Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank
Annotation Guidelines
Mojgan Seraji
Carina Jahani
Beáta Megyesi
Joakim Nivre
Department of Linguistics and Philology
Uppsala University
June 2013
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Uppsala Persian Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Sentence Segmentation and Tokenization
1.1.2 Morphological Annotation . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Data Selection for UPDT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Syntactic Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Dependency Relations
2.1 Accusative Marker (acc) . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Adjectival Complement (acomp) . . . . . .
2.3 Adjectival Complement in LVC (acomp-lvc)
2.4 Adverbial Clause Modifier (advcl ) . . . . .
2.5 Adverbial Modifier (advmod ) . . . . . . . .
2.6 Adjectival Modifier (amod ) . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Appositional Modifier (appos) . . . . . . . .
2.8 Auxiliary (aux ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Passive Auxiliary (auxpass) . . . . . . . . .
2.10 Coordination (cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11 Clausal Complement (ccomp) . . . . . . . .
2.12 Complementizer (complm) . . . . . . . . . .
2.13 Conjunct (conj ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.14 Copula (cop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.15 Object of Comparative (cpobj ) . . . . . . .
2.16 Comparative Modifier (cprep) . . . . . . . .
2.17 Dependent (dep) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.18 Topic Dependent (dep-top) . . . . . . . . .
2.19 Vocative Dependent (dep-voc) . . . . . . . .
2.20 Determiner (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.21 Direct Object (dobj ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.22 Direct Object in LVC (dobj-lvc) . . . . . . .
2.23 Foreign Word (fw ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.24 Marker (mark ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.25 Multi-Word Expression (mwe) . . . . . . .
2.26 Negation Modifier (neg) . . . . . . . . . . .
2.27 Noun Compound Modifier (nn) . . . . . . .
2.28 NP as Adverbial Modifier (npadvmod ) . . .
2.29 Nominal Subject (nsubj ) . . . . . . . . . . .
2.30 Nominal Subject in LVC (nsubj-lvc) . . . .
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2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
Passive Nominal Subject (nsubjpass) . . .
Numerical Structure (num) . . . . . . . .
Element of Compound Number (number )
Parataxis (parataxis) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Object of a Preposition (pobj ) . . . . . . .
Possession Modifier (poss) . . . . . . . . .
Preconjunct (preconjunct) . . . . . . . . .
Predeterminer (predet) . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepositional Modifier (prep) . . . . . . .
Prepositional Modifier in LVC (prep-lvc) .
Phrasal Verb Particle (prt) . . . . . . . .
Punctuation (punct) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantifier Phrase Modifier (quantmod ) . .
Relative Clause Modifier (rcmod ) . . . . .
Relative (rel ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Root (root) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temporal Modifier (tmod ) . . . . . . . . .
Open Clause Complement (xcomp) . . . .
3 Example Sentences
3.1 Example 1 . . . .
3.2 Example 2 . . . .
3.3 Example 3 . . . .
3.4 Example 4 . . . .
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A Non-Separating Whitespace
39
B UPDT Dependency Labels
45
2
List of Figures
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Syntactic annotation of a Persian sentence illustrated with Persian words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “If these researchers
made a correct guess, their findings can be used to determine the
volume and the exact thickness of the mentioned planet.” . . . .
Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence illustrated with Persian words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “In order to be able
to understand the beautiful works of this artist and enjoy those,
we should open our mind to unusual things and unfamiliar styles.”
Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence illustrated with Persian words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “Perhaps this reputation is well known for the series of his famous works that were
done as Bronography (humorous incorporation of the name and
style of his work) by the engraving technique.” . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic annotation for the Persian sentence illustrated with
Persian words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic annotation for the Persian sentence “But he was always
ready to change his styles in a courageous way and because of
this we see a numerous diversity among his works: from simple
and pleasent illustrations for children to bitter, mysterious and
complex images for adults.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
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30
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33
34
36
37
List of Tables
1.1
1.2
Part-of-speech tags in UPC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntactic relations in UPDT with new relations in italics. . . . .
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
Pronominal clitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal endings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copula clitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verbal stems in the formation of compound words.
Adjectival and nominal suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . .
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43
Chapter 1
Introduction
This document describes the syntactic annotation used in the Uppsala Persian
Dependency Treebank (UPDT). In this introductory chapter, we first give a
brief description of the corpus on which the treebank is based, including the
guidelines for sentence segmentation, tokenization, and morphological annotation. We then describe the princples of data selection and the overall approach
to syntactic annotation. The dependency relations used in the annotation are
defined in Chapter 2, and annotation examples are given in Chapter 3.
1.1
Uppsala Persian Corpus
Uppsala Persian Corpus (UPC), introduced in (Seraji et al., 2012), is a modified version of the Bijankhan corpus (Bijankhan, 2004) and currently the largest
freely available corpus of Persian (Farsi) with manually validated linguistic annotation. The original corpus was created from on-line texts from different
genres, including newspaper articles and fiction, as well as technical descriptions and texts about culture and art. The entire corpus consists of 2,703,265
tokens, annotated with part-of-speech tags and morpho-syntactic and partly semantic features. UPC differs from the original version by having added sentence
segmentation and more consistent tokenization, making it more appropriate for
syntactic annotation.
1.1.1
Sentence Segmentation and Tokenization
In UPC, sentences are separated by one of the punctuation marks ‘.’, ‘!’, ‘? ’, or
combinations thereof. In addition, the punctuation mark ‘:’ has been treated as
a sentence separator when used to introduce a list of alternatives. Tokenization
has been made more consistent, compared to the original corpus, by treating
as separate tokens all words separated by whitespace or punctuation, except in
cases where single words with internal white space can be identified deterministically and unambiguously. In the latter cases, listed in Appendix A, whitespace
has been replaced with zero-width non-joiner to make sure that tokens in the
treebank never contain internal whitespace. Clitics attached to their host words
without whitespace have not been separated from their hosts but are given a
special analysis in the syntactic annotation instead.
5
1.1.2
Morphological Annotation
The morphological annotation in UPC consists of atomic part-of-speech tags
that encode a subset of the features found in the original Bijankhan corpus.
The tag set is listed with explanations in Table 1.1.
ADJ CMPR
ADJ INO
ADJ
ADJ SUP
ADJ VOC
ADV COMP
ADV I
ADV LOC
ADV NEG
ADV
ADV TIME
CLITIC
CON
DELM
DET
FW
INT
SYM
N PL
N SING
N VOC
NUM
P
PREV
PRO
V AUX
V IMP
V PA
V PP
V COP
V PRS
V SUB
Comparative adjective
Participle adjective
Adjective
Superlative adjective
Vocative adjective
Adverb of comparison
Adverb of interrogation
Adverb of location
Adverb of negation
Adverb
Adverb of time
Accusative marker
Conjunction
Delimiter
Determiner
Foreign Word
Interjection
Symbol
Plural noun
Singular noun
Vocative noun
Numeral
Preposition
Preverbal particle
Pronoun
Auxiliary verb
Imperative verb
Past tense verb
Past participle verb
Verb copula
Present tense verb
Subjunctive verb
Table 1.1: Part-of-speech tags in UPC.
1.2
Data Selection for UPDT
We extracted the first 10,000 sentences of UPC to serve as our treebank data,
of which 6,000 have been annotated for the first release. The average sentence
length in this sample is 25 words.
6
1.3
Syntactic Annotation
We use a syntactic annotation scheme based on dependency structure, where
each dependency relation is annotated with a functional category, indicating
the grammatical function of the dependent to the head. The annotation scheme
is based on Stanford Typed Dependencies (STD) (de Marneffe et al., 2006),
which has become a de facto standard for English. For our Persian dependency
treebank, however, we have adapted the scheme when the syntactic relations
could not be adequately analyzed using existing categories in STD. Hence, the
scheme has been extended to include a number of new relations, while at the
same time trying to keep as many relations as possible in common with the
original STD scheme for English. The dependency annotation of a sentence
always forms a tree including all tokens of the sentence (including punctuation)
and rooted at an artificial root node prefixed to the sentence, which means that
we adopt the so-called basic version of STD (with punctuation retained), as
opposed to the collapsed version, where some tokens may not correspond to
nodes in the dependency structure and a single node may have more than one
incoming arc.
Altogether we have added 10 new relations.1 Table 1.2 lists all relations used
in the syntactic annotation of UPDT, with new relations in italics. In general,
every token in a sentence is assigned a syntactic head and one dependency label.
However, in the case of unsegmented clitics, we use complex labels where the
first label indicates the main syntactic function while subsequent labels mark
clitic elements. In addition, a backward slash (\) indicates that the following
element is proclitic, while a forward slash (/) marks an enclitic element. Thus,
the label poss/pc is assigned to a word that has the main function poss and an
enclitic pc element. By contrast, the label ccomp\poss is used for (the head of)
a clausal complement with a proclitic poss element. In Table 1.2, we only list
atomic labels. A complete list of all (simple and complex) labels attested in the
treebank (with frequency information) can be found in Appendix B.
In order to annotate and correct our syntactic annotation in a tree structure
we used the free software TrEd tree editor.2 TrEd (Hajič et al., 2001) is fully
programmable and customizable graphical user interface for tree-like structures
and was used as the main annotation tool for the Prague Dependency Treebank.
From TrEd we export annotations in the CoNLL-X format (Buchholz & Marsi,
2006), which is the official distribution format of UPDT.
1 Note that we have excluded the following relations from the original STD, for which
we have not found any use: abbreviation modifier (abbrev ), agent (agent), attributive (attr ),
clausal subject (csubj ), clausal passive subject (csubjpass), expletive (expl), infinitival modifier
(infmod), indirect object (iobj ), participial modifier (partmod), prepositional complement
(pcomp), possessive modifier (possessive), purpose clause modifier (purpcl).
2 TrEd is licensed under the GNU General Public License and is available at
http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/ pajas/.
7
Category
acc
acomp
acomp-lvc
advcl
advmod
amod
appos
aux
auxpass
cc
ccomp
complm
conj
cop
cpobj
cprep
dep
dep-top
dep-voc
det
dobj
dobj-lvc
fw
mark
mwe
neg
nn
npadvmod
nsubj
nsubj-lvc
nsubjpass
num
number
parataxis
pobj
poss
preconj
predet
prep
prep-lvc
prt
punct
quantmod
rcmod
rel
root
tmod
xcomp
Description
Accusative marker
Adjectival complement
Adjectival complement in light verb construction
Adverbial clause modifier
Adverbial modifier
Adjectival modifier
Appositional modifier
Auxiliary
Passive auxiliary
Coordination
Clausal complement
Complementizer
Conjunct
Copula
Object of comparative
Comparative modifier
Dependent
Topic Dependent
Vocative Dependent
Determiner
Direct object
Direct object in light verb construction
foreign word
Marker
Multi-word expression
Negation modifier
Noun compound modifier
Nominal adverbial modifier
Nominal subject
Nominal subject in light verb construction
Passive nominal subject
Numeric modifier
Element of compound number
Parataxis
Object of a preposition
Possession modifier
Preconjunct
Predeterminer
Prepositional modifier
Prepositional modifier in light verb construction
Phrasal verb particle
Punctuation
Quantifier phrase modifier
Relative clause modifier
Relative
Root
Temporal modifier
Open clausal complement
Table 1.2: Syntactic relations in UPDT with new relations in italics.
8
Chapter 2
Dependency Relations
This chapter provides a systematic description of dependency relations in UPDT.
Every relation is given a definition followed by one or more examples consisting
of five elements: Persian sentence (written right to left), English gloss, English
translation, annotation with Persian words, annotation with English glosses.
Annotations are in the format relation(head, dependent).
2.1
Accusative Marker (acc)
An accusative marker is a clitic attached to the direct object.1
@
K AK
ðP ð ÉJ
m' AK. @P IJ
. ­ËX
ª¯@ ð ø AJ
KX àPñK
YKñJ
.YKPú×
Adolf Born the world-ez reality -râ with imagination and dream link hits.
Adolf Born links the reality world with imagination and dream.
, @P)
acc( AJ
KX
acc(world, -râ)
2.2
Adjectival Complement (acomp)
An adjectival complement of a verb is an adjectival phrase which functions as
the complement (like an object of the verb).
áK @
Ø AK Q¢ éK. èYJ
®«
. YƒPú× áºÜ
This idea to thought impossible reaches.
This idea seems to be impossible.
Ø AK )
acomp( YƒPú×, áºÜ
acomp(reaches, impossible)
1 When the direct object is definite it is always followed by râ; when the direct object is indefinite but individuated it may or may not be followed by râ under certain conditions (Lazard,
1992).
9
2.3
Adjectival Complement in LVC (acomp-lvc)
An adjectival complement in a light verb construction (LVC) forms a complex
lexical predicate together with the verb.2
K øAëèñJƒ ð øXA«Q« øAëQ g ø @QK YK @P Xñk áë
X YK
AK. ð@ PAK@ ¸PX ø@QK.
¬ñËAÓA
. Õæ
J»
For perception-ez works-ez she/he should mind-ez oneself -râ receptive-ez
things-ez unusual and methods-ez unfamiliar do.
For understanding her/his work we should open our minds to unusual things
and unfamiliar methods.
, ø@QK
YK )
acomp-lvc( Õæ
J»
acomp-lvc(do, receptive)
2.4
Adverbial Clause Modifier (advcl )
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause modifying the verb (temporal clause,
conditional clause, etc.).
,YJ ƒAK
QK áK @ ém' AJk
ø@QK. YK@ ñKú× Aë à @ øAëéJ¯AK
à@ Q‚ëð
. èXP €Yg IƒPX
m• ð Ñm.k ‘J
j‚ . XQ
à P@Q¯ PñK. QÓ èPAJ
ƒ ‡J
¯X IÓA
If this researchers correct guess hit be, findings-ez/results-ez they can
for diagnosis-ez volume and thickness-ez exact-ez planet-ez aforementioned
place take.
If these researchers made a correct guess, their findings/results can determine the exact volume and thickness of the aforementioned planet.
advcl ( XQ
Ã, èXP )
advcl (take, hit)
2.5
Adverbial Modifier (advmod )
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase
that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
2 The internal complements of LVCs need to be distinguished from ordinary complements,
because the latter sometimes duplicate the function of the internal complements. An alternative would have been to analyze the internal complements using the mwe relation for
multi-word expressions. However, because LVCs are so prevalent in Persian, we have chosen to distinguish them from other multi-word expressions like compound prepositions and
conjunctions.
10
. PAK@
Qå„ PX l'. PYJK. àPñK
. YJ
ƒP H Ag éK. HAK
The arts-ez Born gradually in journals to publish reached.
Born’s arts were published gradually in journals.
advmod ( YJ
ƒP, l'
. PYJK.)
advmod (reached, gradually)
.XñK. èXAÓ @ é‚
Òë ð@
She/he always ready was.
She/he was always ready.
advmod ( èXAÓ @, é‚
Òë)
advmod (ready, always)
2.6
Adjectival Modifier (amod )
An adjectival modifier of a nominal is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify
the meaning of the nominal.
KAÓ
úG AJ
KX ÈAJ.KX éK. ð@
AêÓX@ øP@QºK úÃYKP PX QKúGY
. Iƒ@
She/he to after-ez world-ez more-lasting in life-ez repetitive-ez people is.
She/he is after a more lasting world in people’s repetitive life.
KAÓ
, QKúGY
)
amod ( úG AJ
KX
amod (world-ez, more-lasting)
amod ( úÃYKP , øP@QºK)
amod (life-ez, repetitive-ez)
2.7
Appositional Modifier (appos)
An appositional modifier of a nominal is another nominal that serves to modify
the first. It includes parenthesized examples.
XPAKQK
, é‚@ Q¯ ék PAg PñÓ@ QK Pð
. AK. XAK.@ÐCƒ@ PX ð@
¯CÓ
.XQ» HA
.
, Qƒñ»
She/he in Islam Abad with Bernard Kouchner, minister-ez affairs-ez foreignez French, meeting did.
She/he met Bernard Kouchner, French foreign mininster, in Islam Abad.
. , QK
Pð
)
appos( XPAKQK
appos(Bernard, minister)
2.8
Auxiliary (aux )
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g. modal auxiliary,
. (be), and á ƒ@X
(have) in a composed tense.
àXñK
11
ð@
éJƒ@Y
K Xñk. ð CJ.¯ é» XPA‚
. @P ø Q g Yë@ñkú×
. Iƒ@
She/he wants something -râ build that before exist not-had is.
She/he wants to create something that has not existed before.
)
. , Yë@ñkú×
aux ( XPA‚
aux (build, wants)
K , Iƒ@
)
aux ( éJƒ@Y
aux (not-had, is)
2.9
Passive Auxiliary (auxpass)
A passive auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause which contains
the passive information.
. Yƒ èYK
X úæ„Öޅ éÓñ¢ JÓ P@ h. PAg èPAJ
ƒ á Ëð@
The first planet outside of system-ez solar seen became .
The first planet outside the solar system was sighted.
auxpass( èYK
X, Yƒ)
auxpass(seen, became)
2.10
Coordination (cc)
A coordination is the relation between an element of a conjunct and the coordinating conjunction word of the conjunct. We take one conjunct of a conjunction,
normally the first, as the head of the conjunction.
@
K AK
ðP ð ÉJ
m' AK. @P IJ
. ­ËX
ª¯@ ð øAJ
KX àPñK
YKñJ
.YKPú×
Adolf Born the world-ez reality -râ with imagination and dream link hits.
Adolf Born interfuses/links the reality world with imagination and dream.
cc( ÉJ
m', ð)
cc(imagination, and)
ñkPX
á Jk
àñ
J»A
K àA J‚»AK IËðX
èXQºK hQ¢Ó @P úæƒ@
AÓ@ Xð Q ¯@ ð@
. Iƒ@
She/he added but govement-ez Pakistan so far such solicitation -râ raise
not-done is.
She/he added but the goverment of Pakistan has not yet raised such solicitation.
cc( èXQºK , AÓ@)
cc(not-done, but)
12
2.11
Clausal Complement (ccomp)
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective is a dependent clause with an
internal subject which functions like an object of the verb, or adjective.
Ó é» YëXú× àA ‚ Aëúæ…PQK.
á ÂKAJ
¸PñK
ñJ
K P@ QKBAK. ñJ
»ñK QîD… PX AëéJK Që
. Iƒ@
Studies indication gives that average-ez costs in city-ez Tokyo higher than
New York is.
Studies show that average costs in Tokyo city are higher than in New York.
ccomp( YëXú×, QKBAK.)
ccomp(gives, higher)
AK €ðA¿
éÓ@X@ Aë H YÓ
áK @ é» YëXú× àA ‚ Aëúæ…PQK.
. I ƒ@X
Studies indication gives that this search until long-times continuation had.
Studies show that this search continued for a long time.
ƒ@X
)
ccomp( YëXú×, I
ccomp(gives, had)
2.12
Complementizer (complm)
A complementizer of a clausal complement (ccomp) is the word introducing it.
It will be the subordinating conjunction é» (that).
Ó é» YëXú× àA ‚ Aëúæ…PQK.
á ÂKAJ
¸PñK
ñJ
K P@ QKBAK. ñJ
»ñK QîD… PX AëéJK Që
. Iƒ@
Studies indication gives that average-ez costs in city-ez Tokyo higher than
New York is.
Studies show that average costs in Tokyo city are higher than in New York.
complm(QKBAK., é»)
complm(higher, that)
AK €ðA¿
éÓ@X@ Aë H YÓ
áK @ é» YëXú× àA ‚ Aëúæ…PQK.
. I ƒ@X
Studies indication gives that this search until long-times continuation had.
Studies show that this search continued for a long time.
ƒ@X
, é»)
complm( I
complm(had, that)
2.13
Conjunct (conj )
A conjunct is a relation between two elements connected by a coordinating
conjunction, such as ð (and), AK
(or), etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically:
13
The head of the relation is the first conjunct and other conjunctions depend on
it via the conj relation.
@
K AK
ðP ð ÉJ
m' AK. @P IJ
. ­ËX
ª¯@ ð øAJ
KX àPñK
YKñJ
.YKPú×
Adolf Born the world-ez reality -râ with imagination and dream link hits.
Adolf Born interfuses/links the reality world with imagination and dream.
conj ( ÉJ
m', AK
ðP)
conj (imagination, dream)
2.14
Copula (cop)
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copula verb and the copula
verb. We take the copula verb as a dependent of its complement, except when
the complement is a prepositional phrase (second example below).
.
YJÓ Që ¹K
àPñK
. Iƒ@
Born an artist is .
Born is an artist.
Që , Iƒ@
)
cop( YJÓ
cop(artist, is)
ñ‚Ó
AK. áK @ XPñÓ PX
‚Ó
ø@QK. AÒZ@X Ñë éºJ.ƒ àB
. ÐXñK. AJ.KP@ PX HPñ
In case-ez this with officials-ez network likewise constantly for consultation
in contact was .
In this case I was in contact constantly with network officials for consultation
too.
root(ROOT, ÐXñK.)
root(ROOT, was)
prep( ÐXñK., PX)
prep(was, in)
2.15
Object of Comparative (cpobj )
The object of a comparative is the complement of a preposition-like conjunction
or adverb introducing a comparative modifier (cf. English ‘a child’ in ’he cries
like a child’).
QÊ ¯ ÈA’jJƒ@ ø@QK. €ðP
áK @
AK. H@
.XQ
Ãú× P@Q¯  AÓP @ XPñÓ Õç'
XBAK ÉJÓ €PP@
This method for extraction-ez metals-ez with value like-ez palladium under
test arrangement takes.
This method is tested for the extraction of valuable metals like palladium.
cpobj ( ÉJÓ, Õç'
XBAK)
cpobj (like-ez, palladium)
14
2.16
Comparative Modifier (cprep)
The comparative modifier relation is used for comparative constructions that
resemble prepositional phrases but are introduced by conjunctions or adverbs
and can be analyzed as elliptical comparative clauses cf. English ‘like a child’ in
‘he cries like a child’).
QÊ ¯ ÈA’jJƒ@ ø@QK. €ðP
áK @
. H@
.XQ
Ãú× P@Q¯  AÓP @ XPñÓ Õç'
XBAK ÉJÓ €PP@AK
This method for extraction-ez metals-ez valuable like-ez palladium under
test arrangement takes.
This method is tested for the extraction of valuable metals like palladium.
QÊ ¯ , ÉJÓ)
cprep( H@
cprep(metals, like)
2.17
Dependent (dep)
The dependent relation is used when it is impossible to determine a more precise
dependency relation between two words, or when the dependency relation is
deemed to rare or insignificant to merit its own label. In the following example,
the past participle verb éJ¯QÃ (taken) is placed in circumposition3 to emphasize
the preposition P@ (from) as a point of departure.
Aëém' ø@QK á ‚ ËX
ñ’ P@ ...
ð PñÓQÓ
,qÊK øQK
ðA’ AK éJ¯QÃ
. . ð èXAƒ øAëø PAƒQK
.AêËA‚ÃP QK . ø@QK. èYJ
j
K
... from illustrations-ez simple and pleasant for children taken , to images-ez
bitter, mysterious and complex for adults.
... from simple and pleasant illustration for children to bitter, mysterious
and complex images for adults.
dep( P@ , éJ¯QÃ)
dep(from, taken)
2.18
Topic Dependent (dep-top)
The topic dependent relation is used for a fronted element that introduces the
topic of a sentence. It is often anaphorically related to the subject or object of
the main clause.
3 Circumposition implies a position where a prepositional phrase is surrounded by prepositions, more specifically, containing the presence of a preposition and a postposition.
15
¯ ð@
. XðPú× QÂK
X øAg. €Qº
She/he her/his-thought place-ez other goes.
She/he her/his thought goes elsewhere.
dep-top( XðPú×, ð@)
dep-top(goes, she/he)
2.19
Vocative Dependent (dep-voc)
The vocative dependent relation is used for a vocative element, usually a proper
name or pronoun.
ÐAÖß @P IK
@ Y « YK
AK. ñK @P @X
. úæ»
Dara you should your-meal -râ finish do.
Dara you should finish your meal.
, @P @X)
dep-voc( úæ»
dep-voc(do, Dara)
2.20
Determiner (det)
A determiner is the relation between a nominal head and its determiner.
. èXP €Yg IƒPX
QK áK @ ém' AJk
...YJ ƒAK
à@ Q‚ëð
If this researchers correct guess hit be ...
If these researchers made a correct guess ...
Q‚ëð
QK, áK @)
det( à@
det(researchers, this)
2.21
Direct Object (dobj )
The direct object of a verb is the nominal which is the (accusative) object of
the verb.
@
K AK
ðP ð ÉJ
m' AK. @P IJ
. ­ËX
ª¯@ ð ø AJ
KX àPñK
YKñJ
. YKPú×
Adolf Born the-world-ez reality -râ with imagination and dream link hits .
Adolf Born interfuses/links the reality world with imagination and dream.
, øAJ
KX )
dobj ( YKPú×
dobj (hits, world)
16
2.22
Direct Object in LVC (dobj-lvc)
A direct object in a light verb construction (LVC) forms a complex lexical
predicate together with the verb.
... XQ» é¯A “@ øð
She/he addition did ...
She/he added ...
)
dobj-lvc( XQ», é¯A“@
dobj-lvc(did, addition)
2.23
Foreign Word (fw )
Complete phrases or sentences quoted in another language than Persian are not
given an internal syntactic analysis. Instead all the words are connected in a
chain with the first word as the head and all relations marked as fw. (The
incoming arc to the head of the chain is however assigned a regular syntactic
relation reflecting its role in the larger sentence.)
ù®‚
... ÐAÒªË@
‚
éêk. ñK. : I®Ã ð@
She/he said: face praying (for rain) clouds ...
She/he requested: rain from clouds with the blessings of his face ...
fw ( éêk. ñK., ù®‚‚
)
fw (face, praying)
2.24
Marker (mark )
A marker of an adverbial clause modifier (advcl) is the word introducing it. It
will be a subordinating conjunction different from é» (that), e.g., the multi-word
expressions é» úæ¯ð (when), é» úÍAg PX (while), é» QÃ@ (if), etc.
... èYJ
.‚k @P XñÒm× é®K é» úÍAg PX YÔg @
Ahmad while collar-ez Mahmoud -râ attached ...
While Ahmad attached Mahmoud’s collar...
mark ( èYJ
.‚k, [é» úÍAg]PX)
mark (attached, while)
. èXP €Yg IƒPX
QK áK @ ém' AJk
... YJ ƒAK
à@ Q‚ëð
If this researchers correct guess hit be ...
If these researchers made a correct guess ...
, èXP )
mark ( ém' AJk
mark (hit, if)
17
2.25
Multi-Word Expression (mwe)
The multi-word expression (modifier) relation is used for certain multi-word
expressions that behave like a single function word, in particular conjunctions
@ Xñk. ð AK. (despite), é» áK @ éK. ék. ñK AK.
and prepositions. Examples include: é» áK
Òë ð (and also), é» áK @ øAg. éK.
é» áK @ QK. èðC« (in addition to), á Jj
@ Q£Ag éK. (because of), ÉJ
J.¯ P@ (such as), AÓ@ ð (and but),
(instead of), é» áK
éK. (for the reason of), Q£Ag éK. (for the sake of),
ÉJ
ËX éK. (because of), IÊ«
é» áK @ AK (rather than). The first token of the multi-word expression is treated
(with respect to)
as the head of the expression with subsequent elements attached in a chain with
each word being dependent on the immediately preceding one with the mwe
relation.
IÊ«
Pñ’ á Jk
èXñK. P@YÓ PX ø@èPAJ
ƒ éK. XAg
áK @ é» Xñƒú×
Iƒ@
. éK. €PQË
So thought become that this vibration to reason-ez gravity-ez a-planet in
orbit been is.
It is thought that this vibration has been due to the gravity of a planet in
orbit/it is thought that, this vibration has been caused by the gravity of a
planet in orbit.
)
mwe( éK., IÊ«
mwe(to, reason)
2.26
Negation Modifier (neg )
The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it
modifies.
¯ éºÊK. ú«AÒJk. @ HC
éK ‡J ®m ' hQ£
’ªÓ
. èXñK. úÆJëQ
Project-ez research no issues-ez social but cultural been.
The research project has not been a social issue but a cultural problem.
, éK )
’ªÓ
neg( HC
neg(issues, no)
2.27
Noun Compound Modifier (nn)
A noun compound modifier of a nominal is any noun that serves to modify the
head noun. In UPDT, this relation is used also for compound names, with the
first name as the head.
18
, é‚@ Q¯ ék PAg PñÓ@ QK Pð
XPAKQK
. AK. XAK.@ÐCƒ@ PX ð@
¯CÓ
.XQ» HA
.
, Qƒñ»
She/he in Islam Abad with Bernard Kouchner, minister-ez affairs-ez foreignez French, meeting did.
She/he met Bernard Kouchner, French foreign mininster, in Islam Abad.
. , Q ƒñ»
)
nn( XPAKQK
nn(Bernard, Kouchner)
2.28
NP as Adverbial Modifier (npadvmod )
This relation captures various places where something syntactically a noun
phrase is used as an adverbial modifier in a sentence. These usages include: (i) a
measure phrase, which is the relation between and adjective, adjective/adverb/prepositional
modifier and the head of a measure phrase modifying it; (ii) extent phrases that
modify verbs but are not objects; (iii) financial constructions involving an adverbial noun phrase (iv) floating reflexives; and (v) certain other absolute noun
phrase constructions. A temporal modifier (tmod) is a subclass of npadvmod
which is distinguished as a separate relation.
Jƒ@ ½K
P@ Q‚
. éK. IƒAÓ
K. øQËA¿ 20 ...
K@ àYK
àA¾
... YëXú× ø PQ
... 20 calory more than a cup yogurt to body energy gives ...
... 20 more calories than a cup of yogurt provides energy to the body ...
K, øQËA¿)
npadvmod (Q‚
.
npadvmod (more, calory)
2.29
Nominal Subject (nsubj )
A nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a
copula verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copula verb, which
can be an adjective or noun. (When the complement is a prepositional phrase,
the copula is taken as the root of the clause.)
. èXP €Yg IƒPX
QK áK @ ém' AJk
... YJ ƒAK
à@ Q‚ëð
If this researchers correct guess hit be ...
If these researchers made a correct guess ...
Q‚ëð
QK)
nsubj ( èXP , à@
nsubj (hit, researchers)
2.30
Nominal Subject in LVC (nsubj-lvc)
A nominal subject in a light verb construction (LVC) forms a complex lexical
predicate together with the verb.
19
! ñƒ AK
foot become!
Get up! / On your feet!
nsubj-lvc(ñƒ, AK)
nsubj-lvc(become, foot)
2.31
Passive Nominal Subject (nsubjpass)
A passive nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a
passive clause.
.Yƒ èYK
X úæ„Öޅ éÓñ¢ JÓ P@ h. PAg èPAJ
ƒ á Ëð@
The first planet outside of system-ez solar seen became.
The first planet outside the solar system was sighted.
nsubjpass( èYK
X, èPAJ
ƒ)
nsubjpass(seen, planet)
2.32
Numerical Structure (num)
A numeric modifier of a noun is any number phrase that serves to modify the
meaning of the noun.
YJ ®ƒñÃ
.XPñkú×
3 ÐAƒ
Sam 3 sheep eats.
Sam eats 3 sheep.
num( YJ ®ƒñÃ, 3 )
num(sheep, 3)
2.33
Element of Compound Number (number )
An element of a compound number is a part of a number phrase or currency
amount.
IÓ@
ÊJ
Ó 466 YK
AK. ð@
Q« PBX àñJ
.YJ» I k@XQK
She/he should 466 million dollar compensation pay do.
She/he should pay $ 466 million for compensation.
ÊJ
Ó)
number (PBX, àñJ
number ($, million)
20
2.34
Parataxis (parataxis)
The parataxis relation (from Greek for ‘place side by side’) is a relation between
the main verb of a clause and other sentential elements, such as a sentential
parenthetical, or a clause after colon (:) or semicolon (;).
.Yƒ QK
X H@éƒPYÓ
:PXAÓ
Mother: your-school late became.
Mother: you are late for school.
parataxis(PXAÓ, QK
X)
parataxis(mother, late)
2.35
Object of a Preposition (pobj )
The object of a preposition is the head of a noun phrase following the preposition. (The preposition in turn may be modifying a noun, verb, etc.)
úÃYKP éJ
»QK PX ð@
... YJ»ú×
She/he in Turkey life does ...
She/he lives in Turkey.
pobj (PX, éJ
»QK)
pobj (in, Turkey)
2.36
Possession Modifier (poss)
The possession modifier relation holds between a noun and its possessive determiner, or a genitive complement. In Persian a noun is usually followed by a
modifier or a genitive complement with ezâfe marking on the head noun.4 The
relation poss is used when the modifier is a noun, pronoun or infinitive, except
in the case of compound names where the nn relation is used instead. (For
adjectival and participial modifiers in ezâfe constructions, the amod relation is
used.) In case of lexicalized units without ezâfe the relation is defined as mwe.
NB: The name poss is unfortunate for this relation, which covers much more
than the narrow possessive relation. However, for conformance with STD for
English, we have retained the label rather than renaming it to genitive modifier
(genmod ), or even nominal modifier (nmod ), which would be more appropriate.
4 An ezâfe (-ez) is an unstressed enclitic particle that links the elements within noun phrase,
adjective phrase and prepositional phrase indicating the semantic relation between the joined
elements and is represented by the short vowel /e/ after consonants or /ye/ after vowels. The
orthographic realization of ezafe occurs only in special cases where the element ends in the
vowels /u:/, and /a/, as well as where the element ends in the silent “h” (the silent “h”; “ è”,
is pronounced as e, for instance, in “ èYJK . ” (servant) and “ øèYJK . ” when it takes ezafe.)
4
21
ém'. IƒX
hand-ez child
child’s hand
, ém'.)
poss( IƒX
poss(hand-ez, child)
2.37
Preconjunct (preconjunct)
A preconjunct is the relation between the head of a coordinated phrase and a
word that appears at the beginning bracketing a conjunction (such as either,
both, neither in English).
P øAJ
KX PX ék ð@ ...
.XP@X ‘’m' Ðñm.' øAJ
KX PX ék ð úæ•AK
... she/he also in the-world-ez mathematics and also in the-world-ez astronomy expertise has.
... she/he has expertise in the world of both mathematics and astronomy.
preconj (PX, ék)
preconj (in, also)
2.38
Predeterminer (predet)
A predeterminer is the relation between a noun and a word that precedes and
modifies the meaning of its determiner.
... AëÈAƒ áK @ ÐAÖß
All-ez these years ...
All these years ...
predet( AëÈAƒ, ÐAÖß)
predet(years, all)
2.39
Prepositional Modifier (prep)
A prepositional modifier of a verb, adjective, or noun is any prepositional phrase
that serves to modify the meaning of the verb, adjective, noun, or even another
preposition.
... YJ»ú×
úÃYKP éJ
»QK PX ð@
She/he in Turkey life does ...
She/he lives in Turkey.
, PX)
prep( YJ»ú×
prep(does, in)
22
2.40
Prepositional Modifier in LVC (prep-lvc)
A prepositional modifier in a light verb construction (LVC) forms a complex
lexical predicate together with the verb.
JÓ HAK
. PAK@
Qå„ PX àPñK
. YJ
ƒP H Ag éK. ø Yª
Works-ez Born in publications-ez numerous to print reached .
His works appeared/published in numerous publications.
prep-lvc( YJ
ƒP, éK.)
prep-lvc(reached, to)
2.41
Phrasal Verb Particle (prt)
The verb particle relation holds between the verb and its particle.
. YÓ @ Yë@ñk PX HPñ“
ék éK.
To what form in will come .
How will it be.
prt( YÓ @, PX)
prt(come, in)
2.42
Punctuation (punct)
This relation is used for any piece of punctuation in a clause.
. Yƒ èYK
X úæ„Öޅ éÓñ¢ JÓ P@ h. PAg èPAJ
ƒ á Ëð@
The first planet outside of system-ez solar seen became .
The first planet outside the solar system was sighted.
punct( èYK
X, . )
punct(seen, .)
2.43
Quantifier Phrase Modifier (quantmod )
A quantifier modifier is an element modifying the head of a quantifier phrase.
(These are modifiers in complex numeric quantifiers, not other types of ‘quantification’.)
èX XðYg I«Aƒ
.YëXú× àA ‚ @P ÁKP éK. é®J ¯X
Clock about-ez ten minute to ring-bell -râ show does.
The clock shows about ten minutes before the bell.
quantmod ( èX, XðYg)
quantmod (ten, about)
23
2.44
Relative Clause Modifier (rcmod )
A relative clause modifier of a noun is a relative clause modifying the noun.
The relation points from the noun to the head of the relative clause, normally
a verb.
QK
ñ’ éK. Iƒ@
øPAg. ð@ ÉJ
m' é¢J
k PX ¡® ¯ é» @P úG AëQ g ð@
.Y‚»ú×
She/he things -râ that only in scope-ez imagination-ez she/he/her/his
running is to illustration draw.
She/he only portrays things that is running within the scope of his imagination.
rcmod ( úG AëQ
g, øPAg.)
rcmod (things, running)
2.45
Relative (rel )
A relative of a relative clause is the relative marker “ é»” /ke/ introducing it
(and which cannot be analyzed as a relative pronoun).
QK
ñ’ éK. Iƒ@
øPAg. ð@ ÉJ
m' é¢J
k PX ¡® ¯ é» @P úG AëQ g ð@
.Y‚»ú×
She/he things-ez -râ that only in scope-ez imagination-ez she/he/her/his
running is to illustration draw.
She/he only portrays things that is running within the scope of his imagination.
rel ( øPAg., é»)
rel (running, that)
2.46
Root (root)
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A fake node
‘ROOT’ is used as the governor. The ROOT node is indexed with ‘0’, since the
indexation of real words in the sentence starts at 1. The root of the sentence is
normally a verb but can in the case of copula constructions be a noun, pronoun,
adjective and adverb. The copula is taken as the root of the sentence only when
its complement is a prepositional phrase (analyzed as prep).
g é» Iƒ@
.
Ag ú¾J.ƒ ‡ËA
éJƒ@Y
K A«X@ èAÆjJ
ë àPñK
. Iƒ@
Born never claim not-had is that creator-ez a-style particular is.
Born has never claimed that he is a creator of a particular style.
K )
root(ROOT, éJƒ@Y
root(ROOT, not-had)
24
YJÓ Që ¹K
ð@
. Iƒ@
She/he an artist is.
She/he is an artist.
Që )
root(ROOT, YJÓ
root(ROOT, artist)
¯ ð@ PA¿
èXAªË@ †ñ
. Iƒ@
Work-ez she/he/her/his outstanding is.
His work is outstanding.
root(ROOT, èXAªË@ †ñ¯)
root(ROOT, outstanding)
IJ
¯ PX
Xñk AK. àXQ»
. m• ÈAg PX éJ K
@ øñÊg. Ð@YÓ ,Èð@ øAë I҂
. Iƒ@
In parts-ez first, constantly front-ez mirror in position-ez talk doing with
herself/himself is.
In the first parts, she/he is constantly talking to herself/himself in front of
a mirror .
)
root(ROOT, Iƒ@
root(ROOT, is)
2.47
Temporal Modifier (tmod )
A temporal modifier of a verb, noun or adjective is a bare noun constituent that
serves to modify the meaning of the constituent by specifying a time. (Other
temporal modifiers are prepositional phrases and are introduced as prep.)
éJ ‚j
øYJJ Ëð@P PX éJƒ YÃ
.Yƒ éJ‚»
. . JK ñKñK. Õç'A g
Mrs. Bhutto thursday-ez last in Rawalpindi killed became.
Mrs. Bhutto was killed last thursday in Rawalpindi.
, éJ. ‚j
. JK )
tmod ( éJ‚»
tmod (killed, thursday)
2.48
Open Clause Complement (xcomp)
An open clause complement (xcomp) of a verb or adjective is a clause complement without its own subject, whose reference is determined by an external
subject. These complements are always non-finite.
25
. á ¯P èXAÓ @ YJ‚
@ú×
she/he stands ready-ez to-go.
she/he stands ready to go.
xcomp( èXAÓ @, á ¯P)
xcomp(ready, to-go)
26
Chapter 3
Example Sentences
In this chapter we present a more detailed study of a few sentences to provide
an understanding of how different relations in UPDT are used together to build
a complete analysis of a Persian sentence. The sentences have been selected to
illustrate as many different relations as possible, in particular those that have
been added specifically for the analysis of Persian, and we will not repeat the
same analysis over and over again. For the convenience of readers that do not
understand Persian, dependency trees are depicted both with Persian tokens
and with English glosses.
3.1
Example 1
Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show a sentence consisting of the subordinate clause “If this
researchers correct guess hit-3sg-pp1 be-3pl-sub”2 (If these researchers made a
correct guess) and the main clause “findings-ez they can for diagnosis-ez volume
and thickness-ez exact-ez planet-ez mentioned under-ez usage place take-3sgsub” (their findings can be used to determine the volume and the exact thickness
of the mentioned planet).
The subordinate clause is an adverbial clause modifier with the root “hit-3sgpp” marked by the label advcl and governing the subordinate conjunction “if”,
the nominal subject “researchers”, which in turn is modified by the determiner
“this”, the adverbial modifier “correct”, the preverbal direct object “guess” in
light verb construction with “hit-3sg-pp”, and the auxiliary verb “be-3pl-sub”.
The second part of the sentence consists of the main clause with the sentence
root “take-3sg-sub”. The main clause contains the nominal subject “findings”
with its genitive complement “their” connected with an ezâfe construction, the
auxiliary verb “can”, two prepositional modifiers, and the preverbal direct object
“place” in light verb construction with “take-3sg-sub”. The first prepositional
modifier starts with the preposition “for” followed by the prepositional object
“diagnosis” with the genitive complement “volume” connected by an ezâfe construction. The head of the genitive complement “volume” is coordinated with
“exact thickness” (with the adjective “exact” modifying the head “thickness”)
1 Past
Participle
2 Subjunctive
27
‫گیرد‬
‫‪root‬‬
‫زده‬
‫‪advcl‬‬
‫مورد‬
‫قرار‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪dobj-lvc punct‬‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫استفاده‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫برای‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫یتواند یافت‌ههای‬
‫م ‌‬
‫‪punct nsubj aux‬‬
‫پژوهشگران‬
‫آنها باشند حدس درست‬
‫‪nsubj advmod dobj-lvc aux poss‬‬
‫تشخیص‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫حجم‬
‫چنانچه‬
‫‪mark‬‬
‫این‬
‫‪det‬‬
‫‪poss‬‬
‫سیاره ضخامت و‬
‫‪cc conj poss‬‬
‫مزبور‬
‫دقیق‬
‫‪amod amod‬‬
‫یتواند برای تشخیص حجم و ضخامت دقیق سیاره‬
‫چنانچه این پژوهشگران درست حدس زده باشند یافت‌ههای آنها م ‌‬
‫مزبور مورد استفاده قرار گیرد‪.‬‬
‫‪Figure 3.1: Syntactic annotation of a Persian sentence illustrated with Persian‬‬
‫‪words.‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
take
root
hit
advcl
،
findings can
punct nsubj aux
for
prep
under
prep
.
place
dobj-lvc punct
diagnosis usage
pobj
pobj
if researchers correct guess be their
mark nsubj advmod dobj-lvc aux poss
volume
this
det
poss
and thickness planet
cc conj
poss
exact mentioned
amod amod
Figure 3.2: Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “If these researchers
made a correct guess, their findings can be used to determine the volume and
the exact thickness of the mentioned planet.”
29
‫کنیم‬
root
‫کنیم‬
advcl
‫ذهن‬
، ‫باید‬
punct aux
‫و‬
‫درک‬
dobj-lvc cc
‫برای‬
‫آثار بتوانیم‬
mark aux dobj
‫این‬
mwe
‫که‬
mwe
‫زیبای‬
amod
‫این‬
det
‫را هنرمند‬
poss acc
‫ببریم‬
conj
‫لذت از‬
prep dobj-lvc
dobj acomp
‫خود‬
‫را‬
poss acc
‫آنها‬
pobj
Figure 3.3: Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence illustrated with Persian
words.
and the entire coordinated noun phrase is modified by the genitive complement “mentioned planet” (with the adjective “mentioned” modifying the head
“planet”). The second prepositional modifier “under” has its prepositional object “usage” as its child node. Finally, the final punctuation has the root of
the sentence as its head, as all punctuation marks that function as sentence
separators.
Example 2
Figures 3.3 and 3.4 show a sentence starting with the adverbial clause complement “for this that can-1pl-sub works-ez beautiful-ez this artist -râ perception
do-1pl-sub and of those pleasure take-1pl-sub” (In order to be able to understand
the beautiful works of this artist and enjoy those) and ending with the main
clause “should mind-ez own -râ receptive-ez things-ez unusual and methods-ez
30
‫چیزهای‬
poss
‫شیو‌ههای و غیرعادی‬
amod cc conj
‫ باید ذهن خود‬,‫برای این که بتوانیم آثار زیبای این هنرمند را درک کنیم و از آنها لذت ببریم‬
.‫را پذیرای چیزهای غیرعادی و شیو‌ههای نامالوف کنیم‬
3.2
.
punct
‫پذیرای‬
‫نامالوف‬
amod
do
root
do
advcl
،
should
punct aux
for
can works
aux dobj
mark
this
mwe
that
mwe
perception and
dobj-lvc
cc
beautiful
amod
artist
poss
râ
acc
this
det
take
conj
of pleasure
prep dobj-lvc
own
poss
râ
acc
things
poss
unusual
amod
those
pobj
Figure 3.4: Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “In order to be able to
understand the beautiful works of this artist and enjoy those, we should open
our mind to unusual things and unfamiliar styles.”
31
.
punct
mind receptive
dobj acomp
and
cc
methods
conj
unfamiliar
amod
unfamiliar do-1pl-sub” (we should open our mind to unusual things and unfamiliar styles).
The adverbial clause modifier with the head “do-1pl-sub” consists of the
subordinate conjunction “for this that (in order to)”, the auxiliary verb “can”,
the direct object “works-ez beautiful-ez this artist -râ” (the beautiful works of
this artist), the preverbal direct object “perception” in light verb construction
with “do-1pl-sub”, the coordinating conjunction “and”, and the coordinated
verb phrase “of those pleasure take-1pl-sub” (enjoy those).
Here, we try to have a closer look at the complex subtrees in this adverbial
clause: The subordinate conjunction “for this that (in order to)” is composed
of three words. The first word “for” is labeled as mark and placed as the
head node. The rest of the words are connected into a chain, annotated as a
multi-word expression with the label mwe. The direct object subtree with the
label dobj has “works” as its head, modified by the adjective “beautiful”, the
genitive complement “artist” with its determiner “this” in ezâfe construction,
and the accusative marker -râ with scope over the entire noun phrase. The
coordinated verb phrase has the head node “take-1pl-sub” with the label conj,
governing the prepositional modifier “of” with its prepositional object “those”
and the preverbal direct object “pleasure” in light verb construction with “take1pl-sub”.
The main clause is rooted at the verb do-1pl-sub, which governs the auxiliary
verb “should”, the direct object “mind-ez own -râ” (our3 mind), and the adjectival complement “receptive-ez things-ez unusual and methods-ez unfamiliar”
(receptive to unuusal things and unfamiliar styles). The direct object is headed
by “mind”, which is linked to its genitive complement “own” by an ezafe construction; the accusative marker -râ is attached directly to the direct object
head noun. The adjectival complement includes the adjective “receptive” as
the head of the subtree followed by the genitive complement “things”, modified
by the adjective “unusual” (with ezâfe) and coordinated with “and methodsez unfamiliar” (and unfamiliar methods)”, where “unfamilar” is an adjectival
modifier of “methods”.
3.3
Example 3
The trees depicted in Figures 3.5 and 3.6 show a sentence composed of the
copula verb “be-3sg-pres” with the adverbial modifier “maybe”, the nominal
subject “fame” with its determiner “this”, and a complex prepositional modifier
introduced by the preposition “to”.4 The prepositional object of “to” is headed
by “sake”, which is connected to its genitive complement “works” by an ezâfe
construction with the relation poss. The noun “works” subsequently takes the
determiner “series” and the adjectival modifier “famous-her/his” (in an ezâfe
construction), and is modified by a relative clause. Since the node “famous3 The pronominal subject is implied in the verb since verbs in Persian inflect for person
and number
4 Normally, the copula verb would not be taken as the root of the sentence but as a dependent of the predicative complement. However, in accordance with the Stanford dependencies
for English, we make an exception when the predicative complement has the form of a prepositional phrase, which is then treated as a prepositional modifier of the copula verb.
32
‫باشد‬
‫‪root‬‬
‫شاید‬
‫به شهرت‬
‫‪advmod nsubj prep‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪punct‬‬
‫کارهای‬
‫خاطر‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫این‬
‫‪det‬‬
‫‪poss‬‬
‫انجام‬
‫‪rcmod‬‬
‫مشهورش سری‬
‫‪det amod/pc‬‬
‫یشد‬
‫م ‌‬
‫با‬
‫‪prep cop‬‬
‫که‬
‫‪dep‬‬
‫تکنیک‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫با‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫بورونوگرافی‬
‫‪nn‬‬
‫گراوور‬
‫که‬
‫‪rel‬‬
‫عنوان‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫‪nn‬‬
‫) تلفیقی‬
‫(‬
‫‪punct appos punct‬‬
‫از‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫اسم‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫شیوه‬
‫‪conj‬‬
‫طنزآمیز‬
‫‪amod‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪cc‬‬
‫کارش‬
‫‪poss/pc‬‬
‫شاید این شهرت به خاطر سری کارهای مشهورش باشد که با عنوان بورونوگرافی )تلفیقی طنزآمیز‬
‫یشد‪.‬‬
‫از اسم و شیوه کارش( که با تکنیک گراوور انجام م ‌‬
‫‪Figure 3.5: Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence illustrated with Persian‬‬
‫‪words.‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
be
root
fame to
nsubj prep
maybe
advmod
this
det
sake
pobj
.
punct
works
poss
accomplishment
rcmod
series famous-her/his
det amod/pc
that with
rel prep
that
dep
by was-becoming
prep cop
title
pobj
technique
pobj
Bronography
nn
engraving
nn
( an-incorporation )
punct appos punct
humorous of
amod prep
name
pobj
and technique
cc conj
work-her/his
poss/pc
Figure 3.6: Syntactic annotation of the Persian sentence “Perhaps this reputation is well known for the series of his famous works that were done as
Bronography (humorous incorporation of the name and style of his work) by
the engraving technique.”
34
her/his” includes a pronominal clitic,5 the relation is marked by the complex
label amod/pc, indicating the main function amod together with a pronominal
clitic pc.
The relative clause modifier is introduced by the relativizer “ke”, which is
not a relative prounoun and therefore marked with the underspecified label
rel. The root of the relative clause is the predicative complement “accomplishment”, which governs two prepositional modifiers and the copula verb “become3sg-past-perfect-continuous”. In addition, there is a misplaced relativizer “ke”
(probably the result of an editing mistake), which is analyzed as dep due to the
fact that the grammatical construction cannot be conceived properly.
The first prepositional modifier inside the relative clause has “title” as its
prepositional object, modified by the noun compound modifier “Bronography”,
which in turn has an appositional modifier in parentheses. The appositional
modifier is headed by “an-incorporation” with the adjectival modifier “humorous” and the prepositional modifier “of name and technique-ez work-her/his”.
The latter contains a prepositional object consisting of two coordinated nouns,
“name” and “technique”, the second of which has a genitive complement in
ezâfe construction.
3.4
Example 4
Figures 3.7 and 3.8 show a sentence introduced by the coordinating conjunction
“but” and consisting of two main clauses coordinated by “and”: “always ready
been that methods herself/himself râ to way courageous change give” (he was
always ready to change his styles in a courageous way) and “to sake this in among
works her/his variation numerous râ witness-are : from illustrations simple and
pleasant for children taken to images bitter , mysterious and complex for adults”
(because of this we see a numerous diversity among his works: from simple and
pleasant illustrations for children to bitter, mysterious and complex images for
adults).
The first clause consists of the predicative complement “ready”, the root of
the tree, governing the adverbial modifier “always”, the copula verb “been”,
and a clausal complement of the adjective “ready”. The clausal complement is
introduced by the complementizer “ke” and headed by the verb “give”, governing the direct object “methods herself/himself râ”, the prepositional modifier
“to way courageous”, and the preverbal direct object “change” in light verb
construction with the verb “give”.
The second clause is headed by “witness” with the copula “are” attached
to it, hence the complex label conj /cop. It governs two prepositional modifiers
and a direct object. The first prepositional modifier consists of “to” which takes
“sake” with its determiner “this” as its object, while the second prepositional
modifier consists of the multiword preposition “in among” and the prepositional
object “works” with the possessive modifier “her/his”.
In addition, two more prepositional modifiers are embedded in this clause,
namely: “from illustrations-ez simple and pleasent for children taken” (from
simple and pleasant illustrations for children) and “to images-ez bitter, mysterious and complex for adult” (to bitter, mysterious and complex images for
5 Possessiveness
is expressed here by the pronominal clitic
form of the full personal pronoun ð@ (U).
35
€@ (-aŝ); 3sg, which is the bound
‫آماده‬
‫‪root‬‬
‫شاهدیم‬
‫‪conj/cop‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪punct‬‬
‫تا‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫از‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪punct prep‬‬
‫گرفته‬
‫‪dep‬‬
‫تصویرسازیهای‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫تصاویری‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫برای‬
‫‪prep‬‬
‫بزرگسالها‬
‫‪pobj‬‬
‫و دهد‬
‫‪ccomp cc‬‬
‫تلخ‬
‫‪amod‬‬
‫مرموز‬
‫‪conj‬‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫‪punct‬‬
‫برای ساده‬
‫‪amod prep‬‬
‫تنوع‬
‫‪dobj‬‬
‫تغییر‬
‫در به‬
‫به‬
‫‪prep dobj-lvc prep prep‬‬
‫را بیشماری آثار بین‬
‫‪mwe pobj amod acc‬‬
‫او‬
‫‪poss‬‬
‫بوده همیشه‬
‫‪cc conj cop‬‬
‫روشهای که‬
‫‪complm dobj‬‬
‫خاطر شکل را خود‬
‫‪poss acc pobj pobj‬‬
‫همین‬
‫‪det‬‬
‫جسوران‌های‬
‫‪amod‬‬
‫بچ‌هها دلنشین و‬
‫‪cc conj pobj‬‬
‫پیچیده و‬
‫‪cc conj‬‬
‫بلکه همیشه آماده بوده که روشهای خود رابه شکل جسوران‌های تغییر دهد و به خاطر همین در بین آثار او تنوع بیشماری‬
‫را شاهدیم‪ :‬از تصویرسازیهای ساده و دلنشین برای بچ‌هها گرفته تا تصاویری تلخ‪ ,‬مرموز و پیچیده برای بزرگسالها‪.‬‬
‫‪Figure 3.7: Syntactic annotation for the Persian sentence illustrated with Per‬‬‫‪sian words.‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
ready
root
witness-are
give and
ccomp cc
but always been
cc conj
cop
that methods to change
to in
complm dobj prep dobj-lvc prep prep
own râ
poss acc
.
punct
conj/cop
variation
dobj
to
prep
: from
punct prep
sake
way
among works numerous râ illustrations
pobj
amod acc
pobj
mwe pobj
pobj
courageous this
amod
det
her/his
poss
simple
amod
taken
dep
for
prep
bitter
amod
images
pobj
for
prep
and pleasent children ، mysterious
punct conj
cc conj pobj
adults
pobj
and complex
cc conj
Figure 3.8: Syntactic annotation for the Persian sentence “But he was always
ready to change his styles in a courageous way and because of this we see a
numerous diversity among his works: from simple and pleasent illustrations for
children to bitter, mysterious and complex images for adults.”
37
adults). Noteworthy is the past participle “taken” forming a discontinuous multiword expression with the preposition “from”. The rest of this subtree has a
syntactic analysis similar to those explained previously.
38
Appendix A
Non-Separating Whitespace
As a general rule, whitespace is taken as a token separator in UPDT. However, in
the following cases, where whitespace can deterministically and unambiguously
be identified as token-internal, it has instead been replaced by zero-width nonjoiner (ZWNJ) (to create a single token).
-” /-ân/, “ àAK
-” /-yân/, “ àAÇ
-”
1. Nouns and plural suffixes “ Aë-” /-hâ/ , “ à@
-” /-ât/ , and “ áK -” /-in/, e.g.,:
/-gân/, “ H@
Aë H. AJ» ....................... AëH. AJ» (books)
....................... à@ QgX
(girls)
à@ QgX
(students)
................... àAK
ñj.‚ @X
ñj.‚ @X
àAK
PAJƒ ...................... àAÇPA
Jƒ (stars)
àAÇ
QëA¢ ..................... H@
QëA¢ (demonstrations)
H@
.................... áK Q¯A‚Ó
(passengers)
áK Q¯A‚Ó
2. Any noun and the indefinite clitic “ ø@-” /-i/ when it ends in silent “h”1 ,
e.g.,:
ø@ éKA g ....................... ø@éKA g (a house)
3. Any noun indicating trade names and the abstract suffix “ ø-” /-ye/ or
“ úG-” /-i/, e.g.,:
1 The
silent “h”; “ è”, is a consonantal “-h” that represents a terminal “-e” and is treated
as the vowel “-e” when it takes ezafe, as in ” éKA g” /xâneh/ (house) and “ øéKA g” /xâne–ye/
when it takes ezafe”.
39
ø QÃP P ........................ øQÃP P (goldsmith’s trade)
úG
@ñKA K ...................... úG
@ñKA K (bakery)
4. Any noun and the abstract suffix “ ø-” /-ye/ in forming adjectives, e.g.,:
ø Q‚»Ag ..................... ø Q‚»Ag (gray)
(ashes + /-ye/ ............. gray)
5. Any adjective and the abstract suffix “ ø-” /-ye/ in forming nouns, e.g.,:
¯ ........................ ø QÓQ
¯ (redness)
ø QÓQ
(red + /-ye/ .............. redness)
6. Nouns and different pronominal clitics shown in Table A.1, e.g.,:
àA K Q¯X ...................... àA KQ¯X (your office)
Pronominal Clitics
Ð
H € àAÓ
àA K àA ƒ Pronunciations
/-m/
/-t/
/-š/
/-mân/
/-tân/
/-šân/
Corresponding in English
my
your
her/his
our
yours
their
Table A.1: Pronominal clitics.
7. Any preceding word and either personal endings or copula clitics in 1st,
2nd singular as well as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd plural shown in Table A.2 and
Table A.3 , e.g.,:
@ (they have come)
YK@ èYÓ @ ....................... YK@èYÓ
(come + /-and/ .......... they have come)
8. Nouns and verbal stems in compound words. Verbal stems shown in Table A.4 are usually used as the second element of a compound word and
serve as derivational suffix, e.g.,:
40
Personal Endings
Ð
ø
∅
Õç'
YK
YK Pronunciations
/-am/
/-i/
∅
/-im/
Corresponding in English
I
you
she/he
we
/-id/
/-and/
you
they
Table A.2: Personal endings.
Copula Clitics
Ð@ ø@ ∅
Õç'
@ YK
@ YK@ Pronunciations
/-am/
/-i/
∅
/-im/
Corresponding in English
I
you
she/he
we
/-id/
/-and/
you
they
Table A.3: Copula clitics.
9. Suffixes shown in Table A.5 and their adjacent words in forming adjectiveadverbs or adjective-nouns:
10. The negative prefix “- AK ” /nâ-/ (-im, -in, -un, -less) and adjectives or verbal stems, as well as the negative prefix “- úG” /bi-/ (-im, -in, -un, -less)
.
and adjectives, e.g.,:
(a) the negative prefix “- AK ” /nâ-/ and adjectives, e.g.,:
K (incorrect)
IƒPX
AK ..................... IƒPXA
(/nâ/ + correct ......... incorrect)
(b) the negative prefix “- AK ” /nâ-/ and verbal stems, e.g.,:
€AJ ƒ AK ................ €AJ ƒA K (unknown)
(/nâ/ + know ...... unknown)
(c) the negative prefix “- úG” /bi-/ and adjectives, e.g.,:
.
(careless)
I ¯X úG. ...................... I ¯XúG
.
(/bi/ + care .............. careless)
41
Verbal stems
úæK Q¯ @-
XñË@Q Ó @ K@ P@Y
XðYK@ Q ÂK@ Pð @ €AK
QK
YK QKá»@
P@XQK
PðQK QKèð QK €ñK
AÒJ
KøPñk Q g à@X
àAƒP
à@QK P@P @XP ø P ø PAƒ
ø Pñƒ
i.Jƒ
ƒáº
€AJ ƒàA ‚ ¯ àA J» 
ñK H. AK
-
Pronunciations
/-âfari:ny/
/-âlu:d/
/-âmi:z/
/-andâz/
/-andu:d/
/-angi:z/
/-âvar/
/-pâŝ/
/-pazi:r/
/-parâkan/
/-pardâz/
/-parvar/
/-pari:ŝ/
/-paẑu:h/
/-pu:ŝ/
/-peymâ/
/-xory/
/-xi:z/
/-dân/
/-resân/
/-rizân/
/-zâ/
/-zodâ/
/-zy/
/-sâzy/
/-su:zy/
/-sanj/
/-ŝekan/
/-ŝenâs/
/-feŝân/
/-konân/
/-nevi:s/
/-yâb/
Example words
úæK Q¯@ ¬C
Jk@
XñË @ H. @ñk
® ¯ñÓ
Q Ó @ IJ
K@ Õæ„k
P@Y
XðYK@ Q
¯
ƒ
QÂK@ I ®Â
Pð @ èYJ k
H. @
€AK
QK
YK I.
ƒ @
QK éªK
Aƒ
úæ»@
ÈAJ
k
P@XQK
PðQK Ð@X
úæ„
QK ¸@P X@
èð QK  @X
èP P
ۖK
AÒJ
K @ñë
øPñk @ Y «
Q g Qm…
¹K
Q ¯
à@X
I
ƒ@
àAƒP
.
à@ QK P ÀQK.
ƒA‚k
@P I
@XP  K
ø P H. @
JkAƒ
àAÒ
ø PAƒ
 @
ø Pñƒ
éJºK
i.Jƒ
KA ¯
ƒ àñ
áº
€AJ ƒ á ÓP
àA ‚ ¯ àAg
àAJ» èYJ k.

ñK t'
PAK
H. AK
PP@
Preprocessed words
úæK Q¯@ ¬C
Jk@
XñË @H. @ñk
® ¯ñÓ
Q Ó @ IJ
K@Õæ„k
P@Y
XðYK@ Q
¯
QÂK@ I ®Â
ƒ
Pð @èYJ k
H. @
€AK
QK
YK I.
ƒ @
QK éªK
Aƒ
úæ»@
ÈAJ
k
P@XQK
PðQK Ð@X
úæ„
QK ¸@P X@
èð QK  @X
èP P
ۖK
AÒJ
K @ñë
øPñk@ Y «
…
Q gQm
Q ¯
à@X¹K
àAƒPI
ƒ @
.
à@ QK PÀQK.
ƒA‚k
@P I
@XP  K
.@
ø PH
àAÒJkAƒ
ø PAƒ
 @
ø Pñƒ
JºK
i.JĎ
KA ¯
ƒ àñ
áº
€AJ ƒ á ÓP
àA ‚ ¯ àAg
àAJ»èY
J k.

ñKt '
PAK
H. AK
PP@
Table A.4: Verbal stems in the formation of compound words.
42
Translations
dispute maker
sleepy
successful
perspective
pitch
wonderful
funny
sprinkler
vulnerable
rumors
dreamer
animal husbandry
agnosia
scholar
armored
airplanes
dining
early riser
physicist
injurious / ill-wisher
fall
allergen
stress desensitization
aquatic
building
fire
punctilious
outlaw
geologist
zealot
laughing
historian
assessor
Suffixes
PAƒ¸ éKAÇ
QÃ-
Pronunciation
/-sâr/
/-ak/
/-gâneh/
/-gar/
úÃá ÃYJÓ ¸AK P@ðPðYKð IK
/-gy/
/-gin/
/-mand/
/-nâk/
/-vâr/
/-var/
/-vand/
/-yat/
Example words
Processed words
PAƒ ÐQå…
¸ Qå„
ém'
éKAÇ
.
Qà Õæƒ
úà XQ儯@
á à Õæ„k
K
YJÓ HðQ
¸AK I ‚kð
P@ð YJ
Ó@
Pð á m…
YKð QîD…
Q»@
IK
PAƒÐQå…
¸Qå„
'
éKAÇém
.
QÃÕæƒ
úÃXQ儯@
á ÃÕæ„k
K
YJÓ HðQ
¸AK I ‚kð
P@ð YJ
Ó@
Pð á m…
…
YKðQîD
Q»@
IK
Translations
ashamed
little boy
childish
unjust
depressed
angry
rich
terrible
hopefully
eloquent
citizen
majority
Table A.5: Adjectival and nominal suffixes.
11. Between nouns and the indefinite suffix “ ø-” /-ye/ in forming indefinite
nouns, e.g.,:
ø Qå„ ........................ øQå„ (a boy)
(boy + /-ye/ ............. a boy)
12. Between verbal stems and the suffix “ ¸@-” /-âk/ in forming nouns, e.g.,:
¸@ Pñk ...................... ¸@P ñk (feed)
(eat + /-âk/ .............. feed)
13. Between verbal past stems and the suffix “P@-” /-âr/ in forming nouns, e.g.,:
P@ YK
Qk ...................... P@YK
Qk (buyer)
(buy + /-âr/ ............. buyer)
14. Between verbal present stems and the suffix “PAÇ-” /-gâr/ in forming nouns,
e.g.,:
@ ...................... PAÇPñÓ
@ (instructor)
PAÇ PñÓ
(instruct + /-gâr/ .... instructor )
43
15. Between nouns and the suffix
éK@ - /-âneh/ in forming adverbs, e.g.,:
(manly)
éK@ XQÓ ...................... éK@XQÓ
(man + /-âneh/ ...... manly)
44
Appendix B
UPDT Dependency Labels
6000
2535
360
681
3
2
655
8
2
4157
11
9205
3
62
583
3
2287
217
7657
4021
55
1
1
12
1
6
8
2022
8629
34
85
2
3
4426
1
acc
acomp
acomp-lvc
acomp-lvc/pc
acomp/pc
advcl
advcl/cop
advcl/pc
advmod
advmod/pc
amod
amod/cop
amod/pc
appos
appos/pc
aux
auxpass
cc
ccomp
ccomp/cop
ccomp\cpobj
ccomp\nsubj
ccomp/pc
ccomp/pc\cop
ccomp\pobj
ccomp\poss
complm
conj
conj/cop
conj/pc
conj\pobj
conj\poss
cop
cop/pc
45
185
2
187
375
3
68
5
62
3929
3723
16
4185
17
123
2
168
733
1773
1
105
3339
1
490
8658
7
146
1
189
2872
313
194
6
4
16237
12
1
162
16071
6
44
151
49
51
15643
41
554
49
1
102
13442
cpobj
cpobj/pc
cprep
dep
dep/pc
dep-top
dep-top/pc
dep-voc
det
dobj
dobj/acc
dobj-lvc
dobj-lvc/pc
dobj/pc
dobj/pc-lvc
fw
mark
mwe
mwe/pc
neg
nn
nn/cop
npadvmod
nsubj
nsubj-lvc
nsubjpass
nsubjpass/pc
nsubj/pc
num
number
parataxis
parataxis/cop
parataxis/pc
pobj
pobj/cop
pobj\cop
pobj/pc
poss
poss/acc
poss/cop
poss/pc
preconj
predet
prep
prep/det
prep-lvc
prep/pc
prep/pobj
prt
punct
46
75
1408
2
9
2
2
2
1410
5917
1
1
65
6
13
7
382
133
quantmod
rcmod
rcmod\amod
rcmod/cop
rcmod/pc
rcmod\pobj
rcmod\poss
rel
root
root\amod
root\conj
root/cop
root/pc
root\pobj
root\poss
tmod
xcomp
47
Bibliography
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Introduction to a Software’. Iranian Journal of Linguistics 19.
S. Buchholz & E. Marsi (2006). ‘CoNLL-X Shared Task on Multilingual Dependency Parsing’. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computational
Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), pp. 149–164.
M.-C. de Marneffe, et al. (2006). ‘Generating Typed Dependency Parses from
Phrase Structure Parses’. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference
on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC).
J. Hajič, et al. (2001). ‘Prague Dependency Treebank: Annotation Structure
and Support’. In Proceedings of the IRCS Workshop on Linguistic Databases,
pp. 105–114.
G. Lazard (1992). A Grammar of Contemporary Persian. Mazda Publishers.
M. Seraji, et al. (2012). ‘A Basic Language Resource Kit for Persian’. In
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and
Evaluation (LREC).
48