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Liberty,Terror and back again? – An Analysis of the French Revolution
(S II)
Bibliothèque Nationale Paris.
Normela Jurišiç, Philippsburg, Irene Kremer, Stutensee
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French sheet of pictures, 1791.
„Denn ein solches Phänomen in der Weltgeschichte vergisst sich nicht mehr, weil es eine
Anlage und ein Vermögen in der menschlichen Natur zum Besseren aufgedeckt hat, dergleichen kein Politiker aus dem bisherigen
Laufe der Dinge herausgeklügelt hätte.“ (Immanuel Kant, 1798)
Klassenstufe: Sekundarstufe II
Dauer: 8 Stunden + Klausur
Bereich: Europäische Geschichte, Revolutionen, Menschen- und Bürgerrechte
Die Französische Revolution ist zum Inbegriff
einer Revolution geworden. Warum brach die
Revolution in Frankreich aus? Wie kam es zu
Freiheit und dann zum Terror? War schließlich
wieder alles beim Alten oder bewegte man
sich wirklich „zum Besseren“ hin?
Im Beitrag werden diese Fragen anhand von
zentralen historischen Bildern und Quellen beantwortet. Vergleiche mit aktuellen politischen
und sozialen Bedingungen sowie persönlichen Erfahrungen und Rechten machen die
Geschichte der Franzosen in dieser Zeit aktuell
und „spürbar“.
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Materialübersicht
1./2. Stunde:
Reasons for the French Revolution
M1
(Fo)
French sheet of pictures (1791)
M2
(Gd)
Advance Organiser: Pictures of the French Revolution
M3
(Tx)
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette – objects of hatred
M4
(Tx)
Economic and financial problems
M5
(Bi/Tx)
The French society 1780–1789
M6
(Tx)
Philosophers and the French Revolution I
M7
(Tx)
Philosophers and the French Revolution II
M8
(Tb)
Reasons for the French Revolution
3. Stunde:
The Revolution (1787–1789)
M9
Three revolutions in one
(Ab)
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4. Stunde:
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
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(Tx)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen: 26 August 1789
M 11
(Tx)
The Revolution: August 1789–September 1791
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5. Stunde:
The Constitution (importance and problems)
M 12
The Constitution of 1791
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(Gd)
6. Stunde:
The Revolution runs into difficulties
M 13
(Tx)
The Marseillaise – battle song and national anthem
M 14
(Tx)
War, civil war and terror
M 15
(Tx)
Maximilien de Robespierre: Justification of the Use of Terror
M 16
(Tx)
How was the Terror organised?
7. Stunde:
The Reign of Terror
M 17
(Tx)
The Levée en Masse: 23 August 1793
M 18
(Tx)
The revolutionary calendar
M 19
(Tx)
Who were the main victims of the Terror?
8.Stunde:
The importance of the Revolution – back again?
M 20
(Tx)
Why did the Terror end?
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(Zl)
Timeline: The French Revolution
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(Tx)
How is the period judged today?
Ab: Arbeitsblatt – Bi: Bild – Fo: Folie – Gd: grafische Darstellung – Tb:Tafelbild – Tx:Text – Zl: Zeitleiste
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French sheet of pictures, 1791. Bibliothèque Nationale Paris.
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French sheet of pictures (1791)
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M5
The French Revolution (S II)
People’s Revolutions
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The French society 1780–1789
One of the reasons for the French Revolution was the way society was structured. Read the text
and have a look at the cartoon below to find out more about this unfair system.
In the 18th century, France was one of the richest countries in Europe. Most people lived in the countryside and worked on the land and only 11% of the people lived in towns. French society had been divided
into three large groups called Estates1. Power and wealth were in the hands of an elite and vertical mobility2 was very difficult.
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10
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The First Estate: The clergy3 made up the First Estate. The leaders of the clergy (e.g. bishops) were
wealthy, and lived like nobles4.They supported the King because of the privileges they had, including not
having to pay taxes. The rest of the clergy (e.g. parish priests5) were not wealthy but they also did not
have to pay taxes. Total: 400,000 (2%)
The Second Estate: The nobles made up the Second Estate. They were nobles by birth, and owned land.
Although most nobles were wealthy, they were also not required to pay taxes. They were allowed to collect feudal dues6 from the peasants7 who worked on their land. The nobles also had the right to fine8 a
peasant and keep the money if they found him guilty of a crime. Total: 150,000 (1%)
The Third Estate: This was everybody else in France. Some middle-class people, such as merchants9 and
doctors, owned quite a bit of money but they had no chance of gaining power. They had to pay taxes. The
biggest part of this Estate consisted of the peasants who lived on nobles’ estates, although there were a
growing number of urban10 workers (who were as poor as the peasants). No one in this Estate had any
say in how the country was to be governed11. Total: 25 million (97%)
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Text: Normela Jurišiç
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Annotations
1 Estate: Stand – 2 vertical mobility: sozialer Aufstieg – 3 clergy: Klerus – 4 nobles: Adlige – 5 parish priest:
Gemeidepfarrer – 6 feudal dues: Feudalabgaben – 7 peasant: Bauer – 8 to fine sb.: jmdn. mit einer Geldstrafe
belegen – 9 merchant: Kaufmann – 10 urban: städtisch – 11 to govern: regieren
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The feudal system in France
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Tasks
1. List the social reasons for the Revolution.
2. Present your findings on a poster.
Cartoon of the French
feudal society. A priest
and a nobleman are
riding on the back
of a peasant. Copper
Engraving, 1789.
akg-images/Erich Lessing.
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The Constitution of 1791
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Timeline:The French Revolution
1788
8 August: Summoning of the Estates-General
1789
5 May: The French Estates-General meets at Versailles
17 June: The Third Estate meets separately and declares itself National Assembly
20 June: Tennis Court Oath
14 July: Storming of the Bastille
14 August: Nobles and clergy in the National Assembly renounce their privileges
thus ending feudalism
26 August: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
5 October: Parisian mob marches on Versailles; Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette
relocate to the Tuileries Palace in Paris
1791
20/21 June: King and Queen attempt to flee from France but are caught
3 September: Constitution of 1791 passed
14 September: Louis XVI takes oath on constitution
1792
20 April: France declares war on Austria
10 August: Paris mob storms the Tuileries Palace and establishes a new city government; Robespierre elected to the Commune of Paris
2–5 September: Mobs across France enter jails and kill royalist sympathisers
21 September: National Convention meets for the first time, abolishes the monarchy, establishes a republic, tries Louis XVI for treason – King is convicted by a majority of just one vote
1793
21 January: King Louis XVI guillotined (Marie-Antoinette 16 October)
March–December: A counter-revolution in the Vendée is suppressed
19 March: Revolutionary Tribunal
21 March: Revolutionary Committees
6 April: Committee of Public Safety
27 July: Robespierre elected into Committee of Public Safety
4 August: Jacobin Constitution announced (but never enforced)
17 September: Reign of Terror starts with Law of Suspects
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1794
26 June: French victory over Austria at Fleurus
27 July: Robespierre arrested and guillotined the next morning; end of the Reign of
Terror
1795
23 September: Constitution of Directors; a five-man Directorate is appointed by a
new Convention to run the country
3 October: A crowd of people in Paris attacks the Directorate; Barras, who is head of
the Directorate, appoints a young officer – Napoleon Bonaparte – commander of
the home army
1797
17 October: Peace between France and Austria (Campo Formio)
1799
9/10 November: Coup d’état against Directory
15 December: Consular constitution; Napoleon becomes First Consul; declares end
of Revolution
1802
Napoleon appointed Consul for Life
1804
2 December: Napoleon crowns himself “Emperor of the French”
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The Zenith of French Glory
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akg-images.
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Cartoon of Louis XVI’s execution 21 January 1793. Etching by James Gillray. Great Britain 1793.
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akg-images.
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Cartoon of Louis XVI’s execution 21 January 1793. Etching by
James Gillray. Great Britain 1793.
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Vocabulary for describing the cartoon
in the foreground
im Vordergrund
in the background
im Hintergrund
blade
Klinge
backside
Hintern
Hinweise Exam
Die Cahiers de doléances (Beschwerdehefte) wurden zwischen März und April 1789 gesammelt
und sind die Aufträge der Wähler eines Wahlkreises für ihren Abgeordneten bei den Generalständen. Sie gaben ihrem Abgeordneten Anweisungen, welche Probleme behandelt werden
sollten. Es sind viele hundert Beschwerdehefte erhalten und die häufigsten Beschwerden
richten sich gegen hohe Steuern, ungerechte Feudalabgaben und Vorrechte des Grundherrn.
Bei dem vorliegenden Cahier handelt es sich um das des dritten Standes von Versailles. Ausgehend von den Forderungen sowie der britischen Karikatur von James Gillray, die die Hinrichtung Ludwigs XVI. zeigt, kann die gesamte Einheit wiederholt werden.
Für die Klausur sollten 90 Minuten eingeplant werden. Die Fragen 1 und 2 können stichpunktartig beantwortet werden. In der Antwort zu Frage 1b) sollten sechs Gründe genannt werden.
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