Name
Date
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements.
1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.
2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Before You
Read
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
• Solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter
are determined only by temperature.
• Plasma is the most abundant state of
matter in the universe.
• Earth’s atmosphere is a fluid system.
• Hydraulic lifts and toothpaste tubes both
apply Pascal’s principle.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Pressure and temperature are directly
proportional properties of a gas.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal
Identify examples of a solid, a liquid, and a gas in your classroom.
Accept all reasonable responses. solid—desk; liquid—water; gas—air
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
171
Name
Date
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy
Scan the headings, figures, and captions in Section 1 of your book.
Write four facts about kinetic theory you learned.
1. Accept all reasonable responses. solids are actually vibrating
2. the sun contains plasma
3. hot air balloons rise because warm air has lower density
4. amorphous solids have unusual behavior when changing state
Review
Vocabulary Define kinetic energy.
kinetic energy
energy associated with motion
New
Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the term that matches the
kinetic theory
an explanation of how particles in matter behave
melting point
the temperature at which a solid begins to turn into a liquid
heat of fusion
the amount of energy needed to change a substance from a solid to
a liquid at its melting point
boiling point
the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in a liquid is
equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid
heat of vaporization
sublimation
plasma
thermal expansion
the amount of energy needed for a liquid at its boiling point to
become a gas
the change from a solid to a gas without the liquid state
matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles
an increase in size of a substance when temperature is increased
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define the term assumption.
assumption
172
a fact or statement accepted as true
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
definition on the blank in the left column.
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy
Kinetic Theory
(continued)
Complete the outline as you read about the states of matter.
Accept all reasonable responses.
States of Matter
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 433
RE, p. 249
A. Solid
1. Example: ice cube
2. Particle kinetic energy: not enough to overcome
3. Particle behavior: closely packed together
4. Other fact(s): most have geometric arrangement, chemical
and physical properties often due to geometric arrangement
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 433
RE, p. 250
B. Liquid
1. Example: water
2. Particle kinetic energy: enough to partially overcome
attractive force
3. Particle behavior: can slide past each other
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Other fact(s): liquids can flow and take the shape of their
container
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 432
RE, p. 250
C. Gas
1. Example: water vapor (not steam)
2. Particle kinetic energy: enough to partially overcome
attractive force
3. Particle behavior: can spread far apart to fill their container
4. Other fact(s): do not have a fixed volume or shape
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 436
RE, p. 252
D. Plasma
1. Example: stars, including the Sun
2. Particle kinetic energy: high-collision forces strip electrons
from atoms
3. Particle behavior: postively and negatively charged
particles
4. Other fact(s): overall charge is neutral, most common
state of matter in the universe
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
173
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter and Thermal Energy
Thermal
Expansion
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 437
RE, p. 253
I found this information
on page
.
SE, p. 438
RE, pp. 253–254
(continued)
Sequence the kinetic energy, temperature, and density of most
solids, liquids, and gases. Use 1 to represent the lowest amount and
3 to represent the highest.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Kinetic energy
1
2
3
Temperature
1
2
3
Density
3
2
1
Compare the density of water’s solid state to that of other solid
materials.
Most matter contracts as temperature is lowered, due to
decreased particle motion. In water, the highly charged particles
move closer together as the temperature drops, and unlike
charges line up. Empty spaces occur, causing expansion instead
Solid or a Liquid?
I found this information
on page
.
SE, pp. 438–439
RE, p. 254
Organize the features and examples of other states of matter in
the following table.
Amorphous Solid
Liquid Crystal
Liquid
No orderly arrangement Flows, but particles
of particles
maintain some ordered
arrangement
Solid
Particles are long,
chainlike structures
Examples Glass, plastic
Geometric arrangement
LCD displays in TVs,
computers, watches
S YNTHESIZE I T
Refer to the graph titled “State Changes of Water” in your
book. Imagine that you reverse the process to remove heat from water vapor. Describe
the changes to the temperature and energy at each level (a – d) in the reverse process.
(d) energy removed from gas; (c) enough energy removed to change to liquid; (b) energy
removed from liquid; (a) enough energy removed to change to solid
174
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
of contraction.