The Argan stone arrangement complex, Badu: Initial results from Torres
Strait
Bruno Davidt, Ian J. McNivent, Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation Committee\
Joe Crouch 3 and Liam Brady'
Abstract
The Argan stone arrangement complex of the isl<md of
Badu is a series of mainly geometrically shaped stone
formations that together extend for I km along an isolated
ridge-top in Western Torres Strait. Here we report on
archaeological excavations at this ritual site in a first
attempt to historicise Badulgal spirits capes.
1'-uIIlu
Introduction
Badu is the third-largest island in Torres Strait (Figs I
and 2). Situated amongst the Western group of islands.
Badu has held complex and shifting relations of friendshi p
and enmity with neighbouring Islanders and Australian and
Papuan mainlanders since at least the early 1800s during the
period of sustained European seafaring across the Strait (ef.
McNiven 1998). For example, direct contacts with the
Kaurareg of Muralag (Prince of Wales) and neighbouring
islands were documented in some detail by Barbara
Thompson during the 1840s. Thompson was shipwrecked
and subsequently adopted by the Kaurareg and during her
five-year stay amongst the Islanders observed on numerous
occasions large fleets of up to 16 canoes. each carrying
large numbers of Badulgal (Badu Islanders) visiting the
Kaurareg for trade (Moore 1979). There are also rich oral
traditions of close kin relations and political alliances with
Mabuiag Islanders to the north, and of raiding parties from
Badu to Mua in the east (e.g. Haddon J 935). It thus comes
as no surprise to learn that during ethnographic times these
Western Islanders shared in common many cultural beliefs
and practices, such as ceremonial activities involving
turtleshell masks and turtle hunting magic - singular Torres
Strait Islander cultural practices that Anthony Barham
(2000) has come to call the Torres Strait Cultural Complex.
Part of this regionally distinctive cultural complex relates to
how people have come to understand the world of the
living, of the dead and of the spiritual and how these various
realms are commemorated, reconciled and propitiated in
rituals that have material, and therefore archaeologically
visible, dimensions.
-'"
'"
I lUlu"
., ~\~,~
.
..
\1'-111'
~ l-.l.
e-
11.11'
.j
,
...
.. ,...
·'l\-.::dot.r
C"P" Yurk
PL·nin..'~uJa
Figure 1 Torres Strait.
I.
Stone arrangements in Torres Strait
There are many special ritual sites dating to ancient
times in Western Torres Strait, a number of which remain
physically 'intact' today. Most of these are materially
evident as shell arrangements or bone mounds, but there are
also considerable numbers of geometric stone alignments
and figurative stone effigies. The stone arrangements in
particular are enigmatic in their antiquity and function(s):
while many details of Islander culture are well known from
Programme for Australian Indigenous Archaeology. School of
Geography and Environmental Science. Mon"'h Lniversity. Clayton.
Victoria 3800. Australia. Bruno.David~"arts.monash.edu.au
Badu Island. via Thursday Island. Queensland 4875. Australia.
Centre: for AU:-itfa!iun lnuigcnou;) Studies. rvlonash University. Clayton.
Victoria 3800. Australia
AII.Hraliol1 Arcl/ll~ol(}g.". Number 58. 2004
Figure 2 Badu and neighbouring islands. showing the
location of Argan.
early ethnographic sources and from community members
themsel ves, some of the most sacred sites were not seen by
outsiders during the period of their use and their locations
and meanings were not passed down in any detail to today's
generations by the ancestors who used them. Thus while
some stone arrangements are well understood by Islanders,
such as turtle lookout and hunting magic sites, the precise
magico-religious roles of other arrangements generally
known to have been associated with IJUri-puri
(sorcery/magic) remain a mystery today.
Stone arrangements of various kinds are found in Torres
Strait. Animal effigies, In particular turtle-shaped
arrangements overlooking coastal areas, occur on many
permanently occupied and uninhabited islands and some at
least were used in hunting magic (e.g. Barham and Harris
1987: 19.27,32). Turtle lookouts are also well known and
often incorporate rock cairns associated with magical-ritual
practices (Kubin Community Council et al. 200f; Moore
1979). Aspects of the spiritual logic behind these kinds of
sites is still well understood by Elders on many islands,
along with the associated rituals. Lawrie (1970:236-37)
documents four stone dugongs (carvings) on Boigu, at least
one of these being associated with dugong hunting magic
(Boigu Island Community Council 1991 :35-6; Laade
1971107; McNiven & Feldman 2003; Teske 1986:36-7)
Other animal effigies in the shape of clan totemic designs
(e.g. crocodiles) are also known, again from the Western
Islands (Barham and Harris 1987:27, 32; Teske 1986a:32­
3). Stone-lined 'trackways' are associated with some village
sites in the Western Islands (Barham and Harris 1987:27,
29-30; Harris et al. 1985 :48; Vanderwal 1973: 178). Inter­
tidal stone fishtraps are found along coastlines and some
islands are almost entirely sLtn'ounded by such formations
(Barham 2000). Also found are cooking facilities (in
particular cobble-filled earth ovens known as ollloi), graves
(e.g. Haddon 1904a), house foundations (Fitzpatrick et al.
1998), and field boundaries (Barham and Harris 1987 :28;
Neale J 989; Raven-Hart 1949: I2; Wilkin 1908: 167). Rob
Neal (1989) recorded a complex of 'linear, curvilinear,
circular and semicircular stone arrangements, and stone
cairns' on a granitic ridge on lama in the Centrclllslands. He
interprets most of these as garden plot boundary markers
and pathways and in one case a 'drainage channel'. Such is
the scale of these sites that Neal (1989:29) speculates that
stone arrangements may cover '50-80% of the island'. A
stone located next to the well at lama was associated with
the well's productivity (Teske 1987a:50-1). Haddon
(1935: 136, 168-71) also notes that most fami lies on Mer
had 'at least one stone of power or a shrine to make gardens
fruitful or to render certain fruit trees productive'. Such
places and objects are generally referred to as :ogu (sacred)
sites (Haddon 1935:357) and are mOst common in the
Central and Eastern Islands (e.g. Ban'err 1954: II; Haddon
1904b:334-45, PI 21.2; Raven-Hart 1949 158; Teske
1987b). Raven-Hart (1949: 104-5) relates how the old
mumoose (headman) of Masig or Kailag could call up a
storm by a ceremony that involved a clam shell and a stone.
On Masig, Lawrie (1970: 245) a Iso recorded a stone
monolith site at Pedig called Ikan which was used for
'calling up' the wind, and Barrett (1954:32) observed stone
bird figures and 'upright stone slabs ... used in rainmaking
by puri-puri' on Mer. Yet whi Ie geometric stone
arrangements (circles, linear features. cairns. standing
stones) relating to puri-puri are known from the Western
Islands in particular (e.g. Barham and Harris 1987:32:
Coleman 1991: Haddon J 908a:56, PI 4.3, 5.4; Haddon
1908b:217, PI J.1; King 1827,1:385; Lawrie 1970:325), in
places often not immediately accessible from villages but
overlooking nearby village or rock painting sites, they are
poorly documented and their precise functions often remain
unknown. This is the situation we are faced with at the
Argan stone arrangement complex, one of the largest set of
anthropogenic stone formations known from anywhere in
Australia.
The Argan stone arrangement
The Argan stone arrangement is located towards the
northern end of the beach at Argan, near the west coast of
Badu (Figs 3, 4 and 5). It consists of many dozens of
individual piles of rocks and stone alignments-their
precise numbers and range of forms remain to be
determined-of a combined length extending lkm along a
ridge-top that overlooks the sea in the west and stretches
inland in the east. The nearby beaches to the south and to
the north are not permanently inhabited today, although a
few houses occupied ephemerally are present.
The site was discovered in mid-2002 when a group of
local chi Idren stumbled across a few stone arrangements
towards the site's northwestern margin while playing. The
discovery was reported to William Bowie, the Chairman of
Figure 3 Stone arrangements at the Argan complex.
Figure 4 Stone arrangements at the Argan complex.
AIISII'n!i((1I
Arc!J((l!o!og\', Number 58.2004
Ou\·ic!. lvlu\'ll'{'1I. J)at!lf/gol l "!orres Strait !:>/allden') COJ"!1OJ"otioll COlllwiflee, Crouch alld 81"£((/.\
Figure 5 Stone arrangement at the Argan complex.
the Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation,
who in turn asked BD to furtller investigate the site during
forthcoming archaeological research on the island.
Preliminary recordings of the site and of some of the
individual stone arrangements were made in November
2002, and plans were initiated to undertake a detailed
recording the following year. Members of the local Badu
Islander community participated in these initial recordings.
after a delegation of senior representatives of the Mura
Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation Committee
was shown the entire site complex. Accumulated sediments
abutting one stone arrangement were subsequently
excavated to obtain chronological information and oyster
shells were collected for radiocarbon dating at the only shell
midden in the site complex (see below).
Given the geographic context of the Argan stone
alTangement complex (low stone formations on granite
pavement on a hilltop away from habitation) and the shapes
of the individual arrangements (cairns, upright stones,
circles, ovals, arcs, linear alignments), their use as house
foundations, garden boundaries. figurative animal effigies
used for hunting magic. fishtraps and cooking facilities can
be ruled out. Furthermore, a near-total absence of any shell
or remains of other subsistence activities indicates that this
site was not a focus of everyday domestic practices.
However, thousands of tiny quartz flakes (>200 flakes/m' in
some cases) riddle the ground sUlface inside and around
many, but not all, stone arrangements.
We must also take into account the site's location, on a
steep-sided ridge-top Ikm or so from the old vi lIage of
Argan to the south. Geographically segregated from the
village and situated in a well-defined but domesticaJly out­
of-reach location along an exposed ridge-top, and almost
devoid of evidence for domestic activity. we suggest that
the Argan stone arrangement complex was located in a
liminal space beyond the reach of everyday occupation.
Today Torres Strait Islanders speak of such stone
arrangements as associated with pliri-pliri and the province
of medicine or sorcery men. The Argan stone arrangement
complex is reminiscent of a morphologically similar sacred
ground at the tip of Cape York. a neighbouring region where
many close ethnographic parallels with southwestern Torres
Strait have been documented (e.g. Moore 1979). On 1st
December 1849, Oswald Walters Brierly. artist on the
surveying ship HMS Raltlesnake commanded by Captain
AII.llm1i0l7 Archaeology. Nurnber SR. 2004
Owen Stanley. came across 'a circular pile of stones
recently put up by the Blacks. It was about three feet
[91.5cm] high in the centre and extended out on a line from
it [turning?) in the east, had been done by the mrdal/agas
[medicine men]' (Moore 1979: 127) Brierly had spent
much time since October 1848 in close discllssions with
various indigenous groups from the tip of Cape York and
from the southwestern islands of Torres Strait recording
cultural matters and was in the process of writing down the
memoirs of Barbara Thompson, who had lived among the
Kaurareg for nearly five years prior to her 'rescue' by the
crew of the Ralllesnake (see Moore 1979 for specific
details). Thompson testified to frequent contacts between,
on the one hand, Badu Islanders and the Kaurareg and, on
the other, the Kaurareg and the peoples of the tip of Cape
York, noting numerous common cultural practices. That
common practices such as stone arrangements associated
with 'medicine men' and religious rituals should be found
from Badu to the tip of Cape York is therefore not
surprising.
Historicising the Argan stone arrangement complex:
archaeological excavations
A series of granite pavements on the hill to the north of
Argan outcrop along the most elevated areas. creating
.islands' relati vely bare of vegetation dotted along the
ridge-top, each hosting a collection of stone arrangements.
Individual stone arrangements are located on the flat ridge­
top granite bedrock pavement. Granite pavements
surrounded by loose boulders and cobbles, small termite
mounds and patches of shallow soil provide the setting for
many dozens of individual stone arrangements. The
vegetation is very sparse, dominated by shrubs less than 2m
in height. A few individual stone formations, in particular
arced, circular or oval-shaped stone-walled arrangements,
show evidence of soft sediment build-up against the internal
faces of their well-defined stone walls. This sedimentation
gives us an opportunity to archaeologically investigate in
some cases the antiquity of abandonment, and in some
cases the antiquity of construction of the stone walls
themselves. Such an archaeological endeavour was
attempted in November 2002 for one oval enclosure,
referred to as Feature I.
Feature I is located at Grid Reference 0621303
8884420, near the central-western part of the site complex
Figure 6 Stone arrangement at the Argan complex:
Feature 1 after excavation.
The:
Argoll
S,one:
Ar1"W18('I//(!Jlf
(Figs 6 and 7). It is 5.6m long (east-west) by 2.5m wide
(nOith-south) in inner dimension, and in plan view forms an
oval with an opening at the slightly more elevated end, with
walJs typically 50cm high and 60cm wide. While much of
the ground floor is nat granite bedrock pavement, and
Feature I's wall sits immediately on this bedrock, a !loor
area of 1.3 x 3.8m inside the feature consists affine aeolian
sediments sitting immediately on the bedrock abutting the
inner, concave edge of the wall. The presence of an opening
or 'entrance' towards the feature's upslope end allows for
fine sediments to enter the feature and be trapped against
the inner wall face at the downslope end. The lack of larger
particle sizes within the excavated sediments implies that
sedimentation is aeolian, rather than a result of water runoff
and colluvial action.
A 50 x 50 cm square (Ll 0) was excavated immediately
against the wall of the stone arrangement, in a part of the
feature where sediment build-up against the internal
(concave) arc of the rock wall appeared deepest. based on
surface clues. Excavation proceeded in maximum 5.5 litre
bucket-excavation units (Figs 7-8). The stones of the rock
wall were not removed; rather, the aim was to excavate to
bedrock, and to obtain charcoal down the stratigraphic
sequence to determine the timing of wall building.
Surface sediments are a thin ( Icm thick) layer of loose
Acacia leaves and dark grayish brown aeolian e1ust very
much like the more compact sediments beneath. These
surface sediments abruptly give way to a compact surface
of consolidated fine aeolian sediments below. These
underlying sediments are homogeneous throughout and sit
immediately above the bedrock pavement towards the
northeastern part of the square, and on the pavement and
above and amongst the granite rocks of the wall towards the
southwestern part of the square. Four small roots,
approximately lcm in diameter, grow in the lowermost
sediments following the pavement. The higher levels in the
excavation square are devoid of roots. The granite rocks of
the wall exposed by the excavation are closely packed and
show no evidence of lichen growth, whereas those exposed
above the present sediment build-up are covered with
lichen.
No cultural items apart for the faces of the rock walls
themselves were exposed during the excavation.
Excavation proceeded to bedrock located 14.4cm below the
ground surface. The basal rocks of the rock wall were
determined to have been dry-built immediately onto the
natural rock pavement. There is no evidence of sediment
build-up beyond the convex side of the oval rock formation,
that is, rainfall constantly washes away any soft sediments
on the pavement outside the feature, whereas inside
sediments have become trapped against the feature's rock
wall. Because of this, the presence of basal charcoal in the
interstitial spaces against (but not underneath) the basal
rocks allows us to determine in this case not the age of
abandonment, but the age of when sediments began to get
trapped against the rock wall - that is, the age of creation of
the rock wall itself, assuming that sediments began to be
trapped soon after construction.
Charcoal was present in the basal excavation unit only
(Table I), indicating that initial construction of Feature I
likely was associated with considerable burning and,
possibly, partial but extensive de-wooding of the ridge-top.
An AMS radiocarbon determination on charcoal from this
basal excavation unit gave a date of 604 ± 36 years BP,
indicating that the Feature was most likely built sometime
between AD 1300 and J400 (Table 2),
An isolated, small concentration of Round Oyster shells
(Chama sp.) and a single akul (Polymesoda erosa) valve
were recorded at the Badu stone arrangement complex,
some 100m from Feature I. The shells cover an area lOx
5m on the boundary of a smal I patch of woodland, Some
localised, shallow pig rooting reveals that the shells,
averaging <1 valve/m' across the midden area, are a surface
Figure 7 Feature 1: plan.
em
o
NW Section
NE Section
SE Section
10
20
30
40
2
50
Bedrock
60
Figure 8 Feature 1, square L10 section drawings.
AII."ra!iol1 ArchaeoloK", Number 58, 2004
/)(11'1<1. MeNil·clI. BI/<llIlgl/l n(nrn S,mi, I''/I/llt/en) COI"II(IIWiOIl COllllllillfC. Crouch I/l1d Buu!r
deposit. The small size of the midden and its well­
delimited extent indicate that it is likely to represent a
single depositional event by a small group of people. A
small number of oyster shells were collected for
radiocarbon dating; results reveal that they were probably
deposited sometime after AD 1846, and likely to be more
recent (Table 2)
It is likely that the Argan stone arrangement stopped
being used soon af-ter missionaries arrived in the 1870s. In
the early 1880s missionaries were advised by the Argan
villagers to set up Badu's first Christian mission at
Kotheid, on the eastern coastline of the island. Much of the
island soon became missionised and along with
missionisation came further shifts In settlement,
culminating with settlement in a single village, at the site
of the present Badu Village, on the opposite side of the
island to Argan. It is to this early mission period just prior
to the end of the Argan village that we suggest the oyster
midden at the Argan stone arrangement complex relates. It
is also during this time that the Argan stone arrangement
complex itself likely ceased to be lIsed. Thus, the oyster
midden at the Argan complex signals a change in site use
and a shift in attitude towards the once sacred hilltop to the
north of the village. from a liminal ritual space where
sacred rituals were performed and where foods were not
consumed. to one of increasingly domestic space. and
finally to abandonment associated with a shift in Islander
spiritual practice with the establishment of Christianity.
Conclusion
It is unusual to find a stone arrangement in Australia
the construction of which can be dated radiometrically.
More commonly, although even here the opportunities are
scarce. the accumulation of sediments over walls and other
stone features indicate the commencement of soft
sediment accumulation following site abandonment. The
Argan stone arrangement complex thus offers a rare
XU
Mean thickness
of XU (cm)
pH
Munsell
Charcoal
(gJ
I
I I
6
lOYR412
0
0
3.8
1.6
6
6
IOYR4/2
3
IOYR4/2
0
4
3.0
5
2.8
lL_
I-­
Table 1 Feature
L10.
6
6
IOYR4/2
0
IOYR4/2
0.11
opportunity to historicise an indigenous religious
installation in Australia. Feature I at Argan is testimony to
pre-Christian religious bel iefs and practices and to the
antiquity of Badu Islander ritual practices that we have
come to know from ethnography and from Elders
themsel ves (e.g. see Haddon 1904a. 1935 for further
details). It signals in siTu historical roots of at least 600 to
700 years for ethnographically documented Islander ritual
practices and magico-religious beliefs in such sites usually
associated with a calling of the spirits and ancestors,
propitiation of key marine fauna (ill particular t1ll11e alld
dugong), clan identification, and education of young men
that Islanders today know as pur;-puri. It also presents u~
with evidence that while the rituals may have ceased, the
special places where they took place, ill some cases until
the establishment of missionary activity on the island,
remain largely intact. This in turn allows the possibility of
further research into the history of Badulgal spiritscape~.
while an awareness of their presence in secluded places
alerts us also of the need for their careful management in
the face of active developments on the islands. It is
towards such aims that ongoing research at the Argan
stone arrangement complex and at other, similar sites on
Badu are now directed.
Acknowledgements
The archaeologists and Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait
Islanders) Corporation Committee, representing the
indigenous people of Badu, thank the Australian Institute
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and the
ARC for a Discovery grant for funding, and for helping
Badu Islanders try to get our history puzzle together. The
Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation
Committee note that our older generations passed cultural
information by word; now we want to try to put the pieces
of our deep history back together for identity and culture.
The archaeologists thank in particular William Bowie.
Manuel Nomoa and the Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait
Islanders) Corporation Committee: the School of
Geography and Environmental Science at Monash
University for gL:nerous support of this research: and John
Stanisic and Thora Whitehead (Queensland Museum) for
helping identify the Chama sp. shell remains. Most dearly
we thank the people of Badu for their support, friendship
and company during the course of this work.
excavation unit characteristics, square
Laboratory
code
ol3C
o/r Modern
Radiocarbon
date
(years BP)
Charcoal
(Feature I,
XU5)
Wk-11949
-26.0 ± 0.2
92.8 ± 04
Oyster
shell
(midden)
Wk-1194S
2.4 ± 0.2
94.0 ± 0.5
Calibrated age
(682% probability)
Cal ibrated age
(954% probability)
604 ± 36
1300-1335 AD
1340-1370 AD
1380-1400 AD
1290-1410 AD
497 ± 44
after 1846 AD
1720-1790 AD
after 1795 AD
Table 2 Radiocarbon determinations, Argan stone arrangement complex (calibrations using OxCal v3.5).
AI/.Hmlilln Archaeology. Number 58. 2004
The A/gall SlOlIe Armllgemelll
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by
MICHAEL PICKERING
ISBN I 84171 481 X Price A$35.00
Archaeopress Gordon House, 276 Banbury Road, Oxford OS2 7ED England
http://www.archaeopress.com
6
AI/Slmlian ArchaeologJ; Number 58.2004