Warm-up 8-1
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What elements of society today are in need of
change. Do you believe that religious leaders
should take an active role in bringing about
social change? Why or why not?
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Second Great Awakening – religious movement of the 19th
century emphasized individual responsibility for seeking
salvation
Revival-an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith
through impassioned preaching and prayer (In 1800 just 1 in 15
Americans belonged to a church, but by 1850, 1 in 6 was a member)
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Transcendentalism-
philosophical and literary
movement that
emphasized living a simple
life
 celebrated truth found
in nature, personal
emotion, and
imagination
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Ralph Waldo EmersonNew England writer,
led a group practicing
transcendentalism
 “The only way to have a
friend is to be one”
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Henry David Thoreau-put
ideas of self-reliance into
practice
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In Walden (1854)
Civil Disobedience - the peaceful
refusal to obey laws considered
to be unjust
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Utopian Communities- Experimental groups attempting
to create a “utopia”, or perfect place
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Most communities failed within a few years
Shakers- (Shaking Quakers) pacifist group, that believed in equality, and vowed
not to marry or have children
Reforming Asylums and Prisons
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Dorothea Dix- Persuaded nine southern states to set up
public hospitals for the mentally ill.
Emphasized the idea of rehabilitation
Improving Education
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Before mid-1800s, no uniform education policy existed in
the U.S.
By 1850 every state had some form of publicly funded
(tax-supported) elementary schools
Horace Mann- “If we do not prepare children to become good
citizens, if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then
our republic must go down to destruction.”
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Abolition- the call to outlaw slavery
Emancipation- the freeing of slaves with no
payment to slave holders
David Walker- writer, advised blacks to fight for
freedom
Fredrick Douglass- born into slavery, escaped and
began his own anti-slavery newspaper, The North
Star
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"Right is of no Sex - Truth is of no Color - God is the Father of
us all, and we are all brethren.“
Nat Turner
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born into slavery in 1800
believed he was, “chosen” to lead his people out of bondage
1831 with nearly 80 followers Turner attacked four plantations
in Virginia and killed almost 60 white inhabitants
eventually was captured and hanged
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whites killed as many as 200 blacks in retaliation
Virginia voted for abolition in 1832, but it failed- eastern
slaveholders to powerful
slave owners believed education inspired revolt
tightened restrictions on African Americans. (slave codes)
Antebellum- pre-Civil War South
Gag rule-limits or prevents debates & petitions on an issue
(later repealed)
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Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner's property, unless
accompanied by a white person, or obtaining permission. If a slave
leaves the owner's property with out permission, "every white person"
is required to chastise such slaves
Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony (later, state)
receives the death penalty
Any slave who evades capture for 20 days or more is to be publicly
whipped for the first offense; branded with the letter R on the right
cheek for the second offense; and lose one ear if absent for thirty days
for the third offense; and castrated for the fourth offense.
Owners refusing to abide by the slave code are fined and forfeit
ownership of their slaves
Slave homes are to be searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen
goods. Punishment for violations escalate to include loss of ear,
branding, and nose-slitting, and for the fourth offense, death.
No slave shall be allowed to work for pay, or to plant corn, peas or rice;
or to keep hogs, cattle, or horses; or to own or operate a boat; to buy or
sell; or to wear clothes finer than 'Negro cloth'
Warm-up 8-3
 Do you consider yourself a feminist, or do you
think women should have a more traditional
role in society? What, if any, difficulties do
women face in the work place or in other area
of society today?
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800’s
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Cult of domesticity- belief that married women should restrict their
activities to home and family
 (Women earned about half the pay men received to do the same job and could neither
vote nor sit on juries in the early 1800’s)
**Women participate in all major reform movements of the 19th century**
Sarah & Angelina Grimke- daughters of a slaveholder, spoke out against
slavery & gender inequality
 Women mobilize & raised $, distributed literature, & collected
signatures for petitions to Congress
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Working For Temperance
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Temperance movement – the
effort to prohibit the drinking of
alcohol
 offshoot of the influence of
churches & the women’s rights
movement
 American Temperance Society was
founded in 1826
* by 1833 6,000 local temperance
societies existed
Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott – headed the first women’s rights
convention
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Seneca Falls Convention,
-New York 1848 –“Declaration of
Sentiments”
(agenda & statement of grievances)
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Sojourner Truth – Born a slave. She
was an inspiring speaker arguing for
abolition and women’s rights
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We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed.
Sentiments
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He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
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He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.
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He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men - both
natives and foreigners.
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Having deprived her of this first right as a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her
without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides.
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He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.
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He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.
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Cottage industry- system
in which manufacturers
provide the materials for
goods to be finished at
home
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Master - the most
experienced artisans
Apprentice – a young
worker learning a craft
machines allowed unskilled
workers to perform tasks that
once had been employed by
trained artisans
mills & factories replace
cottage industry
The Lowell Mill (Massachusetts)
 textile mill known for its low wages,
long hours, and poor working
conditions
 hired females. Mostly unmarried farm
girls under 30 years of age
 Mill conditions deteriorate in the 1830’s
 Strike-a work stoppage in order to
force an employer to respond to
demands
Workers Seek Better Conditions
 conditions for all workers deteriorated during the 1830’s
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Dozens of strikes occurred throughout the 1830’s and 1840’s
employers easily won most of these strikes because they
could easily replace unskilled workers with strikebreakers
many strikebreakers were immigrants fleeing worse
conditions of poverty in Europe
early unions sought standardized wages & conditions
throughout each industry (strikes used as tool)
Immigration Increases
 dramatic rise of European Immigration 1830-1860
 Irish settled in the large northeastern cities
 1 million settle between 1815 & 1844
 1845-1854 the Great Potato Famine killed 1 million &
drove an additional 1 million to America