Изменения готической архитектуры.
Transformation of Gothic architecture.
Smirnova E.S., Kuznetskey N.V.
Federal State Budgetary Educational
“Kostroma State Agricultural Academy”
Kostroma, Russia.
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and
late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by
Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century,
Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the
term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance.
The following characteristics of a Gothic building are considered as the most obvious:
Gothic architecture emphasized strong vertical lines, high vaulted ceilings, minimal wall space,
pointed window and door openings, and buttressed walls. But these characteristic Gothic themes
did not spring into being overnight.
Gothic architecture in France is a classic gothic architecture. The distinctive
characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly
influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral
tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where
there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection
of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three
portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional
towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette
of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts
and some are without aisle.
Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame
Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral which is widely considered to
be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and is among the largest and most
well-known church buildings in the world.
The Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying
buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the
choir and nave but after the construction began, the thinner walls grew ever higher and stress
fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built
supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern. The total surface
area is 5,500 m² (interior surface 4,800 m²).
It is in the Early English period (1200-1275) that the Gothic style became truly adapted
by English craftsmen/architects. This period is also called "Lancet", referring to the pointed
lancet windows (narrow, untraceried) that characterize it. Form is still austere and proportion is
magnificently simple.
The main points of Early English Gothic are: quadripartite ribbing in vaults, slender
towers topped with spires, lancet windows - both single and grouped - and piers with narrow,
clustered shafts. The finest example of Early English is to be found at Salisbury Cathedral.
Towers in particular were elaborately decorated and pinnacled, and windows became
massive, traceried spider-webs of stone like lace. Wall space was at a minimum, which had the
effect of introducing a wonderful feeling of light and spaciousness into the interior of these
buildings. Some of the many excellent Perpendicular Gothic buildings to see today include
King's College Chapel, Cambridge, (1446-1515), Henry VII's chapel at Westminster Abbey
(1503-19), and Bath Abbey (1501-39). The naves of Canterbury Cathedral and Winchester
Cathedral were also rebuilt in the Perpendicular style during this time.
Gothic design in Germany and Czech lands generally follows the French formula, but the
towers are much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a
regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may
appear narrow and compressed. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic
cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have
been modelled upon a French cathedral. German and Czech cathedrals, like the French, tend not
to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without
clerestory windows. In contrast to the Gothic designs found in German and Czech areas, which
followed the French patterns, Brick Gothic was particularly prevalent in Poland.
The first major cathedral in Germany designed in the Gothic style was built in Strasbourg
during the second half of the thirteenth century.
Cologne Cathedral was started in 1248 by Master Gerhard who is thought to have
modelled it on the cathedral at Amiens, but he developed the Gothic concept further and reached
an unrivalled level of technical achievement.
The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both
externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often
made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the
walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and
symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are
generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "armonìa", and
except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral.
Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral
façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The
façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do
not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a freestanding tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low
projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass
windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.
Great Gothic churches and cathedral grew up all over Italy. The most famous examples
are perhaps in Umbria (basilica of San Francesco in Assisi, Orvieto Cathedral, Saint Croce and
Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence) and Venice (St Zanipolo, Santa Maria dei Frari) but there are
also important buildings in Genoa, Naples and Palermo.
After the great flowering of Gothic style, tastes again shifted back to the neat, straight
lines and rational geometry of the Classical era. It was in the Renaissance that the name Gothic
came to be applied to this medieval style that seemed vulgar to Renaissance sensibilities. It is
still the term we use today, though hopefully without the implied insult, which negates the
amazing leaps of imagination and engineering that were required to build such edifices.
Sources and references.
1. David Ross, Gothic Architecture in England [эл. ресурс] - Режим доступа:
http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Gothic-architecture.htm
2. Valerie Spanswick, Gothic architecture: an introduction [эл. ресурс] - Режим доступа:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-westerneurope/gothic1/a/gothic-architecture-an-introduction
3. Wikipedia, Gothic architecture [эл. ресурс] - Режим доступа:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture
4. Anna Lisa Limardi, Artistic Italy - medieval gothic art [эл. ресурс] - Режим доступа:
http://www.madeinsouthitalytoday.com/medieval-gothic-art-in-italy.php