Name:___________________________________________Period:____Date:__________
I. Solids:
A. Description of the solid state according to the kineticmolecular theory (KMT):
•
Have a ______________shape and volume and a __________average kinetic energy
•
Particles of a SOLID appear to _______________around ____________points
Solid particles are in a relatively _____________position but they do move in
place (particles of a solid appear to vibrate around fixed points)
•
Solid particles are ____________packed together (more closely packed than liquid
particles)
•
Attractive forces (IM forces) between solid particles exert _______________effects in
the solid state than in the liquid state.
B. Using KMT to Explain the Following Properties of
Solids:
1) Describe volume and shape of a solid.
a) Solids have a __________________and a__________________________.
b) KMT: Solid particles are packed very close together (definite volume) and
are in relatively fixed positions (definite shape).
2) Explain the relatively ____________________of solids.
a) Most solids are slightly ________________than their corresponding liquid
and much denser that gases
b) KMT: Solid particles are packed________________ close together
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3) Explain the relative ________________________________of solids.
a) For practical purposes, solids can be considered incompressible
b) KMT: Solid particles are packed very close together (there is practically
_____room to push them closer)
4) Explain the extremely low rate of diffusion between solids.
a) KMT: Solid particles are in relatively fixed positions.
C. 2 Types of Solids:
1. _____________________________________
•
Ex: Minerals, sand, clay, limestone, metals,
carbon (diamond and graphite), salts ( NaCl, KCl
etc.), all have crystalline structures
2. _____________________________________
•
Ex: window glass, many polymers (cement)
II. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS:
• Consist of single crystals or as groups of crystals fused together
• Majority of solids
Not all pure substances form crystals because it is a delicate process.
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Ex: A diamond is a perfect crystal lattice while the graphite arrangement is
more random.
A. Types of Crystals
•
____________________ = a rigid body; a substance in which the particles are
arranged in an orderly, geometric, repeating pattern.
_____________________= simplest repeating unit of a crystal
•
___________________________ = unit cells repeated over and over
(block/brick) in a definite geometric
arrangement
Constructed of many unit
cells packed solidly together
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1) ___________________________________
•
•
•
Ionically bonded positive and negative ions in a regular
pattern
hard, brittle, high MP, good insulators
Ex: NaCl
2) _______________________________________
•
•
•
Single atoms covalently bonded to nearest neighbors in an extensive pattern
hard, brittle, high MP, usually non-conducting or semi-conducting
Ex: Diamonds, graphite, quartz
3) ____________________________________________
•
•
Positive metal ions surrounded by negative valence electrons that belong to
the crystal as a whole and are attracted to the positive ions
Good conductors, varying MP, ductile, malleable
4) __________________________________________
• Covalently bonded molecules attracted and held together by attractive forces
(IM forces: LDF, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding)
• Low MP, relatively soft, easily vaporized, good insulators
• Ex: Sugar (sucrose), ice crystals
5) ____________________________________________
a) _________________________________ = a crystalline compound with
water molecules incorporated in the crystal
•
Some, but not all, crystals form hydrates when crystallizing from
water solutions.
b) ____________________________ = crystal with water molecules removed
c) ____________________________= crystal that will absorb water from the
air
d) some crystals will absorb so much water from the air they will form a water
solution (___________________________________________)
•
Ex: sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
e) ______________________ = a drying agent that is used to keep water
from substances
•
Ex: Silica gel
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B. Many different substances have the SAME crystalline
structure:
• ____________________________________ = Crystals of different solids with the
same (iso) structure and shape (morphism)
Ex: NaCl and KCl
C. The same substance may crystallize into two or more
different patterns:
• _______________________________________= 1 substance with more than 1
crystalline shape
•
Ex: CaCO3
o Calcite is rhombohedral and aragonite is orthorhombic
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D. What Factors Affect Crystal Formation?
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
Ex: carbon crystallizes as a diamond at HIGH pressure and crystallizes as
graphite at LOW pressures
III. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS:
• Particles are arranged __________________________
• ___________________shape; no crystal form
• _______ defined melting point
• Ex: rubber, glass, plastics, synthetic fibers
•
Ex: ______________________= between solid/liquid, melt in one dimension at a time
Described as _________________ - having different properties in different
dimensions
o Optical and electrical anisotropy present in liquid crystals
Ex: mood rings, insect wings, LCD-calculators, digital watches
IV. CRYSTAL DEFECTS:
O
A perfect crystal is ___________! Most crystals contain________________!
•
________________= mistakes in the crystal
_____________________ = unit cells do not line up; particles are out of position
_________________= impurity in crystal
Ex: Diamond inclusion
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•
____________________= crystals are deliberately made impure
Ex: Semiconductors (silicon, germanium) have impurities added to them to
increase electrical conductivity
Germanium crystal
doped
with indium.
V. Additional VOCAB:
• ___________________________________= change from solid to gas
Ex: Iodine crystals, dry ice
Dry Ice
Iodine
Crystals
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SOLIDS Worksheet
Name:__________________________________Period:_________Date:_________________
Answer the following questions:
1. According to the KMT, describe the shape and volume of solids.
2. Describe a solid in terms of particle spacing and movement.
3. What are the two types of solids?
a. ___________________________________
b. ___________________________________
4. What is the relationship between a unit cell and a crystal lattice?
5. How do amorphous solids differ from crystalline solids? Provide 2 differences.
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6. A scatter-brained chemistry teacher leaves a sample of calcium chloride pellets on a lab
bench overnight. In the morning a chemistry student walks directly over to the lab bench and
notices that the pellets appear to have changed into a pool of liquid. Explain what has really
happened. (Shame on this student for entering the lab area without the teacher present! ☺)
7. How does an isomorphous substance differ from a polymorphous substance?
8. What is an advantage of doping?
9. How are the three types of crystal defects different from one another?
10. Certain kinds of glass tableware are referred to a “crystal”ware. Why is this term probably
improperly applied? (Hint: what type of substance is glass?)
11. What are two factors that affect crystal formation?
a. ________________________________________
b. ________________________________________
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12. What is one example of a liquid crystal ______________________________
13. What is the difference between a hydrated crystal and an anhydrous crystal?
14. What is the difference between a hygroscopic crystal and a deliquescent crystal?
15. Define anisotropic.
16. What is the purpose of a desiccant?
17. What is sublimation?
18. Fill in the following blanks using either the term solid or liquid:
a. _______________particles are closely packed together (more closely packed than
________________particles)
b. Attractive forces (IM forces) between solid particles exert stronger effects in the
_____________state than in the _________________state.
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Unit Learning Map (4 days):
Solids
Mrs. Hostetter
Class: Academic Chemistry B -PA Standard: Explain the relationship between the physical
properties of a substance and its molecular or atomic structure.
Unit Essential Question(s):
Optional
How can you describe
several properties of solids
using KMT (kinetic
molecular theory)?
Concept
Instructional Tools:
Guided Notes
Lab Materials: Crystals Lab
Concept
Concept
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
Concept
Solids
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
1) How can you
describe particle
spacing and motion
of a solid?
2) What are several
differences
between crystalline
solids and
amorphous solids?
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary:
Vocabulary:
Crystalline Solids
Unit Cell
Crystal lattice
Hydrated crystals
Anhydrous crystals
Hydroscopic crystal
Deliquescent
Desiccant
Isomorphism
Polymorphism
Amorphous solids
Dislocation
Inclusion
Dislocation
Doped
Liquid crystals
Anisotropy
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Solids Vocabulary:
1) Crystal = a rigid body; a substance in which the particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric,
repeating pattern.
2) Unit Cell = simplest repeating unit of a crystal
3) Crystal Lattice = unit cells repeated over and over (block/brick) in a definite geometric arrangement
4) Hydrated crystal = a crystalline compound with water molecules incorporated in the crystal
5) Anhydrous crystal = crystal with water molecules removed
6) Hydroscopic crystal = crystal that will absorb water from the air
7) Deliquescent = crystal that absorbs so much water it forms into a puddle
8) Desiccant = a drying agent that is used to keep water from substances
9) Isomorphism = Crystals of different solids with the same (iso) structure and shape (morphism)
10) Polymorphism = 1 substance with more than 1 crystalline shape
11) Amorphous solids = particles arranged randomly, no crystal form (without shape), no defined
melting point
12) Liquid crystals = between solid/liquid, melt in one dimension at a time
13) Dislocation = unit cells do not line up; particles are out of position
14) Inclusion = impurity in crystal
15) Doped = crystals are deliberately made impure
16) Sublimation = change from solid to gas
17) Anisotropy = having different properties in different dimensions
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