
cern
provisions
the
the event
to
available
go
be
should
7
the
stri-
dangers
area.
5 8
and David Paine, Hotel and Motel
Angeles, California: Security World
1976),
p.
187.
31
preparing
In
below
outlined
basic
hotel
the
be
should
emergency
included,
the
plan,
as a minimum,
elements
in
the
plan:
1.
Authority and Personnel
This section should include reference to company
key personnel which will authorize an emergency
plan; the organization of an emergency staff and
the designation of an emergency manager.
Call-up lists of key personnel and alternates will
be useful. These lists should include names, positions, addresses, phone numbers and operational
responsibilities for emergency operation.
Organizational charts can also be helpful before
and during emergency operations. Responsibilities
of the emergency staff should be shown.
2.
Plans of execution
The basic plan should provide for coordination of
company and government actions before and during a
hurricane...Within the property, the responsible
official is part of management... He is to place
the emergency plan into effect.
3.
Supporting information
Plans and maps: Hotel facilities as well as street
and other relevant maps should be available.
Records of inspections, corrections, drills etc.
Listing of local resources: Major sources of additional manpower, equipment and supplies.
Glossary of terms: To be effective, the basic plan
should use terms that mean the same thing to every-
one concerned. 5 9
Emergency
may
things
a
that
tool
never
will
check
-
unite
on-duty
and
need
plans
done.
get
help
perhaps
hotel
If
everyone
his
life.
personnel
59-------. Emergency
be
to
a
spelled
plan
is
protect
The
with
Bill,
out,
written
his
job,
hurricane
volunteer
1980.
otherwise
plan
well,
his
it
is
pay-
should
groups
such
as
32
the
Red
tals,
Cross,
private
of
part
as
it
which
the
greatly
can
in
natural
Protection
of
the
concern
in
an emergency
prime
study
disasters. 6
occur
could
hotel's assets
management,
property
and
lives
of
loss
the
affect
become
should
good
and
procedures
operating
standard
agencies.
and
updated
be
always
should
plans
Emergency
hospi-
Guard,
Coast
federal
various
and
utilities,
the
Bureau,
Weather
the
0
Burstein
situation
is
guests
its
and
in
his
says:
In all cases where buildings are to be vacated,
assets must be secured and guests and their property
should be protected. For example, housekeeping personnel should see to it that all guestroom doors are
6
locked when the guests have been evacuated. '
should
In
general
for
the
all employees.
concessionaire.
Guest Room Accounts.
Valuable Papers and Documents.
Names, addresses and phone numbers
6 2
and purveyors.
of
all
Knowing
managers
to
Harvey
Praeger
must
stay
Marvin
coming
people
of
Few,"Public
6 1
NY:
R.
Ledger.
case
people
6 0
hurricane:
of
of
the
ge,
a
following records
the
phone numbers
phone numbers
5. City
6.
7.
8.
of
case
Names, addresses and
Names, addresses and
Payroll records.
Accounts Receivable.
"1.
2.
3.
4.
that
states
protected in
well
be
Bill
Emergency
The
in
first
decide
hotel
the
Townsend,
1975),
Bill,
p.
Security
118.
1980.
it
all.
Jan/Feb.
Burnstein, Hotel
62--------. Emergency
at
if
to
hotel
the
"Hurricanes:
Management,
Publishers,
to
is
If
safe
it
is
suppliers
enough
declared
Tracking Many
1981,
p.
refu-
seek
But
2.
Management
(New
York,
33
safe,
the
Burnstein
given
further
avoid
time
suggests
patrol
of
evaluate
for
accomodate
feeding.
be
and
a
He
served,
to
be
an
also
should
There
arrivals
and all
activity
can
beverages
tension.
more
carefully
housing and
of
alcoholic
no
must
hotel
the
terms
in
that
creation
the
increased
should
of
period
the manager
that
persons
of
number
writes,
departures
supervised.63
be
hurricane
When
local
of
residents
Houston,
struck
most
hotel
order
to aid
the
the
by
homeless
left
Texas,
in
revenue
sacrificed
voluntarily
properties
thousands
Alicia
hurricane:
the homeless were able to keep their accomoda...
tions 'as long as necessary'...and the properties
dug into their food reserves to offer both a free
64
lunch and a free supper buffet.
hotel
the
of
Some
hours
Take
inside.
of
furniture
other
candles,
from
are
storm
Throw pool
and
first
balconies.
such
supplies
Check
as
done
be
should
received
is
landfall:
before
furniture out
Remove
and
watch
furniture
patio
that
"We
go."
to
nowhere
have
things
basic
a hurricane
when
48
who
people
sympathize with
explained:
Manager
General
Regency
Hyatt
the
As
as
in
follows:
shutters.
furniture
second
Check
flashlights,
a
floor
food
Take
into
pool.
rooms.
supplies
batteries,
etc.
6 3
Burnstein,
6 4
Sharon
Security
Hotel
Donovan,
and Motel Management,
"Hurricane
Oct.
1983,
Management,
Alicia
p. 3.
p.
118.
Checks In,"Hotel
34
windows
make
and
arrangements
2
in
doors
elevator
necessary.
objects
is
personnel
is
up
on
should
that
Check
door.
Open
the
top
be
taken
all
connecting
Set
floor.
be
to
into con-
a hurricane-prone area:
in
a hotel
said
front
6 5
thing
more
just
element
important
one
Donna
risk management.
called
program
as
Lock
Insurance
insurance.
it
rooms.
operating
sideration when
a
they
one
is
There
in
sure
emergency post.
an
up
if
loose
secured.
are
make
to
windows
purposes
all
to
fresh water
authorized
one
Open
landfall:
before
hours
Only
if
if
elsewhere
hotel.
the
in
stay
Check
outside.
from
removed
are
with
bathtubs
cooking
and
landfall:
before
6 hours
to
drinking
for
used
be
for accomodations
dozen
one
Fill
situation
of
guests
Advise
landfall:
before
necessary.
Tape
shutters.
storm
up
necessary.
where
hours
24
Put
landfall:
before
hours
36
Jackson
describes
follows:
Insurance alone is not a complete remedy. That's
. .
why risk management - a system in which you take steps
to control losses and minimize the consequences of los- 6
ses when they do occur - is being increasingly employed.
She
on
goes
which
are
Can
say
that
identifying
risk
control,
ing
to
the
financing,
program. The
the
risk management
risks,
evaluating
evaluating
insurance
consists
the
comes
in
the
program,
when
the
of
risks,
and
steps
six
risk
monitor-
risks are
6 5
Adapted
6 6
Donna Jackson, "Risk Management: What You Don't
You,"Foodservice Marketing, Sept. 1982, p. 54.
Hurt
from Emergency
Bill,
1980.
Know
6
35
being
surance
could
There
in
well
a
of
it
lot
of
is
in
all
their
might
to
pay
for
with
done well
without
too
important
many
hotels
day-to-day
risk
have
do
not
an
of
a
a hotel
loss of
and
emergency
they
problems."67
plan
themselves
prepare
because
in-
advance!
before
to
season
the
damage
much
flood
and
in
required
planning
very
"caught up
have
be
hurricane
the
interruption-
when dealing
always
hurricane,
for
enough
should
a hurricane
Although
case
Business
purchased
is a
ride out
life.
be
This
hurricane.
can
i.e.
identified,
are
One
so
day
they
it!
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Hurricanes
mankind
are
is
but
aware
of
better
by
such
the
ved
warning
6 7
a
appears
that
than
state and
service,
in
local
Red Cross,
Funk,
always
hurricane's
reported
adopted
as
it
have
a
the
posed
nowadays
a
formidable
a
occurrence.
the
past.
larger
The
Due
governments
and
better-informed
average
death
National Geographic,
to
number
modern
p. 375.
of
by
private
has
to
people
catastrophe
protective
public,
toll
threat
and
measures
agencies
an
impro-
dramatically
population
certain
cape
is
lation
of
It
God.
know
lated
that
aster
is
to wait
a
literature
ignorance
And
than
action in
take
what
exactly
it,
doing
course,
of
when it
creates
in history,
to
be
the
until
confused
done
and
comes
a
to
for
property
and
therefore
greater
target
for
the
and
last
that
hurricane
scenario
hand,
the
what
especially on Miami
be
who
there
and
manner.
is
be
Beach.
acts
violent
strike
prepared
be
and
in
for
forced
the
From
still
preparation
could
popu-
responsible
is
minute
es-
the
never
will
to
inefficient
can conclude
I
On one
hand,
better
is
it
but
urba-
can
hurricane
a major
that
hoped
is
the
be
will
greater
other
the
On
hazards.
both
and
remains mobile
latter
the
the
Beach,
Miami
to
-
-
agglomeration
growing
a
of
case
the
of
trend
though.
dangers,
the
poses
1y
great
being
not
is
continuing
the
is
It
years.
still
that
nization
in
the
over
reduced
hurricane damage
although
decreased,
a
to
re-
lot of
hotels.
the worst
dis-
CHAPTER
III
GENERAL PROCEDURES
37
ChAPTER
I1
I
GENERAL PROCEDURES
A.
The
Data
Two
types
this research
of
are
information
primary
1.
Primary
directly
from
respondents
chosen
better
more
in
in-depth
either
the
for
re-
are
closest
data
include
with
personnel
direct
interviewing,
Reasons
and
interviews
security
through
who
primary
personal
and
observed
in
at
Miami
interaction
including
non-response
probes
can
also
be
explored.
questionnaire
discussed
personal
will
be
The
direct
interviews
sent
by
will
mail
to
place,
a writ-
selected
persons
take
the
above.
2.
out
from
Rapport
questions.
Before the
ten
research
managers
hotels.
permits
follow-up
this
gathered
general
sea-front
usually
and
information
used
Primary Data
collected
In
be
data.
are
phenomenon.I
Beach
secondary
that
to
random
will
are data
or
include
and
that
data
corded
the
data
sources
secondary
help
communication,
of
i.e.
1William M.
cepts and Decisions
P. 82.
data
Secondary
are
the
respondents.
different
Pride
and
(Boston:
Data
data
They
writing
that
are
and
O.C.Ferrell,
are
compiled
somewhat
reading
with-
distorted
skills.
Marketing,
Basic
Houghton Mifflin Company,
by
Secon-
Con-
1980),
dary
data
articles,
of
people
also
be
All
in
on
Miami
of
and
unpu-
of
all
employees will
how
of
the Data.
Beach will
Responses
other
field
the
data
was
recognized
i.e.
published
organizations
national
Responses
be
taken
managers,
be
these
long
hurricane
into
secuin
evaluated
have
people
from
been
recognized
in Miami
preparedness
and
from material
taken
in
persons
well-known
experienced
the
field,
magazines,
unpublished
in
material
written
by
and
sour-
the
perio-
scientific
from
local
or
field.
the
Research Methodology
Research methodology
which
seen more
2
(New
speeches,
considered.
other
and
dicals,
within
buoks,
publications
Admissibility
particular hotel.
reliable,
were
The
manuals,
regardless of
secondary
or
experts
hotels
any
and
their
working
the
this study.
manner,
in
working
ces
in
personnel,
same
will
Governing
sea-front
consideration
the
publications,
hotel
f rOm
taken
sources.
The Criteria
rity
mat er ial s
inc lude
university
various associations,
Only
C.
research
periodicals,
blished
B.
this
in
fact
clearly.
Paul
York:
the
D.
are
is
merely
placed
so
an operational
that
their
framework
meaning
may
be
2
Leedy,
Practical
MacMillan Publishing
Research:
Co.,
Inc.,
Planning
1980),
and
p. 75.
Design
Data
of
are
either
observations.
historical
in
In
this
study
and
critical
to
the
problem at
Observations
and
will
responses
the
be
situations,
or
with
"observed"
decided
to
were
Questions
questionnaires
accept
whether
to
Results
from
in
of
be
or
personal
used
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The Questionnaires
problem
focused
upon
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of
obtain
interviews
observed
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with
resear-
this method.
of
the
meets
in
the
by
provided
in
from
deciding
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personnel
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also
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Appendix
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information
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of
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means
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tionnaires.
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and
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through
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questionnaire
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made
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presented
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as
presented
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lows:
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explanation
A short
question
2.
The
answers
and
tages
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asked
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why
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be
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be
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particular
that
given why
questions
the
to
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light
in
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in
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blem.
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answers
ionnaire
The
der
to
available.
find
first
out
All
additional
to
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whether
the
hotels
the
quest-
discussed.
be
question
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on
the
in
the
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questionnaire
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indeed
study
was
150
complied
risked
rooms
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or
this
in
or-
more
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45
so
limitation
problem was
no
quest-
invalid
with
encountered
ionnaires.
built
between
after
1950,
by
that
people
hits
these
amazing.
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expect
them
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and
fast
is
The
third
question
the subject.
about
case
next
The
tels.
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could
be
bably
question,
number four ,
refers
have
been working
in
respondents
the
all
assumed
their
at
worked
between
three months and
the
emergency
ricane.
The
the
the
reason
simple
with
if
out
procedures
five
is
to
as
thought
respondents
answers
questionnaire as
that
this
have
have
respondents who
hotel
the
asks
consideration,
taken into
the
for
Question
were
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that
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year,
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contact
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further
time
to
in
referral
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for
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also
completed
most knowledgeable
felt
who
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who
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find
to
the
things
bad
forget
in
happen again
was asked
needed
researcher
the
was
It
to
after
years
few
a
people
that
proves
other words,
In
questionnaires.
the
only
fact
The
history.
in
hurricanes
again
building
started
damaged extensi-
was
Beach
Miami
strongest
the
of
some
vely
that
years
the
and also
is after 1926
1962, which
1938 and
were
study
this
in
hotels
All
hurricanes.
and
storms
severe
several
connection with
in
built,
were
hotels
these
know when
to
interesting
is
it
because
was asked
two
Question
possi-
as
familiar
yet.
to
be
ever
question
a
very
important
experienced
can
be
question.
a major
considered
as
hura
46
first
indication
cane.
In
not
see
other
likely
plan
either.
two
how
words,
harm in
any
most
these
of
not
facts.
questionnaires.
a
the
if
hotel
manager
on
a hurricane
have
Some
well
a very
kind
This
of
was
supported
a major
hurricane;
67%
had
none
all.
living
can do
in
terms
had
and
terest
if
tial
an
was
and
lities
answers
at
how
this
the
of
(36%)
ties
to
all
following
support
plan
see
they
to
of
case
if
respondents
would
question
very
were
reported
whereas
64%
responsibilities:
of
storm or
mild
of
res-
experienced
and
by
experience
hurricane
most
be-
prevention
sincere
management
are
indeed
up
an
in
asked
were
had
indeed
these
in
varied.
that
them
they
stated
coordinate
any
one
way.
res-
question
responsibiminds.
Thirty-six
no
essen-
their
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their
had
in-
effective
This
hurricane.
a
what
the
had
peop-
The
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perceive
the
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subjects
in
of
landfall
their
of
set
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subjects
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top
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is
the
six,
from
between
Louisiana,
of
places
currently
are
they
would
to
some
adopted
emergency
included
learned
people
all
the
being
as
will
experienced
of
None
damage.
hotel
realize
Beach,
complete
ponsibilities
not
Daytona
question
In
of
do
does
majority
Orlando,
hotel
the
in
plan
areas
the
hurricane,
These
they
now
cause
that
a major
Beach.
respondents.
had
a
hurri-
prevention
results
33%
a
exist
experienced
mentioned
were
the
only
fact
coastal
on Miami
Texas
the
in
pondents who
one
confirms
his
Beach,
seems to
by
for
himself
experienced
either
and working
hurricane
real
owner
correlation
respondents,
le
or
extensive hurricane
all
This
prepared
Miami
Of
at
is
The
percent
responsibilior
preventive
more
of
the
maintenance
47
action
plan;
secure
precautions;
seven
for
ble
at
It
the
should
be
personnel
on
this
emergency
said
7%
another
and
the
indeed
is
some kind
bers
of
of
employees
Question
had
hotel
wers were
only
included
the
respondents
hotel,
of
had
them
and
its
that
coverage relating
to
a hurricane.
and
that
for
wind
what
asked
its
for
employees
insurance
relied
on
it.
other
they
was
No
would
in
the
insurance
most
flooding
or
they
phone
whether
find
were
they
out
to
nothing
answered
and
an
case
that
asked
affirmative. However,
guests
reported
made,
were
in
key
that
num-
were needed.
they
case
was
reimbursements
and
hurricane),
in
claimed
addresses,
names,
all
with
questionnaire.
the
volunteer
however,
respondents,
Therefore,
plan.
assignments
no
said
7%
employees would
that
number nine
the
in
(86%)
interviewed
assigned,
in
included
subject were
people
a hurricane.
of
case
in
hotels
the
these
where
preparedness
hurricane
available
insurance
to do
are
they
these people
Beach,
on,
availa-
people
key
assign
rely
can
they
be
per-
"key
emergency
On Miami
strikes.
whom
list
to
hard
is
subjects
All
arose.
have
to
the
of
of
The majority
have
what
part
questions
two
there
It
management.
executive
with
safety
hurricane
coordinate safe
or
with
emergency
and
reached,
be
respond;
and
deal
help.
advance
in
know
should
for
implement
and eight
emergency,
or
work
moment
the
can
any
In
sonnel".
and
employees
and
guests
Questions
building
monitor
advise,
of
evacuation
the
a result
(as
rain
to
do
case of
only
preventive
damage.
All
the
ans-
policies
of
a
When
protect
the
a hurricane,
protection
measures
they
would
three
48
be
at
taken
results
The
Emergency
disrupted
be
may
to
the
secondary
water,
others,
The
want
best
possible
in
of
ceivable,
and
stored
answers
hotel's
the
its
at
the
hotel
business!).
an
Jff-site
source.
normal
the
because
its
and
facility
secondary
will
guests,
This
sour-
sources
question
was
the
their
vendor
really
Vital
where
hotel
work
on
if
property
in
the
to
most
as
about
the
accounts
This
question
cares about
Cash
hotels
payroll,
etc.
records
the
of
inquiring
lists,
location.
the
both
hurricane.
a
one
such
lot
a
to have
and
the
evacuation
when
seem
hotels
need
during
rooms and
the
of
especially
guests and
records,
history,
guest
a hurricane
during
power
still
and
interesting
their
how much
therefore
before
way
Another
differed
their
the
of
and
light
however,
protect
to
they
important,
Most
fast.
place
take
has
shows
33%
lay-out
a
and
also
are
exits
emergency
tection
67%
emergency conditions.
the
by
hotel
the
of
Maps
maps.
27%
vital
be
often
will
source
secondary
ces
73%
for a
provide
to
made
be
should
plans
No
the
of
protection
the
for
follows:
Yes
use
for
power
and
light
essential
Beach!
and
available?
water,
as
questions are
two
next
Miami
on
season
hurricane
hotel available?
Maps of
be
the
of
lighting
electricity
Since
the
entering
of
passive way
rather
is a
This
damage anyway".
the
in-
"the
because
warning
a hurricane
all
for
pay
will
surance
of
time
the
its
should
and
records
be
other
prore-
(and
duplicated
valuable
49
items
should
however.
do,
protected
however,
is
be
protected.
Seventy-one
there
that
wered
be
also
case
in
as
percent
indeed
is
of
to
the
What
of
floor
Not
of
13%
20%
hotel
them get
27%
wet
33%
even
to
worthwhile
operation
The
they
did
in
case
of
keep
hotel
would
Beach
is
ges,
a
important
reasonable manner.
they
knew
with
the
86%
case
of
that
All
enough people
of
the
hotels
an emergency
and
kind
question
of
employees
alarm
for
can
fourteen
system
the
equipment
not
put
and
down
a hurricane watch.
uses
A means
supply
them
wanted
of
a
that
chaotic
warn
in
for
However,
in writing,
to
Miami
claimed
supplies.
a
the
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by
could
researcher
hotel
case
Because
study
that
still create
the
in
provided
be
this
businesses
this was
this
can
in
respondents
center.
connected
only
"refugees"
necessary manpower,
With
what
a refugee
vulnerable area,
management knew
and equipment
supplies
extra
serve as
to
have
very
is
it
its
all
get
to
questionable.
if
see
flooding.
such as
hotels seems
to
records
vital
emergency,
asked
was
thirteen
records. Two
vital
any
have
not
an
these
some of
of
of
a list
have
not
claimed
Question
where
did
hotels
the
these
should
done,
actually
specified
Four
ans-
that
rec-ords
is
hotels
7%
Let
Nothing/
most
subjects
in safe
Put
the
of
what
follows:
Send
in
not
vital
of
a hurricane.
to corporate office weekly
of
is
(71%)
list
a
Send
top
This
the
so
in
situation.
find
out
guests
and
to
rapidly
trans-
50
a
to
the
not
hotels do
are
they
that
themselves
it
way
the
it
take
They
part
for
provide
With
the
guide
have
to
of
hotels
even
for
the
a
simple
the
guest
had
a
a
the
letter
of
this
his
file!
hotels
who
do
not
a very
kind
have
for
the
is
guests.
of
50%
before
at
any
be
that
letter
or
at
of
one
into
a good
written
hotels do
the
extensive
is
and
protect
to
translated
would
should
they
guests
Security
of
This
all.
out
It
situation.
of
27%
at
find
guests
measures
situation
The Director
communication
system
warning
hurricane,
or
sent out
remaining
The
a
call
they
warning
and
phone,
these
of
safety
statement
what
what
receive
they
If
in
languages
other
of
use
of
is highly irresponsible
latter
to written
in case
emergency.
moment
foreign
regards
hotels
an emergency
in
reasonable safety
guests
either
explains
the
severity
the
let
or
comes
hotels.
these
of
particular
that the
researcher's opinion
on the
any
have
the
blue,
of a
terms
in
the
boards.
bulletin
or
reports
news
through
over
room, warnings
guest
each
20%
a hurricane,
for
letters of
includes
This
system".
"manual
the
of the
20%
Another
emergency.
certain
the
of
Whereas 33%
on
depending
used
alert,
red
a
yellow, and
notice
casualties
avoiding
system
warning
a separate
them installed
of
a
transmit
of-advanced
people
warn
to
alarm
fire
their
use
hotels
of
element
vital
to
made
be
facility.
the
to
damage
the
limiting
in
and
terms
in
valuable
very
be
might
given
must
The amount
as possible.
as quickly
warning
is a
condition
emergency
Arrangements
plan.
disaster
any
in
an
of
a warning
mitting
the
the
five
example
safety
measu-
51
res
at
all.
the
allowed
to
hurricane
warning
has
reality do
derably
greater
percent
(57%)
allowed
to
but
as a
serve
only
This
happens
on
two
about
mainland
the
to
warn
sion
is
up
the
to
selected
guests
starts
seventeen
ties
in
should
ties
the
food
or
at
guest.
hotels.
respondents
the
advise
the
anything
least
about
guests
Advise
The other
to
40%
evacuation.
claimed
they
to
to
out.
one
evacuate.
not
is
would
their
final
given
in
telling
percent
not
Hotel
one.
of
The
bother
Seventy-two
themselves
for only
evacuees
be
to
the- refugee cen-
previous
evacuate
do
people.
threat
a main
not
the
it
consider
issued
open and
remain
running
with
indeed
claim was
evacuated
handle
to
the
before
days
Question
management
are equipped
consi-
is
been
Another
because
done
also
is
It
is
hurricane
the
when
or
stranded
for
center
however.
Beach,
Miami
ters
refugee
are
has
to
hotel
the
sometimes order
authorities
that
refugees,
own responsibility
hotel.
sea-front
the
in
stay
to
wants
if he
in
Fifty-seven
people
guest's
the
is
it
that
claim
also
they
or
hotels
warning
hurricane
a
after
in
check
that
say
respondents
the
of
guests
the mainland.
on
hotels
in
than
Seen
hotels
most
but
sea-front
in
danger
potential
the
official
authorities.
arriving
to
an
after
"no"
people
whether
raised
local
is
answer
entrance
refuse
not
though
even
the
standpoint
a legal
from
by
issued
been
hotel
the
into
check
be
should
is
question
industry. The
hospitality
of
part
legal
the
on
somewhat
touches
sixteen
Question
dudeci-
60%
their
(72%)
leave
of
the
of
ho-
that
cane
from
only
Office.
this
had
never
did
not
had
indeed
(80%)
Twenty
percent
Office
of
by
of
Emergency
the
did
(20%)
hotels
distributing
not.
It
Management
in
useful
and
was
was
a
upon
at
of the
and
their
to
10%
that
instructions.
felt
therefore
or
hotel.
hotels
the
these
the
that
or
help
prevention
plan
encourage
hurricane
information
valuable
by means
(50%)
advise,
sent
indeed
does
developing
or
but
Emergency Management
management
of
have acted
instructions
received
most
information
any
know whether
or
information
Office,
the
by
Fifty percent
the Office of
of
heard
even
interviewed,
by mail
either
information
any
received
given out
instruction,
any
find out
to
fifteen hotels
of
information
the
Eighty percent
had
total
received
never
had
hotels
slide presentation.
of a speech or
hotels
questionnaire
received
had
40%
the
the
Of
if
aware
were
86%
selected
the
whether
in
included
were
twenty
and
on hurri-
speeches
questions nineteen
hotels,
Beach
Miami
all
prevention in
an
of
Emergency Management
giving
were
they
that
researcher
the
assured
of
County Office
Dade
the
Because
hotel,
Appendix J.
in
shown
is
Governor
the
by
notice
evacuation
A copy
routes.
evacuation
in
guests
of
number
storm,
via
out
getting
of
possibility
the
of
severity
i.e.
stances,
circum-
the
depending on
leave,
not
would
or
would
they
28% explained
remaining
The
evacuated.
was
everybody
until
tel
and giving
hints.
One
is
question
of
the
twenty
most
one.
important
It
asks
questions
in
a
in
the
questionnaire
straightforward
manner
53
whether
the
hotel
details
for
all
The
threatens.
in
right
the
of
the
existence
hotel,as
the
100%
aware
to copy
some
able at
the
to
make
their
it
out
the
contained. These were
emergency
opportunity
terview,
and was
looking
of
at
the
Table
these Tables
of
one
of
other
in
Appendices G
hurricane
and
to
of
get
of
some valuable
Content
precautionary
H.
the most
these
is
of
wil-
refused
the
plans
to
information
extensive
was
researcher
during
information
the
by
in-
sim-
these
manuals.
A copy
in
Appendix
F.
shown
guides
avail-
were
interviewees were
However,
Contents
that
hotels
21.
through or
look
confidential
hotels with
look through
to
able
the
of
to
their
question
of
half
plans
plan. Two
procedures.
preparedness
given an
ply
because
public
plan
their
of
a copy
Most
hotels.
above mentioned
hand
ling
prevention
hurricane
of the
permission
requested
researcher
The
in
procedures
second
the
in
shows
mark
emergency
the
of
be
to
seemed
these hotels,
in
departments
all
least
at
or
from
varying
plan,
sheet to a fifty-page thick manual. All employ-
a one-page fact
ees,
repor-
hotels
selected
emergency
written
of
some kind
have
to
ted
the
of
40%
direction. Only
a step
is
certainly
it
plan,
this
of
implementation
the
antee
guar-
not
plan does
a
such
of
existence
the
Although
hotel.
each
in
preparedness
actual hurricane
of
degree
the
extent
greatest
the
to
reflect
probably
question
this
to
answers
a hurricane
case
in
hotel
the
of
departments
with
plan
emergency
a written
has
question
in
and
manuals
are
Copies
included
5Z4
naire:
Continuing
with
the
last
two
93%
subjects
felt
that
of
the
did comply with the
and
87%
for
deficiencies
These
can
of
these
questions
deduct
sonnel
how
South Florida
people
in
are
the
believed
the
on
hotel
the
they
questionworked
in
"hurricane"-building code,
that
their
construction etc.
at
important
from
General
think about
questions
because
Managers
and
hotel
least
once
the
other
was checked
a
answers one
management
the maintenance
the
condition
and
additional
questions
that
year.
of
pertheir
hotel.
Some
of
the
the
cal aid,
disaster.
under
be
not
In
actual
plan current,
The
effectiveness of
determined
for
the
to
order
that
ensure
disaster conditons,
ciencies will be highlighted.
Of all
Therefore
to
reacting
the hotels
evacuation
ven
in
received
be
drills
it
can
real
under
it
be
had
tested
stated
effective
as
that
yet.
any
none
during
an actual
be
effective
be
should
thoroughly
this is done,
If
very valuable
simulated
none
an emergencyplan
will
plan
the
Also,
interviewed,
or
time
first
under simulated emergency conditions.
be
protection, medi-
security
plan:
the
testing
in the hotel.
and refuge
Testing
should
the
keeping
plan,
some
during
topics:
following
the
interviews cover
personal
asked
were
of
emergency
them
other
of
had
defi-
training will
conditions.
ever
done
any
of
the
plan!
plans
has
been
part
the
tested
pro-
Keeping
been
has
plan
tion
the
plan
it
constantly
changes
of
personnel
program
or
changes
tor
of
preparedness
plan,
Security.
Names,
addresses,
and
recommendations
the
Red
Cross
such as
letter
to
respondents.
Appendix
that
the American
Red Cross
of
mainly consists
It
to other hotels on the Beach,
Security
Hotels
the
ring
a
Only
to
in
any plan
prepared
to
provide
its guests.
should
hurricane
by
employees,
get
seven
working
be
and
facility
damage
ted
should
for
into
of
the
the
them.
be
facility
fifteen
This
is
Emergency
I shows
sent
some
one
to
exerpts
of
the
hurricane
for
or
must
be
deal
with
emergencies.
to
complete
controls
hotels
about
to
protect
visitors
other
with
consi-
measures
Security
designed
guests,
local
though.
factor
important
an
dered
be
to
It could also be applicable
Security
protection:
of
recommendations
particular hotel.
planning in this
the Direc-
consideration, accor-
taken into
be
the
one of
hotels.
have
would
this
several
of
the Office
or
claimed
phonenumbers had
periodically,
Management,
to
or
that
or
General Manager
the
by
agencies,
from a
hurricane
yearly
changed
ding
of
in
hotels
the
percent(80%)
the
of
should,
hotel
Eighty
updated
was
plan
example,
For
administration
the
to
necessary
be
up-to-date.
the
preven-
hurricane
it will
activities within
of
have a
to
reported
in
involved
noted.
be
keep it
to
the
After
developed,
fully
examine
particular,
current:
intent
to
protection
for
or
du-
before
against
loss
or
who are motiva-
cause
had
a
full-time
46%,
a
rather
low
problems.
security
number!
staff
Two
hotels
had
one
part-time
six
hotels
did
not
have
at
the
to
do
also
be
held
there
is
no
could
when
The
hotels
the
of
40%
other
knew
department
each
at
the
General
the
in
sea,
er.
Ballrooms
a
to
room
stay
food
their
of
cause
were
(and
for
no
sometimes
of
Nine
the
designed
i.e.
as
the
and
the
second
being
the
most
to
stay
stay
in
their
entertainment)
leave either.
away
floor
ideal
interviewed
in
if
they
ho-
the
one of
designated
windows,
no
hotels
to
to
forced
on
and
leave
according
be
guests
longer
free
cannot
"safe",
mentioned
size.
could
be
the kitchen,
to
available
or
to
hotel
close
the
they
And
hotels have
of
lot
a
Therefore
rooms
Managers.
this.
not
guests will
hurricane warning,
a
of
time
the
tel
these hotels might
doing
by
The
transport
or
a doctor
call
person
etc.
CPR,
aid,
first
position
Most
hotel:
the
in
simply
would
a dangerous
themselves in
Refuge
to apply
how
The maone
least
at
that
the
of
any
procedures.
aid
stated
(60%)
hotel.
asked whether
aid was needed. Again,
the victim if first
put
was
first
in
trained
respondents
the
of
jority
question
the
in
security
guests
the
to
hotel
The
task!
impossible
the
at
rooms
the
whatever happens
for
reasonable
employees were
hotel
an almost
be
liable
aid:
Medical
in
would
This
time.
same
have
watch
i.e.
themselves,
hallways, and
the
door,
front
the
lobby,
the
spying
and
controlling
the
all
that
assistant
his
or
manager
the
an emergency
of
time
remaining
the
This means
all.
at
security
any
and
guard,
security
certain
from
high-
or
be-
rooms
had
such
didn't
want
own guestrooms. Free
was
also
affered
in
all
57
an
analysis
the
results.
discussed,
to
lation
B.
in
hotels
do
not
Miami
on
study
Beach
know
the
re-
such a
of
quences
are
through
a major
because
they
decrease
plan,
not
in
33%
but
plan.
emergency
two
know
parts.
dan-
the
re-
reason that most
the
administrahurri-
a major
the
what
conse-
of
the
respondents
now
prepared
and
they
are
some
kind
of
emergency
lived
for
plan
in
it
order
losses.
part
spend
other
,
developed
future
second
The
do
hurricane
all
Only
storm.
for
know
and cannot
not
do
they
Therefore
hotel managers
of
experienced
never
plan have
a hurricane
of
the simple
for
responsible
respondents
other
or
managers
cy
in
hypothesis could be
of the
this study,
up
made
is
hotel managers
that
the claim
is
part
in light of
jected
nagers
been
have
a hurricane
of
a hurricane
prepare
to
time
gers of a hurricane. This part
to
hurricane!
given
be
that
stated
dangers
this hypothesis
a sense,
The first
this
enough
spend
In
in
hypothesis
The
cane.
will
hotels
Hypothesis
The
tion
a
answers
their
hypothesis
the
of
two
Only
during
facility
questions and
the
all
that
Now
hotel
minimum a
the
an emergency.
their
in
people
house
to
refused
course,
of
case
in
guests
its
offer
can
of
is,
which
facilities,
these
the
of
enough
words,
hypothesis
time
their
to
states
prepare
plans
are
a
not
that
hotel
hurricane
ma-
emergen-
elaborate enough
58
to
protect
the
hypothesis
hurricane
in
and
considered
be
actually would
is not
enough
in
the Security
or
back,
will
or
effective
letter
of American
is
number
get a bad image in
the hotel will
get in
trouble
with
the
of
hurricane
completely out of
should
its own
to
then
be
know what
(See also
hotel
in
written
recommen-
I).
pro-
does not
guests will not come
the community, or
it
law.
Beach still have a long way to go
preparations.
fair
disaster.
plan
should
Appendix
if a
this safety in a reasonable manner,
terms
down
and
a hur-
instructions
this
should
employee
Red Cross,
one,
case
that
recommendations and
Plans
each
plan
a
in
the
a written
to write
submit
hurricane hits.
a
in
Most hotels on Miami
in
and
manner,
has
of
decisions
needs
should
approval.
for
have
with
or
actions
review and
for
part
from a natural
department
they
40%
paper
of
large hotel
a
are when
safety
sheet
One
duties
Guest
vide
sufficient
her
dations
hotels
this
Each
Department
the
This
of
which
after
of
predictable
plan.
logical
and
a clear
his
as
manner.
half
hit.
to management
it
pass
the
plan,
emergency
than
protect
as well
routine
be defined
to
effective
Only 40%
more
ricane
All
an
supported.
plan,
not
would
is
hotel
Some
of
them
just
for the hurricane season!
close
C.
Summary
A
on
a
the
results
of
60 and
61.
Because
all
idea
answers
personal
clearly
seen
better
The
the
of
be
can
answers
Results
summary
displayed
other,
of
to
answers
the
are
percentages
rather
to and
formed
shown
questionnaires
percentages and
of
additional
interviews are
Although some
most
be
can
next
the
on
in
the
relation
overall
questions
page
other
to
each
results.
asked during
61.
were higher
discouraging.
is
than
expected,
60
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
QUESTIONNAIRE
In
an
effort
to
find
out
how
well
the
hotels
on
Miami
Beach
are prepared for a hurricane the following questionnaire has
been developed. As a manager who is perhaps most knowledgeable
about the existing plans and operations of the property, you
are invited to respond to this questionnaire, thereby making
a valuable contribution to the future development of the quality of hurricane emergency plans in the hotel industry.
1. How many
rooms does your hotel
2.
When
was
the
hotel
3.
What
is
your
job
4.
How
long
have
iq31-
built?
2..
been
working
where? (P-ladop
and
Was damage
6. What are
serious?
your
c-owd i'hna
8. Do
9.
10.
:D
12.
hotel
insured
strikes?
Does
the hotel have
% No33
No
Do
14.
What
15.
Do
you
case
16.
Are
kind
of
of
have
a
to
by
,implcm
in case
* pMars
of a hurri-
7%
phonenumbers of
losses when a hurri-
emergency lighting and
facility
readily available?
the records that
Yes)(/In
go for
should be
additional manpower, equipment
YesC/
No
warning
does the
hotel
written
safety
hurricane?
has been
system
Yes
measures
r;)y/
to check into
issued?
protected
No24l
when needed?
people allowed
warning
isz
to minimize
your hotel
list of all
supplies
c t
approaching?
/
you know where
and
CC
No2h%
in case of a hurricane?
13.
No 6y1/
-
provisions for
Yes3*/
there a
-', Po(J
addresses and
No
in order
Yesj( 0/
Do you have maps of
Is
Yes 33 %
Moderate lL%
Uolntr4bCL-ij
Yes 100%
cane
Yes
2%
h
to stand
list with names,
electricity?
11.
0/
personnel"?
Is the
No
personnel"
No
you have a
"key
/
t~na
12Rs
l2hb-2-
hurricane?
ise , mn1 i botP
ap
.
Yes
Dn
1n
responsibilities when a hurricane is
7. Did you assign "key
cane?
'Lno
4
Yes
3
here?
5. Have you ever experienced a major
When
12214
-
G(T),iR.U Seuru,1tgCopprOl\QQ
title?
you
15
have?
to
I2oI"o
'
-
iR 33/,R
have?
protect
the
guests
in
No5Q/
the
Yes5-4
hotel
No 4/
after
z'
spec
a hurricane
I
2
01
17.
a
18.
Would
19.
Are
out
given
warning
you leave
Yes 4%
did
"yes",
Does
does
you,
from this Office?
emergency
plan for all
Yes ij%
NoLDZ
have
know
your hotel comply with the South
I don't know4t%
checked
the hotel
at least
Questions
asked
for deficiencies
once a year?
during
Yes.3t%
ever
test
the
in construc-
No113
interview
Yes
you
No
100%
plan?
Do you keep
the plan updated?
80%
20%
Do you have
security protection?
46%
54%
60%
40%
60%
40%
Is
anyone
Do you
guests
cane
de-
building code?
"hurricane"
tion etc.
Do
No j I%
these instructions?
a written
I don't
No
you
Dade
No 2Q
-
No
Yes
Dp/ds
do all key employees know this plan?
According to
Do
you act upon
in case of a hurricane?
"yes",
Florida
23.
NoII7/
Yes86%/p
Management?
is
I don't know jOQ
your hotel have
Yes\jC/
22.
there
yourself?
receive instructions
Partly
partments
If
case
Yes602)
authorities?
Emergency
0
No
Yes g0o
21.
in
evacuate
to
Yes Noy2%
you aware of the evacuation plans given out by the
Did your hotel
If
by
the hotel
County Office of
20.
guests
your
advise
you
Would
trained
in
first
aid?
have a "safe" room for the
to stay in during a hurri-
(i.e.
refugee center)?
CHAPTER
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
IV
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
62
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
A.
Summary
During
Beach
Miami
destroy
into a
be
could
done
hurricane
plan.
hotel
large
prepared
In general,
for
the
the
privately-owned
any
of
dustry.
the
latest
or
the
safety
hotels
hurri-
a
that
nothing
were
there
working
such
a better
on
belonged
that
also
a
to
that
were
were
the
ones
season.
The
other hotels,
a chain
hurricane
ones,
course,
continuously
that were
corporation
Of
(candles,
deem
it would,
Beach, and if
anyway.
it
convinced
were
and
these things
not
managers did
Most
they
all
basic
light
supplies
small
think
the
secondary
ques-
nothing
that
have
did
coordinated
had not
plan.
and
as
the
to
seemed
all
will most
procedures
probably
in
the
on
the majority
answering
in
built and
such
insurance,
they
about
properties
They
hotels
large
that
felt
was
ever
available,
never hit Miami
cane would
it
hotel.
best
because
necessary
several
which
Although most hotels
well-written
plan
the
maps,
etc.),
batteries,
best
it.
sources,
power
in
over-confident
their
was
equipment
emergency
some
to
hotel
their
could
research,
interviewed,
were
pertaining
tions
that
the
respondents were
the
of
a
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
never
adopt
hospitality
in-
63
B.
Conclusions
It has
eastward across
However,
Florida.
how dangerous
In
this
that
hurricane
rooms. Add
303 hotels on the Beach with a total of 27,583
residents
thousands
of
potential
target
The
area
does
because
to
planning
disaster
an
will
emergency
into
a
orderly
for
actions
that
develop.
situation
tragedy.
may
A disaster
and
landfall.
is
a hurricane
many
often over-
hotels
plan
so
pro-
It is
pro-
that
taken
disaster
should
provide
loss
no
or
guarantee
not
actions
a
little
give
will
A plan
prevent
operational
business day.
However,
decisions
as an
itself
not manifest
a hurricane.
not
make
tremendous
a
get
the
representatives in hotels because this
this
of
to
a hurricane
blem encountered during the regular
bably
you
and
number
this
potential of
hazardous
usually
for
area
by management
looked
to
there are
1984,
year
began on Miami Beach! Presently, in the
boom-time
big
the
beach-
building.
them from
stop
did not
sandy
the
on
right
realize
not
constructors did
hotels
build
hurricane
was after
it
fact,
to
was
it
1926
the
Even
es.
investors and
ty-
areas in
many
occurring in
was
that
1960's
the
in
Beach
Atlantic. Miami
growth
urban
the
pified
the
turns
it
before
Stream
Gulf
the
of
effects
warming
full
the
gets
land
the
there
because
world-wide
visitors
vestors and
in-
of
attention
the
caught
which
bait
the
been
long
hotels.
of
number
large
a
area with
an
is
Beach
Miami
can
to
though
that
a
cope with
from developing
the
be
basis
for
minimized.
64
day's
C.
their
legal
the
to-
aspects of
industry.
hospitality
fast-growing
and
hotels,
the
age of
the
location,
well
as
not
consideration
into
taking
be,
should
they
as
prepared
Beach are
Miami
on
hotels
of
majority
the
that
concluded
be
can
it
study
this
results of
the
on
Based
Recommendations
existing
hotels-to-be
and
hotels
the
in
do
could
that
things
the
of
discussion
short
a
is
following
The
a
of
event
hurricane.
the
with
is
there
guarding
or
information
be
designed
in
bilities
The
They
should
all
know
the
to
the
employees
are
exercises
to
check
in
warning
during
be
a
had.
The
hurricane
plan
should
and
responsishould
protective
employees and
because
has no
informed
proper
that
things
systems,
plan
plan
The
duties
all
as
hotel
works,
equipment
are
the
at
all
unless
its
should
warning
be
they
value
to
safe-
for
the
getting
emergency
an
reliable
emergency
continuously
should
After
so
season
preparations
all
Emer_
of
Office
ar-
make
should
hurricane
the
storm Other
have
also
disaster management.
key
guests
describing
insurance,
should
hotel
etc.
mulated
are
property.
a major
of
case
make
organizations,
hotel,
the
for
to
time
They
the
with
or
County before
and
lives
from these
about
thought
Dade
sufficient
their
Bureau
Weather
in
Management
gency
that
the
with
rangements
area.
familiar
get
should
hotel
the
their
in
situation
hurricane
of
management
all,
of
First
workings.
not
unless
allow
the
Siany
buil-
65
ding
is
completely
premises
the
to
to
when a
hotel
leave
tel
in
and
As
a hurricane
in
a
the hotel
quate
even
as
life
alcohol
Only
key
nears,
for
some
of
is
be
allowed
personnel
and
should
they
but
should
not
should
be
made.
issued.
the
It
beach
is
Miami
mainland
to
than
spend a
to
try
most
cases!
T1-
majority
of
no
security
measures. This
vulnerable
to
a natural
the
disaster.
each
after
immediately
better
ho-
Beach are
on
and
the
hotels on
center
plans
the
least,
construction
old
in
forced
is
the
the
stay
be
refugee
in
on
deficiencies
evacuate
should
should
Last
danger.
requirements
warning
hurricane
more
of
checked
they
concerned,
days
tension.
survival
far
No
hurricane
case
be
should
year,
avoid
safe.
hotels
few
and
had
save
no
ade-
makes them
APPENDIX A
HURRICANE REFUGE CAPACITIES
66
APPENI)1X
A
HURRICANE REFUGE CAPACITIES
CAPACITY
NUMBER
REFUGE
ADDRESS
1
2a
2b
2c
2d
03
4a
4b
5a
5b
5c
6a
6b
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19a
19b
20
21a
21b
22a
22b
23
24a
24b
25a
25b
Miami Killian High School
Lorah Park Elementary School
Miami Jackson High School
Citrus Grove Junior High School
Kelsey Pharr Elementary School
Allapattah Junior High School
Brentwood Elementary School
Skyway Elementary School
American Senior High School
Lake Steven Junior High
Hialeah Junior High School
North Miami Junior High
Palm Springs North Elementary
North Miami Beach High School
Miami Carol City High School
South Dade Senior High School
Norwood Elementary School
Shenandoah Elementary School
Miami Edison High School
Flagami Elementary School
Lindsey Hopkins Tech. ED.
Southwood Junior High School
Kendall Lakes Elementary School
McMillian Junior High School
Highland Oaks Junior High School
Royal Green Elementary School
WR Thomas Junior High Shool
Miami Southridge High School
North Miami Senior High School
Pine Lake Elementary
Miami Sunset High School
Gloria Floyd Elementary
Miami Coral Park High School
Miami Springs High School
Amelia Earhart Elementary School
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School
Miami Lakes Junior High School
10655 SW 97 Ave.
5160 NW 32 Ave.
1751 NW 36 St.
2153 NW 3 St.
2000 NW 46 St.
1331 NW 46 St.
3101 NW 191 St.
4555 NW 206 Terr.
18550 NW 67 Ave.
18484 NW 48 PL
6027 E.7 Ave.
13105 NE 7 Ave.
17615 NW 82 Ave.
1247 NE 167 St.
3422 NW 187 St.
28401 SW 167 Ave.
19810 NW 14 Ct.
1023 SW 21 Ave.
6161 NW 5 Ct.
920 SW 76 Ave.
750 NW 20 St.
16301 SW 80 Ave.
8000 SW 142 Ave.
13100 SW 59 St.
2325 NE 203 ST.
13047 SW 47 St.
13001 SW 26 ST.
19355 SW 114 Ave.
800 NE 137 St.
16700 SW 109 Ave.
13125 SW 72 St.
12650 SW 109 AVe.
8865 SW 16 St.
751 Dove Ave.
5987 E.7 Ave Hialeah
7977 W 12 Ave. Hialeah
6425 Miami Lakeway Dr.
2,000
800
1,200
800
550
525
1,000
525
2000
800
1,000
420
525
2,000
1800
1400
500
680
1,000
600
2,500
800
1,000
800
800
1,000
800
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
800
29000
900
1,000
1,000
,500
APPENDIX B
DADE COUNTY TRAFFIC-EVACUATION ZONAL DATA
APPENDIX
67
B
DADE COUNTY TRAFFIC-EVACUATION ZONAL DATA
Lower Southeast Florida
Hurricane Evacuation Study
ZONE
TPOP
MHU
TDU
HU
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1113
579
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1079
901
7-2
4645
32318
2485
11045
22889
10446
6725
9720
2667
3131
9231
4299
3931
2583
839
883
549
14
8072
9456
5271
1251
14949
694
9396
5904
4595
5900
128
288
220
234
394
620
-222
57
0
0
95
211
483
9
AUTO
MHP
HP
3504
9936
1979
5850
14004
5782
2555
6909
3200
3131
7285
3920
2161
3158
1127
1383
765
84
9552
11631
7056
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2226
1158
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2158
1802
144
1877
22426
1042
14097
9458
6894
8851
193
433
331
352
669
931
333
86
0
0
143
318
726
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
6481
46180
4341
17360
35376
14958
9975
14981
6822
5308
16951
7749
3606
5284
2163
2624
2258
210
21963
25757
19773
22
34927
0
9779
23
24
25
100
19531'
-10410
9625
17210
0
0
712
0
8801
6565
5341
398
4469
1131
9399
4419
6425
150
26
0
0
1425
76493
599
6728
1696
546
--
1092
--
27
31940
0
28
99592
29
8298
30
31
2906
0
-
11359
1215
---
0
---
2430
---
32
33
127986
52974
540
801
---
745
0
---
1080
1602
-----
34
36
37
38
55531
110262
20437
58812
75945
703
1500
801
1056
697
-----------
344
323
2861
0
550
----------
1405
3000
1602
2112
1394
--------
39
113693
386
---
1280
---
772
40
46974
0
41
42
43
63337
42406
37434
0
0
93
44
46822
0
45
46
47
835
49358
15877
1293
0
125
35
440
---
---
40
--
0
600
--
533
--
1200
331
---
102
--
--
*
MHU
= # of Mobile Home Units
TDU
*
0
-
---
---
0
393
150
---
100
---
----
-----
Total Pooulation
TPOP
654
# of Total Dwelling Units
---
.--
0
--
0
---
61-
662
0
---
---
0
0
0
186
0
2586
0
250
--
---
----
AUTO = # of Residential Vehicles
MHP
= Mobile Home Population
HP
= Hotel/Motel
Population
APPENDIX C
DADE COUNTY ASSUMED EVACUEE
PERCENTAGES BY DESTINATION
TYPE
APPENDIX
C
DADE COUNTY ASSUMED EVACUEE
PERCENTAGES BY DESTINATION TYPE
CATEGORY 1-3 STORM
HIGH
PARTICIPATION
LOW
PARTICIPATION
CATEGORY 4-5 STORM
HIGH
PARTICIPATION
LOW
PARTICIPATION
RED CROSS
REFUGES
20%
15%
25%
20%
FRIENDS*
65
45
60
50
HOTEL/MOTEL*
15
10
15
12
0
30
0
18
NOT EVACUATING
100%
*
100%
100%
100%
Of those going to the home of a friend or hotel/motel units it is assumed
approximately 63% would stay in Dade County, 9% to Broward, 3% to Palm Beach
County and 25% would go out of the region.
APPENDIX
SAMPLE
D
INTRODUCTORY LETTER
APPENDIX D
fl C)
Gina
Brink
4805 NW 7th Street
Miami, FL 33126
October
11,
#305
1984
I am a graduate student at Florida International University
and I am presently doing a study on hurricane preparedness
of hotels on Miami Beach. I would hereby like to ask you for
some assistance - all I ask is a few minutes of your time.
As you might know, hurricanes can be very dangerous and devastating, especially as they approach the mainland. A seafront hotel, such as yours, needs to be prepared for such a
disaster. Some hotels have developed a written "emergency
preparedness plan" in order to deal with an upcoming hurricane. What I would like to ask you is to assist me in determining how well the hotels on Miami Beach are prepared for
a hurricane. I have enclosed a questionnaire which I would
like you to fill out and which will take no more than ten
minutes of your time to answer.
Safety in the hospitality industry is a big issue nowadays.
I am sure you will be willing to cooperate with me in trying
to improve this safety.
I will
in
get
contact
with
you
in
about
two
weeks
in
order
to pick up the questionnaire, with your permission. Thank
you
for
the
courtesy
of
your assistance.
Very
Sincerely Yours,
Gina Br-ink
Enclosed:
Questionnaire
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
70
APPENDIX E
QUES'TIONNAIRE
In an effort to find out how well the hotels on Miami Beach
are prepared for a hurricane the following questionnaire has
been developed. As a manager who is perhaps most knowledgeable
about the existing plans and operations of the property, you
are invited to respond to this questionnaire, thereby making
a valuable contribution to the future development of the quality of hurricane emergency plans in the hotel industry.
1.
How
2.
When
was
3.
What
is
4.
How
5.
Have
you ever
When
and
many
What
7.
Did
job
are
13.
have a
you
list
Yes
No
Moderate
a hurricane
when
to
by
stand
in
is
case
approaching?
of
a hurri-
in
order
and
phonenumbers of
to
minimize losses
when a
hurri-
No
Yes
hotel
addresses
No
Yes
insured
the hotel
names,
with
personnel"?
the
No
personnel"
provisions
have
Yes
for
emergency
lighting
and
No
your hotel facility readily available?
Do you have maps of
No
Is
there
in
case
Do
you
a
list
of
What
know
15.
Do
kind
you
case
of
where
of
the
all
to
when
warning
allowed
been
Yes
go
for
safety
to
issued?
should
be
protected
No
Yes
manpower,
equipment
No
the
measures
Yes
check
that
additional
system does
a hurricane?
has
records
needed?
have written
people
warning
of
a hurricane?
supplies
14.
Are
a major hurricane?
No
Do
and
16.
here?
Yes
"key
assign
Yes
12.
working
responsibilities
electricity?
11.
been
experienced
your
Yes
Does
have?
title?
you
cane strikes?
10.
hotel
built?
serious?
cane?
Is
your
where?
you
"key
does
hotel
your
damage
6.
9.
the
long have
Was
8.
rooms
hotel
to
have?
protect
the
guests
in
No
into
Yes
the
hotel
No
after
a hurricane
71
17.
you
Would
the
hotel
of
aware
you
I don't
No
"yes",
did
Yes
your
hotel
these
hurricane?
a
of
case
If "yes",
do all key employees
Florida
No
you have
tion etc.
at
this
Office?
I
de-
for
all
the
South
No
know this plan?
hotel comply
with
building code?
don't know
the hotel
least
Yes
plan
know
your
does
you,
"hurricane"
Yes
Do
I don't
No
to
No
Yes
instructions?
emergency
a written
have
in
According
the Dade
No
partments
Yes
from
by
is
know
upon
act
you
Partly
Does
instructions
out
given
Emergency Management?
receive
hotel
plans
evacuation
the
Office of
your
Did
If
23.
No
leave
Yes
22.
Yes
you
County
21.
yourself?
by
Are
20.
No
out
19.
there
Yes
given
Would
in case
authorities?
a warning
18.
evacuate
to
guests
your
advise
checked
once
for
a year?
deficiencies
Yes
No
in
construc-
APPENDIX F
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF A
HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN
72
F
APPENDI
SAMPLE
HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS
FOR A
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XIII.
XIV.
PLAN
Introduction
Emergency
phonenumbers
Departmental
b.
Engineering
c.
Food
d.
Kitchen
e.
Housekeeping
f.
Pool,Tennis
g.
Front
h.
Security
i.
Other
Equipment
Private
power
team
department
responsibilites
departmental
of
tracking
warning to
weather
terminology
refuge
areas
season
of
lines
and
power
failure
maintenance
contractor
window washing
from
guests
map
hurricane
for
department
heads
in
case
of
an
emergency
failure
Confidential
Updated
door
of elevator
Contract
of
Beverage
hurricane
Approved
Letter
and
of
services
center
letter
Definitions
for municipal
responsibilities
Command
Hurricane
List
team
a.
Standard
or
XII.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
staff
elevator
C.P.R.
home
phone
phone numbers
list
numbers
and
their
locations
APPENDIX G
EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN
73
APPVNI)IX
(
FLOODING & HURRICANE PREPARATICNS
8/20/81
Subject:
Date:
FLOODING
1-
BOARD UP ALL EnANCES WITH THE ADJUSTABLE BOARDS
AND SAND-BAGS.
2-
ELEVATORS TO 1g ADJUSTED NOT TO GO TO IOER
3-
TURN OFF BOILERS
4-
TURN CUT GASOLINE PUMP IN BOILER ROCM.
LOBBY.
HURRICANE
ALL THE ABOVE PLUS THE FOLLOWING:
1-
BOARD UP WINDOWS IN FRONT OF THE COFFEE SHOP AND PATIO BAR.
2-
REMOVE ALL CHAIRS AND CHAISE LOUNGES F14 POOL AREA
3-
BOARD UP ALL OCFANFIOT EAST CABANA DOORS.
4-
BLOCK OFF PEACOCK ALLEY.
5-
LOCK DOOR TO POOL ENTRANCE OFF MAIN LOBBY.
6-
LOCK OCEANFRCNT DOOR ON THE EAST END OF RICHELIEU ROCM.
7-
TIE DOWN MAIN CHANDELIER IN RICHELIEU ROOM.
8-
MAKE PREPARATICNS FOR "KEY PERSONNEL" TO STAY OVER IN HOTEL.
9-
EXTRA SAND-BAGS TO BE FILLED AND USED WHERE NEEDED.
10-
PLACE HURRICANE SHUITERS OVER MARQUEE.
11-
HAVE AMPLE SUPPLY OF
CANDLES AND FLASHLIGiTS AND BA'ERIES.
APPENDIX H
THREE EXAMPLES OF AN EXTENSIVE
HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN
74
APPENDIX H-1
HURRICANE/ TYPHOON
The hurricane/typhoon seasorn starts in June, but an emergency organization should be formed by May to make plans in advance for violent weather.
The team should be aware of the immense destruction that such tropical storms
can produce and the need for acting togefher quickly should one threaten to
strike. (In the remainder of this article, all references to emergency procedures
for a hurricane apply equally to typhoons.)
Before the hurricane season starts, the team should have on hand at the
inn the following equipment:
-A supply of containers suitable for drinking water
i gallon per day per person for three days).
(allow
-A battery-operated radio with spare battery.
-Flashlights
with spare batteries.
-Storm shutters or plywood
on ground floors.
for covering plate glass windows
-Burlap bags suitable for sandbagging (burlap will stretch and
not tear as it absorbs water) .
-Rope
for lashing down storage sheds,
-Fully
stocked first-aid kits.
patio furniture, etc.
To avoid last minute confusion, check continually to see that dead limbs,
coconuts, and other debris are removed from the trees and grounds.
Check
emergency generators and sump pumps regularly. Review and practice
"board-up" procedures so that they can be executed quickly arid efficiently
when the need arises.
Clear and check roof drains and surfaces regularly.
Check window and door locks regularly.
Hurricane Watch
A hurricane watch is issued when a storm threatens to hit the area
within 24 to 36 hours.
When the weather bureau issues a hurricane watch,
the emergency
organization should move smoothly into action.
Each department
head should take the preliminary action outlined below so all departments are
ready if the storm continues on the established course.
75
Division of Responsibility
linnkeep2r:
-Monitor
-Keep
radio and television broadcasts for storm
information.
department heads posted on storm progress.
-Monitor the progress of preparations within the inn.
-Inform guests through the front desk of the storm's progress
and the precautions being taken by the staff.
-Determine how many employees will be available to work
during the storm.
Engin eer:
-Fill hotel vehicle with fuel and park in a high,
area.
protected
-Install storm shutters or plywood over low level windows.
-Move tools (hammers, saws, nails, axes, crowbars, etc.)
that may be useful during or after the storm to a safe place.
-Begin
filling sandbags for later use in the critical areas.
Housekeeper:
-Remove furniture from all low level rooms and place it in
upper floor storage rooms or meeting rooms.
-Relocate pool furniture, outside trash cans, etc.,
level rooms that have been emptied of furniture.
these rooms.
to low
Secure
-Outside furniture, equipment, or storage sheds that cannot
be relocated.should be securely lashed in place.
-Check to see that nothing is stored in electrical rooms,
mechanical equipment rooms or sump pump rooms.
Food and Beverage Director:
-Move at least a three day supply of canned goods and
other non-perishable items to an upper floor room.
-Relocate candles, cooking utensils and
near the food items.
sterno to a room
76
-Purchase
and store with the food a three-day supply of
Paper plates, plastic flatware, and trash bags.
-Clean
-Remove
and sterilize the drinking
water containers.
all goods from pool bars.
(
Front Desk Manager:
-Contact each guest and explain the storm's status and
the
emergency preparations of the inn.
Allow the guest to
decide if he/she should leave.
-Relocate
guests on lower floors to upper level rooms.
-Relocate essential accounting records, monies,
machines, etc., to an upper level room.
office
Hurricane Warning
A hurricane warning means that a storm is expected to hit a
specified
area within 24 hours.
Begin final preparation for the protection of life and property
immediately.
Know where the eye of the hurricane will strike the coast and
know its velocity.
These facts are crucial to your-emergendy preparations.
In the northern
hemisphere, winds move in counter-clockwise rotation.
This can cause severe
flooding and wind damage if the eye hits within 20 miles to the south
of your
location.
If the eye passes directly over you or to the north, the flooding
will be minimal, but the winds will still be high.
Use this information to be
prepared for both situations.
Division of Responsibility
Innkeeper:
-Notify the guests and staff that the hurricane will hit soon.
-Continue
radio.
to follow the storm's progress by monitoring the
-Have employees who wish to work at the inn during the
storm move with their families into the inn.
-Coordinate the activities of the department
preparation for the storm.
heads making
77
Engineer:
-Check emergency generator,
emergency
lights, tools, and
supplies.
-Disconnect power to all low-lying portions of the inn.
-Secure all rooftop and lower level doors
-
r
-Begin sandbagging areas that are subject to flooding.
Housekeeper:
-Move as many towels, laundry supplies, etc.,
space allows to an upper floor.
as storage
-Fill all tubs and sinks with water for drinking, washing,
and sanitation.
-Have your staff ready to aid other departments if needed.
Food and Beverage Director:
-Fill water containers and store them with canned foods.
-Turn freezers and refrigerators to their coldest settings.
Do not open these unless absolutely necessary.
-Move stored goods to the highest shelves away from
possible flood waters.
Front Desk Manager:
-Help the relocated guests settle into their new rooms.
-Plan activities to keep the guests entertained.
-Make available to guests and staff the latest storm infrrration.
During the Storm
-No one is to leave the building unless it is an extreme
emergency.
-Sandbag at the entrance of the water,
then evacuate to
a higher floor, if necessary.
-Watch for flooding conditions in the hotel.
use public utilities until they fail.
Continue to
78
-Open
the leeward
is blowing)
(facing the direction in which
to release the pressure.
the wind
windows
-If the eye of the hurricane passes directly overhead, do
Be
not go outside; the winds start up again rapidly.
prepared for this by closing the opened windows, and
opening the windows on the opposite side of the building.
The wind direction will switch after the eye passes.
-Consumption of alcoholic beverages by staff or guests
during the storm is prohibited.
After the Storm
-Survey the damages and report to the district office
and the Loss Prevention Department by the most
expedient means of communication.
-Instruct the engineer to make temporary repairs that
will limit losses from the heavy rain that follows a
passing storm.
-Coordinate through the district office the cleaning,
checking, and repairing of electrical and hydraulic
equipment.
-If heavy damage is incurred.notify the district office,
the Loss Prevention Department, and the GAB.
--Submit a Loss and Incident Report containing all pertinent
information about the damage.
79.
Relocate guests
from lower floors
-Move essential accounting records,
etc., to upper floors, if required.
-Make sure that the latest weather
to guests.
to upper floors.
cash,
office machines,
information is available
Guests and Employees:
-Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding.
-Do not attempt to cross water that is deeper than the
level of your knees.
-Do
not attempt to drive over flooded roads.
After the Flood Waters Recede
-Dispose of fresh food that has come in contact with flood
water.
-Have
drinking water tested for possible contamination.
-Do not handle live electrical equipment in wet areas.
Check and clean electrical equipment before returning
it to service.
-Use flashlights, not lanterns or torches, to examine
flooded sections where flammable gases may be trapped.
-Report broken utility lines to the appropriate authoritiesv
-Start clean-up and salvage operations.
-Maintain communications with the district office, the Logs
Prevention Department, and GAB.
APPENDIX H-2
80
HURRICANE PRECAUTIONARY GUIDE
The
eu c,
following are to serve as officers:
GENERAL CO-ORDINATOR:
Executive Manager
ASSISTANTS TO GENERAL CO-ORDINATR:
Security Director
CHIEF OF COMMUNICATIONS:
Telephone Supervisor
Area Co-Ordinators:
CABANA CLUB:
Manager
REAR PLATFORM
Security Person/Purchasing Manager
FRONT DOOR PARKING AREA AND RAMP:
Front Office Manager
HOTEL PROPER--GROUND FLOOR AREA:
Convention Co-Ordinator
HOTEL UPPER FLOORS:
Housekeeper
ALL KITCHEN AND RESTAURANT AREAS:
Executive Chef and Food & Beverage
Director
You are requested to submit to Mr.
the names, addresses and telephone
numbers of those who wish to assist in the event of such an emergency. It is
imperative that you furnish such names to this office within the next few days.
Telephone numbers should be recorded with each TOP CO-ORDINATOR and copies of same
are to be furnished to the GENERAL CO-ORDINATOR and CHIEF OF COMMUNICATIONS so that
no time is lost in assembling the necessary staff who should be instructed to report
at once to their assigned duties. If you are not at home or have left for a safer
place, please give the address and telephone number to the General Co-Ordinator and
Chief of Communications as well.
For complete coverage there are to be four (4) TOP CO-ORDINATORS assigned to and
responsible for the following sections to the GENERAL CO-ORDINATOR:
1.
CABANA CLUB:
Manager
2.
FRONT DOOR, PARKING AREA AND RAMP:
Security Person and Head Doorman
3.
HOTEL (PROPER)
4.
HOTEL FLOORS:
GROUND FLOOR AREA:
Convention Co-Ordinator
Executive Housekeeper
To each of the above four groups the GENERAL CO-ORDINATOR will assign one assistant
and give to each, a crew sufficient in number to perform the following duties.
1. SECURE THE CABANA CLUB
2. SECURE THE FRONT DOOR, PARKING AREA AND RAMP
3.
SECURE THE HOTEL GROUND FLOOR
4.
SECURE THE HOTEL UPPER FLOORS INCLUDING ROOFS
81
HOTEL PROPER GROUND FLOOR
The Chief Engineer will require four (4) crews of three (3) men on storm shutters,
under the direction of his assistant as Top Co-Ordinator. This group is to stand
ready for any emergency which may arise within the area for which they are responsible.
In addition to the above, the Chief Engineer will need an additional number of men
divided into groups for light and other emergency purposes. Each one of these key
men will be responsible for one floor of the building in making the necessary preliminary
precautions, after which they will stand ready for reassignment wherever needed.
The Chief Engineer is responsible for providing hall, stair and exit lights.
be the duty of his men to place portable lights in halls and exits.
It will
PRE-HURRICANE GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Remove all furniture not necesary to the operation from outdoor areas and store as
directed.
The Chief Engineer should see that an ample supply of tools and materials has been
purchased in advance and placed at a distribution center where all top co-ordinators
may requisition same.
INVENTORY
AS OF JUNE '84
SUPPLIES
SANDBAG'S - 12 DOZEN FILLED
MASKING TAPE - 24 2" ROLLS
ROPE, SAWS, PLIERS,SCREWDRIVERS
PORTABLE LIGHTS
CANDLES IN HOLDERS
FLASHLIGHTS AND BATTERIES (MINIMUM OF 12)
SQUEEGEES
NEEDED
BOITLED WATER
1ST AID KITS
DRY ICE
GAMES FOR ENTERTAIN
Store furniture away from windows, doors and passageways.
Shutter the Porch, main
lobby, card room and mezzanine windows. Order the lighting of the candle jars on stair
wells, landings and wherever else they are located in case of power failure.
POINTS WORTH REMEMBERING
1.
Procure tools and material for protection well in advance.
2. Order supply of dry ice for regrigeration of supplies in case of 'no emergency
generator'.
KEEP THIS ICE WRAPPED UNTIL POWER FAILURE at each place where it is
to be used.
Consult with food purchasing department on this.
3. With present day methods of weather detection, much attention should be given to
the duration of the storm. If it is of long duration, three hours or longer, and
before power goes off, communications department is to contact all guests and
department heads to fill bath tubs with water to be used for toilets - water in
faucets for drinking only. The kitchens are to fill all sinks, pots, milk cans
and tubs with water. The night club and bars will do likewise.
82
POINTS WORTH RR-fNBERING
4.
secure aMinonia and air conditioning machinery,
equipnent operated by power.
In case of power failure,
burners,
and
other
oil
5.
Provide in advance, emergency lights for public halls, rooms and offices. In the
absence of an emergency generator, use candles in glass jars filled 1/3rd with sand
on stairwells. (Engineering Department)
6.
Above all, it is the duty of the security department to provide round-the-clock
protection for the entire property before, during and after the storm and until
such time as conditions become normal again. It is also the duty of our Chief
Security Officer to marshall a sufficient number of his first aid's men to stand
by for any emergency that may arise.
7.
If all those participating in this program will perform their assigned duties
with confidence and assurance, our guests and visitors will feel more secure.
8.
The General Co-Ordinator is in full command. You are at his beck and call until
he has officially released you through your co-ordinator or key man. All crew
assignments should be covered by an alternate in case the regular assignee is
unable to report due to illness, etc.
In the absence of a co-ordinating meeting, each top co-ordinator is expected to
prepare written instructions for each single or group assignment so that valuable
time may be saved for any emergency which may arise. Submit these instructions to
for coordination of effort before issuing same.
Mr.
In the event of a hurricane warning, the Chief Engineer will remain by his
telephone in his office.
SCHEDULE FOR CABANA CLUB
In this area, a crew of men will be divided into three (3)
The oceanfront group is to be comprised of two (2)
sufficient number of crew men.
groups to function as follows:
assistant co-ordinators and a
The pool deck is to be comprised of one (1) asisstant co-ordinator, a senior life
guard and crew men.
The cabana club and rest rooms are to be comprised of two (2) assistant co-ordinators
and necessary crew members.
Tools with which to work such as knives, screwdrivers, hammers, nails, masking tape and
rope should be passed out where necessary and should be returned to storage when through.
Crews will then be divided into above mentioned groups and given proper instructions.
They will proceed as follows:
furnishings and furniture are to
The oceanfront group must bear in mind that all
floor west cabana area and secured in cabanas which have
be moved to the first
doors that are closed and blockbraced. The oceanfront group must begin storing
all beach furniture in the cabanas as well. All signs, water coolers, table, trash
cans, mats and protable bars are to be secured behind closed and locked doors.
Anything that the wind can pick-up, upset, or pitch and toss must be secured. All
cabana doors are to be braced.
83
POINTS WORTH REMEF7iBERING
Pool Deck -- Drop pool approximately 4.
All chaisettes, awnings, mats, covers,
chairs and other furniture along with pool stanchions, ropes, canvas tops and
anything which might pitch and toss with the wind mustbze secured behind
closed,
locked and braced cabana doors.
Ocean Lounge -- Remove all tables, chairs, trash cans, desks and signs and take
into the Porch and secure same properly. This group will then make certain that
all doors to rest rooms and locker rooms are properly secured and sandbagged.
Nothing is to be left on the floor where there may be a chance of water ruining
it.
The cabana office equipment is then made secure, making certain that no records
are subjected to any hazard.
All signs, trash cans, chairs and any other movable object is to be moved out of
the cabana area.
SOLARIUM
Remove all furniture,
papers and records.
tape allwindows, turn off all equipment and remove all pertinent
FRONT DOOR PARKING AREA
This group is to be headed by a top co-ordinator, one assistant and necessary crew
memebers. This group includes parking concessionnaire manager and staff. All cars
must be removed from the lot due to possible flooding. This is the responsibility
of the car owners.
Signs, trash cans and office equipment are to be moved, doors shuttered or reinforced,
awnings (if any) and unbrellas taken down and secured. Any light potted plants will be
moved out of the way of the wind. All records and keys, still outstanding, will be
moved within the safety area as designated by the top co-ordinator.
All cars parked on the lot or against our building will be properly braked and windows
rolled up. The parking area, ramp, rear platform and garbage room will be secured.
All loose debris or equipment is to be secured properly and all doors, entrances, or
windows closed, and if necessary, barricaded or shuttered.
All of the above personnel are to remain at the front entrance to assist any and all who
may require-assistance until such time as it becomes dangerous to remain at which time
they will be reassigned.
SUPPLEMENTARY HURRICANE SUGGESTIONS --
ENTERTAINMENT
In our first Hurricane Advisory Guide, you no doubt noted that nothing was said about
the care of our guests during storm emergencies. This was done on purpose. To get
our property bedded down is of first importance because in so doing, we will have
achieved the second step which is that of taking care of all those who are registered
in the hotel or are merely seeking shelter from the storm.
84
SUPPLEENTgARY HURRICANE SUGGESTIONS
--
ENTERTAINMENT
Only registered guests of the hotel should be permitted above the main floor lobby
level . All others may use our public rooms.
There will be an entertainment program set up for our guests co-ordinated by our
convention service manager.
Ample hurricane lanterns and candle lights should be used to be able to have public
rooms operate as efficiently as possible.
RULE NUMBER ONE FOR ALL OF US
--
walk fast but never run --
RULE NUMBER 'IWO FOR ALL OF US
--
speak with a calm voice at all times during storm
running causes stampedes.
emergencies - it restores confidence.
Ask people to stay away and keep people away from windows and doors.
anyone to block hallways entrances and exits.
Don't permit
GUEST INFORMATION ON ANNOUNCEMENT OF HURRICANE
1.
2.
3.
4.
FILL BATH 'IUBS WITH WATER
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS
GUESTS WILL TAKE MATRESSES, BLANKETS AND PILOWS AND USE HALLWAYS
FOOD WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE MONA LISA ROOM
Evacuation procedures are co-ordinated by the Civil Defense and American Red Cross.
Their suggstions and shelter locations will be forwarded to every department head
within the next few days.
Pf{Pi$G.1
.- c-fntC
PO'JsoN1
APPENDIX H-3
85
1.
Memo to Management and Security Managers of position,
Also include
wind speed, direction, travel speed, name.
qualified estimate, "If hurricane continues at current
course and speed, could hit our area in approximate number
of hours----date----time----.
a)
Memo to Hotel Managers and Personnel, Purchasing Agent,
Chief Engineers.
b)
Personnel Director to have Department Heads update
home phone numbers and establish number and names of
employees to work during hurricane.
c)
Engineering to advise Management of needs.
.Note:
Engineering should now prepare for future
hurricanes and stock sandbags, plywood, raingear,
and other items that can readily be stored for
future use)
d)
Security Manager's check with U.S. Weather Bureau for
heir predictions and keep Hotel Management updated.
e)
Security inventory first aid supplies and equipment
and prepare basic emergency kits
f)
Suggest Hotel Management have meeting with all Department
Heads to discuss preparations, establish labor pools and
provide for future meetings as hurricane approaches
g)
Security to be ready
insure good portable
h)
Management memos to be sent out re: emergency generators and
condition, pumps on hand and to be rented, refrigerator
trucks, food and beverage supplies to be on hand or ordered
i)
Convention Sales and Reservations be prepared to alert or
cancel incoming groups and guests
j)
Hotel comptrollers to have adequate cash - change on hand to
provide for mass checkouts...minimum amount -- to be secured
in Hotel safe
k)
Management to decide if Hotels will accept guests reservations
I)
Security check out fire equipment, alarms, burglar alarms
establish communication center and
a io is available
86
PHASE II
HURRICANE WATCH
1.
Supplementary memo to Management of hurricane status and
possible time of arrival.
2.
Management has another Department Head Meeting
a)
equipment and supplies detailed
b)
staffing needs refined
3.
Goods and furnishings removed from lower storage areas to
higher floors. Loose outside objects stored inside designated
areas. To be done in advance while personnel on hand -- could
hit over weekend or holiday, when smaller number of staff on
hand
4.
Staffing policies to be announced:
5.
a)
Head of household may bring immediate family who live
in household
b)
Non-immediate family get special rate - but not comped
c)
Food & Beverage - better accounting proceedures to be
established
d)
Personnel to establish labor pool and possible assignments excess number of personnel in one department can be
assigned to another where needed.
All Security Personnel on standby and immediately available
a)
6.
Security personnel advised that all will report for duty
when hurricane warning is announced (24 hours) prior to
hurricane arrival
Security Department
Security Communications Office set-up and manned 24 hours a day
a)
Establish hurricane log now for current notes and future
usage - to be used by each Security Manager throughout the
hurricane related activities to be logged in
-hurricane
this separate book by security staff
b)
Vehicles gassed and extra 20 gallons in can
c)
Emergency first aid kits prepared
87
7.
8.
9.
d)
Flashlights, batteries, tape, rope, sandbags, portable
radios, etc. on hand (cheap AM radio each fixed post)
e)
Radios ( 2 way communications) and beepers reassigned by
priority - (e.g.:
Grounds radios to Security and
returned for clean up later)
f)
Rooms at Hotel assigned and list provided
Manager)
g)
Each officer and investigator maintains his own patrol log
in books provided to him
(to Front Office
Groups and incoming guests should be specifically assigned
to safest rooms in Hotels and Lodges
a)
Hotels
-
Lower floors to west side of building
b)
Lodges
-
No lower level floors - concentrate Lodges
for maximum security protection
"HurricaneWarning Notices"
a)
Printed now by Rod - English and Spanish
b)
Notices provided to Management at time deemed best by
Mr.( -- -- - -- )
c)
Key employees and department heads to have copies for
informational purposes
d)
To be posted in elevators and public areas
e)
Date and time issued to be entered in Hurricane Log Book
by Security Managers
f)
Revise and add to notice:
(De La Vega)
1.
No tape on windows and why
2.
Information Desk at Main entrances once Hurricane Warning
announced or when TV power failure occurs.
3.
Room Key
&
I.D. required
g)
On Beach Notice use west stairwell ONLY
h)
More information on power failure in IMPORTANT NOTICE TO GUEST
Management to have signs printed and available for year round use
stating "Elevator ouL of service, use stairwell"
88
PHASE
III
HURRICANE WARNING
1.
Management has another Department Head Meeting
(are)
a)
Personnel on standby is to be brought into the hotel
b)
Front Desk to have rooms assigned upon employee arrival
Employees advised not to bring their cars to the Hotel
c)
Specific duties of each department discussed and labor pool
assignments made
d)
Put into effect specific departmental duties
e)
Department Heads to keep a record of the times employees
work as T.K. will be secured later on
f)
Notice to employees in Spanish & English personnel "NO PETS"
2.
Front Desk does not accept local reservations
3.
Operations Manager or designated Manager to control labor
pool assignments
4.
a)
Before any department secures work force he MUST contact
Operations Manager and ascertain if labor pool is needed
in other areas
b)
Department Heads are to keep Operations Manager advised of
the status and completion of assigned tasks.
Security to do a complete survey of the property listing areas
that are not secured and all recommendations to secure areas.
:This survey is to be turned over to the Operations Manager for
assignment and correction.
a)
Security personnel to be assigned specific duties as
outlined for each property
b)
Once all employees have arrived, the timekeeper area will
be secured. Have meeting with all Security personnel
c)
Candles and all first-aid supplies are to be issued and
assigned to security personnel
d)
Hotel operator is to be advised of assignments and where to
funnel calls
89
e)
Arrange
f)
Monitor storm and advise personnel over the radio or
telephone of status on anticipated force of the hurricane
g)
Set-up scheduling to return to normal operation once the
danger has passed. This scheduling is tentative and will
constantly need to be updated.
h)
Assure that Management has issued "Hurricane Warning Notices"
i)
Set up Hurricane
j)
An ample supply of sheets and towels should be on hand
for use as bandages.
for
food and drink for personnel assigned
Information Desk
5.
All guests in Ocean Front Rooms or floors that may flood are
to be re-located to safer areas. Guests not allowed to stay
in rooms during hurricane to assigned meeting - conference
rooms.
6.
Guest should be encouraged to re-locate to a designated Hurricane
Sherlter
a)
b)
In Hotel
(Locations of Public
Out of Hotel
Issue - hand out hurricane candles
to guests
Shelters)
(?) prefer flashlights
Volume cost of cheap flashlights - small & cheap
store in Security
Issue notice and flashlight - flashlight just before storm hits
OLIN:
7.
All
vehicles and yachtzto have been put in safe storage
8.
Pregnant women - advised of possible medical problem relative
to barometric pressure- advised to go to the hospital - six months
or over
9.
Security to inspect safety measures sandbags, etc. advise management if any problem
log in book -
90
PHASE IV
FULL IMPACT OF THE HURRICANE
1.
Order remaining guests to go to and remain away from windows
and glass doors.
2.
Calm guests and assure them that every precaution has been
taken.
3.
Secure areas that damage occurrs as best as possible
4.
Operations Managgr is to establish work crew schedules to be
put into effect once the hurricane passes
5.
Note times of power failures-phone service termination
6..
7.
8.
Guard -
Secure areas exposed to theft. Example:
liquor in bar
money in offices
Emergency First aid - & records of all first aid rendered
Communications - need repeater - We supply one of our hand
radios to police or civil defense for extreme emergencies
PHASE V
EYE OF THE HURRICANE
1.
Keep all personnel inside explaining that as the center
of the hurricane or the "eye" passes over your area, this
will only last from a few minutes or one-half hour, then
the winds will again rise rapidly from the opposite direction.
Do not be misled by calm.
2.
Insure all perimeter doors still locked, so as to control
access at Main.Entrance
3.
Check Hotel for injured people or exposed windows, etc.
4.
Emergency repairs only if can be done in complete safety
91
PHASE VI
IMMEDIATELY
AFTER THE HURRICANE
1.
When the hurricane is over, do not allow guests or employees
to go outside until the area can be surveyed for hazards, such
as, low hanging power lines, or fallen trees on power lines,
washed out areas, broken glass, etc.
2.
The Operations Manager will receive a report of all damages
and clean-up ;needed. As soon as the conditions improve
clean-up and repairs should be made as soon as possible.
3.
Food operations will most likely be required by our guests,
therefore, food preparation and service must be operational
as soon as possible.
4.
If we have experienced power failure, all refrigerated foods
must be checked out and arrangements made to store food or
dispose of spoiled food.
5.
Resume normal functions as soon as possible
a)
Contact employees and bring in crews, immediately
6.
If damage is severe and hazardous to guests, have them remain
inside and DO NOT let them venture outside.
7.
Security to take photos before cleanup of whatever may lead to
insurance claims, civil suit, major repairs, etc.
8.
Insure all necessary first aid has been rendered
9.
Secure rooms - protect guest valuables exposed to theft
(e.g. place exposed jewelry, camera, cash, etc. in
laundry bag, mark room number, date and time secured, and
who secured or took items).
APPENDIX I
AMERICAN RED CROSS:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HURRICANE PLANNING
92
APPENDIX
American Red Cross
I
Dade County Chapter
5020 Biscayne Boulevard
P.O. Box 370968, Buena Vista Station
Miami, Florida 33137
(305) 576-4600
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR HURRICANE PLANNING
A hurricane of major proportions making
a landfall in Dade County is a real possibility and South Florida is long overdue.
The losses and damages will be devastating.
Such a disaster is everybodys problem,
not the exclusive problem of the Red
Cross, County or State governments.
.... Each department (e.g. engineering, housekeeping, food and
beverage, public relations, maintenance, pro-shop, etc.) needs to write a similar
plan for their department
a) Department plans should be submitted to Security for
review and recommendations
and then passed to Management for approval.
b)
c)
Each employee, by position title, not by name, should know what
is expected of
him or her.
Department plans should be reviewd annually; preferably in June
before the
hurricane season.
d)
Departmental plans should follow the scenario or format of the
Security
Department, that is, from threat, to watch, to warning, to all clear.
This
"time line" approach to a hurricane plan is the best outline to follow.
.... After management approval, the departmental plans are included in the "master
plan"
as an annex to the Security Department's plan.
The Director of Security should be formally named as the "Disaster Control
Officer"
if this has not already been done.
Staff would then know who to report to for direction when it is determined by management that the plan should go into
operation.
"-
-. Serious consideration needs to be given to providing shutters, either mechanical
or non-mechanical, to the large glass areas in the public dining and banquet halls:
a) There are expensive furnishings, chandeliers, carpets and works of art that
would be very difficult to replace when one of the windows blow out.
b) There is a great deai of contruction in the area and hurricane force winds
will pick up objects from the ground, roadways, other roof tops, etc.
It is
the wind blown debris that breaks glass even though building designs meet a
125 MPH wind storm safety factor.
c) While shutters may require a fairly substantial capital outlay, there are tw
possibilities management should actively pursue in terms of cost recovery:
- their depreciation for tax purposes
- a reduction in the windstorm insurance premium
The risk reduction of shuttering these public rooms would be considerable
and provide a certain "peace of mind" to the corporate owners and managers.
93
1. The Hote1son the Beach havemajor exposures to both the storm surge, which could
be seventeen feet above normal high tide in a category five storm, and the severe
winds generated by a hurricane.
2. The hotel's engineering department should ascertain the buildings lower level
above mean sea level and then project the effect of various water levels in the
building.
3.
Again, each department at the Hotel
4.
needs to outline a plan for their department
Again, radio communications independent of FPL power needs to be installed.
5. plywood, 2X4's, hammers and nails to board up exposures after the storm,
should be in supply before the hurricane season in June.
ThQ.-staff should be provided with a second or third floor interior, windowless room as an emergency operation
center.
6.
Encouraging hotel guests to seek Red Cross shelters on the mainland is sound, but
there may be some public relations problems involved.
a) Red Cross shelters will be crowded and without electric power in due course
of time.
That means no lights, no air conditioning and no cooking facilities
in some buildings.
b)
Cots and blankets will be in very short supply, about one for every ten
people. Red Cross constantly tells people to bring folding cots, pillows,
air mattresses, blankets, etc. There will be dormitory style sleeping
c)
arrangements.
While Hotel; guests would be as welcome as anyone in a Red
Cross shelter, management needs to decide if they want to make such a recommendation to their hotel guests.
7. There is no way I, or anyone in the Fire Rescue Service in Miami Beach, would
encourage or recommend that hotel guests remain in the hotel during a hurricane.
8. We discussed a hold harmless statement that guests would sign if they wanted to
For example, when the governor
stay, but this could create difficult legal problems.
or mayor issues an evacuation order in the interest of public safety and the hotel
permits guests to remain on its premisis, this could later be construed as the hotel
Corporation defying the public safety proclamation.
GueL Smmy
a)
Guest safety is the primary reason to take hurricane precautions and develop
a plan of action.
b)
and how the local
Public reidtiors encompasses both the guest's treatment
communfty bisualigeb the corporation.
c)
families that need a
Extending an inVitation to staff and their immediate
it.
encourage
I
and
commendable,
safer haven in a hurricane is
94
The Hotel
may or may not have sufficient guest lodges to house
those from Other Hotels.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Therefore:
The banquet rooms could be utilized as dormitories for the overflow if the
windows were shuttered.
Cots from the housekeeping department would be much more comfortable for the
guests than the floor of a school hallway, and the food would be better
prepared.
Courtesy transportation should be provided,
Off duty staff electing to remain at the Hotel because their houses
are not too safe, should be utilized as volunteers to assist in making the
dormitory residents more comfortable.
If management would decide in favor of evacuating,
a)
b)
c)
I would recommend:
Providing snacks and soft beverages (coffee, tea,
soda) without charge around
the clock.
closing the bar early in the evening, possibly at 10:00 p.m. and
with no free
drinks.
Simple easy to prepare meals, served buffet style, at stated times.
The Greater Miami Chapter of the American Rdd Cross is willing'and able to advise
you further on developing a Hurricane Disaster Plan and providing training that may
be needed.
APPENDIX J
EVACUATION NOTICE BY THE GOVERNOR
95
API-ENDIX
J
EVACUATION NOTICE BY THE GOVERNOR
1.
Inform all guests of the Governor's Evacuation Order
a)
Notice to be printed as follows:
"The:Governor of the State of Florida has issued an
Evacuation Order which includes the location of this
Hotel. This .is mandatory and you must contact the
Hotel's Hurricane Information Center for a list of
approved shelters"
2.
Utilize Taxi Cabs and Public Busses to accomplish the evacuation
3.
Maintain a list of guests and employees who remain and why they
would not evacuate
4.
Check legal - Security remains - Security employees should be
asked to volunteer
5.
a)
designate safety rooms and areas in Hotel
b)
reinforce and supply those rooms
Security assignments to check and insure all have left the Hotel adequate supply of emergency masters - Ball Room
Q6
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