www.goodyear.co.za
Goodyear South Africa (Pty) Ltd
Algoa Road
Uitenhage
6230
Telephone
+27 41 994 6911
Telefax
+27 41 992 6306
Contact your local Goodyear dealer for tyre availability
GOODYEAR
SUV/4x4
Tyres
Profiles for every terrain
Dealer
5
Contents
During the past twenty years, we have witnessed the 4x4
vehicle evolving from just an average size pick-up (bakkie
as it is known in Southern Africa) or beach buggy
to a family commuter and status symbol.
Introduction The 4x4 lifestyle has also changed dramatically over the
past two decades.
Tyres have also evolved from aggressive, noisy tyres for
only off-road surfaces, to a variety of smooth all-terrain tyres
with fashionable rims. The new, expensive, multi-purpose
vehicle with all its bells and whistles can be intimidating, but
will exceed your highest expectations, once you familiarise
yourself with its capabilities.
We at Goodyear have also turned our attention to this
market segment and through innovation and investment we
have become the market leaders, not only for 4x4, but also
for SUV tyres.
This booklet will help you master the basic concepts
behand 4x4 driving and will also help you to get a better
understanding for the most important tyre related subjects.
Page
FINAL PAGE NUMBERS TO BE DONE WHEN LAYOUT IS FINALISED
Introduction
Vehicle Technical Information
Definitions - Still Needed
Vehicle Geometric Limitations
Driving Tips
Mud Ruts and Sand, Soft and Rough Ground
Muddy Ground, Dry Sand
Driving Over Ridges, Road Gullies
Crossing a Ditch, Crossing River Beds
Obstacles Traction and Driving a Side Slope
Introduction to 4x4/SUV Tyres
Product Application Map
Product Application Map: Different Underfoot
Conditions
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On-Road Tyres
On/Off-Road Tyres
Off-Road Tyres
Tyre Technical Data
Sidewall Markings 40-41
Components of a Radial Ply 4x4 Tyre 42-43
Load Index Table
Load and Speed Symbols 44-45
Tyre Labelling
Equivalency Table for Principal 4x4
Tyre Dimensions
Inflation Pressure Recommendations
On-Road and Off-Road
Tyre Maintenance
Regular Tyre Checks
Basic Rules When Changing Tyres
Goodyear and the Environment
Notes
2
3
Vehicle Technical Information
Vehicle Geometric Limitations
Vehicle Technical Information
Vehicle Geometric Limitations
It is very important to know and understand the limitations
of your vehicle when travelling off-road, especially if you
want to keep damage of the bodywork to a minimum.
ANGLES FOR YOUR VEHICLE
Pay special attention to the following limitations
of your vehicle:
•
•
•
•
•
Be sure to work out the angles and heights specific
to your 4x4 and fill them in below.
Approach/Departure, Ramp Break-Over
Under-axle clearance
Under-chassis clearance
Ramp angle
Approach/departure angles
Skid plates
GROUND CLEARANCE AND ATTACK
A = Approach angle
a = Break-over angle
B = Departure angle
Wading Depth, Ground Clearance
B
•
a
A
Before venturing off-road it is essential to know
the ground clearance and the maximum angles
of attack and exit of your vehicle.
•
Knowing how to assess the obstacles in relation
to these parameters, is in fact one of the basic
essentials to off-road driving.
•
On rocky or very compact ground, strong impact with
the under body or mechanical assemblies can cause
the vehicle to stop abruptly.
Trying to overcome this type of obstacle with a
sudden dash frequently leads to vehicle damage.
If possible, ditches, acute gradients and immovable
projecting obstacles should be avoided.
4
cm
cm
Transmission clearance might be different.
Maximum Gradient
Not applicable when tyres are deflated.
5
Driving Tips
Driving Tips
Mud Ruts and Sand
Muddy Ground
Crossing deep mud may call for increased acceleration
in higher gear. Drive straight through, until you reach firm
ground. Shallow ruts are easy to follow, but straddle deep
ruts wherever possible. When driving in sand, follow existing
tracks where you can.
Try and avoid muddy ground at all times. If this is not
possible, walk through the mud. If it is deep mud, the
vehicle will be covered up to the chassis. Reduce the tyre
pressure to obtain the desired momentum. If the mud is
shallow, attack the mud to obtain momentum, wheel spin
and self-cleaning of the tread.
Often it will be possible to find solid surfaces at the bottom
of the mud and it will then be even easier to get traction if
your vehicle is fitted with narrow tyres (smaller section width)
with an aggressive tread design/pattern.
In some cases the mud will be so deep that the vehicle
could lodge on the chassis/axle before the wheels obtain
sufficient grip. Unless high flotation tyres are fiited, it may
be necessary to reduce tyre pressures.
A pressure gauge and an efficient portable foot/electrical
pump for restoring the original pressure as soon as possible,
are required.
Soft Ground
Dry Sand
When driving on soft ground, select second or third gear
and maintain momentum by keeping a constant speed.
If traction is lost, try moving the steering wheel side to
side (position two o’clock to eleven o’clock) through
caster motion to gain additional traction.
In these conditions, any experienced driver will know how
much power is absorbed while trying to stay in motion and
how the engine horse power seems to be “swallowed up”
by the sand.
On soft or loose ground, off-road vehicles are generally
sufficiently robust to make their own way if an error of
judgement by the driver has caused interference with the
chassis or the differentials.
Rough Ground
When driving over rough, rocky ground, select Low Range
first gear and try to slowly ‘walk’ the vehicle across. This
must be done because there could be hidden obstacles.
This procedure will allow the vehicle to stall before damaging
it. Keep speed low and apply a small amount of acceleration.
Select any of the 10 high gear options of Low Range,
or 20 of the lower gears if your vehicle is in High Range.
In order to increase your momentum, you will need to deflate
your tyres. This will lead to a longer footprint and increase
the contact area of the tyre.
In all cases, where the engine permits, you should consider
a higher gear selection and apply even pressure on the
accelerator.
With the engine idling, the vehicle will drive on its own with
foot off the accelerator (diesel only).
Do not ride the clutch.
6
7
Driving Tips
Driving Tips
Driving Over Ridges
Crossing a Ditch
If you approach a ridge at the wrong angle, your vehicle will
Cross Axle, resulting in two wheels loosing traction.
A ditch, roughly the same width as the diameter of the
wheels, can be crossed by selecting a suitably inclined
angle of approach. Correct positioning is important so that
the wheels enter the ditch one at a time while the others
remain outside it. A frontal approach, with both front wheels
in the ditch at the same time, will generally bring the vehicle
to a standstill.
By engaging diff lock =, you will recover a ????? Cross Axled
vehicle.
By reducing tyre pressure, you will enhance suspension
travel, which will further add to traction/grip.
Crossing River Beds
Road Gullies
On muddy ground, the passage of vehicles over the same
path will tend to dig ruts which become wider and deeper.
Where it was relatively easy to drive at first, it could later
become difficult to travel.
Steering violently to get out of muddy ruts of this sort is
useless because the vehicle will tend to travel inside the
ruts, even with the wheels turned. This could cause sudden
swerving when the front wheels regain grip or exit the ruts.
When crossing river beds, you need to get out of your vehicle
and inspect the route by walking through it, marking the
path you want to follow. Try and avoid deep water as far as
possible. You need to keep in mind that you can cause water
damage to your vehicle if you cross deep water. Drive with
a wave action to create low water levels. The manufacturer
states the maximum crossing depth for each vehicle. If these
limits are exceeded, various problems may arise (suction
of water into the engine, ignition cut outs, contamination of
lubricating oil, etc.). Remember, stagnant water can conceal
some tens of centimetres of treacherous mud.
Always check the consistency of the bed of water.
Running water in rivers or streams generally prevents
the formation of mud. Keep constant, smooth momentum.
Use 1st or 2nd gear, depending on the ground. Get out and
check the water level.
Cross the river bed in low gear, so that the engine is turning
over at fairly high revolutions to overcome back-pressure in
the exhaust when it is submerged in the water. Also be aware
that at high RPM the fan is moving fast so it will move water
over the engine. Use a plastic dustbin bag in the front of the
grill and treat the engine with silicone spray (Q20/WD40).
8
9
Driving Tips
Driving Tips
Obstacles
Traction
The driver of the vehicle must pay attention to the
following, when driving through an obstacle course:
The most common reasons for losing traction:
•
Look for entry and exit of obstacle
•
Visual inspection of the obstacle
•
Know the capabilities of your vehicle
•
Gear selection is crucial
For each of the obstacles i.e. gradients, rough ground,
soft ground, ditches, ridges, etc. the following
procedures should be adhered to:
•
On foot inspection and plan of action
•
Brief discussion on tactics, dynamics, procedures and
emergency drills
•
Demonstration
•
Suspension runs out of travel (wheel in air)
•
Incorrect gear selection
•
If vehicle becomes unstable or breaks free,
always steer down the gradient
•
Keep momentum in very soft or loose ground
•
Incorrect tyre pressure
•
Using more power than needed
Try to maintain a combination of traction and momentum,
especially on cross-over situations. If the engine stalls or
if the wheels cannot find traction on a slope, apply the foot
break only (not the clutch) so that vehicle stalls in gear.
If vehicle stalls, indentify the cause by:
i. checking gear selection or
ii. checking for obstacles.
Side Slope
10
•
Plan your route and think about entry and exit points to
the obstacle
•
Try to start high and finish low
•
Select Low Range first gear if terrain is very uneven, or
2nd low if terrain is soft or slippery
•
Keep momentum
•
Pay attention to emergency procedures, when needed
11
Introduction to 4x4/SUV Tyres
Product Application Map
Introduction to 4x4/SUV Tyres
Product Application Map
Ultimate performance
and grip from
Goodyear
The Goodyear SUV/4x4 product line-up offers
a special tyre for each type of application.
The table below serves as a quick reference for
determining the best tyre to use for any specific
driving condition.
For additional information and advice on
product availability, please contact your
Goodyear representative.
On-road
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
On/Off-road
SUV
4x4
ON/OFF-ROAD
Off-road
SUV
4x4
OFF-ROAD
EfficientGrip SUV
Eagle F1 Asymmetric SUV
Wrangler F1
Wrangler F1 (WRL-2)
Wrangler MT/R with Kevlar
Wrangler DuraTrac
Wrangler AT/SA
Wrangler HP All-Weather
On-road
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
Left to right:
EfficientGrip SUV
Eagle F1 Asymmetric SUV
Wrangler F1 (WRL-2)
Wrangler HP All-Weather
On/Off-road
Off-road
SUV
4x4
Wrangler AT/SA
12
SUV
4x4
OFF-ROAD
ON/OFF-ROAD
Left to right:
Wrangler MT/R with Kevlar
Wrangler DuraTrac
13
Introduction to 4x4/SUV Tyres
Product Application Map: Different Underfoot Conditions
4x4 Tyre Type
On-Road
All-Purpose
Off-Road
Winter
Special Sand
Tarmac
Excellent
Sand
Mud
Surface
Gravel
Good
Snow
Satisfactory
Ice
15
14
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On-Road Tyres
EfficientGrip SUV
The tyre that SUV drivers
have been waiting for.
Following the introduction
of the award winningº
EfficientGrip passenger tyre,
Goodyear proudly presents
the EfficientGrip SUV.
Featuring Goodyear’s
FuelSaving Technology
and produced using the
latest developments in
Features and benefits
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
manufacturing techniques
and advanced materials, this
SUV tyre is friendly to the
environment.
SUV drivers can enjoy
the benefits of lower fuel
consumption, CO2 emissions
and a quiet ride.*
Mileage is retained without
compromising performance,
such as shorter braking
distances on dry and wet
roads and improved steering
precision and handling.**
º FleetNews Awards 2010 Environmental Award.
* Tested against its predecessor by TÜV SÜD Automotive in Sep-Oct 2011; Tyre Size: 215/65R16
98H; Vehicle: VW Tiguan 2.0 TDI; Location: Mireval (FR) & Garching (GE); Report nr:76247158.
** Compared to the average performance of 3 leading competitors. Braking distance on wet road
from 80km/h to 20km/h, braking distance on dry road from 100 km/h to 0km/h, measured by
TÜV SÜD Automotive in Sep-Oct 2011; Tyre size: 215/65R16 98H; Vehicle: VW Tiguan 2.0 TDI;
Location: Mireval (FR) & Garching (GE); Report nr: 76247158.
Feature
Action
• FuelSaving Technology
•
•
•
•
• Tread compound using
functionalised polymer
• 3D blades at shoulders
• Increased tread pattern circumferential stiffness
Benefit
Less material in the tyre
• Reduced fuel consumption Less heat generation from the and CO2 emissions
main construction elements
CoolCushion Layer reduces rolling resistance
Better polymer stability reduced heat generation
• Better braking force transmission
• Increased wet grip
• Shorter braking distance on wet roads
• Lower tyre weight
• Reduces the vehicle’s unsprung mass, the same way alloy rims do vs steel rims
• Improved steering precision & handling
• Increased tread pattern
• Lateral stiffness
• Less block deformation under steering maneuvers
• New bead area shape
• Improved tyre seating on the rim - more direct force transmissibility
• Tread compound using traction resins
16
• Shorter braking distance on dry roads
17
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On-Road Tyres
Eagle F1 Asymmetric SUV
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
For ultra-high performance
Goodyear’s Eagle F1
Asymmetric SUV tyre for
high-end performance SUVs.
Features and benefits
Feature
Action
• Unique Active Cornergrip Technology
The chipper technology in the
wall of the tyre:
• High performance
• Ensures even distribution of pressure and consequently more efficient tyre/road contact patch where all tread zones are in action
• Aquaplaning, wet handling
• Reinforces compression of the open tread zone designed for critical wet conditions like aquaplaning
• Asymmetric tread pattern
• Closed outside design
This SUV version of the
award-winning Eagle F1
Asymmetric also features
Goodyear’s advanced Active
Cornergrip Technology and
Racing Compound, providing
additional grip to the road
and delivering unrivalled
all-round performance.
• Open inside design
• Pitching sequence
18
Benefit
•
•
Optimising tyre noise harmonics
For improved handling and noise reduction
To prevent aquaplaning and improve wet handling
Ensuring a smoother,
quieter ride
19
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On-Road Tyres
Wrangler F1 (WRL-2)
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
For ultra-high performance
Goodyear’s Wrangler F1
perfectly complements the
world’s most powerful
SUV/4x4 vehicles with
speed, style and comfort.
Features and benefits
Feature
Action
Benefit
Directional V-type pattern
Maximised water dispersion
Resistance to aquaplaning
Radial cut in shoulder-tocentreline rib
Increased block edges
Improved traction
Shoulder block decoupling
Optimised pressure distribution
Even wear
Blades in groove
Additional biting edge at worn
stage
Worn tyre performance
20
With the tread pattern designed
to maximise water dispersion,
and the tread compound
helping to keep a firm grip on
the wettest roads, the Wrangler
F1 delivers secure performance
at speeds of up to 270 km/h.
21
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On-Road Tyres
Wrangler HP All-Weather
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
The intelligent
self-adapting 4x4 tyre
Wrangler HP is the true allweather, high-performance
SUV/4x4 tyre – and its secret
is our unique SmartTRED
Weather Reactive Technology.
Features and benefits
Feature
Action
Benefit
SmartTRED Weather Reactive
Technology and all-weather
compound
Adapts to road surface contact
under varying road conditions
Optimum performance in
all-weather conditions
Deep and wide grooves
• Fast water dispersal
• Mud evacuation
• Resistance to aquaplaning
• Maximum grip in off-road conditions
Silent block design
Progressive road contact
Quiet ride
22
This all-weather tread compound
offers effective traction in both
summer and winter conditions,
on- or off-road.
23
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On/Off-Road Tyres
Wrangler AT/SA
The on/off-road tyre
featuring SilentArmor
Technology
The Wrangler AT/SA
from Goodyear featuring
SilentArmor Technology
allows you to drive with
confidence on rough roads,
thanks to the durability of two
Features and benefits
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
layers made with DuPont™
Kevlar®, a material stronger
than steel, and Durawall™
sidewall reinforcement that
enhances cut resistance in
the sidewalls.
Enjoy the smooth, quiet ride
that comes from the layers
made with DuPont™ Kevlar®
which help to absorb road
noise.
With Wrangler AT/SA, you just
go where you want, under any
road conditions.
Feature
Action
Benefit
SilentArmor Technology
•
•
•
Two high-tensile steel belts and two layers made with DuPont™ Kevlar®, which is a material five times stronger than steel
Improves tyre resistance to
punctures in the tread
Reduces noise for a smooth and quiet ride
• Improves tyre resistance • DuraWall™ sidewall to punctures and cuts in
reinforcement
the sidewall
• Reduced noise with optimised • Quiet and comfortable ride
block sequence and shifting
Deep staggered shoulder
notches and traction ridges
Increased mud evacuation
Improves off-road traction in
mud
High blade density tread
Additional biting edges in radial
and longitudinal direction
Better grip on wet
Optimised polymer blend
• High cut resistance in tread and good interaction on wet surface
• Low polycyclic aromatic oil content
• Optimised wet grip and mileage with good off-road performance
• Friendly to the environment
24
25
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
On/Off-Road Tyres
Wrangler DuraTrac
The new off-road tyre for
extreme 4x4 enthusiasts
It provides enhanced traction
in deep mud and snow, while
the combination of highly
Thanks to the TractiveGroove angled centre tread blocks
TechnologyTM the new
and zig-zag microgrooves
Wrangler DuraTrac delivers
offers improved lateral
you the performance you are stability and traction on wet
looking for when you need
and snowy roads. A special
to rely on the all-wheel-drive tread rubber enhances the
capabilities of your vehicle.
toughness and the longevity
of the tyre.
Features and benefits
SUV
4x4
ON-ROAD
Whether you haul a heavy load
to a construction site, head
off for a weekend of outdoor
leisure or just take your 4x4
over a challenging off-road
course, Wrangler DuraTrac is
the perfect choice for all work
and recreational applications.
Feature
Action
Benefit
TractiveGroove Technology™
Increased traction features in all
conditions
Offers enhanced traction in deep
mud and snow
Highly angled centre tread
blocks
Maximised biting edges and
optimised blocks to enter into
the footprint
Help provide enhanced traction
and lateral stability while
reducing road noise
Self-cleaning shoulder blocks
Mud evacuation
Help provide enhanced dirt,
gravel and mud traction
Mountain Snowflake Symbol
Designation
Bladed design and optimised
tread compound for winter
performances
Outstanding winter traction
Pinned for metal studs
Provides ultimate studded grip
Enhanced traction in winter
driving conditions
26
27
Goodyear SUV and 4x4 Tyre Line-up
Off-Road Tyres
Wrangler MT/R with Kevlar
4x4
Dedicated to
off-road driving
The MT/R (the Revolutionary
Off-Road Tyre) is one of
South Africa’s most distinctive
tyres. The aggressive, eyecatching tread pattern and
Kevlar-reinforced sidewall
will help you fight through the
toughest terrains.
The sidewall is reinforced
with DuPont™ Kevlar® and
the advanced silica rubber
The Goodyear Wrangler MT/R compound offers superb offwas specifically designed
road and wet traction.
to cope with the toughest
terrain your vehicle will
ever encounter. The unique
asymmetrical tread design
offers aggressive off-road
traction. The wraparound
tread makes quick work of
deep mud, sand and rocks.
Features and benefits
ON-ROAD
Feature
Action
Benefit
DuPont™ Kevlar® reinforced
sidewalls
Increase sidewall puncture
resistance
35% less chance of a flat tyre
Hardworking wraparound tread
Enhances sidewall traction
Better performance in deep
mud, sand and rocks
Innovative asymmetric tread
design
Contact patch adapts terrain
Offers aggressive off-road
traction while maintaining
enhanced handling on the road
Advanced silica rubber
Low polycyclic aromatic oil
content
For superb off-road and wet
traction
28
29
Tyre Technical Data
Sidewall Markings
Tyre Technical Data
Components of a Radial Ply 4x4 Tyre
Tread Design
185 R 14 C
185 - R
-
14 -
C
-
section width in mm
radial construction
rim diameter in inches
commercial (vehicle tyre with load index <=121)
7.50 R 16
7.50 - R
-
16 -
section width in inches
radial construction
rim diameter in inches
A 4x4 tyre is exposed to a variety of surface types and
ground conditions. Its major challenge is to provide
optimum performance in different driving conditions for
which conflicting tread designs are ideally suited.
A vehicle manufacturer should cater for every customer’s
need, although, many owners will choose their own 4x4
tyres for improved ability or for purely aesthetic reasons.
Tyre Markings
There are various tyre size markings which differentiate tyre
types. Size markings should be treated in the same way as a
part number on your vehicle. Ensure that your tyres carry the
precise markings indicated in your vehicle handbook or are
an approved alternative fitment. Most size markings indicate
the dimensions, the type of structure and the speed
capability of a tyre.
Size Definitions
7.50 R 16 121 / 120 L
7.50 - section width in inches
R
- radial construction
16 - rim diameter in inches
121 - load index value (single wheel application)
120 - load index value (dual application)
L
- speed rating
A 4x4 tyre is a composite product made up from rubber
compounds and textile, steel or synthetic reinforcements.
The major components are described below:
1
Listed below are some of the popular size designations
that are being used on tyres for light truck applications.
With each size is an explanation of what each component
the size describes:
P 215 / 75 R 15
P
-
passenger car tyre design
215 -
section width in mm
75 -
aspect ratio (sidewall height as a percentage of the section width)
R
radial construction
15 - rim diameter in inches
31 x 10.50 R 15 LT
31 - outer diameter in inches
10.50 - section width in inches
R
- radial construction
15 - rim diameter in inches
LT - light truck tyre design
2
3
4
1. Tread band: The part which comes into direct contact with the
driving surface. It provides traction, braking, adherence as well as
guarding against wear and protecting the carcass beneath.
2. Belt: Found immediately under the tread and running
circumferentially around the tyre, the belt comprises multiple steel
cord layers and nylon to give the tyre strength, hold the tread firmly
on the road and to prevent penetration into the carcass.
3. Carcass: Consisting of radial plies to transmit loads, as well as
braking and steering forces from the wheel to the road to withstand
the burst loads of the tyre under operating pressure. The rubber filler
(apex) provides progressive transition from the stiff bead area into
the flexible sidewall.
LT 235 / 85 R 16 95 S
LT - light truck tyre
235 - section width in mm
85 - aspect ratio
R
- radial construction
16 - rim diameter in inches
95 - load index
S
- speed rating
4. Bead bundle: This high tensile steel bead bundle anchors the tyre
on the rim and maintains it in position. A layer of hard rubber chafer
prevents erosion by the rim flange.
30
31
Tyre Technical Data
Load Index Table
Tyre Technical Data
Load Index Table
Load Carrying Capacity Table
LI = Load Index
LI
kg
LI
kg
LI
kg
LI
kg
LI
kg
LI
kg
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
190
195
200
206
212
218
224
230
236
243
250
257
265
272
280
290
300
307
315
325
335
345
355
365
375
387
400
412
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
425
437
450
462
475
487
500
515
530
545
560
580
600
615
630
650
670
690
710
730
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
950
975
1000
1030
1060
1090
1120
1150
1180
1210
1250
1280
1325
1360
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2060
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
2120
2180
2240
2300
2360
2430
2500
2575
2650
2725
2800
2900
3000
3075
3150
3250
3350
3450
3550
3650
3750
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
4750
4875
5000
5150
5300
5450
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
10600
10900
73
74
75
76
77
32
156
157
158
159
160
161
5600
5800
6000
6150
6300
6500
6700
6900
7100
7300
7500
7750
8000
8250
8500
8750
9000
9250
9500
9750
10000
10300
33
11200
11500
11800
12100
12500
12800
13250
13600
Tyre Technical Data
Load and Speed Symbols
Tyre Technical Data
Load and Speed Symbols
Tread Design
11. USA maximum tyre inflation pressure. This mark is not relevant to all countries.
An Explanation of Tyre Markings together with Speed
and Load Ratings 1. Brand name of the tyre - i.e. Goodyear, Sava, Fulda
2. Tyre model. E.g. Eagle, Wrangler etc.
12. Denotes tubeless construction.
13. Safety warning refers to the dangers of under-inflation/
overloading and the mounting of tyres together with the risk of severe over-inflation.
3. Tyre size - The width of the tyre tread expressed in millimetres, which in this illustration is 205; the aspect ratio - height of the tyre sidewall as a percentage of the width, in this case it is 55% of 205mm; and the diameter of the wheel size the tyre is designed to fit, expressed in inches. In this illustration, it is 16”. The letter between the numbers is the type of
construction i.e. ‘R’ Radial. So this tyre is a 205/55 R16.
14. Direction of rotation which relates to directional tyres only. These tyres are designed to rotate in one direction only which is indicated on the sidewall by an arrow.
4. Service description - in this example the figure 91 denotes the maximum weight capacity of the tyre
according to the official load index table, which
translates to 615 kg (see diagram below). The letter V indicates the speed rating of the tyre, in this case the tyre is suitable for cars capable of reaching a
maximum vehicle speed of 149.1 mph
(see diagram below).
16. Extra load version where applicable.
15.
Outer/inner sidewall refers to the mounting of asymmetric tyres only. These tyres have different tread patterns on
their inner and outer sides, offering improved performance, and must be fitted correctly.
16a.Reinforced construction.
17. TWI indicates the location of the tread wear indicators, which are raised areas at the base of the tread to a
serve as a visual warning that the tyre is approaching or at the minimum legal tread depth. On most passenger, SUV and 4x4 tyres the TWI cuts at 1.6mm.
5. ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) Regulation 30
Conformity Approval Number - which means that the tyre meets the standards of the European Regulatory Authorities.
2
17 I
TW
3
6. EEC Noise Approval Number, which means that the noise generated by the tyre is within approved
European limits.
5
12
16
10
9
15
7
8
16
a
11
13
9
1
35
I
TW
I
17
TW
34
TWI
17
TWI
14
9. USA UTQG (Uniform Tyre Quality Grade) ratings.
This has no significance in the UK.
10. USA maximum tyre loading. This mark is not relevant to all countries.
9
4
6
7. USA Department of Transport manufacturer’s code. This mark is not relevant to all countries. 8. Date of manufacture. This is important as the age of
a tyre can affect its performance. The first 2 numbers refer to the week and the 3rd and 4th numbers refer to the year (for example 2107 means that the tyre was manufactured in the 21st week of 2007.)
TW17
I
17
17
Tyre Technical Data
Load and Speed Symbols
Tyre Technical Data
Tyre Labelling
Date of Manufacturing
Date of Manufacture: 5th week 2006
EC Regulation 1222/2009
Guideline for tyre labelling to promote
the use of fuel-efficient and safe tyres
with low noise levels.
0506
The information on the three characteristics of the
tyre is to be given through a system of grading.
Only on tyres that are imported from Europe to
South Africa. The label will be on passenger,
light truck, SUV and 4x4 tyres from November 2012.
Year of
Manufacture
2006
Week of
Manufacture
5th week of a
specific calendar year
Rolling Resistance*
Wet Grip Index*
Speed Symbols
Speed Symbol
N
P
Q
R
S
T
U
H
V
Z
W
Y
Miles/Hour
87
93
99
106
112
118
124
130
149
150
168
186
Km/Hour
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
240
240
270
300
External noise of the tyre.
All tyres must achieve the noise limit, but the fewer
black waves, the quieter the tyre.
*A is the highest rating.
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Equivalency Table for Principal
4x4 Tyre Dimensions
Equivalency Table for Principal
4x4 Tyre Dimensions
Using the table: Equivalent tyres should be chosen by using the
maximum outside diameter of the original series as a starting point
(based on ETRTO*) and applying a tolerance of +1.5% to –2%.
THE PERSON WHO PLACES THE VEHICLE IN CIRCULATION
TAKES FULL AND ENTIRE RESPONSIBILITY ESPECIALLY
CONCERNING TECHNICAL ROAD VEHICLE REGULATION.
Maximum
OD
681
685
690
696
698
700
701
703
705
715
720
733
734
736
737
740
746
747
749
750
751
752
753
754
758
759
762
763
764
85 Series
and others
80
Series
822
852
888
892
70
Series
65
Series
60
Series
55
Series
50
Series
45/40
Series
35/30
Series
205/70R15
245/45R18
225/55R17
175R16
215/65R16
235/60R16
215/60R17
235/55R17
205/75R15
235/50R18
195/80R15
215/75R15
215/70R16
225/75R15
225/70R16
225/65R17
275/40R20
215R15C
215/75R16
275/55R17
235/75R15
LT235/75R15
205R16
255/55R18
235/70R16
235/65R17
255/50R19
285/45R19
255/60R17
235/60ZR18
255/65R16
255/70R15C
295/40R20
225/75R16
265/50R19
245/65R17
245/75R15C
245/60R18
245/70R16C
245/70R16
766
767
774
775
776
778
779
783
787
788
790
791
792
795
801
804
808
818
820
75
Series
275/45R20
265/70R15
255/50R20
255/60R18
255/55R19
235/70R17
255/65R17
255/75R15
285/55R18
265/60R18
245/75R16
LT245/75R16
265/65R17
31X10.50R15LT
265/70R16
265/75R15C
275/60R18
275/65R17
275/70R16
LT265/70R17
7.50R16C
265/75R16
LT265/75R16
LT235/85R16
LT285/75R16
LT305/60R20
LT315/70R17
*ETRTO (The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation)
15’’
16’’
17’’
18’’
20’’
22’’
235/75R15
0 747
235/70R16
0 750
235/65R17
0 750
255/55R18
0 749
295/40R20
0 754
285/30R22
0 742
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315/35R20
285/30ZR22
Inflation Pressure Recommendations
On-Road and Off-Road
Tyre Maintenance
On-Road
Regular Tyre Checks (cont.)
Tyres must always be inflated to the on-road pressure indicated in
the vehicle manufacturer’s handbook.
• Increased tyre width means increased rolling resistance and more fuel consumption.
Under-inflation is the worst enemy of your tyre on the road, and can
seriously prejudice your safety. It causes premature wear, generates
excessive heat and greatly reduces the performance of the vehicle.
• After every off-road trip, tyres must be removed from the vehicle and the inside of the sidewall should be inspected.
Off-Road
Basic Rules When Changing Tyres
Before fitting any new tyre:
• On rough terrain, slight under-inflation (approx.10%) is preferable.
• To prevent ‘ploughing’ over loose ground, use 50% of the recommended inflation pressure with very low speeds on short runs to avoid heat build-up in tyres.
• Over sand, 25-45% under-inflation improves flotation.
• On mud and snow, pressure reductions over 30% are not recommended.
• Any further reductions of pressure are not recommended: below 50% provides only slight traction gain while exposing the tyre to structure fatigue.
• Tyres must always be re-inflated to correct working pressure after off-road driving.
Regular Tyre Checks
• For 4x4 tyres frequently exposed to different conditions and extreme stresses, regular checks are advisable.
• Always remember that a 4x4 tyre is designed to provide performance AND safety.
• Ensure the replacement tyre has a load index and speed symbol equal to - or higher than - the original fitted tyres
(based on ETRTO).
• Remember that as the aspect ratio of a tyre becomes smaller,
the width of the tyre increases.
•
Ensure that the diameter and width of the rims conform to
the recommendations of ETRTO (tyre and corresponding
rim information can also be found in the rim manufacturer’s documents) and that they correspond to the tyre size chosen.
• Ensure that the shock absorbers’ travel distance on the vehicle is sufficient to accept the replacement tyre size, without posing any mechanical or steering problem.
• Remember that additional space is required if chains are to be fitted to tyres in winter.
• Be sure to respect all current laws.
• ETRTO (The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation).
Fitment Procedure
• To keep the vehicle’s centre of gravity down - and therefore avoid a tendency to roll - do not excessively increase external tyre diameter.
• Use the correct bead lubrication for fitment procedure.
• When replacing, check tyre clearance to avoid contact with front wings on full lock, while driving through an obstacle course.
• The tyre will now relax on the rim; deflate the tyre, put the valve core back and inflate it to the recommended inflation pressure.
• Tyre width should not extend outside wheel arches, nor have contact with suspension components on full lock.
Correct Inflation Pressure (On-road)
• Spare tyre should be the same dimension (to within 10%
of the width) as those in use.
• Larger tyres demonstrate more flotation capability on soft ground.
• After mounting the tyre one should remove the valve core and first inflate the tyre to seat properly.
• Tyres that are correctly inflated, as per the load it carries will have the best footprint for on-road performance.
• Under and over inflated tyres will cause irregular tyre wear and will have different behaviour to correctly inflated tyres.
• Tyre traction increases with tyre width.
• A lower aspect ratio with stiff sidewall is more prone to wear over abrasive terrain.
• Without appropriate brake tuning, an increased diameter reduces braking capability.
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CORRECT
INFLATION
UNDER
INFLATION
41
OVER
INFLATION
Goodyear and the Environment
Notes
Respect
Respect the environment around you.
Remember, you’re the guest there!
All off-road vehicles have the capability to inflict irreparable
damage to sensitive eco-systems. Ruts caused by
uncontrolled wheelspin can create watercourses and later
cause erosion. Such ruts should be packed with rocks and
logs to avoid later erosion.
Flora and groundcover help bond topsoil. Young saplings
are future trees, providing food and shelter to animals
and insects.
Be considerate of fauna by :
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adhering to speed limits
Respecting their environment
Avoid making dust
Don’t use or dispose of toxic products
Wash dishes away from rivers or waterholes
Use water sparingly
Do not camp near animal drinking holes
Do not make fires under the drip line of a tree
Adhere to fire regulations
Use existing fireplaces
Remove all litter
Obey warnings
Close gates on farms / smallholdings
Use ‘cat latrines’ located well away from water
Toilet paper should be burned
Keep to existing tracks; remove fallen trees as this takes
away the need to create a new track.
Beach driving is not permitted in South Africa anymore due
to the mechanical and human impact on the environment.
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