Environmental impacts of brick factories in Iraq
Assistant Professor Dr. Jawad Kadhim al-Hasnawi
Girls College of Education / Iraq
Abstract
The industry bricks are of complementary industries for construction of industrial
projects, urban and industry saw bricks sophisticated in recent years and that the
evolution of physical movement so characterized Industry bricks as distributed in the
central and southern governorates of Iraq is either the northern provinces did not
evolve the industry bricks only in recently for its reliance on stone in the construction
of that industry bricks industries that require fundamental constituents of doing and
that must be taken Bndhar account of (capital, labor, fuel, energy, market, transport)
and the researcher that the fittest soils industry bricks are alluvial soils, so there are
several ways Industry bricks of the manual method (old) and the modern way and was
also studying types bricks (limestone, Altermston, normal, artistic, Kashi, Mozaúak)
and Drashaltozaa geographical brick factories in the study area, and effects that
caused coefficient Taboot pollution gas caused by exhaust emitted from plants bricks
have a significant health impact and environmental heavily on human and animal in
general and especially with respiratory disease and heart disease for the elderly and
children in addition to causing lung infections, cancer and chronic effects of
respiratory disease diseases such as asthma, allergies, bronchitis and sinus infections
and skin infections, sore eyes , as well as impressed by gases emitted from plants
brick factories routine varies depending on the proportion of carbon dioxide which
damages the cells of plants and makes them weak efficiency and could lead to the
death of plants 0
Submitted
Industry is brick industry complementary to the cement industry. In construction
of industrial projects and irrigation and urban industry has experienced bricks
sophisticated in recent years and that the evolution of physical movement: that the
country has witnessed no longer local production of bricks enough to fill the need for
the productive sector of the country and despite the increased number of heads of
industrial government and private public in diameter, which led to during a number of
them to fill the local need for laboratory brick architecture Alaotmeteki and
Taatmazsnaah bricks geographical distribution in all parts of Iraq, especially the
provinces of Central South either a 0 northern governorates did not evolve the
industry, but in recently for the adoption of the stone in the construction and
Tterczsnaah bricks geographically in the western regions and central and southern
Iraq and to provide elements of the industry represented by the availability of soil
suitable for the production of bricks Fezla on the availability of water and the high
population density in these areas a key role to increase the consumption of these
building materials and areas over Ba number brick factories are (Anbar, Baghdad Najaf - Karbala - Samawa - Qaddissiya - Babylon). The research focused on the study
of Najaf province, a model for Iraq because of the large number of brick factories
where 0
Research problem:
For the purpose of studying the subject must identify the problem that can be
displayed the following question:
Is that existing brick factories affect the environment in the study area, and does have
the skills to succeed in situ? Will the resistors provide opportunities for more brick
factories in the future?
Hypothesis:
Suppose that the brick factories existing affect the environment in the study area and a
successful and comes success based on the abundance of the basic requirements of the
interventions as well as near the markets its products and that can maintain that
provide the potential establishment of more of these industries, both as to increase
production capacity or the establishment of new industries but suffers of several
problems that need to be highlighted in order to in order to overcome future 0
Goal:
The study aims to explain the nature of the geographical distribution of brick factories
within the study area and then categorize them according to degrees of contamination
studies according to certain criteria to find ways and appropriate proposals reduce this
pollution to achieve the desired objectives in this study, which concludes with the
following:
1 aims to achieve a GPS for polluting industries and its analysis and the extent of its
impact on economic activity of the population in the study area 0
2 study of the geographical distribution of the industry and its impact on the region's
development 0
3 research aims to reach to determine the nature of the composition and characteristics
of industrial distribution in the provinces of the study area and geographic distribution
patterns and identify polluting industries
4 aims to categorize the polluting industries in the study area 0
5 aims to study the nature of the adverse effects of polluting industries on the
environment and try to minimize the effects of 0
Factors endemic brick industry:
1 Energy and Fuel:
The Petroleum and Natural Gas of the most important sources of energy needed by
the human and varying large as it can not dispense Anhaaz reliable directly in lighting
and household uses diverse as well as their use as raw material in moving and
transportation and use it in the management of all banks in the run villages and
electric power plants (2 ) and industry relies on Suggestions for the Website and study
area on fuel sources primarily private electric power so energy used used energy to
generate heat in the smelting furnaces so that the energy used Amabashkl fuel or used
as material impetus to push the machines and operating machinery in factories and
there display my in electrical energy and helped provide electricity The oil in Iraq in
reducing reduce the impact of energy as a factor in the endemic industry liberated
many industries from this link limited number of industries and varying specific as a
link aluminum source of electric power and link the petrochemical industry (oil and
gas) natural sources to provide fuel and sites easily accessible on These sources, the
state linking province Diameter network integrated power transmission stations
generated to stations consumption also put lines to transport crude oil to service
operations exported via different ports passes part of them in the study area Kmava
line that passes Bmhafedta Najaf, Muthanna, and achieved economic benefits for
Mhafedhat of the line fed by natural gas line and held the session and Basra to
transport petroleum products Daura and Basra, which has an effect in the provinces of
Babil, Qadissiyah, Muthana 0
The industry Altermnson requires about 25 kW and bricks Technical 9 km W and so
for other industries 0 and stop what has been mentioned above that the study area
based on localization industry and evolution of what can be available where energy
sources now and in the future (3)
2 Transport:
A prominent economic factors affecting the geographical distribution of industrial
enterprises and highlights the importance of this factor in determining the industry
sites and find some kind of specialization in production and utilization of the
advantages of mass production and became the determining capacity built on this
factor and transport contribute in general to give vitality of industrial activity and ease
of obtaining labor force and raw materials and lead transport public service and help
existing industries to grow and helps new industries give entrances have to sources of
raw materials or energy sources and markets with the development of industry and the
growing influence and became part Mtaatmma process productivity Synthetic primary
energy sources and commodities produced the final need to transfer Kovh Kaattabar
(cost of transport, transport services) both being need large amounts of raw materials
to the millions of tons in large enterprises as an industry bricks, as well as transport
workers and energy sources and other This requires a transport Bklv low also must
have transportation as a given speed The impressive production capacity, as the site
Najaf denied him access to water transport services and its advantages as well as there
are in the province air transport Khaddmi and shortened network actors on road
transport goal in cars and pipelines and tanker tapes (4)
_____________________
2 Ahmed Medhat Saleh, energy and environment pollution, Beirut, 2012 p 60
3 Samira Kazem Altmaa, farming areas in Iraq, the House of Wisdom, p 285
4 Abdul-Zahra al-Janabi, the role of transport in locating the cement industry and
development plan, Planning Center regional Alkhzera, Iraq, No. 10/2012/65
4 Market:
The presence of vast market enough to accommodate production per demands of
important industry and industry tend towards markets in the first phase (1) of the
stages of industrial growth, a fundamental pillar in the production process is for the
state of commodity means the amount of demand for their products and therefore the
presence of big markets helps to do Industries and wide and varied as the market was
wide as the population and their purchasing power was the catalyst for the
establishment of more industrial activities of Regarding construction industries as an
industry plaster and industry bricks and other industries within the manufacturing
industries because they provide supplies other industries requires success provides
wide markets and capabilities good financial in construction Most of these industries
meet the needs of the local market are exposed for import and size depends demand
for quality item and its price and its ability to Almanaakechvklma the cost of
production low whenever possible to obtain large markets so the population of the
province of Najaf in 1997 about 775 thousand people, a suitable number of the
population succeed establishment diverse industries while 590 000 people in 1987
which means that the population in these Mahavdh increased for the period 1983 1997
rate of 2.7% per year due to the increase Tabaah population as a result of immigration
to it, especially in Mahavdhat South considered portfolio Najaf provinces attracting
people because of its religious, cultural and historical than helps in widening the
domestic market and increased demand for products as well as the activity of
commercial traffic in the province, which is a factor extra assistant to promote these
industries and construction (2)
5 Capital:
Any any industrial activity needs to sufficient capital to buy raw materials and access
to machinery and equipment and the payment of wages to workers and constructing
buildings and constructions and the larger the project increased the need for capital
and adopt the role of domestic capital in industrial activity
Several factors, including the amount of the gross national product and per capita
income as well as the nature of Alandma existing economic and applicable laws and
availability of capital after effectively whether through government support of
providing capital II as services or (4) investment firm or by the means and incentives
relating to stage pre-investment Industrial aimed at providing facilities for the
establishment of industrial projects as well as material incentives Wati pay investors
to stage their activity industrial and generally can be achieved important successes in
the formation and accumulation of capital and investment in the industrial sector
through rationalization of consumption and improve productivity and includes
operations of savings and investment in Iraq has (5)
Ways brick industry:
The emergence and development of industry bricks in Iraq as a result of a number of
Aldharov including environmental and other natural as well as the development of
civilization, which led to the transformation of society from the stage of agriculture to
a stabilization phase, which requires expansion in construction projects, which led the
search for materials available in the environment for housing construction and
including the area alluvial plain in the country is home to the stability of human and it
lacks sources rocks and wood that led to rely on the reeds and papyrus and roof palm
and mud in the construction of housing and this made him recognize the milk industry
and including the milk little water-resistant so it resorted to the services are milk arose
industry bricks and after that
---------------------------------------------1 Ahmed Habib and others, the industrial economy / Library, printing and publishing,
Baghdad 2007, / r 41
2 Ahmed Habib Messenger / geographic principles Industry, Baghdad 'accidents Press
1987 / p.72
Samir Dadi Azzawi / construction industries in the province of Najaf / Master of the
Faculty of Arts / University of Kufa / 2004
Industry developed bricks from manual production and porcelain Balchor to
automated production and porcelain furnaces and large industry is brick industries
that require fundamental constituents of doing and that you should take into account
which provides (capital, energy, fuel, labor, market, transport), but the most important
factors affecting the focus of the industry is (raw materials, soil, water) and the best
soils for industry bricks are (alluvial soil) that link the rate of silt 70% sand and 30%
either water is available through rivers and streams and pipes, so make bricks
traditionally mixing mud and dry clay and silt with sand by (25 30) to reduce
shrinkage and a good grinding and then mixed with water in the proportions necessary
then strongly pressed into molds of steel and burned in ovens to get the required
hardness and these methods (1):
1 - manual method
This method relies by private sector factories in particular, it is the oldest roads in the
brick industry as dependent on the humanitarian effort, starting from the extraction
process to produce brick kilns
The process to transfer dirt from the factories to the sites allocated in the lab and then
transferred later to Machines as placed in a conveyor belt and slot to access this article
and then added and the water and transferred to machines cut and then leave laden
carts private transport it to the assembly (milk) and displays Then the air directly in
the lab as paving Square for four days under the sun after the stir and leave for
another week and then stored in the form of ligament and transferred to furnaces as
proud and get ready to shop
2 modern way:
Consists of several stages begin soil preparation phase after fortress of stone quarries
and transferred to storage yards dirt grinding rigs and Alhvlat near the lab and then
transmits the soil to the container mill and after coarse grinding stage conveys the dirt
by a conveyor belt to fine grinding
Is in the machine consisting of fasteners moving directions opposite from one another
and estimated the distance between (3 5) mm and then transferred to the machines you
mix dirt with water and here passes production phases include the first add a small
percentage of water and mixed with soil to form (milk) and then transferred by
conveyor belt to container milling and transferred from that container to the stage
knock trimming milk soft then mixed milk and called phase knock the final and then
transferred to the machine you are in the machine consisting of fasteners moving
directions opposite from one another and estimated the distance between (3 5) mm
and then transferred The machines mix the soil with water and here goes the first
phases include production start a small percentage of water and mix with dirt to form
(milk) is then transferred by a conveyor belt to container milling
And transferred from that container to the stage knock trimming milk soft then mixed
milk and called phase knock the final and then transferred to the machine you Pkbshh
by special template according to the desired size and after the cutting process
transmits the milk section through belts tanker to the tower soft to put milk in it and
then transferred to the dryers by electric vehicle and containing the dried air
generators hot no pipe warm air transported from furnaces are drying process on a
regular basis about 72 hours over three days to transport temperature dried to 80 m
and when the milk dry the equipment for the transfer of this milk by cart Power to the
pavement areas and that regardless milk powder to private vehicles coated Btabouk
bullet-resistant and heat
--------------------------------------Field study
The result of these vehicles around (5740) for Penh dry then transported vehicles
furnaces that contain milk paved Square to store vehicles permanently to the stage
furnaces are divided phase into two stage heating and be temperature (200 500) and
the stage of burning temperatures between (700 900) and then the second stage
cooling as are this stage after the burning process milk by fans you drag warm air and
kick it to the tube provides dryers hot air as mentioned previously then begin
temperature decline gradually and thereby control the temperature furnaces according
Mndoma Cirbeih contain metrics for the temperature inside the furnaces and ranges of
time spent burning between (40 50) and then is discharged bricks by a group of
vehicles Alkahrbaúh as the machine private lift bricks Square to storage in groups as
be equipped with transport, marketing and accompany these processes from drilling in
quarries, transport and production stages and ending with marketing a large and
diverse number of waste gas in solid or liquid forms within sites where there are these
plants and factories that reflect their impact on the environment 0
Brick industry types: 1 brick industry Altermston
2 lime brick industry
3 Technical brick industry
4 Kashi industry and Mozaúak
5 ordinary brick industry
1 industry Altermston:
Altermston: an English term or word therm thermal sense ston means rock or brick is
produced in the form of block sizes or different sizes and are for the purposes of
packaging and construction The Altermston industry following specifications (1):
1 light weight as ranges in which all products between 400 900 kg / m 3 and different
weight for weight materials used in construction representative weight concrete
normal 2300 kg / m 3, while Altermston 700 kg / m 3 and bricks potter 1400 kg / m 3
and bricks limestone 1700 kg / m 3
2 high capacity thermal and acoustic insulation for the presence of air bubbles and
The degree of thermal isolation depends on the heat conductivity
3 is characterized by rapidly completing construction time is needed to do m3 of
bricks potter takes from 7 9 hours while building m3 of Altermston takes just four
hours
4 is characterized by economic advantage in the economy in Valtrmeston material
needs of construction materials, cement and plaster to 7% while only 3 bricks need to
27% 3 and thus ratio 1/4
5 bears Altermston degrees high heat, and so be honest when the fires as well as
freezing resistance
6 resistance to rot
7 economic power that viability of thermal insulation Termston equivalent to 3 6
times the normal ability to isolate the bricks so that use Altermston in construction
helps to provide electrical energy consumed for heating and cooling
8 resilience high despite light weight features strongly holds good between (50 60) kg
/ cm 2 and by density either tensile strength is equivalent to 20% of the durability of
the pressure so he enters the building walls to the role of residential or up to three
floors and partitions buildings with structures concrete or fences and walls
9 can be easily cut and purified and this is a good property to pass water pipes and
electricity
10 lack of salts which gives him a good advantage in terms of durability and lack
Altazhr
Production units
First: the processing of raw materials section and contains sixteen metal silo for the
storage of materials necessary for the subsequent production:
Second: Department of sand fed with sand and gypsum mill through a conveyor belt
and by the addition of water fills the mills with iron balls and two electric-powered
card and 15, t, h
Third: Department of mixing and after creating materials entering production and
proportions required start mixing operations in this section are fed cement and lime
time one This section contains a reservoir of water and another for Nora capacity per
10 m 3 and Mndomat automatic transfer cement and aluminum powder ‫ باالظافة‬to
Khalatitin of iron capacity 6 m 3 used Department confused the biggest and most
important share in the production of a successful meal and nonconforming
Fourth: Department of soldering iron reinforcing this section consists of four
machines to open the rolls and wire Makinten modify, iron, arming, vehicles,
transport rebar
Fifth: rebar coating section and this section contains two pools, covered and-drying
room with thirty cart to transport reinforcement mat
Sixth: Department sclerosis first section includes a 42 vehicle dimensions 6.1 x 1.48 x
0.76 Mndoma to transport and move the vehicles above, heating Mndomat works by
current and plastic air curtains on both sides of the sculpture and gaining sufficient
hardness mixture and then being operations longitudinal and transverse cutting
process takes from beginning to end four hours
Seventh: cutting a section of the sensitive sections of the large mechanical devices,
electrical, electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, where blocks are chopping Altermston
coming from the first phase of sclerotherapy
Eighth: the canning section, a cylindrical room can be opened and closed from both
sides equipped with a rail for the passage of vehicles and carried cluster is acquiring
the required rigidity and white by steam
IX: Department of unloading and packing
Tenth: Department of damaged product transfers
Eleven: Square Ready inventories and include a range of conveyor belts for the
purpose of the transfer and product sorting and disposal of the damaged product
Twelve: laboratory
Spatial and locational factors and their impact on the selection of lab
Located lab Altermston in gallstone Khurnq on the road to Najaf Manathira is only
2 km from the cement plant Kufa is adjacent to laboratory bricks limestone, several
factors have contributed in situ in the selection of its industry uses Altermston large
amounts of sand rose quantities used of 4666 tonnes in 1996 to more than 2000 tons
of sand from quarries in the public sector, which lies about 20 km 1,000 dinars in
2001 and with respect to cement The Altermston industry needs large amounts of it
used lab 2228 tons of cement in 1996 to double this amount in 2000 was held lab near
-------------------------------------------------Samir Gharrawi Valley / op / Page 93 and 94
Of laboratory cement Kufa, benefiting from reduced cost of transporting cement and
ensure that he receives on this article easily either substance inflorescence Wim
processing lab of plant inflorescence in Karbala by operators transfer by car to the
amounts used inflorescence 1380 tons in 1996 rose to 4432 tons in 2000 due to
production capacity of the plant costs amounted inflorescence of 2001 about 2000
dinars per ton either prices inflorescence has risen from 13 dinars per ton in 1990 and
then to more than 12 thousand dinars in 2001 and suffers lab Altermston as lab bricks
limestone instability prices inflorescence as well as problems regarding the quality of
lime and its impact on quality: The industry needs Altermston to aluminum powder is
imported from abroad by less than 1% and cause the blockade and aggression stopped
the import of this and as a result stopped lab for two years and after the establishment
of the state establishment lab Alrasf in Baghdad to produce aluminum powder and so
abundant this material necessary for the manufacture of Altermston nationwide but
most important those seen on the aluminum powder frequent impurities and high
prices either market is unjustified other strong Snaat general and construction
industries in particular, and depends on the number of population and their purchasing
power and the development, construction and products to tolerate transport over long
distances and tend to resettle near markets and find Altermston market a broad period
last included most of the country's governorates that production has not been accepted
by consumers in the stages of production first and gradually and after the
improvement of the quality and prices bricks normal as well as advantages Altermston
widened its market which has encouraged management lab run lines idle in the future
to meet the growing demand and for fuel and electricity plugging lab need of fuel oil
from Daura and transported him in cars and then security lab reserves necessary water
and production processes, cooling and other uses and for the impact lab Voukuah near
urban centers easy availability of component labor variants as well as technology lab
is tubeless into the hands of labor-intensive and for capital Money requires that
industries construction advanced large amounts of capital for the construction of
buildings and the purchase of machinery, especially if the facilities is local as an
industry Altermston held laboratory to capital government and it became clear that the
role of capital secondary and specific in choosing a plant site for reasons comes in the
forefront of disciplines financial by the state and the presence of flexibility to move
capital to the Aoualemouka we choose to set up industries belonging to them to
known about capital ability to move more than the rest of the elements of production
and with respect to the availability of suitable land and influence in the selection of
laboratory ‫ فالصناعات‬construction of laboratories subject of the study can not be set up
near the cities to their need to large areas of the establishment of buildings,
construction and stores as well as the need for factory for future expansions and with
respect to climate is limited impact on the wind, but the industry Altermston uttered
into the atmosphere small amounts of fumes and gases compared bricks potter But the
most important those seen on this side of a lab near the plant cement Kufa and lab
bricks limestone which is not far from Laboratory bricks potter in the Sea of Najaf,
which led to contamination vicinity Regarding factor transport, most industrial
enterprises seeking to make the cost of transportation in general characterized by high
volume of inputs and outputs as well as licenses prices making it to tolerate transport
over long distances and lab Altermston held within 500 m From the highway Najaf /
Manadhirh which connects lab provinces of Najaf and to the province of the country
all so this factor is one of the critical factors in expanding the lab excluded from the
correlation between areas outfitted all inputs as well as the ease of product marketing
to maintain markets in general (1)
2 lime brick industry
There in the Suggestions for the Website of four plants for the manufacture of bricks
limestone distributed Bmof lab and one in each of the province of Karbala, Mosul,
Basra is turned off now for work and laboratory in the study area was held lab next
lab Altermston in 1984 was the beginning of production in 1985 transformed the
ownership lab from the public sector to sector private in 1989 and is managed now by
the company Manathira industry bricks limestone with a capital of 10 million dinars
company produces Type Advanced brick is the famous bricks limestone has
summoned the need for the development of types of bricks and depending on the
properties required in construction operations and is characterized by the kind of
bricks being
1 compressed strength of not less than 15 kg / cm 2
2 susceptible to absorption of not more than 13%
3 features sharp Bhavat
4 high resistance to rot and insects, termites
5 ease of construction and can work different decorations
6 accuracy Baeidd when processing
7 high resistance to moisture and increase its validity over time
Production units
First: silos to store sand and Sponsored three each with a capacity reservoir 750 m 3 is
made of iron and appends a bus connects to the reservoir capacity of 120 m 3 in the
end balance of sand accommodate 6 m 3 of sand to determine the mix proportions and
reservoir Nora capacity 12 tons end balance
Second: the main mixer accommodate 6 tons of the mixture and reach the degree of
the interaction between lime and sand in Mdhuq temperature of 80 C, then silos tank's
four silos where there are four production lines
Third: the piston bottom consists of a bag and another loft which is subject to change
according to measurements where the Bearer of several sheets, which are powered by
air bath to transfer the output of the conveyor belt to be placed on vehicles and
furnaces
Fourth: number nine furnaces ovens accommodate each oven to 21 vehicles and after
the completion of the solidification process pulls product to the processing arena
processing is done directly by electric hoists 0
Locational factors and spatial
Located lab bricks limestone next lab Altermston and similar factors in situ and
spatial in choosing the location of each of them have a lab for capital government to
provide bricks specifications unconventional is an industry modern requires doing
large amounts, but it had no effect on the plant site as much Maitalq Balhdoy
economic believes need lab of input and keep the movement of construction
throughout the country and creating economic links between the industrial sectors and
industry bricks limestone need large quantities of raw materials that characterized
sizeable size and licenses prices as well as the needs lab bricks to amounts many of
sand as well as the needs lab to more than 900 tons of lime per month has held lab in
the province of Najaf, one of the main ingredients of providing mass market of market
Najaf province and neighboring provinces that can accommodate factor produced
either electrical energy consumed by the plant about 3250 MW per month and fuel oil
used in the early stages of steam is supplied factory electric power in the national grid
and oil transported by cars allocated from Daura or provincial sub-preservation for the
following work in the selection of the plant site Voukuah near urban centers helped to
create the required numbers is mostly unskilled and similar industry bricks limestone
with industry Altermston being scoop up into the atmosphere small amounts
compared with the rest of the construction industries and with respect the availability
of land has held lab on an area of 350 and provides the possibility for future
expansions for the transportation factor is located 500 m from the main road Najaf /
Manathira which connects lab Baaswaq conservative so the workers market and
transport are among the most important factors that contributed to the selection of the
plant site
The usual brick industry: The old way of being dependent on muscles human and animal in various stages of
production, starting from extraction dirt and even out bricks of feats and summarized
this way the work of a paste of dirt and water and then transferred to the unit and
chipping called then (milk) and dried in an open courtyard where paved for four days
After this period, crucified and leave for a week and then stored in the form of
ligament and transferred to feats to become after the burning ready for marketing that
industry bricks according to this method hostage Baldharov air especially with regard
drained yogurt where needs enough heat and drying process takes a long time, which
affect the speed production so exploits summer in larger pieces quantity of milk to
take advantage of the sun's heat in the drying and the most important thing to note on
the industry bricks this way lack of capital invested in it and its section being built
without access to public holiday and as far as the 10 feats employs more than 50
workers for the year 2002
4 Technical brick industry
The industry bricks technical one Anaaa industries that have been mentioned, but with
special specifications and increase the number of brick factories artwork in the study
area to those in the expansion of urban as well as availability of raw materials Times
to do these industries from which plaster, sand and cement and water also requires
this type of industry to experience technical result of the widespread use of the
machines automatic industry bricks as well as the industry requires large operations of
power to run blenders central and Almatorat as well as requirements of fuel for
generators and hydraulic oils This method is for the manufacture of blocks and bricks
technical less pollution to the environment of the industry bricks limestone or normal
result of the techniques used in projects, laboratories, although this is also not devoid
of solid pollutants from these industries
5 Kashi industry and Mozaúak
The industry Kashi and Mozaúak of construction industries and they complement the
building materials that have been mentioned previously, bricks Assorted has spread
industry Kashi in various provinces of the study area, as has been established a
number of laboratories for the production of tiles and Mozaúak types and different
sizes in the province of Karbala as in Kashi usual restaurant marble Kashi floors and
ceilings The stairs outstanding as well as Mataatmes by Karbala having produced
Kashi Karbalai ornate and style to a wonderful and going through the process
producing Kashi Mozaúak stage blending of raw materials and the preparation of the
top layer using cement both types white and normal and add substance Ghubra as
mixed mechanically and then begin the process of preparing the middle class using
cement and sand ratio measuring one to one and comes stage mixing fiery and used
cement, sand, gravel fine and after finishing this stage is chipping according analogy
specific matching the upper classes and the lower for a given pressure and then come
clear by Algelayat and final stage stage salting witnessed diameter in general and the
study area in particular within the borders of designs core at the center of the cities
that are close to their markets and this clearly Maeidahr in this lab focuses in the Aden
district in the province of Najaf and within the limits of justice Najaf (1)
(Geographical distribution of the brick factories in the province of Najaf)
There in the province of Najaf eleven laboratories Block produces four bricks are
bricks Altermston, brick, limestone, brick perforated (Republican), bricks normal and
located two of the laboratories to the south of the city of Najaf on the road to Najaf /
Abu Sakhir two lab Bricks Altermston, and lab Bricks limestone and plant and one to
the north of the city of Najaf in hand Alhaidariya a lab Bricks Najaf in Alhaidariya
and eight plants to the west of the city of Najaf in Najaf known as compound bricks,
an area became part of them do not meet the environmental determinants in situ due
to the expansion design basis and contain brick factories and group of Core bricks and
there were correspondences many of the executive bodies for the purpose of removing
this cottage and contain the region to plant Saber al-Tamimi and lab Bricks
Mesopotamia and lab Bricks Euphrates and lab full lab Bricks Sea of Najaf and lab
Bricks Qasim and lab Bricks Laith and lab Bricks Alapto has helped prevailing winds
North West to minimize the impact of smoke the city of Najaf, where about to
Almaxhllmedinh side (2)
Company Manathira lime brick industry
The company is located in the province of Najaf area gallstone Khurnq through Najaf
/ Manathira is the site for public street a distance of 50 m almost It coordinates 187
and 3157 north 4425.013 east and rises from sea level 38 m and built by the company
in 1984, the origin of government and then moving to the private sector and an area of
activity about 30 acres and factory produces two types of bricks Salad and other
hollow and materials involved in the production are sand and lime, which is obtained
from the quarries of the Sea of Najaf
2 Laboratory production of bricks hand Alhaidariya: Located lab in the district of Najaf in hand Alhaidariya area New District 89 widget
numbered 15 and is the site for the street up to 2 km away from the river about 2400
m according to coordinates 3219 north and 4414.99 east and rises from sea level 28 m
and the distance the facility plant 36 acres and is N_khasas Quarry company covers an
area of 200 acres near the activity and the nature of the land built by the company are
the Agricultural Land lab was built in 1976 and the plant is sold to the private
company produces bricks perforated and non-perforated (2)
3 Laboratory Sabraltmaimi
Located lab Saber al-Rubaie industry bricks normal in the Sea of Najaf according
coordinates 3200.010 north and 44.186 east in the complex sea of brick factories and
rises from sea level 13 m was built lab in 1974 and was this plant back to the Iraqi
Defense Ministry and now need Saber Hadab Obaid The area of activity about 780 m
Bricks 4 lab Laith
The lab is located to the west of the city of Najaf in the Sea of Najaf Province 14
lands Almshab and Almdilom and away from the street sub named (pilgrimage route)
road 60 km (almost) and the design basis 4,3 km according to the GPS 3157.258 north
and 4416.703 east within complex brick factories and rises from sea level 13 m and
activity is an approved note that there is guidance from the province of Najaf not give
approval to this area for the purpose of expanding the design basis for the existence of
lines of investment to maintain in this region and is the follow-up lab periodically to
confirm the availability requirements suitable environment for such a activity,
otherwise take appropriate legal action against him (4)
5 Laboratory Najaf Sea Blocks
The lab is located to the west of the city of Najaf in the Sea of Najaf Province 14
lands Almshab and Mdilom The Web site is a street named Land pilgrimage distance
of approximately 500 and the design basis of 4.8 kilometers according to the GPS
3156.987 north and 04416.522 east brick compound and increase the level of sea 13
m and activity is an approved environmental note that there is guidance in the
province of Najaf not give consent in this region for the purpose of expanding the
design basis and the presence of investment plans within this area and tracked
periodically to ensure the availability of environmental requirements appropriate for
such activity, otherwise take legal action appropriate (5)
Environmental impacts of brick factories in the province of Najaf
1 impact on humans and animals
2 effect on plant
3 influences the economic and industrial
4 effect on soil
1 impact on humans and animals:
Pollution gas caused by exhaust emissions from brick factories have a significant
health impact and environmental heavily on human and animal in general and
especially with respiratory disease and heart disease for the elderly and children in
addition to causing lung infections, cancer and chronic effects of respiratory disease
diseases such as asthma, allergies, bronchitis aerobic and sinus infections and skin
infections and inflammation of the eyes, weakness in the field of vision and poisoning
of some heavy metals such as lead, manganese in the atmosphere, resulting from the
combustion of different types of fuel and may also be liberated element Fattadiom
which causes cancer of the fat burning consuming cars if used as fuel and pollutants a
direct impact on children where leads to minimize appetite to eat and also cause to the
shortage of Alimoklopan, calcium and phosphorus in the blood and the pollutants that
lead to respiratory diseases are sulfur oxides and steam sulfuric acid and nitrogen
oxides, the greater the pollution in the atmosphere has increased disease bronchitis in
children
2 impact on plants
The impact of plant gases emitted from cement plants and brick routine varies
depending on the proportion of carbon dioxide which damages the cells of plants and
makes them weak efficiency and could lead to the death of plants (1)
------------------------------2 - Haider Commune, air pollution and urban planning, bigeye House / Baghdad /
1981, p 8
33 effects of economic and social
By losses resulting from the effects of pollution both direct and indirect in the
category of human as well as losses cost maintenance for the role, buildings and
historic monuments The impact of air pollution on the social level through its impact
on the welfare of people and reduces the production workers and their ability to work
(3)
4 influence on soil
With regard to the impact that leave industry bricks on soil and as the dust raw
material in the manufacture of bricks Valtrab enters Pencna 7080 in the manufacture
of bricks and it is clear large quantities needed by these industries and used
indiscriminately lead to Orientalism soil and left drilling and wide not suitable for
exploitation of agricultural and highlights the importance of soil in areas that provide
the limited basis as is the case for the province of Najaf note that 5% of the area
within the floodplain and their impact great in quarries and leave the ground is dug
wide, leading to the destruction of soil and breadth of vandalism in farmland through
spaces left which lies between the quarry and the exposed soil to pollution directly
and indirectly through the deposition of pollutants and suspended solids atmosphere
continuously addition to leakage of contaminated water into the soil as well as buried
industrial waste in the soil, leading to low soil productivity continuously, especially in
the western areas of the lab and 12 kg as well as damage to the health of humans and
animals and micro-organisms that live in the contaminated soil and the economic
damage of the costs of reclamation and rehabilitation of soil (1
Recommendations
1 recommended to be any follow-up monitoring of brick factories and through our
regulatory teams in the Directorate of Najaf environment to minimize or reduce the
incidence of contamination occurring due to lack of run or a burning zone automated
through measures such as warnings, fines, closure
2 that most brick factories Guy province of Najaf is identical to the determinants of
locational We therefore recommend converted into industrial zones Ndamih available
ingredients work and do not affect the environment
3 also suggest that the brick factories in the area of the Sea of Najaf for being far from
the focus area residents to avoid pollution damage
4 also recommend that the Ministry of Trade and Industry to provide Mndomat
automated burning brick factories of the good kind that can work fuel to run the plants
for this Almndomat where is integrated to reduce pollution
5 We recommend that the Ministry of Oil to provide fuel Annadif containing a small
amount of sulfur and at affordable prices in order to enable laboratories to achieve the
requirements of the environment and using fuel containing a small percentage
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